Relevant bibliographies by topics / ERW

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'ERW'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 3 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "ERW"

1

Frajese, Giovanni Vanni, Monica Benvenuto, Rosanna Mattera, Saverio Giampaoli, Elena Ambrosin, Roberta Bernardini, Maria Gabriella Giganti, et al. "Electrochemically Reduced Water Delays Mammary Tumors Growth in Mice and Inhibits Breast Cancer Cells SurvivalIn Vitro." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2018 (September 26, 2018): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4753507.

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Electrochemical reduced water (ERW) has been proposed to have beneficial effects on human health due to its rich content of H2and the presence of platinum nanoparticles with antioxidant effects. Many studies have demonstrated that ERW scavenging properties are able to reduce the damage caused by oxidative stress in different experimental models. Although fewin vivostudies have been reported, it has been demonstrated that ERW may display anticancer effects by induction of tumor cells apoptosis and reduction of both angiogenesis and inflammation. In this study, we show that ERW treatment of MCF-7, MDA-MB-453, and mouse (TUBO) breast cancer cells inhibited cell survival in a time-dependent fashion. ERW decreased ErbB2/neuexpression and impaired pERK1/ERK2 and AKT phosphorylation in breast cancer cells. In addition, ERW treatment induced apoptosis of breast cancer cell lines independently of the status of p53 and ER and PR receptors. Ourin vivoresults showed that ERW treatment of transgenic BALB-neuT mice delayed the development of mammary tumors compared to the control. In addition, ERW induced a significant prolongation of tumor-free survival and a reduction in tumor multiplicity. Overall, these results suggest a potential beneficial role of ERW in inhibiting cancer cells growth.
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Kashiwagi, Taichi, Hanxu Yan, Takeki Hamasaki, Tomoya Kinjo, Noboru Nakamichi, Kiichiro Teruya, Shigeru Kabayama, and Sanetaka Shirahata. "Electrochemically Reduced Water Protects Neural Cells from Oxidative Damage." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2014 (2014): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/869121.

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Aging-related neurodegenerative disorders are closely associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stresses and their incidence tends to increase with aging. Brain is the most vulnerable to reactive species generated by a higher rate of oxygen consumption and glucose utilization compared to other organs. Electrochemically reduced water (ERW) was demonstrated to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) in several cell types. In the present study, the protective effect of ERW against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and nitric oxide (NO) was investigated in several rodent neuronal cell lines and primary cells. ERW was found to significantly suppress H2O2(50–200 μM) induced PC12 and SFME cell deaths. ERW scavenged intracellular ROS and exhibited a protective effect against neuronal network damage caused by 200 μM H2O2in N1E-115 cells. ERW significantly suppressed NO-induced cytotoxicity in PC12 cells despite the fact that it did not have the ability to scavenge intracellular NO. ERW significantly suppressed both glutamate induced Ca2+influx and the resulting cytotoxicity in primary cells. These results collectively demonstrated for the first time that ERW protects several types of neuronal cells by scavenging ROS because of the presence of hydrogen and platinum nanoparticles dissolved in ERW.
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Avramis, V. I., and C. Fu. "Population pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) parameters of Erwinia Chrysanthemi (ERW) asparaginase (ASNase) using the fused first-order elimination and Michaelis-Menten (MM) limited physiological model." Journal of Clinical Oncology 25, no. 18_suppl (June 20, 2007): 13010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2007.25.18_suppl.13010.

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13010 Background: Using the linear PK first order (FO) compartmental approach, the methodical and computational uniformity in modeling various linear systems (ERW) is the dominant characteristic of the population PK analyses. However, saturation of the enzymatic reaction results in nonlinear kinetics based on the MM equation, i.e., the deamination of ASN by ERW, which complicates the PK-PD model. The PK with FO & the MM PK-PD model is theoretically better when single dose of ERW is given. To simulate the PK-PD data and to project patient (pt) data using this model, we used simultaneous integration of the FO+MM equations. Methods: In the 1990’s, ERW was used in pediatric ALL pt (n=23, 1st cohort evaluated for PK-PD). The current study was started to assess if the parallel MM+FO (MM+FO) PK-PD model fit the limited ERW (25K) data better than the MM model, and to validate the MM+FO model and its population parameter estimates. Results: The population PK-PD model best-fitted serum ERW & ASN-time pairs obtained in 23 and from 5 pediatric pt with ALL, using nonlinear mixed-effects modeling (NONMEM). The validity of the MM+FO population PK-PD model and the estimated parameters were tested using the naive prediction method. Patients were administered ERW 6K or 25 K IU/m2 when allergy to E. coli formulations appeared. High correlation between ERW peak serum levels calculated from limited individual pt’ KM (900 μM) & Vmax values in 5 pediatric pt (2nd cohort) and the observed ERW trough levels & its substrate (ASN) were found. The T1/2 averaged 16 hr (25K ERW), and the trough level of 0.1–0.2 IU/ml was correlated with ASN <3 μM. These PK-PD parameters validated those obtained from the 1st cohort. When simulations on population parameters were conducted, the MM+FO predicted the multiple dose steady-state serum ERW & ASN levels nicely. Therefore, the MM+FO model was clearly superior to either the FO or the MM PD models. Moreover, simulations compared favorably ERW 25K Q2 days x3 doses & x2 weeks vs. Pegaspargase 2,5K Q2 weeks. Conclusions: The NONMEM PK-PD model for ERW fitted the simultaneous analyses of data from different doses and regimens better than either standard Two-stage or MM could. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
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Wang, Rui, Dong Feng Li, Peng Yang, Jun Han, and Xin Li Han. "Failure Analysis of ERW Seam Weld Pipeline in Internal Pressure." Materials Science Forum 724 (June 2012): 464–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.724.464.

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Fracture failure behavior of the electric resistance welding (ERW) seam weld of Φ355.6×10.3 mm L360 in high internal pressure was investigated in this paper. The mechanical, metallurgical and fractographic characteristics were studied to clarify the reason of fracture failure for the ERW seam weld. The experimental results showed that the impurity and flaw of weld area were the main factors for the failure of ERW seam weld in high internal pressure. The impurity and flaw in welds had great effects on the mechanical characteristics of ERW. The approaches to ensure the integrity of the pipeline in service were proposed.
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Ridwan, Rini Devijanti, Wisnu Setyari Juliastuti, and R. Darmawan Setijanto. "Effect of electrolyzed reduced water on Wistar rats with chronic periodontitis on malondialdehyde levels." Dental Journal (Majalah Kedokteran Gigi) 50, no. 1 (March 31, 2017): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/j.djmkg.v50.i1.p10-13.

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Background: Periodontal disease is a progressive destructive change that causes loss of bone and periodontal ligaments around the teeth that can eventually lead to its loss. The main bacteria in chronic periodontitis is Porphyromonas gingivalis. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, a pathogen associated with aggressive periodontitis, initiates a proinflammatory response that causes tissue destruction of periodontal, alveolar bone resorption and subsequent tooth loss. Electrolyzed reduced water (ERW) is an alkaline water, ERW not only has a high pH and low oxidation reduction potential (ORP), but also contains several magnesium ions. Magnesium ions proven effective for the prevention of various diseases. Purpose: To analyze the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in Wistar rats with cases of chronic and aggressive periodontitis that consumed ERW. Method: Wistar rats were divided into four groups, each group with 10 rats. The first and second group were Wistar rat with chronic periodontitis and consume drinking water and ERW. The third and fourth group were Wistar rat with aggressive periodontitis and consume drinking water and ERW. This experiment is done by calculating the levels of MDA. The calculation of the levels of MDA is done with spectrophotometric assay for MDA. Result: The results of this experiment show that the level of MDA in serum in group that consume ERW had decreased significantly different with thegroup that consume drinking water with the statistical test. Conclusion: It can be concluded that ERW can decrease the MDA level in Wistar rat with chronic and aggressive periodontitis case.
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Choi, Young Ah, Dong Hyeon Lee, Doo-Yeoun Cho, and Yong-Jae Lee. "Outcomes Assessment of Sustainable and Innovatively Simple Lifestyle Modification at the Workplace-Drinking Electrolyzed-Reduced Water (OASIS-ERW): A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial." Antioxidants 9, no. 7 (June 27, 2020): 564. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox9070564.

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Oxidative stress has been associated with many diseases as well as aging. Electrolyzed-reduced water (ERW) has been suggested to reduce oxidative stress and improve antioxidant potential. This study investigated the effects of drinking ERW on biomarkers of oxidative stress and health-related indices in healthy adults. We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial on 65 participants, who were allocated into two groups. Of these, 61 received intervention (32 with ERW and 29 MW [mineral water]). All participants were instructed to drink 1.5 L/day of ERW or MW for eight weeks. Biomarkers of oxidative stress and health-related indices were assessed at baseline as well as after 4 weeks and 8 weeks of intervention. Of the primary outcome variables assessed, diacron-reactive oxygen metabolites (d-ROMs) and biological antioxidant potential showed a significant interaction between the groups and time, with d-ROMs levels significantly decreased at 8 weeks in ERW compared to those in MW. Among the secondary outcome variables, total, visceral, and subcutaneous fat mass significantly changed over time, with a significant association observed between the group and time. Thus, daily ERW consumption may be a potential consideration for a sustainable and innovatively simple lifestyle modification at the workplace to reduce oxidative stress, increase antioxidant potential, and decrease fat mass.
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Goyal, Rajesh K., Tushal Kyada, and T. S. Kathayat. "Transverse Cracking of HF-ERW Pipes." Journal of Failure Analysis and Prevention 17, no. 3 (March 28, 2017): 370–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11668-017-0260-0.

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Nethe, A. "Wirbelstromverluste bei der induktiven Erw�rmung." Electrical Engineering 79, no. 3 (June 1996): 157–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01232783.

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Singh, Aditya Pratap, and Siddharth Mishra. "Explosive Remnants of War: A War after the War?" Christ University Law Journal 2, no. 2 (December 1, 2013): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.12728/culj.3.1.

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Explosive Remnants of War (ERW) pose significant humanitarian problems to the civilians as well as to the governments in post conflict situations. People continue to be at risk even after the war due to the presence of ERW. The issue of ERW has in fact shifted the focus of the international community from the immediate impacts of the weapons to their long term effects. In response to this, states concluded a landmark agreement, Protocol V to the UN Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons in 2003 (CCW). This Protocol aims at providing a proper mechanism to deal with ERW threat. Meanwhile, with the beginning of the new century and the emergence of newly sophisticated weapons the debate over the ERW got shifted to one of the most menacing category of weapons called cluster munitions. Again, responding to the problem, the state parties adopted the Convention of Cluster Munitions 2003 which bans the use and development of these deadly weapons. Both these instruments suffer from certain inherent limitations. Despite these limitations they still serve as the last resort for the civilians as well as for the governments of the war torn communities in dealing with the catastrophic effects of ERW.
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Szymczak, Pat Davis. "Extended-Reach Drilling Hits Mainstream To Squeeze Difficult Reservoirs." Journal of Petroleum Technology 73, no. 08 (August 1, 2021): 35–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0821-0035-jpt.

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Though expensive and complex, extended-reach drilling (ERD) is moving more into the mainstream as the industry is driven to develop frontier reserves in fragile environments like the Arctic where drilling from shore to off-shore targets reduces a project’s infrastructure costs and environmental footprint. A form of directional drilling, ERD is also being used increasingly to tap into hard-to-produce reservoirs, making viable projects that might otherwise be written off as noncommercial. This article highlights how the Russian Far East became the ERD epicenter in the past decade, given ExxonMobil and Rosneft’s extensive use of ERD in developing Arctic resources offshore Sakhalin Island, and how ERD is becoming more widely used in regions as diverse as the Gulf of Thailand, off-shore Brazil, and the Arab Gulf. By definition, an extended-reach well (ERW) is one in which the ratio of the measured depth (MD) vs. the true vertical depth (TVD) is at least 2:1 (PetroWiki). An ERW differs from a horizontal well in that the ERW is a high-angle directional well drilled to intersect a target point, a feat requiring specialized planning to execute well construction. ExxonMobil subsidiary Exxon Neftegas Limited (ENL), which operates the Sakhalin-1 license area offshore Russia’s Sakhalin Island (Fig. 1), has been pushing the limits of ERD for nearly 2 decades with innovative technologies and sophisticated well planning, making the Sea of Okhotsk a place where any ERD drilling record set today may easily be broken tomorrow. Russia’s state-owned Rosneft (which has a 20% stake in Sakhalin-1) owns bragging rights for having drilled the longest ERW well on record to date. Rosneft announced in November 2017 it had drilled a 15000-m horizontal ERW from the offshore Orlan gravity-base platform at Chayvo field situated in 14 m water depth in the Sea of Okhotsk, topping four previous records set between 2013 and 2015 that had reached between 12450 m and 13500 m (Fig. 2). In a news release at the time, Rosneft called the well “super complex with a DDI [directional drilling index] of 8.0 and a 14129-m stepout.” The release went on to say that the Sakhalin-1 Consortium could (as of the 2017 announcement) claim to have drilled nine out of the world’s 10 longest ERD wells. According to Rosneft, the project had set five world records for measured depth of wells between 2013 and 2017. In April 2015, development well O-14 was drilled with a length of 13500 m. That broke a 2014 record when the 13000-m Z-40 well was completed. In 2013, records were announced for wells Z-43 and Z-42 which were drilled, respectively, in April and in June 2013 with lengths of 12450 m and 12700 m. Rosneft credited ExxonMobil’s patented “Fast Drill” drilling optimization process that can increase rates of penetration (ROP) by up to 400% as a significant innovation contributing to the ERD success story at Sakhalin-1. One of the largest foreign direct investments in Russia, Sakhalin-1 operates under a production sharing agreement (PSA) with its license area off the northeastern coast of Sakhalin Island, comprising the Chayvo, Odoptu, and Arkutun Dagi fields.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "ERW"

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Mahoney, Paul J. "Cost comparative analysis of blast mitigation technologies with regard to Explosive Remnants of War (ERW)." Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/10646.

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MBA Professional Report
The purpose of this MBA Project is to investigate and analyze different forms of blast mitigation technologies that provide safe temporary storage, and in the event of a detonation, provide protection measures for personnel and property. A comprehensive cost comparison of an Explosive Storage Magazine (ESM) and two alternatives: the Explosive Remnants of War Collection Point (ERW-CP) and Blastwrap are analyzed to determine future options. The goal of this project is to identify and document both cost comparisons, as well as requirement satisfaction for the safe and cost-effective temporary storage in troubled regions around the globe.
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Dian, Gustavo Henrique [UNESP]. "Influência do aporte de calor e da velocidade de soldagem na tenacidade da solda HF-ERW." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/94391.

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O processo de soldagem por resistência elétrica de alta frequência (High Frequecy Electric Resistance Welding, HF-ERW) apresenta três tipos de fenômenos de soldagem. Quando os fenômenos tipo 1 ou tipo 3 são os predominantes no processo de soldagem, a retenção de óxidos na junta soldada é facilitada e a melhor qualidade da junta soldada é obtida quando o fenômeno tipo 2 é o predominante. Dentre os parâmetros de soldagem, o aporte de calor e a velocidade têm grande influência na determinação de qual fenômeno é predominante no processo e, consequentemente, na taxa de descontinuidades obtida. A fim de se avaliar como o aporte de calor e a velocidade de soldagem influenciam na tenacidade da junta soldada pelo processo HF-ERW, é proposto a realização de combinações entre esses parâmetros durante a produção de tubos de 13 3/8” de diâmetro externo, 0,380” de espessura da parede, norma de fabricação API 5L, grau do aço X56. Para avaliar os resultados, um estudo comparativo do ensaio de impacto Charpy com entalhe na linha de solda foi realizado. Para caracterizar o metal base e a junta soldada, foram realizadas análises de composição química, microestrutura, resistência mecânica, dureza e energia absorvida em ensaio de impacto Charpy. Das análises de caracterização, foi possível evidenciar o cumprimento de requisitos da norma de fabricação API 5L X56 e analisar aspectos principais da junta soldada. Por meio dos resultados de impacto Charpy na linha de solda, foi possível se avaliar a influência do aporte de calor e da velocidade de soldagem, sendo constatado que o aumento da velocidade é benéfico para a tenacidade da junta soldada. Com as análises realizadas também foi possível correlacionar os resultados obtidos com os fenômenos de soldagem
At the high frequency electric resistance welding, HF-ERW, the three types of welding phenomenon define the way to obtain a welded joint without oxides after the squeeze out. When welding phenomenon type 1 or 3 are predominant at the welding process, the retention of oxides at the welded joint is facilitated and the best quality occurs when type 2 is obtained. Among the welding parameters, the heat-input and the welding speed have great influence in what type of welding phenomenon is obtained at the welding, and, therefore, at the discontinuity rate. With the objective of evaluate how the heat-input and the welding speed influence the HF-ERW process it is proposed to combine these parameters during the production of 13 3/8” outside diameter, 0,380” wall thickness, API 5L standard, X56 steel grade, pipes. In order to analyze the results, a comparative study of the Charpy V-notch test at the welding line was done. The characterization of the base metal and welding was performed through the analysis of the chemical composition, tensile properties, hardness test, Charpy test and microestrutural evaluation. With the characterization analysis it was possible to certificate the accordance of the pipe produced with the API 5L X56 requirements and analyze the main aspects of the welded joint. By means of the results of the Charpy impact test at the weld line, it was possible to analyze the influence of the heat-input and welding speed at the HF-ERW process, in which it was verified that the increase of the welding speed improve the weld joint toughness. Through the analysis, it was also possible to correlate the results with the welding phenomenon
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Dian, Gustavo Henrique. "Influência do aporte de calor e da velocidade de soldagem na tenacidade da solda HF-ERW /." Guaratinguetá : [s.n.], 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/94391.

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Orientador: Ângelo Carporalli Filho
Banca: Marcelino Pereira do Nascimento
Banca: Vicente Afonso Ventrella
Resumo: O processo de soldagem por resistência elétrica de alta frequência (High Frequecy Electric Resistance Welding, HF-ERW) apresenta três tipos de fenômenos de soldagem. Quando os fenômenos tipo 1 ou tipo 3 são os predominantes no processo de soldagem, a retenção de óxidos na junta soldada é facilitada e a melhor qualidade da junta soldada é obtida quando o fenômeno tipo 2 é o predominante. Dentre os parâmetros de soldagem, o aporte de calor e a velocidade têm grande influência na determinação de qual fenômeno é predominante no processo e, consequentemente, na taxa de descontinuidades obtida. A fim de se avaliar como o aporte de calor e a velocidade de soldagem influenciam na tenacidade da junta soldada pelo processo HF-ERW, é proposto a realização de combinações entre esses parâmetros durante a produção de tubos de 13 3/8" de diâmetro externo, 0,380" de espessura da parede, norma de fabricação API 5L, grau do aço X56. Para avaliar os resultados, um estudo comparativo do ensaio de impacto Charpy com entalhe na linha de solda foi realizado. Para caracterizar o metal base e a junta soldada, foram realizadas análises de composição química, microestrutura, resistência mecânica, dureza e energia absorvida em ensaio de impacto Charpy. Das análises de caracterização, foi possível evidenciar o cumprimento de requisitos da norma de fabricação API 5L X56 e analisar aspectos principais da junta soldada. Por meio dos resultados de impacto Charpy na linha de solda, foi possível se avaliar a influência do aporte de calor e da velocidade de soldagem, sendo constatado que o aumento da velocidade é benéfico para a tenacidade da junta soldada. Com as análises realizadas também foi possível correlacionar os resultados obtidos com os fenômenos de soldagem
Abstract: At the high frequency electric resistance welding, HF-ERW, the three types of welding phenomenon define the way to obtain a welded joint without oxides after the squeeze out. When welding phenomenon type 1 or 3 are predominant at the welding process, the retention of oxides at the welded joint is facilitated and the best quality occurs when type 2 is obtained. Among the welding parameters, the heat-input and the welding speed have great influence in what type of welding phenomenon is obtained at the welding, and, therefore, at the discontinuity rate. With the objective of evaluate how the heat-input and the welding speed influence the HF-ERW process it is proposed to combine these parameters during the production of 13 3/8" outside diameter, 0,380" wall thickness, API 5L standard, X56 steel grade, pipes. In order to analyze the results, a comparative study of the Charpy V-notch test at the welding line was done. The characterization of the base metal and welding was performed through the analysis of the chemical composition, tensile properties, hardness test, Charpy test and microestrutural evaluation. With the characterization analysis it was possible to certificate the accordance of the pipe produced with the API 5L X56 requirements and analyze the main aspects of the welded joint. By means of the results of the Charpy impact test at the weld line, it was possible to analyze the influence of the heat-input and welding speed at the HF-ERW process, in which it was verified that the increase of the welding speed improve the weld joint toughness. Through the analysis, it was also possible to correlate the results with the welding phenomenon
Mestre
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Ericsson, Christian. "Ammunitions- och minröjning i modern konflikt : Ett tekniskt perspektiv." Thesis, Swedish National Defence College, Swedish National Defence College, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:fhs:diva-109.

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Den här uppsatsen är skriven inom ramen för ämnet Krigsvetenskap under författarens studier på Yrkesofficersprogrammet 2006-2009 till arméteknisk officer. I Ammunitions- och minröjning i modern konflikt ges läsaren genom deskriptiv metod en exposé över ammunitions- och minröjningens grunder, historia och nutid. Uppsatsens generella syften är att avhandla problematik som svenska ammunitions- och minröjare i sitt yrkesutövande idag kan ställas inför. Och hur delar av den tekniska organisationen och teknisk utrustning för detektion, lokalisering och klassificering av minor, Explosive remnants of war (ERW), Improvised explosive device (IED) och försåt kan bidra till att lösa denna problematik. Författaren genomför utifrån sina intervjuer och litteraturstudier prediktioner av den kommande utvecklingen på området. Prediktionerna innefattar bland annat tydligare teknisk stödorganisation och multisensorplattformar för detektion, lokalisering och klassificering av minor, ERW och IED. I texten redovisas viss forskning från Totalförsvarets forskningsinstitut (FOI) och visst arbete vid Försvarets materielverk (FMV), Totalförsvarets ammunitions- och minröjningscentrum (SWEDEC).


This essay is written in the course of War science during the author’s studies to become an Officer in the technical corps, in the Swedish armed forces. Due to the descriptive method in Explosive Ordnance Disposal and demining in modern conflict the reader gets an exposé of the basics, history, and present time features for the Swedish EOD- and Demining personnel. The main purpose with this essay is to discuss the problems that Swedish Explosive ordnance clearance (EOC) personnel might encounter in their current daily service. The opportunities for parts of the supporting technical corps and the technical equipment for detecting, locating and classifying mines, Explosive remnants of war (ERW), Improvised explosive device (IED) and booby-traps to be at hand in the process of solving these problems are also discussed. From interviews and literature studies the author conducts predictions of the development in the subject area. The predictions contains amongst others a more understandable supporting technical corps and multi-sensing-platforms for detecting, locating and classifying mines, ERW, IED and booby-traps. Some of the research that the Swedish defence research agency (FOI), the Swedish Defence Material Administration (FMV) and the Swedish EOD- and Demining Centre (SWEDEC) have produced is presented in the essay.

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Fonseca, Manoel Antonio da Costa, and Instituto de Engenharia Nuclear. "Avaliação acustoelástica de tubos OCTG do tipo casing API 5CT Grau N80Q soldados com o processo ERW/HFIW." Instituto de Engenharia Nuclear, 2012. http://carpedien.ien.gov.br:8080/handle/ien/1902.

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Este trabalho apresenta uma avaliação acustoelástica em seis tubos OCTG API 5CT Grau N80Q do tipo Casing, soldados pelo processo ERW/HFIW, utilizados na prospecção e exploração de petróleo e gás. A técnica ultrassônica da birrefringência acústica foi usada para avaliar o comportamento acustoelástico da chapa de aço que deu origem aos tubos em estudo. Antes e após as etapas de tratamento térmico de têmpera/revenido e de desempeno a quente os tubos também foram avaliados acustoelasticamente. A constante acustoelástica do material foi obtida por ensaio de carregamento uniaxial em oito cargas pré-determinadas. A avaliação acustoelástica dos tubos mostra uma anisotropia acústica de nível reduzido quando comparados a tubos API 5L com solda. Foi verificada ainda uma redução do nível de anisotropia após cada uma das etapas de fabricação avaliadas, mostrando a eficácia do tratamento térmico de têmpera/revenido e do desempeno a quente. Foi determinada a tensão residual circunferencial existente em um tubo pela técnica ultrassônica da birrefringência acústica e comparada com a tensão obtida pela metodologia da norma ASTM E1928-07.
This paper presents an acoustoelastic evaluation of six OCTG API 5CT N80Q casing pipes welded by ERW/HFIW process, which are used in oil and gas exploration and exploitation. The ultrasonic technique of acoustic birefringence was employed to evaluate the acoustoelastic behavior of the steel plate used to manufacture the pipes under study. The pipes were evaluated before and after the heat treatments of quench tempering and hot straightening were performed. The acoustoelastic constant of the material was obtained through an uniaxial loading test at eight predetermined loads. The results obtained for the pipes show a reduced level of acoustic anisotropy compared with the API 5L welded pipe. A reduction in the level of acoustic anisotropy was also verified after each manufacturing step, showing the efficacy of the heat treatment of quench tempering and hot straightening. The circumferential residual stress in a pipe was determined by the acoustic birefringence technique and compared with the value obtained by the methodology of the ASTM E1928-07 Standard.
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Biancalana, Neto Américo [UNESP]. "Alívio de tensões em tubos a partir da aplicação de vibração mecânica." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/143972.

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Os processos tradicionais de produção de tubos API 5CT N80Q envolvem processos de bobinamento e desbobinamento, conformação por dobramento, soldagem, etapas de usinagem e expansão dos diâmetros interno e externo, tratamentos térmicos de têmpera e revenimento e endireitamento. Essas etapas são responsáveis por introduzir tensões residuais no material constituinte do tubo. Estas tensões residuais podem alcançar valores próximos aos do limite de escoamento do material base do tubo, podendo produzir distorções geométricas, falhas prematuras, baixa resistência à corrosão, e diminuição na sua capacidade de absorção de cargas em trabalho. O método mais utilizado para alívio de tensões é o tratamento térmico. Porém, a aplicação de vibrações mecânicas, (Vibratory Stress Rielif) para reduzir e redistribuir as tensões residuais em estruturas conformadas a frio e em estruturas soldadas, tem sido utilizada com sucesso em várias partes do mundo, principalmente nos Estados Unidos, China e Canada. Para verificar a viabilidade deste processo, como um método alternativo para o alivio de tensões, selecionamos um tubo API 5CT 80NQ, com diâmetro de 178 mm com 8,05 mm de espessura e 3000 mm de comprimento. Os ensaios de vibração foram executados na frequência de ressonância do tubo, através de um indutor de vibração montado no seu comprimento médio, dentro de um intervalo de tempo correspondente ao seu peso. Comparando os valores de tensões residuais existentes no tubo antes e após o tratamento de vibração conseguimos uma redução média de 16% no valor das mesmas. Para a caracterização mecânica do tubo, antes e depois do processo vibratório, foram realizados os seguintes ensaios conforme a norma API 5CT 2001: impacto Charpy “V”, ensaios de tração e dureza Rockwell C, tanto no metal base do tubo, como na região da solda. Foi realizada, também, a sua caracterização micro estrutural através, microscopia ótica, antes e depois dos ensaios de vibração. Para avaliação das tensões residuais, antes e após os ensaios de vibração, foi utilizado o método de secção longitudinal de um anel (splitting ring test) conforme a norma ASTM EN 1928-13.
The traditional production processes API 5CT N80Q pipes involve coiling and uncoiling processes the plate, conformation by bending, welding, machining steps and expansion of its internal and external diameters, heat treatment of quenching and tempering and straightening. These steps are responsible for introducing residual stresses in the material of the tube. These residual stresses can reach values close to the yield strength of the pipe`s base material and may produce geometric distortions, premature failure, low corrosion resistance and reduction its capacity of absorption loads in the work. The most widely used method for relieving stress is the heat treatment. The application of mechanical vibrations, Vibratory stress relief ( VSR), to reduce and redistribute the residual stresses in cold shaped structures and welded structures, has been used with success in various parts of the world, especially the United States, China and Canada. Thus, the mechanical vibration, Vibratory stress relief (VSR), can prove to be an interesting process to relieve stress in the tubes. To verify the feasibility of this process, as an alternative method for the relief of stresses, we selected an API 5CT 80NQ tube with a diameter of 178 mm, with 8.05 mm thickness and 3000 mm in length. Vibration tests were performed in pipe resonance frequency, via a vibration-inducing mounted at its mid-length, within a time corresponding to their weight. Comparing the values of residual stress existing in the tube before and after the vibration treatment achieved a mean reduction of 16 % in the amount thereof. For the mechanical characterization of the pipe, before and after the vibration process, the following tests were conducted according to API standard 5CT 2001: Charpy 'V', tensile tests and hardness Rockwell C, both in the metal base tube, and in the weld region. It was also carried out their microstructural characterization through optical microscopy before and after the vibration tests. To evaluate the residual stress before and after the vibration tests, we used the ring splitting test according to ASTM E1928-13.
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7

Melo, Luis Carlos Rodrigues [UNESP]. "Desenvolvimento de tubo ARBL contendo 1Cr 0,2Mo fabricado pelo processo ERW/HF destinado à indústria de petróleo e gás." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/94462.

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A propostadopresente trabalho é desenvolver tubos ARBL contendo 1%Cr e 0,2%Mo fabricados pelo processoERW/HF segundo a norma API 5CT grau T95, sendoeste grau originalmente desenvolvido para processos de fabricaçãode tubos “seamless”. Por conta disso, o presente trabalho possui um caráter inovador e oprincipal diferencial competitivo é ocusto de fabricação aliado ao alto nível de qualidade no processo soldagem e posterior tratamento térmico de têmpera e revenimento. Acomposição química do aço foi pensada de tal forma a garantir as propriedades mecânicas póstempera e revenimento pela adição de Mo, sendo este, o principal mecanismo de endurecimento, ou seja, a presença de martensita. Com isso, foi possível estabelecer níveis de 0,23%C e 0,49%Mnem massa. Adicionalmente,foi incorporado a liga níveis de 0,8%Cr a fim de garantir elevada resistência a corrosão na presença de CO2 para poços injetores. Foi utilizado o modelo de Hollomon para definir a temperatura de revenimentocomo função da propriedademecânica desejada. Para caracterizar otubo, foramrealizadostestes de tração, charpy, dureza, microdureza, microscopia ótica e MEV. A baixa variabilidade nas propriedades mecânicas mostra que o processo de tempera e revenimento foi estável, sendo este apto ao atendimento da norma API 5CT. A microscopia eletrônica de varredura identificou precipitados finos dispersos na matriz martensítica, sendo este, o mecanismo de endurecimento secundário que elevou a temperatura de revenimento conforme previsto pelo modelo de Hollomon. De face dos resultados concluímos que o tubo ARBL contendo Cr-Mo fabricado pelo processo ERW/HF atende aos requisitos da Norma API 5CT e com isso contribuirá significativamente no aumento de competividade na exploração de petróleo e gás
The purpose ofthis work isthe development ofHSLA tubes containing 1% Crand 0.2% Mo produced by the ERW/HF process according to standard API 5CT grade T95. These tubes were originally developed forseamless manufacturing processes. The present work has aninnovative character and the maincompetitive advantage is the cost ofmanufacturingcombined withthe high level of quality in welding process and subsequent heat treatment of quenchingand tempering. The chemical composition of the steel was designed in such a way to ensurethe mechanical properties after quenchingand temperingby addingMo, thisbeing themain hardenability mechanism,in other words, the presence of martensite . Thus,itwas possible toestablish levelsof 0.23%Cand 0.49% Mn byweight. Additionally, levelsof 0.8%Cr were incorporatedto ensurecorrosionresistance inthe presence of CO2 in injection wells. Hollomon model was usedto set the tempering temperatureas a functionofthe aim mechanical property. To characterize the tube, thefollow tests were performed, tensile, Charpy, hardness, microhardness, optical microscopy and SEM. The low variability in the mechanical properties shows that the quench and tempering process was stable, which is able to meet the standard API 5CT. The scanning electron microscopy identified fine precipitates dispersed in a martensitic matrix, this being the mechanism of secondary hardening which raised the tempering temperature as provided by Hollomon model. In view of the results we conclude that the HSLA tube containing Cr - Mo manufactured by the process ERW / HF meets the requirements of Standard API 5CT and thereby contribute significantly in increasing competitiveness in the oil and gas exploration
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8

Melo, Luis Carlos Rodrigues. "Desenvolvimento de tubo ARBL contendo 1Cr 0,2Mo fabricado pelo processo ERW/HF destinado à indústria de petróleo e gás /." Guaratinguetá, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/94462.

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Orientador: Marcelino Pereira do Nascimento
Banca: Tomaz Manabu Hashimoto
Banca: João da Cruz Pavão
Resumo: A propostadopresente trabalho é desenvolver tubos ARBL contendo 1%Cr e 0,2%Mo fabricados pelo processoERW/HF segundo a norma API 5CT grau T95, sendoeste grau originalmente desenvolvido para processos de fabricaçãode tubos "seamless". Por conta disso, o presente trabalho possui um caráter inovador e oprincipal diferencial competitivo é ocusto de fabricação aliado ao alto nível de qualidade no processo soldagem e posterior tratamento térmico de têmpera e revenimento. Acomposição química do aço foi pensada de tal forma a garantir as propriedades mecânicas póstempera e revenimento pela adição de Mo, sendo este, o principal mecanismo de endurecimento, ou seja, a presença de martensita. Com isso, foi possível estabelecer níveis de 0,23%C e 0,49%Mnem massa. Adicionalmente,foi incorporado a liga níveis de 0,8%Cr a fim de garantir elevada resistência a corrosão na presença de CO2 para poços injetores. Foi utilizado o modelo de Hollomon para definir a temperatura de revenimentocomo função da propriedademecânica desejada. Para caracterizar otubo, foramrealizadostestes de tração, charpy, dureza, microdureza, microscopia ótica e MEV. A baixa variabilidade nas propriedades mecânicas mostra que o processo de tempera e revenimento foi estável, sendo este apto ao atendimento da norma API 5CT. A microscopia eletrônica de varredura identificou precipitados finos dispersos na matriz martensítica, sendo este, o mecanismo de endurecimento secundário que elevou a temperatura de revenimento conforme previsto pelo modelo de Hollomon. De face dos resultados concluímos que o tubo ARBL contendo Cr-Mo fabricado pelo processo ERW/HF atende aos requisitos da Norma API 5CT e com isso contribuirá significativamente no aumento de competividade na exploração de petróleo e gás
Abstract: The purpose ofthis work isthe development ofHSLA tubes containing 1% Crand 0.2% Mo produced by the ERW/HF process according to standard API 5CT grade T95. These tubes were originally developed for"seamless" manufacturing processes. The present work has aninnovative character and the maincompetitive advantage is the cost ofmanufacturingcombined withthe high level of quality in welding process and subsequent heat treatment of quenchingand tempering. The chemical composition of the steel was designed in such a way to ensurethe mechanical properties after quenchingand temperingby addingMo, thisbeing themain hardenability mechanism,in other words, the presence of martensite . Thus,itwas possible toestablish levelsof 0.23%Cand 0.49% Mn byweight. Additionally, levelsof 0.8%Cr were incorporatedto ensurecorrosionresistance inthe presence of CO2 in injection wells. Hollomon model was usedto set the tempering temperatureas a functionofthe aim mechanical property. To characterize the tube, thefollow tests were performed, tensile, Charpy, hardness, microhardness, optical microscopy and SEM. The low variability in the mechanical properties shows that the quench and tempering process was stable, which is able to meet the standard API 5CT. The scanning electron microscopy identified fine precipitates dispersed in a martensitic matrix, this being the mechanism of secondary hardening which raised the tempering temperature as provided by Hollomon model. In view of the results we conclude that the HSLA tube containing Cr - Mo manufactured by the process ERW / HF meets the requirements of Standard API 5CT and thereby contribute significantly in increasing competitiveness in the oil and gas exploration
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9

Atilio, Isabela [UNESP]. "Avaliação da tenacidade na região de transição dúctil-frágil de um tubo de aço grau API 5L soldado por HF/ERW." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/152080.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
O aumento da demanda por petróleo e seus derivados tem instigado o desenvolvimento de materiais para dutos com elevadas tenacidade à fratura e resistência mecânica, como os aços de alta resistência e baixa liga (ARBL) pertencentes às classes API. Aliada à utilização destes aços, a aplicação do processo de soldagem por resistência elétrica de alta frequência (HF/ERW) tem conquistado maior interesse no setor. Entretanto, defeitos nas juntas soldadas constituem uma das principais causas de falhas em dutos, principalmente quando associados às condições externas de operação, o que tem sido motivo para estudos relacionados à integridade estrutural destes tubos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a tenacidade à fratura de um tubo de aço API 5L X70 soldado pelo processo HF/ERW, a partir de dados obtidos com ensaios CTOD de espécimes de flexão por três pontos, tipo SE(B) “gull wing”. A metodologia proposta envolveu ensaios de CTOD a variadas temperaturas, incluindo a região de transição dúctil-frágil, a fim de avaliar a integridade estrutural do material em condições críticas de operação. Os ensaios foram realizados com base nas normas ASTM E1820 e BS7448, e consistiram na utilização de corpos de prova retirados diretamente da parede do tubo, com posterior planificação. De forma geral, as amostras de material base apresentaram uma boa tenacidade à fratura em todas as temperaturas de ensaio, o que não aconteceu com as amostras de material de solda, que apresentaram baixa tenacidade. Os resultados de tenacidade obtidos mostraram que a metodologia empregada para o estudo da integridade estrutural por meio de ensaios CTOD com amostras extraídas diretamente da parede do tubo, com posterior planificação, mostrou-se adequada. Embora as normas ASTM E1820 e BS7448 adotem diferentes parâmetros para a determinação do valor de CTOD, observou-se que os valores de CTOD foram bem próximos.
The increasing demand for oil and its products has driven the development of materials for ducts with high fracture toughness and high mechanical strength, such as high strength low alloy (HSLA) steels, appertaining to the API classes. In addition to the use of these steels, the application of the high frequency resistance welding process (HF/ERW) has gained greater interest in the sector. However, defects in the welded joints are one of the most causes of failures in pipelines, especially when they are associated with external operating conditions, which has been the reason for studies related to the structural integrity of these tubes. The aim of this work was to study the fracture toughness of an API 5L X70 steel tube welded by the HF/ERW process, from data obtained with CTOD tests bending specimens by three points, type SE (B) gull wing. The proposed methodology involved CTOD tests at various temperatures, including the ductile-brittle transition region, in order to assess the structural integrity of the material under critical operating conditions. The tests were performed based on the ASTM E1820 and BS7448 standards, and consisted of the use of specimens taken directly from the wall of the tube, with subsequent planning. In general, the base material samples showed good fracture toughness at all test temperatures, which did not occur with the samples of welded material, which presented low toughness. The toughness results obtained showed that the methodology used for the study of structural integrity by means of the CTOD tests with samples drawn directly from the wall of the tube, with subsequent planning, was adequate. Although the ASTM E1820 and BS7448 standards adopt different parameters for the determination of the CTOD value, it was observed that the CTOD values were very close.
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Atilio, Isabela. "Avaliação da tenacidade na região de transição dúctil-frágil de um tubo de aço grau API 5L soldado por HF/ERW /." Guaratinguetá, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/152080.

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Orientador: Marcelino Pereira do Nascimento
Banca: Antônio Jorge Abdalla
Banca: Sérgio Schneider
Resumo: O aumento da demanda por petróleo e seus derivados tem instigado o desenvolvimento de materiais para dutos com elevadas tenacidade à fratura e resistência mecânica, como os aços de alta resistência e baixa liga (ARBL) pertencentes às classes API. Aliada à utilização destes aços, a aplicação do processo de soldagem por resistência elétrica de alta frequência (HF/ERW) tem conquistado maior interesse no setor. Entretanto, defeitos nas juntas soldadas constituem uma das principais causas de falhas em dutos, principalmente quando associados às condições externas de operação, o que tem sido motivo para estudos relacionados à integridade estrutural destes tubos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a tenacidade à fratura de um tubo de aço API 5L X70 soldado pelo processo HF/ERW, a partir de dados obtidos com ensaios CTOD de espécimes de flexão por três pontos, tipo SE(B) "gull wing". A metodologia proposta envolveu ensaios de CTOD a variadas temperaturas, incluindo a região de transição dúctil-frágil, a fim de avaliar a integridade estrutural do material em condições críticas de operação. Os ensaios foram realizados com base nas normas ASTM E1820 e BS7448, e consistiram na utilização de corpos de prova retirados diretamente da parede do tubo, com posterior planificação. De forma geral, as amostras de material base apresentaram uma boa tenacidade à fratura em todas as temperaturas de ensaio, o que não aconteceu com as amostras de material de solda, que apresentaram baixa tenacidade... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The increasing demand for oil and its products has driven the development of materials for ducts with high fracture toughness and high mechanical strength, such as high strength low alloy (HSLA) steels, appertaining to the API classes. In addition to the use of these steels, the application of the high frequency resistance welding process (HF/ERW) has gained greater interest in the sector. However, defects in the welded joints are one of the most causes of failures in pipelines, especially when they are associated with external operating conditions, which has been the reason for studies related to the structural integrity of these tubes. The aim of this work was to study the fracture toughness of an API 5L X70 steel tube welded by the HF/ERW process, from data obtained with CTOD tests bending specimens by three points, type SE (B) gull wing. The proposed methodology involved CTOD tests at various temperatures, including the ductile-brittle transition region, in order to assess the structural integrity of the material under critical operating conditions. The tests were performed based on the ASTM E1820 and BS7448 standards, and consisted of the use of specimens taken directly from the wall of the tube, with subsequent planning. In general, the base material samples showed good fracture toughness at all test temperatures, which did not occur with the samples of welded material, which presented low toughness. The toughness results obtained showed that the methodology used for the study of structural integrity by means of the CTOD tests with samples drawn directly from the wall of the tube, with subsequent planning, was adequate. Although the ASTM E1820 and BS7448 standards adopt different parameters for the determination of the CTOD value, it was observed that the CTOD values were very close
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Books on the topic "ERW"

1

Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining. Explosive remnants of war (ERW): Information requirements. Geneva, Switzerland: Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining, 2003.

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Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining. Explosive remnants of war (ERW): A threat analysis. Geneva: Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining, 2002.

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Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining. Explosive remnants of war (ERW): Warnings and risk education. Geneva, Switzerland: Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining, 2003.

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Ziaee, Qudous. Livelihoods analysis of landmine/ERW affected communities: Third survey : Badakhshan province, Afghanistan. Kabul: Mine Action Coordination Centre of Afghanistan, 2013.

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Beal, Don. An office systems research workstations for Europe: ESPRIT project 1032 (ERW) : project report. London: Queen Mary College, Department of Computer Science and Statistics, 1987.

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Niarchos, Thanase s. Th. Ero s ero tas. 2nd ed. Athe na: Kastanio te, 1986.

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Viljoen, Lettie. Erf. Emmarentia, Suid-Afrika: Taurus, 1986.

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Shrigley, David. Err. 4th ed. London: Book Works, 2002.

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Shrigley, David. Err. 4th ed. London: Book Works, 2002.

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Err. 3rd ed. London: Book Works, 2000.

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Book chapters on the topic "ERW"

1

Brauer, Holger, and Hendrik Löbbe. "Pipe Manufacture-ERW Pipe." In Oil and Gas Pipelines, 203–10. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119019213.ch14.

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Schröder, Dierk. "Verluste und Erw¨armung im Antriebssystem." In Elektrische Antriebe - Grundlagen, 41–76. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-02990-5_2.

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Bandinelli, Sergio. "ERW’97 Session Report: Reuse Adoption Experiences Across a Large Corporation." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 249–56. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-68383-6_34.

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Abe, Masumi, Shunpei Sato, Kazuko Toh, Takeki Hamasaki, Noboru Nakamichi, Kiichiro Teruya, Yoshinori Katakura, Shinkatsu Morisawa, and Sanetaka Shirahata. "Suppressive Effect of ERW on Lipid Peroxidation and Plasma Triglyceride Level." In Basic and Applied Aspects, 315–21. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3892-0_52.

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Kim, Choong Myeong, Jung Kyu Kim, and Chul Su Kim. "Fatigue Life Evaluation of ERW Joint in the Pipe Using Monte-Carlo Simulation." In Key Engineering Materials, 3–9. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-978-4.3.

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Kähler, Gert. "Kunstgebäude Theodor Fischer 1912–1913 (Wiederaufbau: Paul Bonatz 1956–1958; Erw.: Günter Wilhelm 1961)." In Architektour, 32–39. Wiesbaden: Vieweg+Teubner Verlag, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-83912-1_6.

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Pfurtscheller, Gert, and Christa Neuper. "Movement and ERD/ERS." In The Bereitschaftspotential, 191–206. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0189-3_12.

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Relvas, Vânia, J. Miguel Sanches, and Patrícia Figueiredo. "Scalp EEG Continuous Space ERD/ERS Quantification." In Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis, 616–23. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38628-2_73.

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"Labornormalwerte (Erw.)." In Klinikleitfaden Orthopädie Unfallchirurgie, 1–2. Elsevier, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-3-437-22473-7.15001-0.

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"Referenzwerte Labor (Erw.)." In Klinikleitfaden Neurologie, I—II. Elsevier, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-3-437-23143-8.15001-2.

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Conference papers on the topic "ERW"

1

Kania, Richard, Ralf Weber, and Stefan Klein. "Investigation and Assessment of Low-Frequency ERW Seam Imperfections by EMAT and CMFL ILI." In 2014 10th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2014-33294.

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The occurrence of low-frequency Electric Resistance Welded (LF-ERW) or Electric Flash Welded (EFW) line pipe imperfections has been the root cause of many integrity management initiatives to minimize and mitigate the risk of pipeline failure across the oil & gas pipeline industry. Since their first appearance in the 1920s, defects in or near the LF-ERW and EFW seam repeatedly lead to either hydrostatic test or in-service failures. Where in the past In-Line Inspection (ILI) technologies might have experienced limitations in addressing vintage ERW line pipe defects, modern smart ILI technologies show enhanced capabilities. High resolution Electro-Magnetic Acoustic Transducer (EMAT) and Circumferential Magnetic Flux Leakage (CMFL) ILI technologies have advanced in the recent years enabling more challenging inspections. This paper summarizes the inspection results of 22″ ERW line pipe defects detected and reported by EMAT and CMFL. Correlation of ILI and manual NDE data enables evaluation of current ILI capabilities and improvement of current defect assessment methods.
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Han, Seong-Wook, Soo-Chang Kang, Jiwoon Yi, and Ho-Kyung Kim. "Numerical Evaluation of Mechanical Property Change and Collapse Strength of ERW Pipes Considering Manufacturing Process." In ASME 2018 37th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2018-77729.

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Along with the development of the energy industry, demand for oil and gas pipelines has increased, and as the low oil price era has been prolonged, more economical pipe design and construction are required. Typical examples are ERW pipes used as OCTG or reel-lay pipeline. The ERW pipe is made by passing the plate through continuous rollers, where repetitive loading and unloading causes unintentional plastic deformation and changes in initial steel properties. So, this study focused on both the change of mechanical properties during manufacturing process and collapse strength of ERW pipe considering the Bauschinger effect in order to produce more economical and high performance steel pipe. In this paper, the ERW manufacturing process was divided into three stages: forming station, sizing station, and flattening station. The ERW manufacturing process was simulated as 3D nonlinear finite element models using ABAQUS (6.14-1). Then, the change of mechanical properties at each process station was examined through finite element analysis and PEEQ, Alpha, and residual stress in each process station were evaluated for maintaining continuity of analysis. And flattening station where the reverse bending gives a large change in the mechanical properties was also performed. Finally, the collapse strength of the ERW pipe was evaluated in consideration of the change in compression strength during the manufacturing process. The ABAQUS analytical model was verified by showing analytical results to be identical with the outer diameter measured from the full-scale size pipes. Using the developed analytical model, it is possible to numerically predict the mechanical properties and collapse strength of ERW pipe.
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Han, Seong-Wook, Soo-Chang Kang, Jiwoon Yi, and Ho-Kyung Kim. "Prediction of Mechanical Properties of ERW Pipes Considering Manufacturing Process Through Numerical Analysis." In 2018 12th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2018-78491.

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Along with the development of the energy industry, demand for oil and gas pipelines has increased, and as the low oil price era has been prolonged, more economical pipe design and construction are required. Especially, ERW pipe has been expanding its range of applications, which is advantageous in terms of productivity and price. ERW pipes are made by passing through continuous rollers, where unintentional plastic deformation such as the Bauschinger effect occurs. Since plastic deformation caused by repetitive loading and unloading changes the initial properties of steel, it is necessary to precisely predict the final properties of the pipe as well as an accurate understanding of the manufacturing process. So, this study focused on evaluating the effects of manufacturing process considering plastic deformation for high performance ERW pipe manufacturing. In this paper, three manufacturing process stages of ERW pipe were simulated as 3D nonlinear finite element models using ABAQUS: forming stage, sizing stage, and flattening stage. And the ABAQUS model was verified by comparison with the outer diameter measured from full-scale size pipes. In order to maintain the continuity of analysis between each manufacturing process stage, PEEQ, Alpha and residual stress were obtained from each manufacturing process stage, and then these mechanical properties were mapped to the next manufacturing process stage. And change of mechanical properties during the each manufacturing process stage were examined. Finally, the change of material properties at the flattening stage where reverse bending occurs was evaluated, especially in influence of sizing ratio on the flattening stage. Through the developed analytical model, numerical prediction of the mechanical properties of ERW pipe is possible.
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Han, Seong-Wook, Yeun Chul Park, Soo-Chang Kang, Ho-Kyung Kim, and Jiwoon Yi. "Collapse Pressure Enhancement of Offshore Pipeline Considering ERW Pipe Manufacturing Process." In ASME 2020 39th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2020-19313.

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Abstract As the application of electric resistance welded (ERW) pipes in deep-water increases, accurate structural performance assessment satisfying the limit state, which is collapse performance, is necessary. Advantages of ERW pipes are effective productivity coming from continuous manufacturing process, but it is hard to track change in mechanical properties during manufacturing. In this study, the ERW pipe manufacturing process was simulated as a three-dimensional finite element method, and the collapse analysis was performed by reflecting the results of the ERW pipe manufacturing process. The results showed that adjustment of ERW pipe manufacturing process had a significant effect on enhancement of collapse performance.
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Hamatani, Hideki, Funinori Watanabe, Nobuo Mizuhashi, Sunao Takeuchi, Yoshiaki Hirota, Shigeharu Matsubayashi, Kazumoto Tsukakoshi, et al. "Development of Laminar Plasma Shielded HF-ERW Process: Advanced Welding Process of HF-ERW 3." In 2012 9th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2012-90214.

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High frequency - electric resistance welded (HF-ERW) pipe has been successfully used for many years for a number of applications. The benefits of HF-ERW pipe are considerable, including a higher dimensional tolerance and lower prices than seamless pipe and UO pipe. The conventional weld seam produced by HF-ERW, however, often has a relatively low toughness. We have developed an automatic heat input control technique based on ERW phenomena that relies on optical and electrical monitoring methods and has been shown to result in a significant improvement in the toughness. Shielding of the weld area must also be considered as a key factor in the formation of a sound weld. It has been shown that an inert cold gas (e.g., at room temperature) shielding technique is effective for maintaining a stable low oxygen state in the weld area that inhibits the formation of penetrator, a pancake oxide inclusions. Compared to the cold gas shielding technique, high temperature gas shielding, due to its higher kinetic viscosity coefficient, should make it easier to sustain a higher laminar flow, thus leading to a rather low air entrainment in the shielding gas. In addition, plasma is a much higher temperature state (∼6000 K), and the dissociated gases can react with the entrained oxygen; plasma jets should, therefore, enhance the overall shielding effects. Moreover, oxides on the strip edges can be expected to melt and/or be reduced by the high temperature plasma jets. Nippon Steel has developed a plasma torch that can generate a long and wide laminar argon – nitrogen – (hydrogen) jet. This paper describes the results obtained from our investigation of the effects of a plasma jet shield on the weld area of high strength line pipe with a yield strength grade of X65. Preliminary attempts in applying this novel shielding technique has been found, as expected, to demonstrate extremely low numbers of weld defects and a good low temperature toughness of the HF-ERW seam.
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Shaohua Dong and He Sun. "Optimization of ERW pipe batch planning." In 2011 2nd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Management Science and Electronic Commerce (AIMSEC). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/aimsec.2011.6009873.

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Zhang, Guangli, Jinheng Luo, Xinwei Zhao, Hua Zhang, Liang Zhang, and Yi Zhang. "Research on the Fatigue Character of ERW Pipe Welded Seam and Fatigue Life Assessment Method." In 2010 8th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2010-31226.

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The fatigue character of electric resistance weld (ERW) seams in API X65 grade line pipe steel at the stress ratio of 0.1 and 0.6 have been investigated. Repeated loading was applied to compact tension specimen, and the fatigue crack propagation rate and threshold of X65 ERW pipe seam are tested using high-frequency fatigue testing machine. Radiographic inspection has shown that the crack caused by the cold welding is the main weld defect in the ERW pipe. Based on the failure assessment diagram (FAD) recommended in the API 579-2007 and the Miner’s linear cumulative damage model, considering the influence of stress ratio to the fatigue life, the fatigue life assessment method for the ERW pipe containing seam defects is established.
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Shin, Min Hyo, Jong Man Han, Young Su Lee, and Hee Woong Kang. "Study on Defect Formation Mechanisms in ERW for API Steel." In 2014 10th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2014-33082.

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In this study, defect formation mechanisms in the ERW (electric resistance welding) process for API pipe production were investigated. The results showed that defects observed in the weld joint of ERW pipe are a main factor in the deterioration of the mechanical properties of welded joints. From systematical research, it was clear that the crucial main defects of ERW pipe are caused by large inclusions with complex compositions after the steel making process and penetrators formed during ERW welding with excessive heat input condition. In order to guarantee the toughness of the weld joints, after theoretical and experimental considerations ERW pipe weld defect reducing methods can be recommended. According to previous test results, it was clear that the hook cracks caused by large inclusions were reduced by selecting the slag composition ratio of CaO and Al2O3 at the eutectoid point during steel making process. On the other hand, in case of the penetrator formation type defects, it was defined that by controlling of the heat input in the optimization range was the best solution for decreasing the penetrator formation.
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Kiefner, John, Michael Rosenfeld, Peter Veloo, and Troy Rovella. "Estimating Toughness for LF and DC Welded ERW Seams." In 2020 13th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2020-9255.

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Abstract ERW pipe materials, particularly those manufactured prior to 1970, have exhibited higher rates of failures from seam manufacturing defects than other types of pipe materials. Typically, the seam bond line regions of low-frequency (LF) and direct-current (DC) welded ERW pipe materials exhibit poor resistance to manufacturing defects. The toughness of the bond line region is difficult to determine, and it is likely to vary from one piece of pipe to another. Pipeline operators must address the risk of ERW seam failures as part of their integrity management plans, but it is unlikely that they will know the toughness levels in the seams of their pipelines comprised of such materials. To avoid having to know the toughness levels in the seams, a pipeline operator can utilize a hydrostatic test to verify the integrity of a vintage ERW pipeline, but there are disadvantages the main one being that the pipeline must be taken out of service. Most likely an operator will choose to use an ILI crack tool to locate ERW seam anomalies to avoid having to take the pipeline out of service. Even if the seam defects can be located, correctly sized, and classified, however, the operator may have no idea of the effective toughness that is the key to deciding whether or not a given crack has to be excavated and repaired. Presented herein are two options for improving the effectiveness of an ILI integrity assessment of a pipeline with low toughness ERW seams. • Option 1 involves assuming a conservative level of toughness. Some such levels are available in the publicly available documents. Data from a large database of ERW seam failures are used to show the effectiveness of a fixed level of toughness at identifying critical defects while minimizing unnecessary digs. • Option 2 consists of first: back-calculating the toughness levels associated with the known crack sizes and failure pressures of the defects in the database of ERW seam failures, and second: calculating the probability that each type of defect would have been correctly identified at a particular level of confidence using a particular level of toughness. Using either of these options, a pipeline operator can improve the effectiveness of an ILI-crack-tool integrity assessment of a pipeline comprised of LF or DC welded ERW seams by reducing the number of unnecessary excavations while still being able to find the critical defects with an acceptable level of confidence.
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Cazenave, Pablo, Samarth Tandon, Katina Tinacos, Ming Gao, David C. Katz, Sergio Limon, and Michael Van Hook. "Remaining Life Assessment of ERW Flaws: A Case Study." In 2012 9th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2012-90472.

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Recent failures in seam weld pipe have raised concerns within the pipeline industry over the integrity of such welded pipe. Low-Frequency (LF) Electric Resistance Welded (ERW) pipe manufactured prior to 1970, in particular, can be susceptible to failures caused by hook cracks, lack of fusion and other planar defects should the weld area exhibit low toughness. Integrity management regulations and Pipeline operators are evaluating potential methodologies to address and mitigate the LF-ERW seam weld threat. A program has been initiated at Williams Northwest Pipeline GP (NWPGP) to address the integrity management of its pre-70s ERW pipelines. In this case study, as part of an overall integrity management program, a hydrostatic test and fatigue analysis based methodology for addressing the LF-ERW seam weld threat is presented. The methodology was applied to 15 pre-1970’s natural gas pipelines. The results and findings are summarized in terms of the integrity threat mitigation and maintenance strategies.
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Reports on the topic "ERW"

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Fields, R. J., E. N. Pugh, D. T. Read, and J. H. Smith. An assessment of the performance and reliability of older ERW pipelines. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.89-4136.

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V., Ingram, Mala W., Awono A., and Schure J. Eru in Cameroon. Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.17528/cifor/004639.

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CHEN, KENNETH C., and WILLIAM P. BRIGHAM. EBW Gapping Study. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/810620.

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Lamb, Kyle E. Trinity Era Storage. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1169674.

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Jain, A. R&D ERL: Magnetic measurements of the ERL magnets. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1013499.

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Gondrom, T., R. Brandner, and U. Pordesch. Evidence Record Syntax (ERS). RFC Editor, August 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc4998.

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Schofer, Ralph E. Implementation plan - Internal Revenue Service strategic initiatives ERR-9 and ERR-11. Gaithersburg, MD: National Bureau of Standards, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nbs.ir.86-3336.

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Manger, Trevor. Exceedance Response Action (ERA) Level 1 Report and ERA Level 2 Action Plan. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1814065.

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Gassner, D. R&D ERL: Diagnostics. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1013448.

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Mahler, G. R&D ERL: Magnet. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1013452.

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