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1
Guevara-Murua, A., C. A. Williams, E. J. Hendy, A. C. Rust, and K. V. Cashman. "Observations of a stratospheric aerosol <i>veil</i> from a tropical volcanic eruption in December 1808: is this the <i>Unknown</i> ∼1809 eruption?" Climate of the Past 10, no. 5 (September 16, 2014): 1707–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-1707-2014.
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Abstract. The Unknown eruption of 1808/1809 was the second most explosive SO2-rich volcanic eruption in the last two centuries, eclipsed only by the cataclysmic VEI 7 Tambora eruption in April 1815. However, no eyewitness accounts of the event, and therefore its location, or the atmospheric optical effects associated with its aerosols have been documented from historical records. Here we report on two meteorological observations dating from the end of 1808 that describe phenomena we attribute to volcanic-induced atmospheric effects caused by the Unknown eruption. The observations were made by two highly respected Latin American scientists. The first, Francisco José de Caldas, describes a stratospheric aerosol haze, a "transparent cloud that obstructs the sun's brilliance", that was visible over the city of Bogotá, Colombia, from 11 December 1808 to at least mid-February 1809. The second, made by physician José Hipólito Unanue in Lima, Peru, describes sunset after-glows (akin to well-documented examples known to be caused by stratospheric volcanic aerosols) from mid-December 1808 to February 1809. These two accounts provide direct evidence of a persistent stratospheric aerosol veil that spanned at least 2600 km into both Northern and Southern Hemispheres and establish that the source was a tropical volcano. Moreover, these observations confirm that the Unknown eruption, previously identified and tentatively assigned to February 1809 (±4 months) from analysis of ice core sulfate records, occurred in late November or early December 1808 (4 December 1808 ±7 days). This date has important implications for the associated hemispheric climate impacts and temporal pattern of aerosol dispersal.
2
Guevara-Murua, A., C. A. Williams, E. J. Hendy, A. C. Rust, and K. V. Cashman. "Observations of a stratospheric aerosol veil from a tropical volcanic eruption in December 1808: is this the "Unknown" ~1809 eruption?" Climate of the Past Discussions 10, no. 2 (April 28, 2014): 1901–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cpd-10-1901-2014.
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Abstract. The "Unknown" eruption of 1808/1809 was the second most explosive SO2-rich volcanic eruption in the last two centuries, only eclipsed by the cataclysmic VEI 7 Tambora eruption in April 1815. However, no eyewitness accounts of the event, and therefore its location, or the atmospheric optical effects associated with its aerosols have been documented from historical records. Here we report on two meteorological observations dating from the end of 1808 that describe phenomena we attribute to volcanic-induced atmospheric effects caused by the Unknown eruption. The observations were made by two highly respected Latin American scientists. The first, Francisco José de Caldas, describes a stratospheric aerosol haze, a "transparent cloud that obstructs the sun's brilliance", that was visible over the city of Bogotá, Colombia, from 11 December 1808 to at least mid-February 1809. The second, made by physician José Hipólito Unanue in Lima, Peru, describes sunset after-glows (akin to well-documented examples known to be caused by stratospheric volcanic aerosols) from mid-December 1808 to February 1809. These two accounts provide direct evidence of a persistent stratospheric aerosol veil that spanned at least 2600 km into both Northern and Southern Hemispheres and establish that the source was a tropical volcano. Moreover, these observations confirm that the Unknown eruption, previously identified and tentatively assigned to February 1809 (±4 months) from analysis of ice core sulphate records, occurred in late November or early December 1808 (4 December 1808 ± 7 days). This date has important implications for the associated hemispheric climate impacts and temporal pattern of aerosol dispersal.
3
Jiankan, Han, Xie Zichu, Dai Fengnian, and Zhang Wanchang. "Volcanic eruptions recorded in an ice core from Collins Ice Cap, King George Island, Antarctica." Annals of Glaciology 29 (1999): 121–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756499781821139.
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AbstractCareful mineral and structural analyses have revealed the characteristics of volcanic ash in the nine horizons of an 80.2 m ice core from Collins Ice Cap, King George Island, Antarctica.Under the assumption of steady state, the Dansgaard-Johnsen flow model was employed to date the core. The volcanic eruptive sequence established for the South Shetland Islands region since AD 1650 shows seven volcanic eruptive cycles during the past 340 years covered by the ice core. It seems that during the period 1875-1925 there was frequent volcanic activity, with perhaps many eruptions at Deception Island. The years 1650-1800 appear to have been a quiet period, followed by a more turbulent century. The past century is basically a tranquil era except for two turbulent epochs at the beginning of the century and in the 1950s-70s.Many of the volcanic eruptions in the ice-core sequence are found in the previously reported records for this region. The few that are not in the records should be further investigated. The absence of any 1967-70 eruption trace in the core suggests that this period may represent a minimum in volcanic activity.
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Shestakov, Nikolay, Alexander Orlyakovskiy, Natalia Perevalova, Nikolay Titkov, Danila Chebrov, Mako Ohzono, and Hiroaki Takahashi. "Investigation of Ionospheric Response to June 2009 Sarychev Peak Volcano Eruption." Remote Sensing 13, no. 4 (February 10, 2021): 638. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13040638.
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Global Navigation Satellite Systems have been extensively used to investigate the ionosphere response to various natural and man-made phenomena for the last three decades. However, ionospheric reaction to volcano eruptions is still insufficiently studied and understood. In this work we analyzed the ionospheric response to the 11–16 June 2009 VEI class 4 Sarychev Peak volcano eruption by using surrounding Russian and Japanese GPS networks. Prominent covolcanictotal electron content (TEC)ionospheric disturbances (CVIDs) with amplitudes and periods ranged between 0.03–0.15 TECU and 2.5–4.5 min were discovered for the three eruptive events occurred at 18:51 UT, 14 June; at 01:15 and 09:18 UT, 15 June 2009. The estimates of apparent CVIDs velocities vary within 700–1000 m/s in the far-field zone (300–900 km to the southwest from the volcano) and 1300–1800 m/s in close proximity toSarychev Peak. The characteristics of the observed TEC variations allow us to attribute them to acoustic mode. The south-southwestward direction is preferred for CVIDs propagation. We concluded that the ionospheric response to a volcano eruption is mainly determined by a ratio between explosion strength and background ionization level. Some evidence of secondary (F2-layer) CVIDs’ source eccentric location were obtained.
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Timmreck, Claudia, Matthew Toohey, Davide Zanchettin, Stefan Brönnimann, Elin Lundstad, and Rob Wilson. "The unidentified eruption of 1809: a climatic cold case." Climate of the Past 17, no. 4 (July 13, 2021): 1455–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1455-2021.
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Abstract. The “1809 eruption” is one of the most recent unidentified volcanic eruptions with a global climate impact. Even though the eruption ranks as the third largest since 1500 with a sulfur emission strength estimated to be 2 times that of the 1991 eruption of Pinatubo, not much is known of it from historic sources. Based on a compilation of instrumental and reconstructed temperature time series, we show here that tropical temperatures show a significant drop in response to the ∼ 1809 eruption that is similar to that produced by the Mt. Tambora eruption in 1815, while the response of Northern Hemisphere (NH) boreal summer temperature is spatially heterogeneous. We test the sensitivity of the climate response simulated by the MPI Earth system model to a range of volcanic forcing estimates constructed using estimated volcanic stratospheric sulfur injections (VSSIs) and uncertainties from ice-core records. Three of the forcing reconstructions represent a tropical eruption with an approximately symmetric hemispheric aerosol spread but different forcing magnitudes, while a fourth reflects a hemispherically asymmetric scenario without volcanic forcing in the NH extratropics. Observed and reconstructed post-volcanic surface NH summer temperature anomalies lie within the range of all the scenario simulations. Therefore, assuming the model climate sensitivity is correct, the VSSI estimate is accurate within the uncertainty bounds. Comparison of observed and simulated tropical temperature anomalies suggests that the most likely VSSI for the 1809 eruption would be somewhere between 12 and 19 Tg of sulfur. Model results show that NH large-scale climate modes are sensitive to both volcanic forcing strength and its spatial structure. While spatial correlations between the N-TREND NH temperature reconstruction and the model simulations are weak in terms of the ensemble-mean model results, individual model simulations show good correlation over North America and Europe, suggesting the spatial heterogeneity of the 1810 cooling could be due to internal climate variability.
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Begum, U. Zeenath, M. Krishnakanth, Gayathri Rajesh, Mahalakshmi Veeraraghavan, Sudha R, and S. Murugan. "Afatinib Associated Papulopustular Phototoxic Eruptions- A Novel Case Report." Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal 12, no. 04 (November 16, 2019): 1775–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bpj/1808.
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Non Small Cell Lung Cancer(NSCLC) is the most common type of Lung Cancer. It is characterized by multiple mutations, the commonest being the EGFR and KRAS. Afatinib is an immaculate drug used in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer, with EGFR mutations. Here we are presenting a case of a 70 year old male, with Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma, started on Afatinib, who subsequently developed multiple raised skin lesions over the face, neck and the upper chest. On examination, multiple crusted papules and pustules over the face and anterior chest were present. A diagnosis of Photo distributed Acneiform Eruption secondary to Afatinib was made. Patient was treated appropriately and lesions subsided with post inflammatory hyperpigmentation.This article highlights the characteristic Afatinib induced papulo – pustular eruptions, which eventually responded to treatment.
7
Kohno, Mika, and Yoshiyuki Fujii. "Past 220 year bipolar volcanic signals: remarks on common features of their source volcanic eruptions." Annals of Glaciology 35 (2002): 217–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756402781816807.
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AbstractDuring the past 220 years, prominent signals of non-sea salt sulfate ion (nssSO42–) concentration exceeding the background level, including both marine biogenic and anthropogenic SO42–, were found in shallow ice cores from site H15 in East Antarctica and Site-J in southern Greenland. They were mostly correlated with past explosive volcanic eruptions. on the basis of this result and published results of shallow ice cores and snow pits at various locations on the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets, eight common signals were found, of which six were assigned to the following explosive eruptions: El Chichόn, Mexico, in 1982; Agung, Indonesia, in 1963; Santa Maria, Guatemala, in 1902; Krakatau, Indonesia, in 1883; Cosiguina, Nicaragua, in 1835; an unknown volcano between 1831 and 1834; Tambora, Indonesia, in 1815; and an unknown volcano in 1809. Volcanic eruptions which have a potential to imprint their signals in both the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets were characterized by (1) location in low latitudes between 20˚N and 10˚ S, and (2) eruption column height ≥25 km, corresponding to a volcanic explosivity index (VEI) ≥5.
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Brázdil, Rudolf, Ladislava Řezníčková, Hubert Valášek, Lukáš Dolák, and Oldřich Kotyza. "Climatic effects and impacts of the 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora in the Czech Lands." Climate of the Past 12, no. 6 (June 22, 2016): 1361–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1361-2016.
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Abstract. The eruption of Mount Tambora in Indonesia in 1815 was one of the most powerful of its kind in recorded history. This contribution addresses climatic responses to it, the post-eruption weather, and its impacts on human life in the Czech Lands. The climatic effects are evaluated in terms of air temperature and precipitation on the basis of long-term homogenised series from the Prague-Klementinum and Brno meteorological stations, and mean Czech series in the short term (1810–1820) and long term (1800–2010). This analysis is complemented by other climatic and environmental data derived from rich documentary evidence. Czech documentary sources make no direct mention of the Tambora eruption, neither do they relate any particular weather phenomena to it, but they record an extremely wet summer for 1815 and an extremely cold summer for 1816 (the "Year Without a Summer") that contributed to bad grain harvests and widespread grain price increases in 1817. Possible reasons for the cold summers in the first decade of the 19th century reflected in the contemporary press included comets, sunspot activity, long-term cooling and finally – as late as 1817 – earthquakes with volcanic eruptions.
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Shane, Phil, Paul Froggatt, Ian Smith, and Murray Gregory. "Multiple Sources for Sea-Rafted Loisels Pumice, New Zealand." Quaternary Research 49, no. 3 (May 1998): 271–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.1998.1968.
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Sea-rafted Loisels Pumice is one of the few stratigraphic markers used to correlate late Holocene coastal deposits in New Zealand. Along with underlying sea-rafted products of the local Taupo eruption of ca. 1800 yr B.P., these events have been used to bracket the first arrival of humans at New Zealand. Loisels Pumice is dacitic to rhyolitic (SiO2 63–78 wt%) in composition, but individual clasts are homogeneous (SiO2 range ± 1 wt%). Characteristics include very low K2O (0.5–1.75 wt%) and Rb (<25 ppm) and a mineralogy dominated by calcic and mafic xenocrysts. Similar features are shared by pumices of the Tonga–Kermadec arc, suggesting a common tholeiitic oceanic source. Interclast diversity of Loisels Pumice suggests that it is the product of several eruptive events from different volcanoes. The differences in glass and mineral compositions found at various sites can be explained if the deposits are from different events. A multisource origin can also partially explain the discrepancy in reported 14C ages (ca. 1500–600 yr B.P.) from different localities. Therefore, the value of Loisels Pumice as a stratigraphic marker is questionable, and it does not constrain the arrival of humans. The predominant westward drift of historic Tonga–Kermadec arc pumices and prevailing ocean currents suggest a long anticlockwise semicircular transport route into the Tasman Sea before sea-rafted pumice arrival in New Zealand. The diversity of the pumices indicates that silicic eruptions frequently occur from the predominantly basic oceanic volcanoes.
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Anet, J. G., S. Muthers, E. V. Rozanov, C. C. Raible, A. Stenke, A. I. Shapiro, S. Brönnimann, et al. "Impact of solar vs. volcanic activity variations on tropospheric temperatures and precipitation during the Dalton Minimum." Climate of the Past Discussions 9, no. 6 (November 4, 2013): 6179–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cpd-9-6179-2013.
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Abstract. The aim of this work is to elucidate the impact of changes in solar irradiance and energetic particles vs. volcanic eruptions on tropospheric global climate during the Dalton Minimum (DM, 1780–1840 AD). Separate variations in the (i) solar irradiance in the UV-C with wavelengths λ < 250 nm, (ii) irradiance at wavelengths λ > 250 nm, (iii) in energetic particle spectrum, and (iv) volcanic aerosol forcing were analyzed separately, and (v) in combination, by means of small ensemble calculations using a coupled atmosphere-ocean chemistry-climate-model. Global and hemispheric mean surface temperatures show a significant dependence on solar irradiance at λ > 250 nm. Also, powerful volcanic eruptions in 1809, 1815, 1831 and 1835 significantly decrease global mean temperature by up to 0.5 K for 2–3 yr after the eruption. However, while the volcanic effect is clearly discernible in the southern hemispheric mean temperature, it is less significant in the Northern Hemisphere, partly because the two largest volcanic eruptions occurred in the SH tropics and during seasons when the aerosols were mainly transported southward, partly because of the higher northern internal variability. In the simulation including all forcings, temperatures are in reasonable agreement with the tree-ring-based temperature anomalies of the Northern Hemisphere. Interestingly, the model suggests that solar irradiance changes at λ < 250 nm and in energetic particle spectra have only insignificant impact on the climate during the Dalton Minimum. This downscales the importance of top-down processes (stemming from changes at λ < 250 nm) relative to bottom-up processes (from λ > 250 nm). Reduction of irradiance at λ > 250 nm leads to a significant (up to 2%) decrease of the ocean heat content (OHC) between the 0 and 300 m of depth, whereas the changes in irradiance at λ < 250 nm or in energetic particle have virtually no effect. Also, volcanic aerosol yields a very strong response, reducing the OHC of the upper ocean by up to 1.5%. In the simulation with all forcings, the OHC of the uppermost levels recovers after 8–15 yr after volcanic eruption, while the solar signal and the different volcanic eruptions dominate the OHC changes in the deeper ocean and prevent its recovery during the DM. Finally, the simulations suggest that the volcanic eruptions during the DM had a significant impact on the precipitation patterns caused by a widening of the Hadley cell and a shift of the intertropical convergence zone.
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Anet, J. G., S. Muthers, E. V. Rozanov, C. C. Raible, A. Stenke, A. I. Shapiro, S. Brönnimann, et al. "Impact of solar versus volcanic activity variations on tropospheric temperatures and precipitation during the Dalton Minimum." Climate of the Past 10, no. 3 (May 9, 2014): 921–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-921-2014.
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Abstract. The aim of this work is to elucidate the impact of changes in solar irradiance and energetic particles versus volcanic eruptions on tropospheric global climate during the Dalton Minimum (DM, AD 1780–1840). Separate variations in the (i) solar irradiance in the UV-C with wavelengths λ < 250 nm, (ii) irradiance at wavelengths λ > 250 nm, (iii) in energetic particle spectrum, and (iv) volcanic aerosol forcing were analyzed separately, and (v) in combination, by means of small ensemble calculations using a coupled atmosphere–ocean chemistry–climate model. Global and hemispheric mean surface temperatures show a significant dependence on solar irradiance at λ > 250 nm. Also, powerful volcanic eruptions in 1809, 1815, 1831 and 1835 significantly decreased global mean temperature by up to 0.5 K for 2–3 years after the eruption. However, while the volcanic effect is clearly discernible in the Southern Hemispheric mean temperature, it is less significant in the Northern Hemisphere, partly because the two largest volcanic eruptions occurred in the SH tropics and during seasons when the aerosols were mainly transported southward, partly because of the higher northern internal variability. In the simulation including all forcings, temperatures are in reasonable agreement with the tree ring-based temperature anomalies of the Northern Hemisphere. Interestingly, the model suggests that solar irradiance changes at λ < 250 nm and in energetic particle spectra have only an insignificant impact on the climate during the Dalton Minimum. This downscales the importance of top–down processes (stemming from changes at λ < 250 nm) relative to bottom–up processes (from λ > 250 nm). Reduction of irradiance at λ > 250 nm leads to a significant (up to 2%) decrease in the ocean heat content (OHC) between 0 and 300 m in depth, whereas the changes in irradiance at λ < 250 nm or in energetic particles have virtually no effect. Also, volcanic aerosol yields a very strong response, reducing the OHC of the upper ocean by up to 1.5%. In the simulation with all forcings, the OHC of the uppermost levels recovers after 8–15 years after volcanic eruption, while the solar signal and the different volcanic eruptions dominate the OHC changes in the deeper ocean and prevent its recovery during the DM. Finally, the simulations suggest that the volcanic eruptions during the DM had a significant impact on the precipitation patterns caused by a widening of the Hadley cell and a shift in the intertropical convergence zone.
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Kerr, Andrew C. "Mineral chemistry of the Mull-Morvern Tertiary lava succession, western Scotland." Mineralogical Magazine 62, no. 3 (June 1998): 295–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/002646198547639.
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AbstractThe 1800 m thick preserved remnant of the Tertiary lava succession of Mull and Morvern consists of three basic mantle-derived magma types, with compositions varying from tholeiitic to mildly alkalic, and from picritic basalts to trachytes. This results in a similarly wide range in mineral compositions. Contrary to the suggestions of previous workers the mineral chemistry of the lava succession (in conjunction with published major and trace element chemistry) is strongly supportive of a fractional crystallisation origin for the more evolved lavas.Resorped and regrown (with more basic material) plagioclase phenocrysts found in the more-evolved are indicative of magma mixing processes involving replenishment of an evolving magma chamber with more-basic magma. Lavas containing 15–20 vol.% plagioclase phenocrysts probably represent eruptions from the top of a magma chamber where flotation cumulates of plagioclase had developed. Fragmental phenocrysts found in some highly plagioclase phyric lavas (from near the top of the preserved lava succession) suggest that the eruption of lavas may have been explosive.
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Georgoulis, Manolis K., Athanasios Papaioannou, Ingmar Sandberg, Anastasios Anastasiadis, Ioannis A. Daglis, Rosa Rodríguez-Gasén, Angels Aran, Blai Sanahuja, and Petteri Nieminen. "Analysis and interpretation of inner-heliospheric SEP events with the ESA Standard Radiation Environment Monitor (SREM) onboard the INTEGRAL and Rosetta Missions." Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate 8 (2018): A40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/swsc/2018027.
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Using two heliospheric vantage points, we study 22 solar energetic particle (SEP) events, 14 of which were detected at both locations. SEP proton events were detected during the declining phase of solar cycle 23 (November 2003–December 2006) by means of two nearly identical Standard Radiation Environment Monitor (SREM) units in energies ranging between 12.6 MeV and 166.3 MeV. In this work we combine SREM data with diverse solar and interplanetary measurements, aiming to backtrace solar eruptions from their impact in geospace (i.e., from L1 Lagrangian point to Earth’s magnetosphere) to their parent eruptions at the Sun’s low atmosphere. Our SREM SEP data support and complement a consistent inner-heliospheric description of solar eruptions (solar flares and coronal mass ejections [CMEs]) and their magnetospheric impact. In addition, they provide useful information on the understanding of the origin, acceleration, and propagation of SEP events at multi-spacecraft settings. All SEP events in our sample originate from major eruptions consisting of major (>M-class) solar flares and fast (>1800 km/s, on average), overwhelmingly (>78%) halo, CMEs. All but one SEP event studied are unambiguously associated with shock-fronted CMEs, suggesting a CME-driven shock acceleration mechanism. Moreover, a significant correlation is found between the SEP event peak and the onset of the storm sudden commencement, that might help improve prediction of magnetospheric disturbances. In general, SEP events correlate better with interplanetary (i.e., in-situ; L1-based) than with solar eruption features. Our findings support (a) the routine use of cost-effective SREM units, or future improvements thereof, for the detection of SEP events and (b) their implementation in multi-spacecraft settings as a means to improve both the physical understanding of SEP events and their forecasting.
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Castro, Cristiane Ribeiro da Silva, Maria Beatriz Barreto de Sousa Cabral, Eduardo Luiz Andrade Mota, Maria Cristina Teixeira Cangussu, and Maria Isabel Pereira Vianna. "Low birth weight and the delay on the eruption of deciduous teething in children." Revista Brasileira de Saúde Materno Infantil 19, no. 3 (September 2019): 701–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1806-93042019000300012.
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Abstract Objectives: To analyze the association between low birth weight (LBW) and the occurrence of the delay on the eruption of deciduous teething (DEDT) in children from 04 to 30 months, living in Salvador, Bahia. Methods: A cross-sectional study involved 520 children at four to thirty months of age, from public, private and philanthropic daycares from two districts in Salvador. A descriptive analysis and unconditional logistic regression were done to estimate the odds ratios (ORs), using the Confidence Interval of 95% as a criterion for accepting associations. Poisson regression was used as an analytical strategy to obtain the prevalence ratio. Results: the prevalence of the delay on the eruption was 10.29%. There was a positive association between LBW and occurrence of DEDT among children with less than 24 months, both in the unadjusted model (PR=2.07, 95%CI= 0.96 4.44) as in the adjusted (adjusted PR=2, 27, 95%CI= 1.02 5.07). Conclusions: the variables of development and nutritional at birth and during the early life may be important predictors of the chronology of eruption. Further investigations should be carried out towards the adequate evaluation of the LBW role in the occurrence of the delay on the eruption.
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Brugman, Melinda M. "Mapping Recent Fluctuations of Shoestring Glacier, Mount St. Helens (Abstract)." Annals of Glaciology 8 (1986): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260305500001543.
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The terminus position of Shoestring Glacier, Mount St. Helens, has pulsated over the last few centuries, generally following local climate trends, but the pattern of advance and retreat has been strongly modulated by effects of local volcanic activity. In this paper, I discuss the techniques employed to map and survey fluctuations in ice velocity, thickness, and terminus position of Shoestring Glacier. Solutions to major problems in acquiring and interpreting data peculiar to an active volcano are also explained. Results show that this steep mountain glacier responds quickly and dramatically to local environmental changes. The effects of volcanic activity are distinguished from internal instabilities and local climate change by combining information obtained using a variety of techniques, including field surveying, contour-mapping using stereo-aerial photographs, photo-documentation, and published historical accounts, In this paper I will focus attention on surveying and mapping conducted since 1979 at Shoestring Glacier, but will also discuss methods used to identify historic and “prehistoric” glacier fluctuations back to the early 1800s. The field survey was conducted at the glacier from mid-1979 to late 1983, during several eruptive episodes, major earthquakes, and covering winter and summer velocity and thickness changes. (Brugman and Post, 1980; Brugman and Meier, 1981). Coordinates of glacier velocity markers and the survey reference net were monitored with several different theodolites and electronic distance meters. In addition, topographic maps of Shoestring Glacier and vicinity were made for the years between 1979 and 1982, for the purpose of characterizing the drastic changes which occurred during the volcanic eruption of Mount St. Helens of May 18, 1980. The maps were constructed with 2 m contour intervals, using three sets of vertical aerial photographs. The difference between maps results in two plots showing the surficial changes caused by the volcanic field-checked against ground survey data on thickness change, using standard techniques. Overall, this study included monitoring glacier flow, configuration, and thickness changes at Shoestring Glacier since mid-1979, and also monitoring any changes in the local survey net due to ground deformation associated with nearby volcanic activity. In addition, photographic and written documentation of recent glacier fluctuations at Mount St. Helens was compiled from a variety of sources, which included local explorers, scientists, mountaineers, aviators, and historians. From this information, I was able to obtain the general pattern of Shoestring Glacier terminus fluctuations since the early 1900s. To extend the study further back in time, I also mapped the local surficial geology surrounding Shoestring Glacier using aerial photographs and ground studies. Because Mount St. Helens is a highly active, young volcano, a major problem was to distinguish glacier moraines, built during a recent ice advance, from volcanic levees built during passage of a recent lahar. Both lahar levees and glacier moraines exist along the glacier margin and most have been dissected and scoured by later mudflows. This study required the separate identification of glacial lag-till, from mudflow and rock avalanche debris. Comparison of depositional and erosional features generated by the several major lahars which decended over the Shoestring Glacier during the 1980 eruptions to pre-1980 surficial geology shows that glacier and lahar deposits are closely intermingled, but they can be distinguished on the basis of surface morphology obtained from aerial photographs, supported by field mapping of sedimentary structures. The dominant pre-1980 surficial deposits were laid down during a time of intense volcanism dating from 1800-1857, when the Shoestring Glacier was initially at its most advanced terminus position in its limited geologic record. During the early 1900s, several minor historic eruptions deposited ash and debris as distinctive englacial debris layers, which were well preserved within the glaciers on Mount St. Helens. Rock material deposited in the early to mid-1800s from glacier advances and volcanic eruptions can be distinguished from volcanic material deposited during the early 1900s because of the minor effect these later eruptions had on the glaciers of Mount St. Helens. This study shows that, over the last few centuries, repeated eruptions of Mount St. Helens have caused important changes in the mass balance of Shoestring Glacier. During several volcanic eruptions since 1800, the Shoestring and nearby glaciers have been deeply blanketed with rock ejecta and avalanche and mudflow debris, which could have increased the glacier mass balances. In contrast, the dominant effect of major volcanic eruptions on the Shoestring Glacier has led to strongly negative mass balances due to scouring, melting, and blasting away of glacier snow and ice. Deep incision of the glacier and its surrounding topography is clearly evident from the maps produced during this study, both during and before 1980. This melting and scouring occurred as pyroclastic flows and lahars swept down the glacier-filled canyon from the summit of the volcano and has probably occurred repeatedly since the canyon holding the Shoestring Glacier was first cut, approximately two thousand years ago. The eruption of Mount St. Helens on May 18, 1980, when the Shoestring Glacier was beheaded, deeply incised, and covered by volcanic ejecta and mudflow debris, is the most recent example of the highly variable environment in which the glacier continues to survive.
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Brugman, Melinda M. "Mapping Recent Fluctuations of Shoestring Glacier, Mount St. Helens (Abstract)." Annals of Glaciology 8 (1986): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0260305500001543.
Full textAbstract:
The terminus position of Shoestring Glacier, Mount St. Helens, has pulsated over the last few centuries, generally following local climate trends, but the pattern of advance and retreat has been strongly modulated by effects of local volcanic activity. In this paper, I discuss the techniques employed to map and survey fluctuations in ice velocity, thickness, and terminus position of Shoestring Glacier. Solutions to major problems in acquiring and interpreting data peculiar to an active volcano are also explained. Results show that this steep mountain glacier responds quickly and dramatically to local environmental changes. The effects of volcanic activity are distinguished from internal instabilities and local climate change by combining information obtained using a variety of techniques, including field surveying, contour-mapping using stereo-aerial photographs, photo-documentation, and published historical accounts, In this paper I will focus attention on surveying and mapping conducted since 1979 at Shoestring Glacier, but will also discuss methods used to identify historic and “prehistoric” glacier fluctuations back to the early 1800s.The field survey was conducted at the glacier from mid-1979 to late 1983, during several eruptive episodes, major earthquakes, and covering winter and summer velocity and thickness changes. (Brugman and Post, 1980; Brugman and Meier, 1981). Coordinates of glacier velocity markers and the survey reference net were monitored with several different theodolites and electronic distance meters. In addition, topographic maps of Shoestring Glacier and vicinity were made for the years between 1979 and 1982, for the purpose of characterizing the drastic changes which occurred during the volcanic eruption of Mount St. Helens of May 18, 1980. The maps were constructed with 2 m contour intervals, using three sets of vertical aerial photographs. The difference between maps results in two plots showing the surficial changes caused by the volcanic field-checked against ground survey data on thickness change, using standard techniques. Overall, this study included monitoring glacier flow, configuration, and thickness changes at Shoestring Glacier since mid-1979, and also monitoring any changes in the local survey net due to ground deformation associated with nearby volcanic activity.In addition, photographic and written documentation of recent glacier fluctuations at Mount St. Helens was compiled from a variety of sources, which included local explorers, scientists, mountaineers, aviators, and historians. From this information, I was able to obtain the general pattern of Shoestring Glacier terminus fluctuations since the early 1900s.To extend the study further back in time, I also mapped the local surficial geology surrounding Shoestring Glacier using aerial photographs and ground studies. Because Mount St. Helens is a highly active, young volcano, a major problem was to distinguish glacier moraines, built during a recent ice advance, from volcanic levees built during passage of a recent lahar. Both lahar levees and glacier moraines exist along the glacier margin and most have been dissected and scoured by later mudflows. This study required the separate identification of glacial lag-till, from mudflow and rock avalanche debris. Comparison of depositional and erosional features generated by the several major lahars which decended over the Shoestring Glacier during the 1980 eruptions to pre-1980 surficial geology shows that glacier and lahar deposits are closely intermingled, but they can be distinguished on the basis of surface morphology obtained from aerial photographs, supported by field mapping of sedimentary structures. The dominant pre-1980 surficial deposits were laid down during a time of intense volcanism dating from 1800-1857, when the Shoestring Glacier was initially at its most advanced terminus position in its limited geologic record. During the early 1900s, several minor historic eruptions deposited ash and debris as distinctive englacial debris layers, which were well preserved within the glaciers on Mount St. Helens. Rock material deposited in the early to mid-1800s from glacier advances and volcanic eruptions can be distinguished from volcanic material deposited during the early 1900s because of the minor effect these later eruptions had on the glaciers of Mount St. Helens.This study shows that, over the last few centuries, repeated eruptions of Mount St. Helens have caused important changes in the mass balance of Shoestring Glacier. During several volcanic eruptions since 1800, the Shoestring and nearby glaciers have been deeply blanketed with rock ejecta and avalanche and mudflow debris, which could have increased the glacier mass balances. In contrast, the dominant effect of major volcanic eruptions on the Shoestring Glacier has led to strongly negative mass balances due to scouring, melting, and blasting away of glacier snow and ice. Deep incision of the glacier and its surrounding topography is clearly evident from the maps produced during this study, both during and before 1980. This melting and scouring occurred as pyroclastic flows and lahars swept down the glacier-filled canyon from the summit of the volcano and has probably occurred repeatedly since the canyon holding the Shoestring Glacier was first cut, approximately two thousand years ago. The eruption of Mount St. Helens on May 18, 1980, when the Shoestring Glacier was beheaded, deeply incised, and covered by volcanic ejecta and mudflow debris, is the most recent example of the highly variable environment in which the glacier continues to survive.
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Vieira, Gonçalo, Carla Mora, Pedro Pina, Ricardo Ramalho, and Rui Fernandes. "UAV-based very high resolution point cloud, digital surface model and orthomosaic of the Chã das Caldeiras lava fields (Fogo, Cabo Verde)." Earth System Science Data 13, no. 7 (July 2, 2021): 3179–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3179-2021.
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Abstract. Fogo in the Cabo Verde archipelago off western Africa is one of the most prominent and active ocean island volcanoes on Earth, posing an important hazard both to local populations and at a regional level. The last eruption took place between 23 November 2014 and 8 February 2015 in the Chã das Caldeiras area at an elevation close to 1800 ma.s.l. The eruptive episode gave origin to extensive lava flows that almost fully destroyed the settlements of Bangaeira, Portela and Ilhéu de Losna. During December 2016 a survey of the Chã das Caldeiras area was conducted using a fixed-wing unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and real-time kinematic (RTK) global navigation satellite system (GNSS), with the objective of improving the terrain models and visible imagery derived from satellite platforms, from metric to decimetric resolution and accuracy. The main result is a very high resolution and quality 3D point cloud with a root mean square error of 0.08 m in X, 0.11 m in Y and 0.12 m in Z, which fully covers the most recent lava flows. The survey comprises an area of 23.9 km2 and used 2909 calibrated images with an average ground sampling distance of 7.2 cm. The dense point cloud, digital surface models and orthomosaics with 25 and 10 cm resolutions, a 50 cm spaced elevation contour shapefile, and a 3D texture mesh, as well as the full aerial survey dataset are provided. The delineation of the 2014/15 lava flows covers an area of 4.53 km2, which is smaller but more accurate than the previous estimates from 4.8 to 4.97 km2. The difference in the calculated area, when compared to previously reported values, is due to a more detailed mapping of the flow geometry and to the exclusion of the areas corresponding to kīpukas (outcrops surrounded by lava flows). Our study provides a very high resolution dataset of the areas affected by Fogo's latest eruption and is a case study supporting the advantageous use of UAV aerial photography surveys in disaster-prone areas. This dataset provides accurate baseline data for future eruptions, allowing for different applications in Earth system sciences, such as hydrology, ecology and spatial modelling, as well as to planning. The dataset is available for download at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4718520 (Vieira et al., 2021).
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Dalin, P., N. Pertsev, and V. Romejko. "Notes on historical aspects on the earliest known observations of noctilucent clouds." History of Geo- and Space Sciences 3, no. 1 (March 27, 2012): 87–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hgss-3-87-2012.
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Abstract. The present paper considers historical aspects of the earliest known observations of noctilucent clouds (NLCs). The 1884 and 1885 are discussed by considering important historical citations by the pioneers of the earliest known observations of noctilucent clouds. For the first time in NLC studies, we consider seven major volcanic eruptions: Laki in 1783, Mount St. Helens in 1800, Tambora in 1815, Galunggung in 1822, Cosigüina in 1835, Shiveluch in 1854 and Askja in 1875. These all preceded the catastrophic 1883 eruption of Krakatoa, which despite having a lesser magnitude than Tambora in 1815, had pronounced effects on the atmosphere. These eruptions represent possible triggers for the appearance of NLCs. For the first time, we publish an unknown, in English-speaking literature, historical fact on the first determinations of the altitude of noctilucent clouds made by two Russian astronomers V. K. Tseraskii and A. A. Belopolskii on 26 June 1885, who managed to infer the altitude of the clouds in the range of 73–83 km, that is, for the first time, demonstrating the possible existence of the clouds at great altitudes in the Earth's atmosphere. Moreover, V. K. Tseraskii was the first observer to photograph noctilucent clouds in 1885 or 1886, which is 1–2 yr before the German astronomer O. Jesse, who owns the first published images of noctilucent clouds. The photographs made by V. K. Tseraskii, unfortunately, did not reach us.
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SOMMER, CARLOS AUGUSTO, EVANDRO FERNANDES DE LIMA, LAURO VALENTIM STOLL NARDI, JOAQUIM DANIEL DE LIZ, and RONALDO PIEROSAN. "Depósitos de Fluxo Piroclástico Primários: Caracterização e Estudo de um Caso no Vulcanismo Ácido Neoproterozóico do Escudo Sul-rio-grandense." Pesquisas em Geociências 30, no. 1 (June 30, 2003): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/1807-9806.19576.
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Volcanic deposits can be included in two main groups: coherent and volcaniclastic. The former results from volcanic and sub-volcanic (syn-volcanic intrusions) effusive events, excluding autoclastic portions, and the second group, which is related to deposits constituted by volcanic fragments, encompassing primary deposits (pyroclastic) generated from fragment dispersion through gases and hot vapour, syn-eruptive resedimented deposits, besides volcanogenic sedimentary deposits. Clast transport processes are separated in three broad categories: mass-flow, traction and suspension. Basic concepts that are used in the study of volcanic rocks, classification and characterization of the main subaerial pyroclastic deposits are discussed in this paper, considering lithological and genetic aspects. Lithological aspects are mainly related to composition, components and grain-size of the deposits, while genetic aspects and interpretations are based on clast-forming and depositional processes, allowing understanding about eruption and emplacement conditions. Emphasis is given to pumiceous pyroclastic flow deposits, describing their main textural features and the post-depositional modifications associated to them. The discussed concepts are applied in the reconstruction of the Neoproterozoic pyroclastic flow deposits of two plateaus in the Sul-rio-grandense Shield, southernmost Brazil. The main characteristic of the Taquarembo Plateau is the occurrence of stratified/partially welded ignimbrites and high-grade welded deposits, while massive and crystal-rich ignimbrites are more common in the Ramada Plateau. The facies association of both plateaus suggests a fissural volcanic regime in a subaerial setting, associated to the post-collisional stages of the Brasiliano-Pan African Orogenic Cicle.
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Healy, M. W., M. J. Darnley, C. M. Copperwheat, A. V. Filippenko, M. Henze, J. C. Hestenes, P. A. James, K. L. Page, S. C. Williams, and W. Zheng. "AT 2017fvz: a nova in the dwarf irregular galaxy NGC 6822." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 486, no. 3 (April 18, 2019): 4334–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz1108.
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ABSTRACT A transient in the Local Group dwarf irregular galaxy NGC 6822 (Barnard’s Galaxy) was discovered on 2017 August 2 and is only the second classical nova discovered in that galaxy. We conducted optical, near-ultraviolet, and X-ray follow-up observations of the eruption, the results of which we present here. This ‘very fast’ nova had a peak V-band magnitude in the range −7.41 > MV > −8.33 mag, with decline times of t2,V = 8.1 ± 0.2 d and t3,V = 15.2 ± 0.3 d. The early- and late-time spectra are consistent with an Fe ii spectral class. The H α emission line initially has a full width at half-maximum intensity of ∼2400 km s−1 – a moderately fast ejecta velocity for the class. The H α line then narrows monotonically to ∼1800 km s−1 by 70 d post-eruption. The lack of a pre-eruption coincident source in archival Hubble Space Telescope imaging implies that the donor is a main-sequence, or possibly subgiant, star. The relatively low-peak luminosity and rapid decline hint that AT 2017fvz may be a ‘faint and fast’ nova.
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Ebony, Amanambu Uchenna. "The Unwanted Metonymy of The 1804 Usman Dan Fodio’s Jihad To The Contemporary Nigerian State." IJOHMN (International Journal online of Humanities) 3, no. 3 (June 15, 2017): 14–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.24113/ijohmn.v3i3.137.
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This paper analyzes the eruption of some covert religio-political militant movements modeled after the 1804 Usman dan Fodio’s jihad who are engrossed with the penchant desire for launching jihads in Nigeria. It discusses also the Maitatsine’s imbroglio, Izala, the Shiites, the sharia propagandists between 1978 and 1999, Boko Haram’s insurgence and Fulani herdsmen onslaughts. It highlights the dangers of these disguised movements to the Nigerian socio political and economic existence and suggests some ways of checkmating their excesses.
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Shi, C., V. Daux, C. Risi, S. G. Hou, M. Stievenard, M. Pierre, Z. Li, and V. Masson-Delmotte. "Reconstruction of southeast Tibetan Plateau summer cloud cover over the past two centuries using tree ring δ<sup>18</sup>O." Climate of the Past Discussions 7, no. 3 (June 9, 2011): 1825–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cpd-7-1825-2011.
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Abstract. A tree-ring δ18O chronology of Linzhi spruce, spanning from AD 1781 to 2005, was developed in Bomi, Southeast Tibetan Plateau (TP). During the period with instrumental data (1961–2005), this record is strongly correlated with regional summer cloud cover, which is supported by a precipitation δ18O simulation conducted with the isotope-enabled atmospheric general circulation model LMDZiso. A 225-yr regional cloud cover reconstruction was therefore achieved. The observed cloud cover increased in the 1980s and this increase is not unprecedented in the entire reconstruction. The reconstructed cloud cover appears smaller and more stable in the 20th century than previously. A late 19th century decrease in our reconstructed cloud cover is consistent with a decrease in the TP glacier accumulation recorded in ice cores. Our data reveal a strong anomaly in the 1810s, which coincides with volcanic eruption in 1809 and the 1815 Tambora volcanic eruption.
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Sultana, Abida, Mohammed Saiful Islam Bhuiyan, and Md Mostaque Mahmud. "Pattern of Adverse Cutaneous Drug Reactions (ACDR) to Systemic Drugs." Bangladesh Medical Journal 47, no. 3 (October 10, 2019): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bmj.v47i3.43496.
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Adverse cutaneous drug reaction (ACDR) is a common issue in dermatology practice and it is crucial for every medical practitioner to remain updated of its pattern. It was a hospital based crosssectional observational study, conducted over 130 patients with adverse cutaneous drug reactionin the outpatient department of dermatology of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU). Majority of reaction was developed within one week of taking drug. Fixed drug eruption (FDE) was present in 18.5% cases followed by maculo-papular, Stevenson-Johnson-Syndrome-Toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS- TEN), urticaria, urticaria + angioedema, lichenoid drug reaction, erythema multiforme, acneiform eruption, exfoliative dermatitis, pityriasiform, hyperpigmentation, acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis, drug induced hypersensitive syndrome, vasculitis, purpura, photosentivity, psoriasiform and other non-specific reactions. Anti convulsants (26.9%), NSAIDs (20.0%) and anti amtimicrobials (17.7%) are the most common drug group causing adverse cutaneous reaction. Many of the ACDR caused by anticonvulsants, NSAID and antimicrobials are even life threatening.
Bangladesh Med J. 2018 Jan; 47 (3): 32-36
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Curran, Mark A. J., Anne S. Palmer, Tas D. van Ommen, Vin I. Morgan, Katrina L. Phillips, Alison J. McMorrow, and Paul A. Mayewski. "Post-depositional movement of methanesulphonic acid at Law Dome, Antarctica, and the influence of accumulation rate." Annals of Glaciology 35 (2002): 333–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756402781816528.
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AbstractA series of ice cores from sites with different snow-accumulation rates across Law Dome, East Antarctica, was investigated for methanesulphonic acid (MSA) movement. the precipitation at these sites (up to 35 km apart) is influenced by the same air masses, the principal difference being the accumulation rate. At the low-accumulation-rate W20k site (0.17m ice equivalent), MSAwas completely relocated from the summer to winter layer. Moderate movement was observed at the intermediate-accumulation-rate site (0.7m ice equivalent), Dome Summit South (DSS), while there was no evidence of movement at the high-accumulation-rate DE08 site (1.4m ice equivalent). the main DSS record of MSA covered the epoch AD 1727–2000 and was used to investigate temporal post-depositional changes. Co-deposition of MSA and sea-salt ions was observed in the surface layers, outside of the main summer MSA peak,which complicates interpretation of these peaks as evidence of movement in deeper layers. A seasonal study of the 273 year DSS record revealed MSA migration predominantly from summer into autumn (in the up-core direction), but this migration was suppressed during the Tambora (1815) and unknown (1809) volcanic eruption period, and enhanced during an epoch (1770–1800) with high summer nitrate levels. A complex interaction between the gradients in nss-sulphate, nitrate and sea salts (which are influenced by accumulation rate) is believed to control the rate and extent of movement of MSA.
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Scalera, G. "The vague volcano-seismic clock of the South American Pacific margin." Advances in Geosciences 35 (August 13, 2013): 89–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-35-89-2013.
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Abstract. During his trip on the Beagle, Charles Darwin wrote about the eruptions associated with the Concepción earthquake of 1835. A later survey by Lorenzo Casertano, following the great 1960 Chilean earthquake, identified some unclear evidence of a link between eruptions and the seismic event, although some reservations were also raised. Using data available in 2006 in the Smithsonian Institution Catalogue of volcanic eruptions, Scalera revealed grounded evidence that South-American Wadati-Benioff zone earthquakes of magnitudes greater than 8.4 are associated with an increased rate of volcanic eruptions, but it was still impossible to determine a causal link between the two phenomena. An average return period of about 50 yr was deducible from the data for the time window 1800–1999. After 2006, the Smithsonian Institution's effort to improve our knowledge of this region has greatly increased the completeness of the catalogue, adding the eruptions from the 2000–2010 interval, together with 50 % more new entries in the list of Andean volcanoes. The great Chilean Maule earthquake of 27 February 2010 (M=8.8), occurring exactly five decades after the 1960 event, provided an occasion to reanalyse this updated database. The results suggest a preferential causal eruptions-earthquake relationship, but additional future volcano-seismic events should be studied to arrive at a definitive conclusion, within the perspective of using this phenomenon for Civil Protection. The possible correlation of South American volcano-seismic events with the Markowitz oscillation of the Polar Motion is another good reason for trying to establish an integrated geodynamic explanation.
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Lenat, Jean-Francois, Patrick Bachelery, and Frederic Desmulier. "Genese du champ de lave de l'Enclos Fouque; une eruption d'envergure exceptionnelle du Piton de la Fournaise (Reunion) au 18 e siecle." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 172, no. 2 (March 1, 2001): 177–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/172.2.177.
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Abstract A large lava flow field, essentially constituted of "pahoehoe" flows, forms a relatively monotonous area on the north-west flank of the terminal cone of Piton de la Fournaise and on a large part of the Enclos floor. We named this unit "champ de lave de l'Enclos Fouque" (CLEF). To the east, more recent lava flows almost completely cover the CLEF. Mapping of the CLEF has been attempted using satellite imagery. Radar (SIR-C) and SPOT images have been used. Both types of images lead to comparable results for the surface of the CLEF, estimated to 11 km 2 . On satellite images, only a general map of the facies of the CLEF can be done. Air photos and ground observations allow to characterize more precisely the facies defined from satellite images. On the slopes of the Central Cone, the surface of the CLEF is mostly composed of tumuli that may produce small lava flows at their downhill base. On the floor of the Enclos, the CLEF is constantly formed by a multitude of intricate small flows. Except for small "aa" patches, surfaces are "pahoehoe". Tumuli, pressure ridges and collapsed plates are common features of the CLEF. Near the NW border of Enclos, the surface becomes less regular, with a higher proportion of "aa" patches and tilted slabs. This is probably due to the increase of slope in this area. In the vicinity of Bory crater contemporaneous welded scoria cover a zone extending 150-200 m from the crater. Several elements, found in various historical documents collected by Lacroix [1936 and 1938], bring evidence that the CLEF may result from a succession of events between the years 1750's to the 1790's. During this period, the volcano has been virtually continuously in eruption. Bory crater was the only active crater until 1766, when a new summit crater was formed by collapse, 400 m east of Bory crater. In the following years, this 1766 crater was filled by lava emissions which erected a gigantic tumulus, 50 m high, called Mamelon central. Several large lava flows, some of them reaching the sea, are unambiguously described as emitted from the summit craters. One of the main event appears to be the phase that occurred in 1753 (or 1759 according to different authors). This phase was associated to felt earthquakes and widespread ash-falls in the island. Lava flows covered most the western part of Enclos and reached the sea to the east. Whereas the activity of 1753 (1759 ?) appears as paroxysmal, extensive lava flows are described until 1794. In 1791, a new crater formed south of the 1766 crater. In 1801, Bory de St-Vincent [1804] observed an active lava lake inside this 1791 crater. In summary, it appears that quasi-continuous activity took place during the second half of the 18th century at Piton de la Fournaise, with lava flows covering almost all the Enclos and Grand Brule areas. It is obvious that the presently outcropping surface of the CLEF is only a fraction of its former extension. From the above-mentioned historic descriptions, it is reasonable to assume the CLEF may have recovered the entire surface of the Enclos Fouque and the Grand Brule depression. The surface extension of the CLEF would thus lie between 11 km 2 , its presently observed area, to ca. 90 km 2 . The compounded thickness of the CLEF has not been directly observed. In the rim of Dolomieu crater, a series of lava flows thought to represent the CLEF is about 25 m thick, but this thickness is that of the shield built around the vents and not that of the lava field. Using statistical laws for strombolian cones morphometry from Wood [1980], the thickness of the CLEF may be approached considering the crater diameter of 3 cones located in the north-western part of Enclos and partially flooded by the CLEF. We obtain estimates of 5 to 15 m. If Enclos has been entirely covered by the CLEF and for a mean thickness of 5 to 10 m, then the volume of the CLEF eruption is 450 to 900X10 6 m 3 . Mineralogical and chemical compositions of the CLEF lavas are similar to those of the transitional olivine basalts of the historic period [steady-state basalts, Albarede et al, 1997]. The chemical compositions vary somewhat due to variable modal olivine phenocrysts abundances and are characteristic of a rapid transfer of magma from deep reservoirs with virtually no low-pressure evolution. Major changes of the summit craters were associated to this eruption as a result of the unusually prolonged magmatic activity at Piton de la Fournaise during decades. The occurrence of similar phases at Piton de la Fournaise in the future can be appraised with reference to Kilauea. Holcomb [1987] reports 7 long-lived eruptions at Kilauea in the last 3 centuries. Thus, although not frequent, this type of event is not uncommon for Kilauea. By analogy, it must be considered as probable that Piton de la Fournaise will experience new long-lived eruptions in the future.
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Zhang, Feng-Qi, Hong-Xiang Wu, Yildirim Dilek, Wei Zhang, Kong-Yang Zhu, and Han-Lin Chen. "Guadalupian (Permian) onset of subduction zone volcanism and geodynamic turnover from passive- to active-margin tectonics in southeast China." GSA Bulletin 132, no. 1-2 (May 14, 2019): 130–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/b32014.1.
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Abstract New stratigraphic, geochemical, and geochronological data from the late Paleozoic depositional record in Anhui Province, China, signal the onset of active-margin magmatism in East Asia. Chert-shale sequences of the Gufeng Formation are part of a Carboniferous–Permian carbonate platform that developed along the passive margin of the South China block. Thin tuffaceous interlayers in these sequences represent distal ash deposits, marking discrete volcanic events. Sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP) U-Pb zircon dating of the stratigraphically bottom and near-top tuffaceous interlayers has revealed crystallization ages of 270 Ma and 264 Ma, respectively, constraining the time span of subaerial eruptions to ∼6 m.y. during the Guadalupian Epoch. High SiO2 and Al2O3 contents, enrichments in large ion lithophile and light rare earth elements, and depletion patterns of high field strength and heavy rare earth elements indicate a calc-alkaline magma source in an arc setting for the origin of these volcanic tuff deposits. Detrital zircon geochronology of sandstones in the overlying Longtan Formation shows two prominent age populations of 290–250 Ma and 1910–1800 Ma. The former age cluster overlaps with the tightly constrained zircon ages obtained from the Gufeng Formation. The latter age group is compatible with the known magmatic-metamorphic ages from Cathaysia in the South China block, and it points to the existence of a NE-SW–trending topographic high as a major sediment source. We interpret this topographic high and silicic volcanism to represent an Andean-type active margin, developed above a north-dipping paleo-Pacific slab. Our tightly constrained Guadalupian eruption ages indicate the inception of magmatic arc construction and mark a major switch from passive- to active-margin tectonics along SE Asia.
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Rocha, Bruno de Oliveira, Humberto Vieira Calmon de Siqueira, and Juliana Dumêt Fernandes. "Eruptive vellus hair cyst syndrome or exuberant atypical keratosis pilaris?" Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira 67, no. 3 (March 2021): 353–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1806-9282.20210060.
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Tulet, P., and N. Villeneuve. "Large scale modeling of the transport, chemical transformation and mass budget of the sulfur emitted during the April 2007 eruption of Piton de la Fournaise." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11, no. 9 (May 12, 2011): 4533–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-4533-2011.
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Abstract. In April 2007, the Piton de la Fournaise volcano (Réunion island) entered into its biggest eruption recorded in the last century. Due to the absence of a sensors network in the vicinity of the volcano, an estimation of degassing during the paroxysmal phase of the event has not been performed. Nevertheless, the SO2 plume and aerosols have been observed by the OMI and CALIOP space sensors, respectively. The mesoscale chemical model MesoNH-C simulates the observed bulk mass of SO2 and the general shape of the SO2 plume spreading over the Indian Ocean. Moreover, an analysis of the SO2 plume budget estimates a total SO2 release of 230 kt, among of which 60 kt have been transformed into H2SO4. 27 kt of SO2 and 21 kt of H2SO4 have been deposited at the surface by dry deposition. With this top down approach, the temporal evolution of the SO2 emission has been estimated during the most active period of the eruption. The peak of degassing was estimated at 1800 kg s−1 in the morning of 6~April. The temporal evolution of SO2 emission presented here can also be used for local studies.
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Lorenz, Stephan. "Exploring the climate response to the Tambora in 1815 and the 1809 tropical eruption." Quaternary International 279-280 (November 2012): 289. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2012.08.770.
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WAICHEL, BRENO LEITÃO, EVANDRO FERNANDES DE LIMA, and CARLOS AUGUSTO SOMMER. "Tipos de Derrame e Reconhecimento de Estruturas nos Basaltos da Formação Serra Geral: Terminologia e Aspectos de Campo." Pesquisas em Geociências 33, no. 2 (June 29, 2006): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/1807-9806.19521.
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Studies focusing the flow morphology and structures of the basalts of Serra Geral Formation (west of Paraná State, Brazil) make possible the identification of pahoehoe and 'a'a flows, with predominance of simple and compound pahoehoe. This terminology was created in the Hawaiian Archipelago and was previously applied to the Columbia River Basalts and Deccan Plateau, and can also be used in the investigation of the Serra Geral Formation. The compound pahoehoe flows are formed by Ptype (pipe) and S-type (spongy) lobes. Surface features related with the pahoehoe and aa flows are well preserved in Serra Geral Formation. The flows have lateral extension of up to 50 km and can be divided in three portions in relation to the conduit: proximal, medium and distal. In the proximal portion the flows are thick (40-70 m) and the contact between the superior crust and the massive core is sharp. In the medium portion predominate simple pahoehoe flows with thickness between 20 and 30 m; locally occur compound pahoehoe. The distal portion is formed by compound flows (up to 5 m thick) with a few lobes. The emplacement of the pahoehoe inflated flows in the studied area suggests low eruption rates.
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STRIEDER, ADELIR JOSÉ, and ROBERTO HEEMANN. "Structural Constraints on Paraná Basalt Volcanism and their Implications on Agate Geode Mineralization (Salto do Jacuí, RS, Brazil)." Pesquisas em Geociências 33, no. 1 (June 30, 2006): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/1807-9806.19525.
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The Paraná-Etendeka Continental Flood Basalt province hosts world-class agate and amethyst geode deposits in Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil; Serra Geral Fm.). Salto do Jacuí Mining District (Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil) has different types of agate geode hosted in vesicular basalt. A series of structural features has recently been investigated in the Salto do Jacuí Mining District, and indicates at least two volcanic episodes: i) normal tholeiitic basalt and dacite eruption, and ii) vesicular basalt and dacite intrusions as sills and dikes. These structural features include: basalt and aeolian sandstone xenoliths in vesicular basalts, vesicular basalt apophyses in massive basalts, sandstone and basalt breccias, sandstone dikes cutting across vesicular lavas and connected to mixed sandstone-agate geodes, sandstone assimilation by vesicular lava, and mixed sandstone and agate geodes. These features show that agate geodes were formed by melting of Botucatu sandstone xenoliths. High density contrast between vesicular basalt and Botucatu sandstone melts makes them immiscible during flow. Botucatu sandstone xenoliths melting is favored by degasing of intrusive volatile-rich basalts. The high-silica globs crystallize dynamically in a closed-system environment, giving rise to agate banding and fibrosity.
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Lindline, Jennifer, William A. Crawford, and Maria Luisa Crawford. "A bimodal volcanicplutonic system: the Zarembo Island extrusive suite and the Burnett Inlet intrusive complex." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 41, no. 4 (April 1, 2004): 355–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e04-009.
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The Zarembo Island volcanic rocks and the Burnett Inlet plutonic complex in central southeastern Alaska were investigated to determine if they are genetically related. The Zarembo Island volcanic suite consists of basalt, andesite, and rhyolite lava flows, which exhibit features that suggest simultaneous eruptions of mafic and felsic lavas. Five kilometres to the southeast, the broadly layered Burnett Inlet plutonic complex consists of gabbrodiorite and granite plutons that also show characteristics of contemporaneous mafic and felsic magmatism. These bimodal volcanic and plutonic rocks are similar in age, ranging from 18.5 to 21.5 Ma. Both suites show a gap in silica concentration between 60 and 65 wt.% and have similar major, trace, and rare-earth element composition. Both suites also show igneous layering, either as interlayered basalt and rhyolite flows or as alternating gabbro and granite sheets. Additionally, both groups contain magma mingling and mixing textures, including mafic enclaves in felsic members and quartz xenocrysts rimmed by clinopyroxene in enclaves. These characteristics suggest that the Burnett Inlet intrusive complex and the Zarembo Island volcanic suite represent an eroded, shallow-level plutonic center and its eruptive cover. The style of volcanism and the bimodal nature of magmatism suggest that igneous activity occurred during crustal extension and thinning that accompanied strike-slip tectonic motion in southeastern Alaska during the Tertiary. The volcanicplutonic rock associations now exposed at the surface indicate that at least 7° of post-20 Ma crustal tilting has affected the region and can help to explain aberrant paleomagnetic poles in mid-Cretaceous intrusions of the Cordillera Coast belt.
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Martin, Ulrike, and Karoly Németh. "Eruptive mechanism of phreatomagmatic volcanoes from the Pinacate Volcanic Field: comparison between Crater Elegante and Cerro Colorado, Mexico." Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Geowissenschaften 157, no. 3 (September 1, 2006): 451–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/1860-1804/2006/0157-0451.
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Smith, R. T., and B. F. Houghton. "Delayed deposition of plinian pumice during phreatoplinian volcanism: the 1800-yr-B.P. Taupo eruption, New Zealand." Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 67, no. 4 (September 1995): 221–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(95)00004-e.
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Papadopoulos, G. A. "Large intermediate depth shocks and volcanic eruptions in the Hellenic arc during 1800–1985." Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 43, no. 1 (May 1986): 47–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9201(86)90120-2.
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Kolesova, N. S., M. V. Dulin, and Z. A. Yefremova. "Faunal notes on the Bumblebee genus Bombus Latreille, 1802 in the vicinity of the Tolbachik Volcano (Kamchatka Krai, Russia)." Entomologist's Gazette 70, no. 3 (July 26, 2019): 159–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.31184/g00138894.703.1701.
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Nine species of Bombus from seven subgenera (Alpinobombus, Bombus, Melanobombus, Mendacibombus, Psithyrus, Pyrobombus, and Thoracobombus) were collected in three sites in 2008 in the vicinity of the Tolbachik volcano (between two large eruptions in 1975–1976 and 2012–2013), representing 41% of the entire Kamchatka Krai's fauna of Bombus species. The trophic links of the discovered Bombus species with the plants of the Asteraceae and Onagraceae families are characteristic of slag fields.
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Brohan, P., R. Allan, E. Freeman, D. Wheeler, C. Wilkinson, and F. Williamson. "Constraining the temperature history of the past millennium using early instrumental observations." Climate of the Past 8, no. 5 (October 11, 2012): 1551–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-8-1551-2012.
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Abstract. The current assessment that twentieth-century global temperature change is unusual in the context of the last thousand years relies on estimates of temperature changes from natural proxies (tree-rings, ice-cores, etc.) and climate model simulations. Confidence in such estimates is limited by difficulties in calibrating the proxies and systematic differences between proxy reconstructions and model simulations. As the difference between the estimates extends into the relatively recent period of the early nineteenth century it is possible to compare them with a reliable instrumental estimate of the temperature change over that period, provided that enough early thermometer observations, covering a wide enough expanse of the world, can be collected. One organisation which systematically made observations and collected the results was the English East India Company (EEIC), and their archives have been preserved in the British Library. Inspection of those archives revealed 900 log-books of EEIC ships containing daily instrumental measurements of temperature and pressure, and subjective estimates of wind speed and direction, from voyages across the Atlantic and Indian Oceans between 1789 and 1834. Those records have been extracted and digitised, providing 273 000 new weather records offering an unprecedentedly detailed view of the weather and climate of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. The new thermometer observations demonstrate that the large-scale temperature response to the Tambora eruption and the 1809 eruption was modest (perhaps 0.5 °C). This provides an out-of-sample validation for the proxy reconstructions – supporting their use for longer-term climate reconstructions. However, some of the climate model simulations in the CMIP5 ensemble show much larger volcanic effects than this – such simulations are unlikely to be accurate in this respect.
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Mezger, Jochen E., Marita Felder, and Franz-Jürgen Harms. "Crystalline rocks in the maar deposits of Messel: key to understand the geometries of the Messel Fault Zone and diatreme and the post-eruptional development of the basin fill." Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Geowissenschaften 164, no. 4 (December 1, 2013): 639–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/1860-1804/2013/0034.
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Brohan, P., R. Allan, E. Freeman, D. Wheeler, C. Wilkinson, and F. Williamson. "Constraining the temperature history of the past millennium using early instrumental observations." Climate of the Past Discussions 8, no. 3 (May 4, 2012): 1653–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cpd-8-1653-2012.
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Abstract. The current assessment that twentieth-century global temperature change is unusual in the context of the last thousand years relies on estimates of temperature changes from natural proxies (tree-rings, ice-cores etc.) and climate model simulations. Confidence in such estimates is limited by difficulties in calibrating the proxies and systematic differences between proxy reconstructions and model simulations. As the difference between the estimates extends into the relatively recent period of the early nineteenth century it is possible to compare them with a reliable instrumental estimate of the temperature change over that period, provided that enough early thermometer observations, covering a wide enough expanse of the world, can be collected. One organisation which systematically made observations and collected the results was the English East-India Company (EEIC), and their archives have been preserved in the British Library. Inspection of those archives revealed 900 log-books of EEIC ships containing daily instrumental measurements of temperature and pressure, and subjective estimates of wind speed and direction, from voyages across the Atlantic and Indian Oceans between 1789 and 1834. Those records have been extracted and digitised, providing 273 000 new weather records offering an unprecedentedly detailed view of the weather and climate of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. The new thermometer observations demonstrate that the large-scale temperature response to the Tambora eruption and the 1809 eruption was modest (perhaps 0.5 °C). This provides a powerful out-of-sample validation for the proxy reconstructions – supporting their use for longer-term climate reconstructions. However, some of the climate model simulations in the CMIP5 ensemble show much larger volcanic effects than this – such simulations are unlikely to be accurate in this respect.
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Karabıçak, Yusuf Ziya. "Ottoman Attempts to Define the Rebels During the Greek War of Independence." Studia Islamica 114, no. 3 (May 7, 2020): 316–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19585705-12341403.
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Abstract This article uses tools developed by conceptual history to examine what it might have meant for Ottoman officials in Istanbul to use the term Rum milleti during the Greek War of Independence. The revolution that started in 1821 has been seen as the first successful national uprising in Europe. It has long been ascertained that the Ottomans did not understand the national undertones that was seen in the declarations of the leaders of the Greek Revolution. Moreover, the Ottoman response to the eruption of this revolution has generally been examined in the context of Istanbul, Morea and the Danubian Principalities. The goal of this paper is to broaden our understanding of the intellectual and spatial limits of the Ottoman response to the Greek War of Independence. It starts with an examination of the Ottoman response to the French Revolution and to the Serbian revolt of 1804 to follow the trajectories of the term millet. It points out to the limitations of the Islamic understanding of the revolts of subject populations by testing some intellectual tools that were used to surpass such limitations.
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Wallenstein, N., A. Duncan, R. Coutinho, and D. Chester. "Origin of the term nuées ardentes and the 1580 and 1808 eruptions on São Jorge Island, Azores." Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 358 (June 2018): 165–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2018.03.022.
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Helama, Samuli, Markus Stoffel, Richard J. Hall, Phil D. Jones, Laura Arppe, Vladimir V. Matskovsky, Mauri Timonen, Pekka Nöjd, Kari Mielikäinen, and Markku Oinonen. "Recurrent transitions to Little Ice Age-like climatic regimes over the Holocene." Climate Dynamics 56, no. 11-12 (February 6, 2021): 3817–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00382-021-05669-0.
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AbstractHolocene climate variability is punctuated by episodic climatic events such as the Little Ice Age (LIA) predating the industrial-era warming. Their dating and forcing mechanisms have however remained controversial. Even more crucially, it is uncertain whether earlier events represent climatic regimes similar to the LIA. Here we produce and analyse a new 7500-year long palaeoclimate record tailored to detect LIA-like climatic regimes from northern European tree-ring data. In addition to the actual LIA, we identify LIA-like ca. 100–800 year periods with cold temperatures combined with clear sky conditions from 540 CE, 1670 BCE, 3240 BCE and 5450 BCE onwards, these LIA-like regimes covering 20% of the study period. Consistent with climate modelling, the LIA-like regimes originate from a coupled atmosphere–ocean–sea ice North Atlantic-Arctic system and were amplified by volcanic activity (multiple eruptions closely spaced in time), tree-ring evidence pointing to similarly enhanced LIA-like regimes starting after the eruptions recorded in 1627 BCE, 536/540 CE and 1809/1815 CE. Conversely, the ongoing decline in Arctic sea-ice extent is mirrored in our data which shows reversal of the LIA-like conditions since the late nineteenth century, our record also correlating highly with the instrumentally recorded Northern Hemisphere and global temperatures over the same period. Our results bridge the gaps between low- and high-resolution, precisely dated proxies and demonstrate the efficacy of slow and fast components of the climate system to generate LIA-like climate regimes.
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Csernus-Molnár, Ildikó, Andrea Kiss, and Edit Pócsik. "18th-Century Daily Measurements and Weather Observations in the Se-Carpathian Basin: A Preliminary Analysis of the Timişoara Series (1780-1803)." Journal of Environmental Geography 7, no. 1-2 (April 1, 2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jengeo-2014-0001.
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Abstract Covering a period of 23 years, the Timişoara (in historical Banat region; today SW-Romania) series is the earliest known long-term 18th-century daily measurement (temperature, pressure) and weather observation series (precipitation, sky coverage, meteorological extremes), preserved in the south-eastern lowlands of the Carpathian Basin. Based on data derived from the original weather diary of the royal pharmacist Karl Joseph Klapka, in this paper the early instrumental measurement and daily observation series is presented referring to the temperature, pressure, precipitation conditions, cloudiness, wind, types of precipitation and extreme weather events that occurred in Timişoara in the period of 1780 -1803. The two daily temperature measurement series show very high (over r=0.95) correlations, while pressure series are also in good agreement with other known late 18th-century measurement series of the same period in the Carpathian Basin (Buda, Miskolc and Kežmarok). The Timişoara-series also contains important information concerning such weather extremes as the severe winter of 1784 or the unusual number of summer fog events in 1783 (presumably related to the Icelandic Lakagígar eruption), which are also reported in the present paper.
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Andrews, Benjamin J., and James E. Gardner. "Effects of caldera collapse on magma decompression rate: An example from the 1800 14C yrBP eruption of Ksudach Volcano, Kamchatka, Russia." Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 198, no. 1-2 (December 2010): 205–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2010.08.021.
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Giustini, Margherita, Giovanni Miniutti, and Richard D. Saxton. "X-ray quasi-periodic eruptions from the galactic nucleus of RX J1301.9+2747." Astronomy & Astrophysics 636 (April 2020): L2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202037610.
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Following the recent discovery of X-ray quasi-periodic eruptions (QPEs) coming from the nucleus of the galaxy GSN 069, here we report on the detection of QPEs in the active galaxy named RX J1301.9+2747. QPEs are rapid and recurrent increases of the X-ray count-rate by more than one order of magnitude with respect to a stable quiescent level. During a XMM-Newton observation lasting 48 ks that was performed on 30 and 31 May 2019, three strong QPEs lasting about half an hour each were detected in the light curves of RX J1301.9+2747. The first two QPEs are separated by a longer recurrence time (about 20 ks) compared to the second and third (about 13 ks). This pattern is consistent with the alternating long-short recurrence times of the GSN 069 QPEs, although the difference between the consecutive recurrence times is significantly smaller in GSN 069. Longer X-ray observations will better clarify the temporal pattern of the QPEs in RX J1301.9+2747 and will allow a detailed comparison with GSN 069 to be performed. The X-ray spectral properties of QPEs in the two sources are remarkably similar, with QPEs representing fast transitions from a relatively cold and likely disk-dominated state to a state that is characterized by a warmer emission similar to the so-called soft X-ray excess, a component that is almost ubiquitously seen in the X-ray spectra of unobscured, radiatively efficient active galaxies. Previous X-ray observations of RX J1301.9+2747 in 2000 and 2009 strongly suggest that QPEs have been present for at least the past 18.5 yr. The detection of QPEs from a second galactic nucleus after GSN 069 rules out contamination by a Galactic source in both cases, such that QPEs ought to be considered a novel extragalactic phenomenon associated with accreting supermassive black holes.
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Alcoforado, M. J., J. M. Vaquero, R. M. Trigo, and J. P. Taborda. "Early Portuguese meteorological records (18th century)." Climate of the Past Discussions 7, no. 5 (October 19, 2011): 3399–448. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cpd-7-3399-2011.
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Abstract. Natural proxies, documentary evidence and instrumental data are the main sources used to reconstruct past climates. In this paper, we present the 18th century meteorologists (either Portuguese or foreigners), who made the first observations at several sites in Continental Portugal, Madeira Island and Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), from 1749 until 1802. Information is given concerning observation site, variables observed, measurement period, methodologies and sources (both manuscript and printed). Some examples from the data usefulness are given: rainfall variability in Madeira (1749–1753) and in Continental Portugal (1781–1793) was reconstructed, allowing to extend towards the late 18th century the well known negative correlation between the NAO index and seasonal rainfall. Furthermore, previously unpublished data for 1783–1784 has allowed analysing the consequences of the Laki eruption in Portugal: foggy and haze days are referred to in summer 1783, but unlike the hot summer observed in Northern and Central Europe, temperatures in Portugal were lower than average. Additionally, observations from Rio de Janeiro in Brazil show that the Laki consequences may well have spread to sectors of the Southern Hemisphere. Although the series are short, the data will be used for climate reconstruction studies focused in Southern Portugal and are also useful to improve the quality of large scale reconstruction datasets.
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Alcoforado, M. J., J. M. Vaquero, R. M. Trigo, and J. P. Taborda. "Early Portuguese meteorological measurements (18th century)." Climate of the Past 8, no. 1 (February 29, 2012): 353–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-8-353-2012.
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Abstract. Natural proxies, documentary evidence and instrumental data are the only sources used to reconstruct past climates. In this paper, we present the 18th century meteorologists (either Portuguese or foreigners) who made the first observations at several sites in Continental Portugal, Madeira Island and Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), from 1749 until 1802. Information is given concerning observation site, variables observed, measurement period, methods of measurements and sources (both manuscript and printed). Some examples from the data usefulness are given: rainfall variability in Madeira (1749–1753) and in continental Portugal (1781–1793) was reconstructed, allowing to extend towards the late 18th century the well known negative correlation between the NAO index and seasonal rainfall. Furthermore, previously unpublished data for 1783–1784 have allowed analysing the consequences of the Lakagígar eruption in Portugal: foggy and haze days are referred to in summer 1783, but unlike the hot summer observed in northern and central Europe, temperatures in Portugal were lower than average. Additionally, observations from Rio de Janeiro in Brazil show that the Lakagígar consequences may well have spread to sectors of the Southern Hemisphere. Although the series are short, the data have been used for climate reconstruction studies and may also be useful to improve the quality of large scale reconstruction datasets.
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Braitseva, Olga A., Vera V. Ponomareva, Leopold D. Sulerzhitsky, Ivan V. Melekestsev, and John Bailey. "Holocene Key-Marker Tephra Layers in Kamchatka, Russia." Quaternary Research 47, no. 2 (March 1997): 125–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.1996.1876.
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Detailed tephrochronological studies in Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia, permitted documentation of 24 Holocene key-marker tephra layers related to the largest explosive eruptions from 11 volcanic centers. Each layer was traced for tens to hundreds of kilometers away from the source volcano; its stratigraphic position, area of dispersal, age, characteristic features of grain-size distribution, and chemical and mineral composition confirmed its identification. The most important marker tephra horizons covering a large part of the peninsula are (from north to south; ages given in14C yr B.P.) SH2(≈1000 yr B.P.) and SH3(≈1400 yr B.P.) from Shiveluch volcano; KZ (≈7500 yr B.P.) from Kizimen volcano; KRM (≈7900 yr B.P.) from Karymsky caldera; KHG (≈7000 yr B.P.) from Khangar volcano; AV1(≈3500 yr B.P.), AV2(≈4000 yr B.P.), AV4(≈5500 yr B.P.), and AV5(≈5600 yr B.P.) from Avachinsky volcano; OP (≈1500 yr B.P.) from the Baraniy Amfiteatr crater at Opala volcano; KHD (≈2800 yr B.P.) from the “maar” at Khodutka volcano; KS1(≈1800 yr B.P.) and KS2(≈6000 yr B.P.) from the Ksudach calderas; KSht3(A.D. 1907) from Shtyubel cone in Ksudach volcanic massif; and KO (≈7700 yr B.P.) from the Kuril Lake-Iliinsky caldera. Tephra layers SH5(≈2600 yr B.P.) from Shiveluch volcano, AV3(≈4500 yr B.P.) from Avachinsky volcano, OPtr(≈4600 yr B.P.) from Opala volcano, KS3(≈6100 yr B.P.) and KS4(≈8800 yr B.P.) from Ksudach calderas, KSht1(≈1100 yr B.P.) from Shtyubel cone, and ZLT (≈4600 yr B.P.) from Iliinsky volcano cover smaller areas and have local stratigraphic value, as do the ash layers from the historically recorded eruptions of Shiveluch (SH1964) and Bezymianny (B1956) volcanoes. The dated tephra layers provide a record of the most voluminous explosive events in Kamchatka during the Holocene and form a tephrochronological timescale for dating and correlating various deposits.
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Voloschina, Marija, Gert Lube, Jonathan Procter, Anja Moebis, and Christian Timm. "Lithosedimentological and tephrostratigraphical characterisation of small-volume, low-intensity eruptions: The 1800 years Tufa Trig Formation, Mt. Ruapehu (New Zealand)." Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 402 (September 2020): 106987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2020.106987.
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