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Journal articles on the topic 'Error positivity'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 10 March 2023

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1

Heydari, Sepideh, and Clay B. Holroyd. "Reward positivity: Reward prediction error or salience prediction error?" Psychophysiology 53, no. 8 (2016): 1185–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/psyp.12673.

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2

Veeser, Andreas. "Positivity Preserving Gradient Approximation with Linear Finite Elements." Computational Methods in Applied Mathematics 19, no. 2 (2019): 295–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cmam-2018-0017.

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AbstractPreserving positivity precludes that linear operators onto continuous piecewise affine functions provide near best approximations of gradients. Linear interpolation thus does not capture the approximation properties of positive continuous piecewise affine functions. To remedy, we assign nodal values in a nonlinear fashion such that their global best error is equivalent to a suitable sum of local best errors with positive affine functions. As one of the applications of this equivalence, we consider the linear finite element solution to the elliptic obstacle problem and derive that its e

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3

Shalgi, Shani, Ido Barkan, and Leon Y. Deouell. "On the positive side of error processing: error-awareness positivity revisited." European Journal of Neuroscience 29, no. 7 (2009): 1522–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.06690.x.

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4

Orr, J. M., and M. Carrasco. "The Role of the Error Positivity in the Conscious Perception of Errors." Journal of Neuroscience 31, no. 16 (2011): 5891–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.0279-11.2011.

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5

Di Gregorio, Francesco, Martin E. Maier, and Marco Steinhauser. "Errors can elicit an error positivity in the absence of an error negativity: Evidence for independent systems of human error monitoring." NeuroImage 172 (May 2018): 427–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.01.081.

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6

Ehlis, Ann-Christine, Martin J. Herrmann, Achim Bernhard, and Andreas J. Fallgatter. "Monitoring of Internal and External Error Signals." Journal of Psychophysiology 19, no. 4 (2005): 263–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0269-8803.19.4.263.

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Abstract: In the present study, a modified version of the Eriksen Flanker Task has been used to study event-related potentials (ERPs) elicited by correct responses, response errors, and invalid negative response feedback following correct button presses (“PC-error trials”). Conventional error potentials (error related negativity [ERN/Ne]; error-positivity [Pe]) were observed after incorrect button presses but not following negative response feedback in PC-error trials. Furthermore, a late positive deflection occurred specifically after PC-errors (Late positivity [PL]), which might reflect a co

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Gibbons, Henning, Anna-Sophia Fritzsche, Sonja Bienert, Anne-Simone Armbrecht, and Jutta Stahl. "Percept-based and object-based error processing: An experimental dissociation of error-related negativity and error positivity." Clinical Neurophysiology 122, no. 2 (2011): 299–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2010.06.031.

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8

Ruchsow, Martin, Georg Grön, Kathleen Reuter, Manfred Spitzer, Leopold Hermle, and Markus Kiefer. "Error-Related Brain Activity in Patients with Obsessive- Compulsive Disorder and in Healthy Controls." Journal of Psychophysiology 19, no. 4 (2005): 298–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0269-8803.19.4.298.

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Abstract: Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has been related to a hyperactive frontal-striatal-thalamic circuit and associated with altered mechanisms of action and error monitoring. In the present study, we examined whether these results only hold for errors in choice reaction time experiments and Stroop tasks or extend to errors of commission in a Go/NoGo task, as well. We investigated the electrophysiological correlates of error monitoring in 11 patients with OCD and 11 age-, sex-, and education-matched healthy controls using event-related potentials (ERPs). Participants performed a Go/No

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Tanaka, Hideaki. "Error positivity is related to attentional control of task switching." NeuroReport 20, no. 8 (2009): 820–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/wnr.0b013e32832bfc94.

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KIM, MYUNG-SUN, SEUNG SUK KANG, KYUNG SOON SHIN, SO YOUNG YOO, YOUNG YOUN KIM, and JUN SOO KWON. "Neuropsychological correlates of error negativity and positivity in schizophrenia patients." Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 60, no. 3 (2006): 303–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1819.2006.01506.x.

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11

Dahms, M. "Final Positivity Correction in the Harmonic Method." Textures and Microstructures 21, no. 2-3 (1993): 61–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/tsm.21.61.

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Final positivity correction of an ODF containing negative densities can be carried out using a linear variant of the exponential method. The phone-concept is automatically included. The final positivity correction corrects the truncation error of the harmonic method if the given series coefficients describe a totally positive axis distribution function.

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12

Kim, Matthew H., Jennie K. Grammer, Loren M. Marulis, Melisa Carrasco, Frederick J. Morrison, and William J. Gehring. "Early math and reading achievement are associated with the error positivity." Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience 22 (December 2016): 18–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2016.09.002.

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13

Abdul Karim, Samsul Ariffin, Kong Voon Pang, and Azizan Saaban. "Positivity Preserving Interpolation Using Rational Bicubic Spline." Journal of Applied Mathematics 2015 (2015): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/572768.

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This paper discusses the positivity preserving interpolation for positive surfaces data by extending theC1rational cubic spline interpolant of Karim and Kong to the bivariate cases. The partially blended rational bicubic spline has 12 parameters in the descriptions where 8 of them are free parameters. The sufficient conditions for the positivity are derived on every four boundary curves network on the rectangular patch. Numerical comparison with existing schemes also has been done in detail. Based on Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), our partially blended rational bicubic spline is on a par with

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14

Walter, Stefan. "Positivity of the two-dimensional Brown—Ravenhall operator." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Section A Mathematics 142, no. 5 (2012): 1109–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308210510001708.

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We determine the critical coupling of the two-dimensional Brown–Ravenhall operator with Coulomb potential. Boundedness from below has essentially been proven by Bouzouina. However, that work contains a trivial error leading to an incorrect constant that is exactly half of the actual critical constant. Furthermore, we show that the operator is in fact positive. Our proof of that is, for the most part, analogous to Tix's proof of the corresponding result for the three-dimensional operator.

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15

Boche, H., and J. Nötzel. "Positivity, discontinuity, finite resources, and nonzero error for arbitrarily varying quantum channels." Journal of Mathematical Physics 55, no. 12 (2014): 122201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4902930.

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16

Lutz, Miranda Christine, Rianne Kok, Ilse Verveer, et al. "Diminished error-related negativity and error positivity in children and adults with externalizing problems and disorders: a meta-analysis on error processing." Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience 46, no. 6 (2021): E615—E627. http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/jpn.200031.

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Kim, So Hyun, George Buzzell, Susan Faja, et al. "Neural dynamics of executive function in cognitively able kindergarteners with autism spectrum disorders as predictors of concurrent academic achievement." Autism 24, no. 3 (2019): 780–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362361319874920.

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Although electrophysiological (electroencephalography) measures of executive functions (e.g. error monitoring) have been used to predict academic achievement in typically developing children, work investigating a link between error monitoring and academic skills in children with autism spectrum disorder is limited. In this study, we employed traditional electrophysiological and advanced time–frequency methods, combined with principal component analyses, to extract neural activity related to error monitoring and tested their relations to academic achievement in cognitively able kindergarteners

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18

Overbeek, Thérèse J. M., Sander Nieuwenhuis, and K. Richard Ridderinkhof. "Dissociable Components of Error Processing." Journal of Psychophysiology 19, no. 4 (2005): 319–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0269-8803.19.4.319.

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Abstract: We conducted a literature review to examine the functional significance of the error positivity (Pe), an error-related electrophysiological brain potential often observed in combination with the error negativity (Ne). The review revealed many dissociations between documented effects on the Ne and Pe, suggesting that these components reflect different aspects of error processing. We found little support for the proposed hypotheses that the Pe is associated with the affective processing of errors or with posterror behavioral adaptation. Some support was found for the hypothesis that th

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Endrass, Tanja, Cosima Franke, and Norbert Kathmann. "Error Awareness in a Saccade Countermanding Task." Journal of Psychophysiology 19, no. 4 (2005): 275–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0269-8803.19.4.275.

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Abstract: Stop-signal tasks can be used to analyze mechanisms of action control and error monitoring. Previous event-related potential (ERP) studies indicated enhanced stop-signal N2 amplitudes for unsuccessful compared with successful inhibition. The aim of this study was to further investigate whether stop-signal related and response-related ERP components would reflect different aspects of error processing. ERPs were recorded during a saccade countermanding task, i.e. a stop-signal task with oculomotor response. Error awareness was obtained from subjective accuracy ratings. The response-rel

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20

Herrmann, Martin J., Josefine Römmler, Ann-Christine Ehlis, Anke Heidrich, and Andreas J. Fallgatter. "Source localization (LORETA) of the error-related-negativity (ERN/Ne) and positivity (Pe)." Cognitive Brain Research 20, no. 2 (2004): 294–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2004.02.013.

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21

Bai, Yu, Kentaro Katahira, and Hideki Ohira. "Valence-separated representation of reward prediction error in feedback-related negativity and positivity." NeuroReport 26, no. 3 (2015): 157–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/wnr.0000000000000318.

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22

Vallet, William, Cécilia Neige, Sabine Mouchet-Mages, Jerome Brunelin, and Simon Grondin. "Response-locked component of error monitoring in psychopathy: A systematic review and meta-analysis of error-related negativity/positivity." Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 123 (April 2021): 104–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.01.004.

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23

Boardman, J., Z. Cross, M. Bravo, T. Andrillon, C. Anderson, and S. Drummond. "O058 Awareness of errors is impaired by sleep restriction but not total sleep deprivation." SLEEP Advances 3, Supplement_1 (2022): A24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleepadvances/zpac029.057.

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Abstract Introduction Detecting and correcting errors is important in preventing detrimental consequences of sleep loss. We report the first study to utilise both behavioural and EEG measures of error awareness, and we compare the effects of total sleep deprivation (TSD) and sleep restriction (SR). Methods Twenty-seven healthy adults (14F, age=27.2±5.1y) were studied both well-rested ( WR 9h sleep/night) and following SR (3 nights of 3h sleep/night), completing the Error Awareness Task (EAT) once/day (8-9h post-habitual wake). Thirteen healthy adults (3F, age=26.2±4.1y) underwent 34h TSD, comp

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Falkenstein, Michael, Rita Willemssen, Joachim Hohnsbein, and Horst Hielscher. "Error Processing in Parkinson's Disease." Journal of Psychophysiology 19, no. 4 (2005): 305–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0269-8803.19.4.305.

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Abstract: The present study investigates differences in error processing between Parkinson's disease patients (PD) and controls. More specifically, we wanted to know whether patients with PD showed similar differences in the late error-specific ERP component, the error positivity (Pe), as we recently found for the error negativity (Ne/ERN) - a component most probably mediated by the dopaminergic (DA) system. When using the same tasks as in the preceding study we consistently found no Pe differences for patients compared to controls, which is in sharp contrast to the reduced Ne for the patients

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25

Drizinsky, Jessica, Joachim Zülch, Henning Gibbons, and Jutta Stahl. "How personal standards perfectionism and evaluative concerns perfectionism affect the error positivity and post-error behavior with varying stimulus visibility." Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience 16, no. 5 (2016): 876–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13415-016-0438-z.

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26

Belopolsky, Artem V., Arthur F. Kramer, and Jan Theeuwes. "The Role of Awareness in Processing of Oculomotor Capture: Evidence from Event-related Potentials." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 20, no. 12 (2008): 2285–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2008.20161.

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Previous research has shown that task-irrelevant onsets trigger an eye movement in their direction. Such oculomotor capture is often impervious to conscious awareness. The present study used event-related brain potentials to examine how such oculomotor errors are detected, evaluated, and compensated for and whether awareness of an error played a role at any of these stages of processing. The results show that the early processes of error detection and correction (as represented by the error-related negativity and the parietal N1) are not directly affected by subjective awareness of making an e

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Mushtaq, Faisal, Samuel D. McDougle, Matt P. Craddock, et al. "Distinct Neural Signatures of Outcome Monitoring After Selection and Execution Errors." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 34, no. 5 (2022): 748–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01824.

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Abstract Losing a point in tennis could result from poor shot selection or faulty stroke execution. To explore how the brain responds to these different types of errors, we examined feedback-locked EEG activity while participants completed a modified version of a standard three-armed bandit probabilistic reward task. Our task framed unrewarded outcomes as the result of either errors of selection or errors of execution. We examined whether amplitude of a medial frontal negativity (the feedback-related negativity [FRN]) was sensitive to the different forms of error attribution. Consistent with p

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Lin, Lei, Junliang Lv, and Dan Wu. "Error estimate of the cell-centered nonlinear positivity-preserving two-point flux approximation schemes." Computers & Mathematics with Applications 137 (May 2023): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.camwa.2023.02.015.

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29

Solbakk, Anne-Kristin, Ingrid Funderud, Marianne Løvstad, et al. "Impact of Orbitofrontal Lesions on Electrophysiological Signals in a Stop Signal Task." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 26, no. 7 (2014): 1528–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00561.

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Behavioral inhibition and performance monitoring are critical cognitive functions supported by distributed neural networks including the pFC. We examined neurophysiological correlates of motor response inhibition and action monitoring in patients with focal orbitofrontal (OFC) lesions (n = 12) after resection of a primary intracranial tumor or contusion because of traumatic brain injury. Healthy participants served as controls (n = 14). Participants performed a visual stop signal task. We analyzed behavioral performance as well as event-related brain potentials and oscillations. Inhibition dif

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Ren, Yingying, Yunxia Xia, Qian Wang, and Da-Wei Ding. "Positivity-Preserving H∞ Model Reduction for Discrete-Time Positive Systems via a Successive Convex Optimization Algorithm." Applied Sciences 12, no. 23 (2022): 12277. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122312277.

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This paper considers the positivity-preserving model reduction for discrete-time positive systems. Given a stable high-order positive system, we aim to find a reduced-order model such that the approximation error is minimized within a prescribed H∞ performance and positivity is preserved. Regarding the bounded real lemma, the sufficient and necessary condition for the existence of a reduced-order model is established in terms of bilinear matrix inequality and convex semi-definite constraint, which ensures that the reduced-order system is positive and the resulted error system is stable and has

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Wessel, Jan R., Claudia Danielmeier, and Markus Ullsperger. "Error Awareness Revisited: Accumulation of Multimodal Evidence from Central and Autonomic Nervous Systems." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 23, no. 10 (2011): 3021–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2011.21635.

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The differences between erroneous actions that are consciously perceived as errors and those that go unnoticed have recently become an issue in the field of performance monitoring. In EEG studies, error awareness has been suggested to influence the error positivity (Pe) of the response-locked event-related brain potential, a positive voltage deflection prominent approximately 300 msec after error commission, whereas the preceding error-related negativity (ERN) seemed to be unaffected by error awareness. Erroneous actions, in general, have been shown to promote several changes in ongoing autono

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Polydorides, N., S. A. Tsekenis, H. McCann, V. D. A. Prat, and P. Wright. "An efficient approach for limited-data chemical species tomography and its error bounds." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 472, no. 2187 (2016): 20150875. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2015.0875.

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We present a computationally efficient reconstruction method for the limited-data chemical species tomography problem that incorporates projection of the unknown gas concentration function onto a low-dimensional subspace, and regularization using prior information obtained from a simple flow model. In this context, the contribution of this work is on the analysis of the projection-induced data errors and the calculation of bounds for the overall image error incorporating the impact of projection and regularization errors as well as measurement noise. As an extension to this methodology, we pre

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Zhuang, Qian, Siyu Zhu, Xue Yang, et al. "Oxytocin-induced facilitation of learning in a probabilistic task is associated with reduced feedback- and error-related negativity potentials." Journal of Psychopharmacology 35, no. 1 (2020): 40–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881120972347.

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Background: Feedback evaluation of actions and error response detection are critical for optimizing behavioral adaptation. Oxytocin can facilitate learning following social feedback but whether its effects vary as a function of feedback valence remains unclear. Aims: The present study aimed to investigate whether oxytocin would influence responses to positive and negative feedback differentially or equivalently. Methods: The present study employed a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled within-subject design to investigate whether intranasal oxytocin (24 IU) influenced behavioral and ev

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Masina, Fabio, Vincenza Tarantino, Antonino Vallesi, and Daniela Mapelli. "Repetitive TMS over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex modulates the error positivity: An ERP study." Neuropsychologia 133 (October 2019): 107153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2019.107153.

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35

Pinet, Svetlana, and Nazbanou Nozari. "Electrophysiological Correlates of Monitoring in Typing with and without Visual Feedback." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 32, no. 4 (2020): 603–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01500.

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New theories of monitoring in language production, regardless of their mechanistic differences, all posit monitoring mechanisms that share general computational principles with action monitoring. This perspective, if accurate, would predict that many electrophysiological signatures of performance monitoring should be recoverable from language production tasks. In this study, we examined both error-related and feedback-related EEG indices of performance monitoring in the context of a typing-to-dictation task. To disentangle the contribution of the external from internal monitoring processes, we

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LARSON, MICHAEL J., DAVID A. S. KAUFMAN, ILONA M. SCHMALFUSS, and WILLIAM M. PERLSTEIN. "Performance monitoring, error processing, and evaluative control following severe TBI." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 13, no. 6 (2007): 961–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617707071305.

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Patients with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) often demonstrate impairments in performance monitoring—an evaluative control process that can be measured using the error-negativity/error-related negativity (Ne/ERN) and post-error positivity (Pe). The Ne/ERN and Pe are event-related potential (ERP) components generated following errors, with current theories suggesting the Ne/ERN reflects automatic performance monitoring and the Pe reflects error processing and awareness. To elucidate the electrophysiological mechanisms of performance monitoring deficits following severe TBI, behavioral and

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37

Feng, Xinlong, Xueling Huang, and Kun Wang. "Error Estimate of Unconditionally Stable and Decoupled Linear Positivity-Preserving FEM for the Chemotaxis-Stokes Equations." SIAM Journal on Numerical Analysis 59, no. 6 (2021): 3052–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1137/21m142085x.

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Allendes, Alejandro, Gabriel R. Barrenechea, and Richard Rankin. "Fully Computable Error Estimation of a Nonlinear, Positivity-Preserving Discretization of the Convection-Diffusion-Reaction Equation." SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing 39, no. 5 (2017): A1903—A1927. http://dx.doi.org/10.1137/16m1092763.

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39

Ventouras, Errikos M., Pantelis Asvestas, Irene Karanasiou, and George K. Matsopoulos. "Classification of Error-Related Negativity (ERN) and Positivity (Pe) potentials using kNN and Support Vector Machines." Computers in Biology and Medicine 41, no. 2 (2011): 98–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compbiomed.2010.12.004.

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Navarro-Cebrian, Ana, Robert T. Knight, and Andrew S. Kayser. "Frontal Monitoring and Parietal Evidence: Mechanisms of Error Correction." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 28, no. 8 (2016): 1166–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00962.

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When we respond to a stimulus, our decisions are based not only on external stimuli but also on our ongoing performance. If the response deviates from our goals, monitoring and decision-making brain areas interact so that future behavior may change. By taking advantage of natural variation in error salience, as measured by the RT taken to correct an error (RTEC), here we argue that an evidence accumulation framework provides a potential underlying mechanism for this variable process of error identification and correction, as evidenced by covariation of frontal monitoring and parietal decision-

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O'Connell, Redmond G., Paul M. Dockree, Mark A. Bellgrove, et al. "Two Types of Action Error: Electrophysiological Evidence for Separable Inhibitory and Sustained Attention Neural Mechanisms Producing Error on Go/No-go Tasks." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 21, no. 1 (2009): 93–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2009.21008.

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Disentangling the component processes that contribute to human executive control is a key challenge for cognitive neuroscience. Here, we employ event-related potentials to provide electrophysiological evidence that action errors during a go/no-go task can result either from sustained attention failures or from failures of response inhibition, and that these two processes are temporally and physiologically dissociable, although the behavioral error—a nonintended response—is the same. Thirteen right-handed participants performed a version of a go/no-go task in which stimuli were presented in a f

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Tops, Mattie, Sander L. Koole, and Albertus A. Wijers. "The Pe of Perfectionism." Journal of Psychophysiology 27, no. 2 (2013): 84–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0269-8803/a000090.

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The present research investigates the association between concern over mistakes (CoM), a facet of the personality style of perfectionism, and the error positivity (Pe), a response-locked event-related brain potential that relates to error-awareness. Sixteen healthy right-handed female participants performed a flanker task, during which response-locked event-related potentials were measured. CoM was related to a larger Pe at frontal electrodes in a late (400–500 ms post-response) time interval. This frontal late Pe was not related to general trait anxiety. An earlier (150–350 ms) Pe with a more

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Park, Minkyung, Myung Hun Jung, Jiyoon Lee, et al. "Neurophysiological and Cognitive Correlates of Error Processing Deficits in Internet Gaming Disorder." Cerebral Cortex 30, no. 9 (2020): 4914–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhaa083.

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Abstract The ability to detect and correct errors is a critical aspect of human cognition. Neuronal dysfunction in error processing has been reported in addictive disorders. The aim of this study was to investigate neural systems underlying error processing using event-related potentials (ERPs) and current source localization as well as neurocognitive executive function tests in patients with Internet gaming disorder (IGD). A total of 68 individuals (34 patients with IGD and 34 healthy controls [HCs]) were included, and two ERP components, error-related negativity (ERN) and error positivity (P

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Wynn, Jonathan, Amanda McCleery, Warren Szewczyk, et al. "SA68. Dysfunctional Prediction Error Coding in Schizophrenia: Test–Retest Reliability of Auditory Mismatch Negativity and Repetition Positivity." Schizophrenia Bulletin 43, suppl_1 (2017): S137—S138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbx023.067.

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45

Davies, Patricia L., Sidney J. Segalowitz, Jane Dywan, and Patricia E. Pailing. "Error-negativity and positivity as they relate to other ERP indices of attentional control and stimulus processing." Biological Psychology 56, no. 3 (2001): 191–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0301-0511(01)00080-1.

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46

Kim, Matthew H., Loren M. Marulis, Jennie K. Grammer, Frederick J. Morrison, and William J. Gehring. "Motivational processes from expectancy–value theory are associated with variability in the error positivity in young children." Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 155 (March 2017): 32–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2016.10.010.

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Krigolson, Olav E., Cameron D. Hassall, and Todd C. Handy. "How We Learn to Make Decisions: Rapid Propagation of Reinforcement Learning Prediction Errors in Humans." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 26, no. 3 (2014): 635–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00509.

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Our ability to make decisions is predicated upon our knowledge of the outcomes of the actions available to us. Reinforcement learning theory posits that actions followed by a reward or punishment acquire value through the computation of prediction errors—discrepancies between the predicted and the actual reward. A multitude of neuroimaging studies have demonstrated that rewards and punishments evoke neural responses that appear to reflect reinforcement learning prediction errors [e.g., Krigolson, O. E., Pierce, L. J., Holroyd, C. B., & Tanaka, J. W. Learning to become an expert: Reinforcem

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Pezzetta, Rachele, Valentina Nicolardi, Emmanuele Tidoni, and Salvatore Maria Aglioti. "Error, rather than its probability, elicits specific electrocortical signatures: a combined EEG-immersive virtual reality study of action observation." Journal of Neurophysiology 120, no. 3 (2018): 1107–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00130.2018.

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Detecting errors in one’s own actions, and in the actions of others, is a crucial ability for adaptable and flexible behavior. Studies show that specific EEG signatures underpin the monitoring of observed erroneous actions (error-related negativity, error positivity, mid-frontal theta oscillations). However, the majority of studies on action observation used sequences of trials where erroneous actions were less frequent than correct actions. Therefore, it was not possible to disentangle whether the activation of the performance monitoring system was due to an error, as a violation of the inten

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Veen, Vincent van, and Cameron S. Carter. "The Timing of Action-Monitoring Processes in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 14, no. 4 (2002): 593–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/08989290260045837.

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The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) has been shown to respond to conflict between simultaneously active, incompatible response tendencies. This area is active during high-conflict correct trials and also when participants make errors. Here, we use the temporal resolution of high-density event-related potentials (ERPs) in combination with source localization to investigate the timing of ACC activity during conflict and error detection. We predicted that the same area of the ACC is active prior to high-conflict correct responses and following erroneous responses. Dipole modeling supported this p

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Bellaïche, Lisa, Manish Asthana, Ann-Christine Ehlis, Thomas Polak, and Martin J. Herrmann. "The Modulation of Error Processing in the Medial Frontal Cortex by Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation." Neuroscience Journal 2013 (April 17, 2013): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/187692.

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Background. In order to prevent future errors, we constantly control our behavior for discrepancies between the expected (i.e., intended) and the real action outcome and continuously adjust our behavior accordingly. Neurophysiological correlates of this action-monitoring process can be studied with event-related potentials (error-related negativity (ERN) and error positivity (Pe)) originating from the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Patients with neuropsychiatric diseases often show performance monitoring dysfunctions potentially caused by pathological changes of cortical excitability; theref

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