Relevant bibliographies by topics / Eruptions, 1991

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Academic literature on the topic 'Eruptions, 1991'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 9 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Eruptions, 1991"

1

Crowley, T. J., and M. B. Unterman. "Technical details concerning development of a 1200-yr proxy index for global volcanism." Earth System Science Data Discussions 5, no. 1 (January 26, 2012): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essdd-5-1-2012.

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Abstract. This technical report describes details of developing a volcano forcing reconstruction (Crowley et al., 2008) for climate models that is based primarily on sulphate records in Antarctic and Greenland ice cores. The chronology of eruptions is considered accurate to within 1 yr for the interval AD 1104–2000 and 2 yr for AD 800–1103. The reconstruction involves: (1) calibration against satellite aerosol optical depth (AOD) estimates of the 1991 Pinatubo/Hudson eruptions; (2) partial validation against independent lunar estimates of AOD and global sulphate emissions; (3) partial assessment of uncertainties in AOD estimates; (4) assessment of possible tropical "false positives" in ice core reconstructions due to simultaneous occurrence of mid/high-latitude eruptions in each hemisphere; (5) identification of a new category of eruptions, termed "unipolar" tropical eruptions, in which the eruption plume penetrates mainly to polar regions in only the hemisphere of its eruption; (6) use of different growth curves for high- and low-latitude eruptions; (7) specification of 2/3 power shortwave scaling for eruptions larger than the 1991 Pinatubo eruption; and (8) compensatory introduction of an estimate of effective particle size that affects lifetime and scattering properties of stratospheric aerosols.
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Crowley, T. J., and M. B. Unterman. "Technical details concerning development of a 1200 yr proxy index for global volcanism." Earth System Science Data 5, no. 1 (May 23, 2013): 187–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-5-187-2013.

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Abstract. This report describes details of developing a volcano forcing reconstruction (Crowley et al., 2008) for climate models that is based primarily on sulphate records in Antarctic and Greenland ice cores. The chronology of eruptions is considered accurate to within 1 yr for the interval AD 1104–2000 and about 2 yr for AD 800–1103. The reconstruction involves (1) calibration against satellite aerosol optical depth (AOD) estimates of the 1991 Pinatubo/Hudson eruptions; (2) partial validation against independent lunar estimates of AOD and global sulphate emissions; (3) partial assessment of uncertainties in AOD estimates; (4) assessment of possible tropical "false positives" in ice core reconstructions due to simultaneous occurrence of mid/high-latitude eruptions in each hemisphere; (5) identification of a new category of eruptions, termed "unipolar" tropical eruptions, in which the eruption plume penetrates mainly to polar regions in only the hemisphere of its eruption; (6) use of different growth curves for high- and low-latitude eruptions; (7) specification of 2/3 power shortwave scaling for eruptions larger than the 1991 Pinatubo eruption; (8) introduction of an estimate of effective particle size that affects lifetime and scattering properties of stratospheric aerosols; and (9) utilization of bimonthly-resolution electrical conductivity measurements to estimate the eruption date of the 1258/1259 eruption as 1257.7±0.2. The data, and a high-temporal resolution reconstruction for climate models, are available at: http://hurricane.ncdc.noaa.gov/pls/paleox/f?p=519:1:::::P1_STUDY_ID:14168.
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Nakamura, Yoichi, Kazuyoshi Fukushima, Xinghai Jin, Motoo Ukawa Teruko Sato, and Yayoi Hotta. "Mitigation Systems by Hazard Maps, Mitigation Plans, and Risk Analyses Regarding Volcanic Disasters in Japan." Journal of Disaster Research 3, no. 4 (August 1, 2008): 297–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2008.p0297.

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More than 60 volcanic hazard maps have been published on 38 of Japan’s 108 active volcanoes. Two maps were published before 1990, 17 after the 1991 eruptions of Unzen, and 19 after the 2000 eruptions of Usuzan and Miyakejima. Large eruptions greatly increase concern over volcanic hazards. The earlier academic maps themselves have changed from being specialist-oriented to being designed to be more easily understood with volcanic terms clearly explained. This is especially true of revised maps. The 1961 Disaster Countermeasures Basic Act directs that local disaster management plans be promoted by local governments, but only 5 of the local governments in the 25 prefectures neighboring on active volcanoes have set up established specific volcano-oriented antidisaster programs. Others mention volcanic disaster measures in the context of general or storm and flood disaster measures, and another six make no mention of particular measures for volcanic disasters. This lack of concern is somewhat understandably related to budget policies, but real-time hazard maps with probability tree algorithms for forecasting volcanic events are needed to manage potential volcanic disasters effectively. For this purpose, volcanic disaster measures with volcanic risk, or threat analyses assessments must be completed, but no local governments have yet conducted assessments of volcanic risk analyses. Whatever and however complex the reasons, local governments should, cooperating with volcanologists and supported by local residents, take action before an eruption next occurs.
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Webster, Helen N., Benjamin J. Devenish, Larry G. Mastin, David J. Thomson, and Alexa R. Van Eaton. "Operational Modelling of Umbrella Cloud Growth in a Lagrangian Volcanic Ash Transport and Dispersion Model." Atmosphere 11, no. 2 (February 13, 2020): 200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11020200.

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Large explosive eruptions can result in the formation of an umbrella cloud which rapidly expands, spreading ash out radially from the volcano. The lateral spread by the intrusive gravity current dominates the transport of the ash cloud. Hence, to accurately forecast the transport of ash from large eruptions, lateral spread of umbrella clouds needs to be represented within volcanic ash transport and dispersion models. Here, we describe an umbrella cloud parameterisation which has been implemented into an operational Lagrangian model and consider how it may be used during an eruption when information concerning the eruption is limited and model runtime is key. We examine different relations for the volume flow rate into the umbrella, and the rate of spreading within the cloud. The scheme is validated against historic eruptions of differing scales (Pinatubo 1991, Kelud 2014, Calbuco 2015 and Eyjafjallajökull 2010) by comparing model predictions with satellite observations. Reasonable predictions of umbrella cloud spread are achieved using an estimated volume flow rate from the empirical equation by Bursik et al. and the observed eruption height. We show how model predictions can be refined during an ongoing eruption as further information and observations become available.
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Zanchettin, D., O. Bothe, C. Timmreck, J. Bader, A. Beitsch, H. F. Graf, D. Notz, and J. H. Jungclaus. "Inter-hemispheric asymmetry in the sea-ice response to volcanic forcing simulated by MPI-ESM (COSMOS-Mill)." Earth System Dynamics 5, no. 1 (June 25, 2014): 223–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esd-5-223-2014.

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Abstract. The decadal evolution of Arctic and Antarctic sea ice following strong volcanic eruptions is investigated in four climate simulation ensembles performed with the COSMOS-Mill version of the Max Planck Institute Earth System Model. The ensembles differ in the magnitude of the imposed volcanic perturbations, with sizes representative of historical tropical eruptions (1991 Pinatubo and 1815 Tambora) and of tropical and extra-tropical "supervolcano" eruptions. A post-eruption Arctic sea-ice expansion is robustly detected in all ensembles, while Antarctic sea ice responds only to supervolcano eruptions, undergoing an initial short-lived expansion and a subsequent prolonged contraction phase. Strong volcanic forcing therefore emerges as a potential source of inter-hemispheric interannual-to-decadal climate variability, although the inter-hemispheric signature is weak in the case of eruptions comparable to historical eruptions. The post-eruption inter-hemispheric decadal asymmetry in sea ice is interpreted as a consequence mainly of the different exposure of Arctic and Antarctic regional climates to induced meridional heat transport changes and of dominating local feedbacks that set in within the Antarctic region. Supervolcano experiments help to clarify differences in simulated hemispheric internal dynamics related to imposed negative net radiative imbalances, including the relative importance of the thermal and dynamical components of the sea-ice response. Supervolcano experiments could therefore serve the assessment of climate models' behavior under strong external forcing conditions and, consequently, favor advancements in our understanding of simulated sea-ice dynamics.
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Fujiwara, M., T. Hibino, S. K. Mehta, L. Gray, D. Mitchell, and J. Anstey. "Global temperature response to the major volcanic eruptions in multiple reanalysis datasets." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 15, no. 9 (May 6, 2015): 13315–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-15-13315-2015.

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Abstract. Global temperature response to the eruptions of Mount Agung in 1963, El Chichón in 1982 and Mount Pinatubo in 1991 is investigated using nine reanalysis datasets (JRA-55, MERRA, ERA-Interim, NCEP-CFSR, JRA-25, ERA-40, NCEP-1, NCEP-2, and 20CR). Multiple linear regression is applied to the zonal and monthly mean time series of temperature for two periods, 1979–2009 (for eight reanalysis datasets) and 1958–2001 (for four reanalysis datasets), by considering explanatory factors of seasonal harmonics, linear trends, Quasi-Biennial Oscillation, solar cycle, and El Niño Southern Oscillation. The residuals are used to define the volcanic signals for the three eruptions separately. In response to the Mount Pinatubo eruption, most reanalysis datasets show strong warming signals (up to 2–3 K for one-year average) in the tropical lower stratosphere and weak cooling signals (down to −1 K) in the subtropical upper troposphere. For the El Chichón eruption, warming signals in the tropical lower stratosphere are somewhat smaller than those for the Mount Pinatubo eruption. The response to the Mount Agung eruption is asymmetric about the equator with strong warming in the Southern Hemisphere midlatitude upper troposphere to lower stratosphere. The response to three other smaller-scale eruptions in the 1960s and 1970s is also investigated. Comparison of the results from several different reanalysis datasets confirms the atmospheric temperature response to these major eruptions qualitatively, but also shows quantitative differences even among the most recent reanalysis datasets.
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Toohey, M., K. Krüger, U. Niemeier, and C. Timmreck. "The influence of eruption season on the global aerosol evolution and radiative impact of tropical volcanic eruptions." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 11, no. 8 (August 8, 2011): 22443–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-11-22443-2011.

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Abstract. Simulations of tropical volcanic eruptions using a general circulation model with coupled aerosol microphysics are used to assess the influence of season of eruption on the aerosol evolution and radiative impacts at the Earth's surface. This analysis is presented for eruptions with SO2 injection magnitudes of 17 and 700 Tg, the former consistent with estimates of the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption, the later a near-"super eruption". For each eruption magnitude, simulations are performed with eruptions at 15° N, at four equally spaced times of year, and sensitivity to eruption season is quantified as the difference between the maximum and minimum cumulative anomalies. Eruption season has a significant influence on aerosol optical depth (AOD) and clear-sky shortwave (SW) radiative flux anomalies for both eruption magnitudes. The sensitivity to eruption season for both fields is generally weak in the tropics, but increases in the mid- and high latitudes, reaching maximum values of ~80 %. Global mean AOD and clear-sky SW anomalies show sensitivity to eruption season on the order of 15–20 %, which results from differences in aerosol effective radius for the different eruption seasons. Smallest aerosol size and largest cumulative impact result from a January eruption for the Pinatubo-magnitude, and from a July eruption for the near-super eruption. In contrast to AOD and clear-sky SW anomalies, all-sky SW anomalies are found to be insensitive to season of eruption for the Pinatubo-magnitude eruption experiment, due to the reflection of solar radiation by clouds in the mid- to high latitudes. However, differences in all-sky SW anomalies between eruptions in different seasons are significant for the larger eruption magnitude, and the ~15 % sensitivity to eruption season of the global mean all-sky SW anomalies is comparable to the sensitivity of global mean AOD and clear-sky SW anomalies. Our estimates of sensitivity to eruption season are larger than previously reported estimates: implications regarding volcanic AOD timeseries reconstructions and their use in climate models are discussed.
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Laakso, A., H. Kokkola, A. I. Partanen, U. Niemeier, C. Timmreck, K. E. J. Lehtinen, H. Hakkarainen, and H. Korhonen. "Radiative and climate impacts of a large volcanic eruption during stratospheric sulfur geoengineering." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 15, no. 15 (August 12, 2015): 21837–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-15-21837-2015.

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Abstract. Both explosive volcanic eruptions, which emit sulfur dioxide into the stratosphere, and stratospheric geoengineering via sulfur injections can potentially cool the climate by increasing the amount of scattering particles in the atmosphere. Here we employ a global aerosol-climate model and an earth system model to study the radiative and climate impacts of an erupting volcano during solar radiation management (SRM). According to our simulations, the radiative impacts of an eruption and SRM are not additive: in the simulated case of concurrent eruption and SRM, the peak increase in global forcing is about 40 % lower compared to a corresponding eruption into a clean background atmosphere. In addition, the recovery of the stratospheric sulfate burden and forcing was significantly faster in the concurrent case since the sulfate particles grew larger and thus sedimented faster from the stratosphere. In our simulation where we assumed that SRM would be stopped immediately after a volcano eruption, stopping SRM decreased the overall stratospheric aerosol load. For the same reasons, a volcanic eruption during SRM lead to only about 1/3 of the peak global ensemble-mean cooling compared to an eruption under unperturbed atmospheric conditions. Furthermore, the global cooling signal was seen only for 12 months after the eruption in the former scenario compared to over 40 months in the latter. In terms of the global precipitation rate, we obtain a 36 % smaller decrease in the first year after the eruption and again a clearly faster recovery in the concurrent eruption and SRM scenario. We also found that an explosive eruption could lead to significantly different regional climate responses depending on whether it takes place during geoengineering or into an unperturbed background atmosphere. Our results imply that observations from previous large eruptions, such as Mt Pinatubo in 1991, are not directly applicable when estimating the potential consequences of a volcanic eruption during stratospheric geoengineering.
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9

Zanchettin, D., O. Bothe, C. Timmreck, J. Bader, A. Beitsch, H. F. Graf, D. Notz, and J. H. Jungclaus. "Inter-hemispheric asymmetry in the sea-ice response to volcanic forcing simulated by MPI-ESM (COSMOS-Mill)." Earth System Dynamics Discussions 5, no. 1 (February 3, 2014): 121–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esdd-5-121-2014.

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Abstract. The decadal evolution of Arctic and Antarctic sea ice following strong volcanic eruptions is investigated in four climate simulation ensembles performed with the COSMOS-Mill version of the Max Planck Institute-Earth System Model. The ensembles differ in the magnitude of the imposed volcanic perturbations, with sizes representative of historical tropical eruptions (1991 Pinatubo and 1815 Tambora) and of tropical and extra-tropical "supervolcano" eruptions. A post-eruption Arctic sea-ice expansion is robustly detected in all ensembles, while Antarctic sea ice responds only to "supervolcano" eruptions, undergoing an initial short-lived expansion and a subsequent prolonged contraction phase. Strong volcanic forcing therefore emerges as a potential source of inter-hemispheric interannual-to-decadal climate variability, although the inter-hemispheric signature is weak in the case of historical-size eruptions. The post-eruption inter-hemispheric decadal asymmetry in sea ice is interpreted as a consequence mainly of different exposure of Arctic and Antarctic regional climates to induced meridional heat transport changes and of dominating local feedbacks that set in within the Antarctic region. "Supervolcano" experiments help clarifying differences in simulated hemispheric internal dynamics related to imposed negative net radiative imbalances, including the relative importance of the thermal and dynamical components of the sea-ice response. "Supervolcano" experiments could therefore serve the assessment of climate models' behavior under strong external forcing conditions and, consequently, favor advancements in our understanding of simulated sea-ice dynamics.
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Xu, Sheng, Hideo Hoshizumi, Kozo Uto, and Stewart P. H. T. Freeman. "Radiocarbon Dating of Fugendake Volcano in Unzen, SW Japan." Radiocarbon 55, no. 3 (2013): 1850–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200048761.

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This article presents new radiocarbon ages for the lavas, pyroclastic flow, and lahar deposits that originated from the Fugendake and Mayuyama volcanoes of the Younger Unzen Volcano, SW Japan. Nine charcoal samples were collected from the lavas and pyroclastic flow deposits, and 17 soil samples from the underlying volcanic-related products. This data set, together with previously published ages (thermoluminescence, K-Ar, fission track, and 14C), yielded new information about the timing of Late Pleistocene eruptions and an improved understanding of the evolution of the Fugendake and Mayuyama volcanoes. Fugendake Volcano started to build within the scar of Myokendake around 29 cal ka BP, and its eruption products spread over the flank of Myokendake. The remarkable eruptions of Fugendake Volcano included the lava and pyroclastic flow deposits around 22, 17, 12, and 4.5 cal ka BP. Subsequent historical eruptions occurred in AD 1663, 1792, and 1991–1995. Developed on the eastern extension of Fugendake Volcano, Mayuyama Volcano was active during the building stage of Fugendake at 4.5 cal ka BP. This study also identified a pumice eruption at ∼10 ka and 2 volcanic-related lahar deposits around 1.6 and 0.7 ka, which need to be addressed in future research.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Eruptions, 1991"

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Soosalu, Heidi. "Seismic activity related to the 1991 Hekla eruption, Icelans." Helsinki : University of Helsinki, 2004. http://ethesis.helsinki.fi/julkaisut/mat/maant/vk/soosalu/.

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Hashimoto, Takeshi. "Subsurface Hydrothermal Activity Accompanying the 1990-1995 Eruption of Unzen Volcano Inferred from Self-Potential Observations." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/160911.

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本文データは平成22年度国立国会図書館の学位論文(博士)のデジタル化実施により作成された画像ファイルを基にpdf変換したものである
Kyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・課程博士
博士(理学)
甲第6491号
理博第1751号
新制||理||966(附属図書館)
UT51-96-K59
京都大学大学院理学研究科地球物理学専攻
(主査)教授 住友 則彦, 教授 小林 芳正, 教授 荒木 徹
学位規則第4条第1項該当
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3

Ratdomopurbo, Antonius. "Étude sismologique du volcan Merapi et formation du dome de 1994." Grenoble 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995GRE10064.

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Le merapi est un volcan qui a une activite quasi-continue. L'explosion est normalement accompagnee par une serie de nuees-ardentes, dites merapiennes. La chronologie d'activite volcanique varie d'une activite a l'autre, il est donc difficile de trouver le niveau d'activite sismique critique pour ce volcan. En principe, il y a 2 types d'activite: avec et sans seismes volcanotectoniques de types vta et vtb. Les donnees de seismes de types vta et vtb recoltees au courant de l'annee 1991 qui ont servi a cette etude, ont fait l'objet d'un traitement de routine (depouillement, localisation de l'hypocentre,). Ce traitement nous a conduit a remarquer que les seismes de type vta et ceux de vtb sont separes par une zone asismique a environ 1. 5 km de profondeur. Ce resultat et celui de l'analyse petrographique (berthommier et al. , 1992) conduisent a l'existence d'une poche magmatique a cette profondeur. Parmi les seismes de type vtb, nous avons trouve certains de forme similaire, que l'on appelle doublets ou multiplets. En analysant la variation du delai le long du sismogramme, en utilisant la methode inter-spectrale de la fenetre mobile, nous avons constate que la vitesse sismique a augmente d'environ 1. 7% de janvier a septembre 1991. Cette valeur est de l'ordre de dix fois celle observee sur la region tectonique. L'augmentation de vitesse est generee par la croissance de la pression du magma avant l'eruption. La surveillance de la formation du dome de 1994 a montre que, au bout d'un moment, le processus s'arrete. Nous supposons que ceci est du a l'equilibre qui s'etablit entre la pression du magma a l'extremite du conduit et la pression lithostatique que genere le dome lui meme. Si cet equilibre quasi-stable est interrompu, l'explosion se produit comme celle du 22 novembre 1994
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4

Silva, de Victoria Pereira Jose Luis da. "Tectonic and volcanic seismicity following the 1995 eruption of Fogo, Cape Verde." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.302150.

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Van, Hoose Ashley Elizabeth. "Apatite Crystal Populations of the 1991 Mount Pinatubo Eruption, Philippines: Implications for the Generation of High Sulfur Apatite in Silicic Melts." PDXScholar, 2012. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/123.

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On June 15, 1991, Mount Pinatubo, Philippines, ejected 20 million tonnes of sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere, significantly impacting global climate and stratospheric ozone. Recharging basaltic magma mixed into the 50 km³ dacitic magma reservoir 6 to 11 km beneath Mount Pinatubo, and triggered the 1991 eruption. The result of the magma mixing was a hybrid andesite with quenched basalt inclusions that erupted as a dome between June 7 and June 12. On June 15, approximately 5 km³ of anhydrite-bearing magma was erupted from the main phenocryst-rich, dacitic reservoir. This study will utilize this extraordinary framework of the 1991 Pinatubo eruption to investigate the systematics of sulfur uptake by apatite in order to further develop apatite as a monitor for magmatic sulfur. In the dacite and hybrid andesite, apatite occurs as individual phenocrysts (up to ~200 μm diameter) or included within anhydrite, hornblende, and plagioclase phenocrysts. In the basaltic magmatic inclusions, apatite is found as acicular microphenocrysts. Electron microprobe data collected on apatite yield low- (0.7 wt.% SO₃) apatites in all juvenile products, and show that two distinct populations of apatites exist: "silicic" apatites (hosted in dacite and andesite) and basalt apatites. Apatites crystallizing from silicic melt have predominantly low- to medium-sulfur contents, but high-sulfur apatites with as much as 1.2-1.7 wt.% SO₃ occur sporadically as inclusions in plagioclase, hornblende, Fe-Ti oxide, and anhydrite. These concentrations are much higher than what could be achieved through equilibrium crystal-melt partitioning at pre-eruption conditions (760±20°C, 220MPa, NNO+1.7, 77 ppm S in melt inclusions) and a partition coefficient of 13. Apatite in the basalt is always sulfur-rich with compositions forming a continuous array between 0.7 to 2.6 wt.% SO₃. The population of apatite that crystallized from silicic melt has elevated cerium, fluorine, and chlorine and lower magnesium concentrations (average dacite values in wt.%: 0.21 Ce₂O₃, 1.4 F, 1.1 Cl, & 0.14 MgO) relative to the population of apatite from the basalt (average basalt values in wt.%: 0.05 Ce₂O₃, 1.0 F, 0.78 Cl, & 0.22 MgO). LA-ICP-MS trace element data also show distinct apatite populations between silicic and basalt apatites. Silicic apatites have elevated REE concentrations (La avg. = 750 ppm), lower Sr (avg.= 594 ppm), and a pronounced negative Eu anomaly (avg. Eu/Eu* = 0.57) relative to basalt apatites (avg. values: 217 ppm La, 975 ppm Sr, and Eu/Eu* = 1.16). The correlation of EMP sulfur data and LA-ICP-MS trace element data show no difference between high-S and low-S silicic apatites. These compositional systematics rule out the possibility that sulfur-rich apatite from dacite are inherited from mafic magma. Sulfur element maps of apatites show no evidence of S-diffusion from anhydrite hosts. Areas of high-S concentrations show complicated patterns that suggest multiple periods of sulfur enrichment. High-S silicic apatites are likely the product of "fluid-enhanced crystallization" from early enrichment of a SO₂ rich fluid phase from the underplating basalt, which occurred prior to or at anhydrite saturation. This fluid phase is the only possible sufficient source of sulfur for generating high-S apatites in a cool, "wet", dacitic melt. The dynamics of apatite sulfur enrichment via "fluid-enhanced crystallization" is yet unclear and requires further experimental laboratory investigation.
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Svensson, Anna. "Determining the depth of magma storage by investigation of samples from the eruption on La Palma 1971." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-206827.

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The Canary islands are formed by a slow moving hotspot, from Fuerteventura 20 Ma to el Hierro 1.2Ma years old and La Palma is in the shield building stage of evolution. La Palma had its last eruption 1971 and has had seven eruptions since 1430, which makes it the most active of the islands in our times. The samples consist of host lavas, basanites, and mafic/ultramafic and felsic xenoliths, alkali gabbros and syenites respectively. Minerals in the lavas and the alkali gabbro xenolith samples are clinopyroxene, olivine, amphibole and plagioclase, the clinopyroxenes are zoned. Forsterite content in the olivines increases at the rim for the xenoliths and decreases for the host lavas. While magnesium number in the clinopyroxenes decreases towards the rim. The Fe-Mg partitioning indicates that there were points of equilibrium between the clinopyroxenes and their host lavas, which was calculated to temperature, pressure and depth indicating 62-74km for the xenoliths and 23-35km for the host lavas. The temperatures and pressures were 1184-1205°C with 6-10 kbar for the host lavas compared to 1316-1341°C and 17-20 kbar for the xenoliths.
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Martin, Kristin Terese. "Limitations of the Advection-Diffusion Equation for Modeling Tephra Fallout: 1992 Eruption of Cerro Negro Volcano, Nicaragua." [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2004. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/SFE0000581.

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Utami, Ika Wahyu, and 游佳美. "A reappraisal of seismicity recorded during the 1996 Gjálp eruption in Iceland using modern seismological methods." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/urdab8.

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碩士
國立中央大學
地球科學學系
106
In September 30, 1996, a subglacial eruption, the Gjálp eruption, occurred along a 7-km-long fissure between two volcanic centres, Grimsvötn and Bárðarbunga in Iceland. A strong earthquake in Bárðarbunga (Mw 5.6) preceded the eruption, one and a half days before. The eruption continued for 13 days and it was followed by an intense earthquake swarm with a large number of small earthquakes (ML < 4) and volcanic tremor. To study these events in detail, we analyzed the volcanoseismic signals that were recorded by the temporary seismic network, HOTSPOT, using modern seismological methods. In order to obtain highly accurate locations, a reliable minimum 1D velocity model with accompanying station correction terms was computed. All these events were then located by calculating non-linear, probabilistic locations using the newly derived model. We correlated the waveforms of these 301 events to define linked events based on the catalogue and the similarity of their recorded seismograms. Subsequently, we calculated the relative travel time difference between event pairs and solved the hypocentral separation between these events using the double-difference method. With this approach, 192 events were successfully relocated and we were able to improve the location accuracy by showing a tight clustering and producing relative horizontal location uncertainties of less than 1 km and less than 2 km for the vertical location uncertainties. In this study, we also calculated a spectral parameter, known as the centroid frequency for all earthquake signals. Furthermore, the moment tensor for the main event and 10 events that followed were calculated in order to understand their source processes. All of events we analyzed in this study were best characterized with non-double-couple solutions and insignificant isotropic components. The events along the Bárðarbunga caldera rim show thrust mechanisms while the events located in the fissure are dominated by strike-slip mechanisms. From the seismicity patterns, the shift of epicentres from the Bárðarbunga caldera towards the eruption site was an indication that there was a lateral migration through a dyke extending from the shallow magma chamber underneath the Bárðarbunga volcano. Centroid frequencies indicate that most events along the Bárðarbunga ring fault and along the fissure contained high-frequencies implying rupture of rock, rather than fluid-related source processes. This result thus we consider as an explanation for the insignificant isotropic component of the moment tensors derived in this study.
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Books on the topic "Eruptions, 1991"

1

Newhall, Christopher G. The cataclysmic 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo, Philippines. [Vancouver, WA?]: U.S. Geological Survey, 1997.

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Newhall, Christopher G. The cataclysmic 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo, Philippines. [Vancouver, WA?]: U.S. Geological Survey, 1997.

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Newhall, Christopher G. The cataclysmic 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo, Philippines. [Vancouver, WA?]: U.S. Geological Survey, 1997.

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Unzen funka no hibi. Fukuoka-shi: Ashi Shobō, 1992.

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... and the sirens still wail. Oxford: Macmillan Caribbean, 2006.

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F, Aquino Orlando, and Sagmit Nick, eds. Pinatubo: The eruption of the century. Quezon City, Philippines: Phoenix Pub. House, 1991.

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International Conference on Active Volcanoes and Risk Mitigation (1991 Naples, Italy). Internal structure of volcanoes and geophysical precursors of eruptions: Selected papers from "Napoli'91"--International Conference on Active Volcanoes and Risk Mitigation (1841-1991, jubilee of the Osservatorio Vesuviano), held in Napoli, Italy, 27 August-1 September 1991. [Amsterdam, Netherlands]: Elsevier, 1994.

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S, José A. Naranjo. La erupción del volcán Hudson en 1991 (46⁰ S), Región XI, Aisén, Chile. Santiago, Chile: Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería, 1993.

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Newhall, Christopher G. The cataclysmic 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo, Philippines. [Vancouver, WA?]: U.S. Geological Survey, 1997.

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University of the Philippines. Pinatubo Studies Program., ed. Pinatubo and the politics of lahar: Eruption and aftermath, 1991. [Quezon City]: University of the Philippines Press and Pinatubo Studies Program, UP Center for Integrative and Development Studies, 1995.

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Book chapters on the topic "Eruptions, 1991"

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Constantine, Emily K., Gregg J. S. Bluth, and William I. Rose. "TOMS and AVHRR observations of drifting volcanic clouds from the August 1991 eruptions of Cerro Hudson." In Remote Sensing of Active Volcanism, 45–64. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/gm116p0045.

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Nishimura, Yuichi, and Naomichi Miyaji. "Tsunami Deposits from the 1993 Southwest Hokkaido Earthquake and the 1640 Hokkaido Komagatake Eruption, Northern Japan." In Tsunamis: 1992–1994, 719–33. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-7279-9_19.

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Pitari, Giovanni, Lucrezia Ricciardulli, and Guido Visconti. "The Ozone Depletion During 1992 and 1993: A Three-Dimensional Study." In The Mount Pinatubo Eruption, 199–210. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-61173-5_17.

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Antuña, Juan Carlos. "Mount Pinatubo Stratospheric Aerosol Decay During 1992 and 1993, as seen by the Camaguey Lidar Station." In The Mount Pinatubo Eruption, 3–9. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-61173-5_1.

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Rabey, David Ian. "Landscapes of Shame, Eruptions of Desire." In Howard Barker: Politics and Desire, 101–22. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-19910-5_6.

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Borrmann, Stephan. "Stratospheric Aerosols After Pinatubo: Results from the 1991/2 Airborne Arctic Stratospheric Expedition (AASE II)." In The Mount Pinatubo Eruption, 11–16. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-61173-5_2.

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Sander, Christian A., and Thomas Jansen. "Akneiforme Eruptionen." In Vorträge und Dia-Klinik der 16. Fortbildungswoche 1998 Fortbildungswoche für Praktische Dermatologie und Venerologie e.V. c/o Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie und Allergologie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München in Verbindung mit dem Berufsverband der Deutschen Dermatologen e.V., 181–87. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-01058-7_22.

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Shimizu, Hiromu. "Dynamic Resilience of Ayta Community: Creative Rehabilitation After Mt. Pinatubo’s Eruption, 1991." In Translational Systems Sciences, 147–56. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4091-2_9.

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Prohom, M. J., P. Esteban, J. Martín-Vide, and P. D. Jones. "Surface atmospheric circulation over Europe following major tropical volcanic eruptions, 1780–1995." In Volcanism and the Earth's Atmosphere, 273–81. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/139gm18.

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Bonaccorso, Alessandro, Eugenio Sansosti, and Paolo Berardino. "Comparison of Integrated Geodetic Data Models and Satellite Radar Interferograms to Infer Magma Storage During the 1991–1993 Mt. Etna Eruption." In Geodetic and Geophysical Effects Associated with Seismic and Volcanic Hazards, 1345–57. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-7897-5_4.

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Conference papers on the topic "Eruptions, 1991"

1

Volon, Carole, Johan Lavreau, and Alain Bernard. "Monitoring Pinatubo paroxysmal eruption plume of June 1991 using NOAA and GMS satellite images." In Satellite Remote Sensing, edited by David K. Lynch. SPIE, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.196691.

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Gudnason, J., T. Thordarson, B. F. Houghton, and G. Larsen. "THE OPENING SUBPLINIAN PHASE OF THE HEKLA 1991 ERUPTION: PROPERTIES OF THE TEPHRA FALL DEPOSIT." In 113th Annual GSA Cordilleran Section Meeting - 2017. Geological Society of America, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2017cd-292792.

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Nawiyanto, Nawiyanto, and Nurhadi Sasmita. "The Eruption of Mount Kelud in 1919: Its Impact and Mitigation Efforts." In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Social Sciences and Interdisciplinary Studies (ICSSIS 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icssis-18.2019.25.

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Dunn, Michael G., Adam J. Baran, and Jerry Miatech. "Operation of Gas Turbine Engines in Volcanic Ash Clouds." In ASME 1994 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/94-gt-170.

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Results are reported for a technology program designed to determine the behavior of gas turbine engines when operating in particle-laden clouds. There are several ways that such clouds may be created, i.e., explosive volcanic eruption, sand storm, military conflict, etc. The response of several different engines, among them the Pratt & Whitney JT3D turbofan, the Pratt & Whitney J57 turbojet, a Pratt & Whitney engine of the JT9 vintage, and an engine of the General Electric CF6 vintage has been determined. The particular damage mode that will be dominant when an engine experiences a dust cloud depends upon the particular engine (the turbine inlet temperature at which the engine is operating when it encounters the dust cloud), the concentration of foreign material in the cloud, and the constituents of the foreign material (the respective melting temperature of the various constituents). Further, the rate at which engine damage will occur depends upon all of the factors given above and the damage is cumulative with continued exposure. An important part of the Calspan effort has been to identify environmental warning signs and to determine which of the engine parameters available for monitoring by the flight crew can provide an early indication of impending difficulty. On the basis of current knowledge, if one knows the location of a particle-laden cloud, then that region should be avoided. However, if the cloud location is unknown, which is generally the case, then it is important to know how to recognize when an encounter has occurred and to understand how to safely operate, which is another part of the Calspan effort.
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Reports on the topic "Eruptions, 1991"

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Papike, J. J., M. S. Servilla, and K. H. Wohletz. Simulating silicic eruptions at Long Valley, California as a method to understand processes that influence eruption phenomena associated with caldera formation. IGPP progress report, October 1, 1993--August 31, 1994. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10118358.

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Bates, T., J. Eichelberger, and S. Swanson. Vent processes during the 1912 eruption at Novarupta, Katmai National Park, Alaska. Progress report, [November 15, 1991--November 14, 1992]. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10145993.

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Matías Gomez, Ruben Otoniel. Notes on a Map of the 1961-2010 Eruptions of Volcán de Pacaya, Guatemala. Geological Society of America, April 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/2012.dmch010.

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Van Hoose, Ashley. Apatite Crystal Populations of the 1991 Mount Pinatubo Eruption, Philippines: Implications for the Generation of High Sulfur Apatite in Silicic Melts. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.123.

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SGC, Servicio Geológico Colombiano. Boletín Geológico. Volumen 37. No. 1 - 3. ISSN – 0120 – 1425. Caldera de Paletará: Aproximación a la Fuente de las Ignimbritas del Cauca y Huila (Colombia). Cadena Volcánica de los Coconucos (Colombia) Centros Eruptivos y Productos Recientes. Versión año 1999. Boletín. Bogotá: Servicio Geológico Colombiano, January 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.32685/10.143.1999.725.

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The 1992 eruptions of Crater Peak vent, Mount Spurr Volcano, Alaska. US Geological Survey, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/b2139.

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