Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Escape Reaction'
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Bonenfant, Marjolaine. "Escape and vocal responses of eastern chipmunks (Tamias striatus) to simulated aerial predator attack." Thesis, McGill University, 1996. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=23989.
Full textArafiles, Jan Vincent Valenzuela. "Macropinocytosis-Inducing Peptides: Identification, Utility, and Mechanism-of-Action." Kyoto University, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/259021.
Full textPirri, Jennifer K. "The Role of Ion Channels in Coordinating Neural Circuit Activity in Caenorhabditis elegans: A Dissertation." eScholarship@UMMS, 2013. http://escholarship.umassmed.edu/gsbs_diss/662.
Full textDonnelly, Jamie L. "Tyraminergic G Protein-Coupled Receptors Modulate Locomotion and Navigational Behavior In C. Elegans: A Dissertation." eScholarship@UMMS, 2011. https://escholarship.umassmed.edu/gsbs_diss/575.
Full textIbrahim, Karim Yaqub. "Escape transitório da viremia plasmática de HIV-1 e falência virológica em indivíduos sob terapêutica anti-retroviral: incidência e fatores associados." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5134/tde-04112010-171645/.
Full textBACKGROUND: HIV-1-infected patients under antiretroviral therapy may present intermittent viremia (blip); however, predictors of this outcome and its influence on the incidence of virologic failure remain controversial in the literature. The aim of this study is to estimate the incidence of blip and virologic failure in a cohort of patients under stable antiretroviral therapy and to investigate their associated factors. Blip was defined as a plasma HIVRNA load above 50 copies/mL followed by a subsequent value below 50 copies/mL. Virologic failure was defined as two consecutives measures of viral load above 50 copies/mL. Moreover, at time of occurrence of these outcomes, HIV genotyping assays were performed in search of drug resistance-associated mutations, and plasma concentrations of nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase and protease inhibitors assessed and compared with self-reported adhrence to therapy. METHODS: 350 subjects (250 male and 100 female) were enrolled at the HIV Clinic, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil and followed for 78 weeks. At baseline and in 3-month interval follow-up visits we collected sociodemographic data and information on presumed mode of HIV acquisition, use of and adherence to antiretrovirals, comorbidities and use of alcohol and illicit drugs. Additionally, patients were questioned about potential predictors of the outcomes, including occurrence of other diseases, immunizations and risky sexual behavior. Blood samples were drawn for assessment of HIV plasma viral loads, using ultrasensitive RT-PCR, and T CD4+ cell counts by flow cytometry. Individuals who presented blip and/or virologic failure were submitted to HIV genotyping assays and assessment of antiretroviral plasma concentrations by high-performance liquid chromatography. Incidences of blip and virological failure were estimated and associated factors investigated, using a multiple logistic regression model. RESULTS: The incidence of blip and of virologic failure were 9.4/100 and 4.2/100 person-years, respectively. Three individuals presented virologic failure after blip episodes. On multivariate analysis, non-adherence to safer sex measures in the previous month was shown independently associated with the occurrence of blip (OR 24.64, 95%CI 4.40 137.88, p<0.001) and virologic failure (OR 24.69, 95%CI 4.20 145.18, p<0.001). In addition, history of multiple exposures to antiretroviral regimens was also a predictor of blip (OR 1.82, 95%CI 1.41 2.36, p<0.001) and virologic failure (OR 1.67, 95%CI 1.19 2.35, p<0.001). Blips were not predictive of virologic failure. A larger number of HIV mutations were identified at time of virologic failure, as compared to blip episodes, with mutations detected predominantly in the reverse transcriptase (RT) gene, probably due to larger exposure to RT inhibitors. Eighty-four out of 122 assessments of antiretroviral plasma concentrations analyzed in 120 samples resulted in the therapeutic range. However, these results were concordant with self-reported adherence to therapy in 69% of cases only. This study shows that a single blip episode may be considered benign, whereas virologic failure could result from accumulation of HIV drug resistance-associated mutations that may impair the efficacy of therapy. Both study outcomes occurred more frequently among patients with larger exposure to antiretrovirals, and therefore they should be monitored in this regard. An important contribution of this study concerns the assessment of antiretroviral plasma concentrations, a simple and low cost laboratory tool. Incorporated routinely in patient follow-up, it would help monitoring adherence to therapy and reduce the need for HIV genotyping assays
Araujo, Thiago Lopes da Silva. "Desempenho de reator anaeróbio híbrido (leito fixo e manta de lodo) tratando esgoto sanitário em escala piloto." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18138/tde-02102014-095241/.
Full textThe increase of the treatability capacity of a UASB (Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket) reactor by introducing an innovative packing material (Biobob®) in its reaction zone was evaluated. The hybrid anaerobic reactor (HAnR) containing suspended and immobilized biomass was evaluated regarding its efficiency of removing organic matter (expressed as COD chemical oxygen demand) and suspended solids (expressed as TSS total suspended solids) under lower hydraulic detention time (HDT) and higher upflow velocities (v s). The anaerobic reactor operation, with 12.5 m³ of working volume, was conducted in two phases. In the first phase, the system was operated as a conventional UASB reactor with HRT of 8.8 h and vs of 0.63 m.h -1 . In the second phase, 5.0 m³ of packing material Biobob® was introduced inside the reaction bed, changing the reactor configuration from suspended growth to hybrid growth. In this condition, the hybrid anaerobic reactor (HAnR) was subjected to decreasing flowrates with HDT ranging from 7.4 h (vs of 0.66 m.h-1) to 3.9 h (vs of 1.25 m.h-1). For both phases, the feed was domestic wastewater (after screens and grit chambers) at ambient temperature. Under similar operation conditions, the HAnR performed better than the UASB reactor increasing at 18% and 30% the COD and TSS removal efficiencies, respectively. For vs of 1.25±0.02 m.h-1 and HDT of 3.9±1.0 h, the HAnR produced a very high quality effluent, with average COD and TSS concentration of 205±46 mg DQOt.L-1 and 73±30 mg SST.L-1 and removal efficiencies of 55±9% and 63±14% for CODt and SST, respectively.
Gaudencio, Bruno Orlando. "Reator anaeróbio híbrido (leito fixo e manta de lodo) em escala plena tratando esgoto sanitário: avaliação da nova configuração." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18138/tde-29032017-114253/.
Full textThis study aimed to assess the feasibility of implementing a hybrid anaerobic reactor (HAnR) at full scale for treating wastewater containing Biobob® as a packing material for cell immobilization. The reactor volume is 2,495 m3 and was the result of an adaptation of a UASB reactor by introducing 1,000 m3 of packing material Biobob® in the reaction volume of the reactor, turning it into a hybrid anaerobic reactor with fixed bed and sludge blanket. The reactor was monitored for 480 consecutive days and evaluated their performance with the gradual increase of the average flow and the flow resulting from peak hours and periods of high rainfall. The reactor showed good performance throughout the operational period, maintaining the quality of treated efluente (COD effluent of 178 ± 30 mg. L-1 and TSS 54 ± 25 mg. L-1) even when subjected to high hydraulic loads provided by rainy periods, showing up as an excellent alternative to increase the UASB treatment capacity without the need for expansion physical the reactor. For an average HRT of 5.8 h, which corresponds to a period in which there were several peaks flow, the reactor remained stable throughout the period, with values in the effluent COD and TSS of 169 ± 24 mg.L-1 and 47 ± 17 mg.L-1, respectively. Approximately 70% of the total biomass present in the reactor was in suspension in the sludge bed and 30% adhered to the support material, and both fractions fundamental to the performance and stability of the treatment. The observed yield of biomass production (Yobs) was 0.182 g CODr.VSS.g-1. Considering the organic load removed by the total COD of influent and effluent COD filtered, the Y\'obs was 0.143 g CODr.VSS.g-1. The sludge production (considering only the disposal of solid by conventional means) was 0.073 g COD.TS.g-1 .Both biomass fractions (suspended and attached) have similar potential to methanogenic conditions with organic load of 0.57 g COD.g-1 SVT. The production of electricity estimated to reuse biogas generated in HAnR, for the average flow of the period 7,170 m3.d-1, was 31,798 kW.h.mês-1, equivalent to 10% of the current monthly energy consumption in the sewage treatment plant. The use of this energy would result in a monthly savings of R$ 17,170.73.
Kawamura, Kazuyuki. "Myelin-reactive type B T cells and T cells specific for low-affinity MHC-binding myelin peptides escape tolerance in HLA-DR transgenic mice." Kyoto University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/124346.
Full textOrozco, López Yasna. "Estudio del Efecto del tipo y concentración de espumante en la selectividad del proceso de flotación a escala laboratorio." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2012. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/111986.
Full textLa flotación de minerales es una técnica de separación selectiva de partículas en base a su hidrofobicidad. En ella se utiliza una serie de reactivos, entre los que se encuentran los espumantes, cuya función principal es la de contribuir a la formación de burbujas de tamaño pequeño y una fase de espuma estable. En este trabajo se estudia el efecto que tienen los espumantes sobre la relación entre recuperación de agua y recuperación por arrastre de partículas hidrofílicas en una celda de flotación a escala laboratorio. Para estudiar este efecto se realizaron pruebas con espumantes de distinta estructura molecular (alcoholes y polietilenglicoles), primero en ausencia de partículas, para caracterizar el sistema, y posteriormente en presencia de partículas hidrofílicas de cuarzo. Los resultados muestran diferencias de comportamiento entre alcoholes y polietilenglicoles. Para la recuperación de agua, los polietilenglicoles estudiados (PEG400, PEG300 y PEG200) llevan más agua al concentrado que los alcoholes. En el caso de la recuperación por arrastre, son los alcoholes (octanol, heptanol, MIBC y hexanol) los que arrastran más partículas de sólido al concentrado. Los factores de arrastre (ENT) muestran menor valor para polietilenglicoles que para alcoholes, es decir, a igual recuperación de agua, estos últimos arrastran mayor cantidad de partículas, lo que se podría traducir en un efecto diferenciado sobre la selectividad del proceso de flotación. Esto puede deberse a que alcoholes y polietilenglicoles generan distintas estructuras de espuma, las que a su vez afectan tanto recuperación de agua como recuperación por arrastre. Se observa que tanto para alcoholes como para polietilenglicoles el factor ENT aumenta con el peso molecular de los espumantes. Para corroborar si existe un efecto sobre la selectividad del proceso de flotación, se realizaron pruebas de flotación con polietilenglicol (PEG300) y octanol con un mineral preparado de cuarzo más calcopirita, obteniéndose una mayor ley acumulada de cobre en el caso de PEG300, lo cual es consistente con la diferencia observada en factores de arrastre. Se observó también una gran diferencia en las constantes cinéticas de flotación (0,414 [min-1] para PEG300 y 0,184 [min-1] para octanol) que podría estar relacionada con un aumento en el espesor de película de líquido asociado a la superficie de burbuja.
Allendes, Arcos Hans Mauro. "Diseño y estudio de un reactor a escala banco para la biooxidación de azufre elemental." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2014. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/116796.
Full textIngeniero Civil en Biotecnología
El presente trabajo reporta el estudio realizado en un reactor a escala banco para la oxidación biológica de perlas de azufre elemental, en el cual se genera ácido sulfúrico que será utilizado más adelante en la producción sustentable de fosfatos desde una roca fosfórica. Para lo anterior, se utilizó como punto de partida el cultivo de la arquea Sulfolobus metallicus en matraces agitados a 67°C, crecidas sobre perlas de azufre elemental. A partir de esta manipulación, se implementaron fases de escalamiento que contemplaron un reactor agitado tipo batch y su símil en modo continuo, ambos con condiciones de operación derivadas directamente de los matraces. En modo batch se monitorearon periódicamente el pH, acidez del medio, concentración de sulfato en solución y conteo de células planctónicas. Los resultados obtenidos indicaron un buen escalamiento desde los matraces, con valores similares a trabajos previos que utilizaron aquel sistema de reacción. Además, a partir de lo registrado en el conteo celular, se obtuvo una tasa específica de crecimiento celular (µ) en batch igual a 0,056 [h-1], desde la cual se propusieron 4 flujos de operación para el modo continuo, los cuales fueron de 0,9 1,8 2,7 y 3,6 [mL/min]. Con ellos en operación, se registraron las mismas variables evaluadas en batch, además de determinar el tiempo requerido para estabilizar el pH, medida usada en la detección de cada estado estacionario. Los registros variaron al aumentar el flujo, observando que las cantidades de ácido, sulfato y células disminuyeron, aumentando el pH en el biorreactor. Por su parte, el tiempo transiente necesario para alcanzar cada estacionario se situó en un rango entre 24 y 40 [horas]. A partir de los resultados de producción de ácido sulfúrico y sulfato en solución, se generó un modelo similar a los utilizados en fermentadores continuos, asumiendo la existencia de dos tipos de células: las adheridas al azufre y las suspendidas en el medio de reacción (planctónicas). El modelo se trabajó ignorando el crecimiento de las arqueas en suspensión, y siguiendo dos casos de estudio: suponer una tasa µ constante para todos los flujos versus un caso de µ variable por flujo. El modelo entregó valores para la tasa específica de crecimiento (el mejor de 0,022 [h-1]), además del rendimiento de producción por arquea (alrededor de 10-10 [g producto/arquea]). Este último resultado fue similar al utilizar ácido sulfúrico o sulfato indistintamente como medidas de producto. Además, un estudio de la aireación reveló que el sistema poseía un nivel de oxígeno adecuado para la operación, estimando una producción máxima posible de 0,0014 [g/min] de ácido sulfúrico. En conclusión, el sistema implementado resultó ser un exitoso primer acercamiento a la tecnología de reactores utilizando Sulfolobus metallicus creciendo sobre azufre elemental a 67°C, y debe someterse a un estudio de ingeniería más acabado, tal que permita realizar una biooxidación de azufre compatible con la necesidad de una lixiviación sostenible de fosfatos.
Alencar, Maria de Jesus Freitas de. "ReaÃÃes hansÃnicas em pÃs alta de poliquimioterapia: fatores associados e visÃo dos usuÃrios numa Ãrea endÃmica do Brasil." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2012. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=9255.
Full textIntroduction: Leprosy reactions are classified as type 1 (reversal reaction - RR), type 2 (Erythema Nodosum Leprosum - ENL) and pure neuritis. These lead to a potential risk of developing disabilities and deformities before and during anti-leprosy treatment as well as after release from treatment (RFT). Reactions must be diagnosed early and treated effectively. This research is justified by the scarcity of studies on the occurrence of reactions, monitoring practices of patients and factors associated with reaction episodes after RFT. We know little about existing diagnostic problems, about case management from the perspective of the affected persons with reactions.Methods: Transversal study design, consisting of a simplified neurological examination, a dermato-neurological examination and interviews of the defined target group. Five municipalities were included in the cluster areas: Araguaina (Tocantins), Floriano (PiauÃ), Bacabal and Caxias (MaranhÃo) and Marabà (ParÃ). The target population consisted of all resident individuals with leprosy reactions after being released from multidrug therapy, who presented themselves to the health services in the period 2007 to 2009, regardless of the date of start of treatment. We compared the EHF (eye-hand-foot) scores at diagnosis and during the respondentsâ examinations. In another analysis we compared the presence of disability scores (0-1) to the current EHF scores. In the analysis we used the Chi square test and for those associations where the expected value was less than 5 we used Fischerâs exact test. Results: A total of 280 patients were included in the study. Of those, 190 (67.9%) were male. The ages ranged from 8 to 85 years, with a mean of 46.5 years. Six patients were under 15 years and five aged between 15 and 17 years. The average monthly income of the respondents was R$ 1,077.00 (around â400) with values between R$ 60 (â22) and R$ 6,000 (â2200). More than ninety per cent lived in urban areas. As for education, 53 persons (18.9%) were illiterate and 53.6% had an incomplete primary education. In total 45 patients (16.1%) were classified as PB and 232 (83.7%) were classified as MB. The predominant clinical form (Madrid classification) was dimorphous in 115 (41.1%) cases, followed by 82 lepromatous forms (29.6%). Type 1 reaction was present in 104 patients (37.1%), type 2 reactions in 18.6% of cases and pure neuritis in 13.9%. An associated neuritis was found in 51.9% of patients with type 2 reactions. The frequency of reaction episodes ranged from one to six. One episode only was developed by 215 patients (77.3%). The first episode occurred during anti-leprosy treatment for 121 patients (43.2%), followed in frequency of occurrence by patients after RFT. The EHF score at the time of diagnosis ranged from 0 to 11. At the time of the examination the EHF score range was 0-10, with a predominance of scores between 1 and 4. In 88 out of 198 patients (44.4%) their scores worsened. The risk of worsening was associated with the following socio-demographic variables: being illiterate (PR = 1.64, 95% CI: 1.21 - 2.21, p = 0.003), being widower (PR = 1.98, 95% CI: 1.20 - 3.96, p = 0.013). A protective factor was found: having completed secondary school education (PR = 0.4, 95% CI: 0.23 - 0.71 p = 0.000). Worsening of the EHF scores was associated with borderline leprosy (PR = 3.71, 95% CI: 1.00 - 13.70, p = 0.009), having had a reaction during MDT (PR = 1, 70; 95% CI 1.13 to 2.54 P = 0.004), and the presence of a thickened nerve (PR = 1, 78, 95% CI: 1.30 - 3.08 p = 0.024). In the patientsâ health seeking behaviour towards diagnosis, self-perception of symptoms was reported by 240 respondents (85.8%). Dermatological symptoms were the main complaint, in 176 (62.9%) cases. Primary health care services were the first point of entry for 95 patients (34%). The main reaction symptoms mentioned were of dermatological nature, in 115 (42%) cases Neurological complaints were mentioned by 97 (35.4%) respondents. In total, 206 out of the 280 patients (73, 5%) responded that leprosy brought about changes, problems and troubles in their lives. Among the intrapersonal changes, physical changes played an important role for 129 (62.6%) participants. These changes led to limitations in work performance and income, as well as causing restrictions in activities of daily living. Conclusions: Episodes of reactions worsen physical and psycho-social impairments, reduce social participation, cause problems at work and hamper activities of daily living. It is necessary to focus on the quality of life of individuals after RFT, especially among those with already established physical disabilities. The EHF score is an important tool to detect the progression of physical disability. The tool should be used in the diagnostic procedure, at the time of RFT and during reactions for all patients. Primary health care services and reference centres in the municipalities involved need to improve monitoring persons after RFT. Improved monitoring is needed not just in those patients with existing disabilities (DG1 and DG2), but also for those without disability present at discharge. Evidence indicates the need for empowerment of people affected by leprosy to deal effectively with the signs and symptoms of reaction after MDT. It is suggested to establish a system for monitoring and surveillance of reactions for a period of minimally six months up to five years after RFT. This surveillance is especially important considering that patients may develop neurological impairment gradually and without presenting symptoms, with the subsequent possibility of physical and psycho-social harm.
Lima, Giselle Fernandes Maciel de Castro. "Análise comparativa da PCR em tempo real, nested PCR e teste imunocromatográfico em amostras de sangue processadas em pool, como plataforma de diagnóstico molecular e sorológico de malária em larga escala." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5134/tde-02082011-163505/.
Full textThe diagnosis of malaria is based on the thick blood film as reference test, but the consensus is that it is necessary to adopt alternatives in specific situations, with more sensitive techniques that could be applied in the processing of large numbers of samples in clinical and epidemiological studies or in the screening of donors at blood banks. The purpose of this study was to analyze and compare the real-time PCR, the nested PCR and a rapid test for detection of specific antibodies against Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax, to build a platform for malaria diagnosis in pooled samples, reducing the number of tests and providing relatively low cost. For the tests analysis, we used 50 blood samples positive for Plasmodium, according to the prevalence of the species in Brazil (75% P. vivax, 22% P. falciparum and 3% P. malariae), with diagnosis performed by the gold standard method. In addition, 48 blood samples negative for Plasmodium were selected for negative control and production of 15 pools containing positive and negative samples. Four of the malaria negative samples were positive for other diseases. Both the positive and negative samples were submitted to individual testing of real-time PCR, nested PCR and immunochromatographic test SD Bioline Pf/Pv for the detection of malaria. To check the quality of DNA, a conventional PCR was included, with amplification of a sequence of the -globin human gene as internal control. Subsequently the samples were analyzed in pools by molecular and serological tests. In individual tests, 45/49 samples were positive for Plasmodium by real time PCR, with sensitivity of 91.84% and (48/48) 100.00% specificity, 46/49 samples detected Plasmodium by nested PCR, with sensitivity of 93.88% and (12/12) specificity 100.00%; 32/46 samples were positive on serological test SD Bioline, with sensitivity of 69.56% and (10/10) 100.00% specificity. In tests with pooled samples, 13 pools (86.66%) were positive by real time PCR; the nested PCR also had positive results in the same 13 pools (86.66%). Immunochromatographic test SD Bioline Pf/Pv showed sensitivity of 73.33% compared with blood smear. Both real-time PCR and the nested PCR showed good sensitivity and specificity in samples analyzed individually and in pools, unlike the SD Bioline test. Both molecular methods showed similar performance, with good results in accuracy and validity indicators, such as sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values. Considering the advantages inherent in real-time PCR, a fast test that is processed in closed systems without post-amplification handling, this method should be indicated as first choice for diagnosis of malaria in large numbers of samples, followed by nested PCR for species determination. Serological test, that is specific for antibodies against P. vivax and P. falciparum, could be used as a supplementary method for diagnosis of malaria
Uenveren, Ercan. "Characterization of Cr 2 O 3 catalysts for Cl/F exchange reactions." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät I, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/15094.
Full textThe Cr2O3 is one of the most important catalysts in the chlorine/fluorine (Cl/F) exchange reactions for the production of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) alternatives. It is established as an excellent heterogeneous catalyst for fluorination reactions. The dismutation of CCl2F2 was used to probe the effect of halogenation of chromia on Cl/F exchange reactions in order to find out the difference between the inactive and active catalysts. The heterogeneous reactions were performed in a continuous flow Ni reactor and also under simulated reaction conditions in a reactor where after the reaction the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and the X-ray excited Auger electron spectroscopy (XAES) analyses could be followed directly without air contact, under so called ´´in-situ´´ conditions. In order to be able to apply the Cr(III) 2p XPS analysis in the proper manner the spectroscopic features of the chromium(III) compounds of O, F and Cl were re-investigated. Latest generation of XPS spectrometers, which are able to analyze non-conductive powders with ultimate energy resolution, were used to reveal multiplet splitting features and satellite emission in the Cr 2p spectra. The energy positions of the multiplets were determined by total electron yield (TEY)- X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy. Using both high resolution XPS and XANES spectra a peak-fit analysis, which is also applicable for normally resolved Cr 2p XPS spectrum, was proposed. In order to overcome the known background problem by drawing the background in the broad Cr 2p window including the high binding energy satellite, a modified Shirley background, which is a combination of a linear and Shirley function, was used. Moreover, the spectroscopic features of the Cr(III) 3s XPS spectrum, which is relatively simpler than the Cr 2p one, were also surveyed. An alternative chemical analysis was proposed by using chemical state plots for Cr 3s. Both ex- and in-situ ESCA show that as soon as Cr2O3 is conducted to CCl2F2 at 390 °C fluorination as well as chlorination takes place at the catalyst surface. When the XPS surface composition reaches approximately 4 atom-% fluorination and 6 atom-% chlorination, maximum catalytic activity is obtained. Applying longer reaction times do not change significantly the obtained surface composition of the activated chromia. The fluorination and chlorination of chromia was further investigated by various HF and HCl treatments as well. The activated chromia samples and reference samples with well known chemical structure were also characterized by XANES, time of flight - static secondary ion mass spectroscopy (TOF-SSIMS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), fluorine solid state NMR, pyridine-FTIR, wet chemical (F and Cl) analysis, X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and surface area (BET) analysis. The results for the references Cr2O3, Cr(OH)3, CrF2(OH), CrF3.3H2O, alpha-CrF3, beta-CrF3 and CrCl3 and activated Cr2O3 samples were compared. The applied characterization methods suggest that the formation of chromium oxide chloride fluoride species, e.g. chromium oxide halides, at the surface is sufficient to provide catalytic activity. The presence of any CrF3 and/or CrCl3 phases on the activated chromia samples was not detected.
Dias, Pâmela Castilho. "Tratamento da fração líquida de estrume bovino em reator anaeróbio híbrido em escala piloto." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18138/tde-16042018-150639/.
Full textThe main objective of this work was to evaluate the performance of a pilot-scale anaerobic hybrid reactor (RAnH) in the treatment of the liquid fraction of dairy manure, in order to remove organic matter and produce biogas. The applied RAnH had a total volume of 6.2 m3 and was composed of sludge blanket, in which the biomass was suspended, and fixed bed, in which Biobob® was applied as a support material for biomass immobilization. In order to support RAnH startup, the wastewater under study was submitted to a biodegradability test to evaluate the influence of reactor inoculation on the biodegradability potential and methane production potential. In the test the inoculated condition presented appropriate biodegradability (57 ± 4%) and higher methane production potential (344 ± 26 mL CH4.gVS-1). The RAnH operation was performed for 260 days and was divided into two stages: initial stage, in which the reactor operation was adjusted, and the experimental stage, in which the reactor performance was evaluated with the progressive increase of the applied organic load. During the reactor operation was reachead total raw VOC application of 25.50 ± 2.53 kg COD m-3.d-1 and total soluble VOC of 7.69 ± 0.02 kg COD m-3.d-1, with the HRT of 1.27 ± 0.004 d. The RAnH presented average removal efficiency of 65 ± 4% during the experimental stage. The average methane production was 0.310 ± 0.095 m3 CH4.m-3.d-1 and 0.098 ± 0.018 m3 CH4. kg VSad, with 89 ± 3% of methane in the biogas composition. The potential of electric energy production estimated based on the reuse of the methane produced in the RAnH was 0,89 kWh.m-3. The use of this energy in a system with a flow of 3,500 m3.d-1 would generate sufficient energy to supply 615 homes and a monthly saving of R$ 11,835.09.
Queiroz, Luciano Matos. "Estudo da remoção biológica de nitrogênio via nitrito utilizando fenol como fonte de carbono operando um reator em bateladas seqüenciais (SBR) em escala piloto." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3147/tde-15122006-104617/.
Full textThis research proposes to evaluate an activated sludge system with suspended biomass in a pilot scale aiming to remove nitrogen by a simplified way (nitritation) using phenol as the carbon source of the anoxic phase (denitritation). A pilot reactor of 20-liters volume was operated in sequence batch stages fed with 5-liters of a synthetic wastewater. The investigation was characterized by the use of phenol (1,000 mg C6H5OH/L) and the gradual increase of ammonium nitrogen concentration in the synthetic wastewater (200, 300 and 500 mg N/L) searching the conditions that allowed the prevalence of N-NO2 - in the end of the aerobic phase of the treatment cycles and the use of phenol for the heterotrophic microorganisms to reduce the oxidized nitrogen during the anoxic phase. To the present research, the conditions to N-NO2 - prevalence in the reactor liquid mass in the end of the aerobic phase were: pH @ 8.3 associated to the extension of the aerobic period of the treatment cycle which guarantees a minimum concentration of free ammonia (> 0.3 mg NH3/L) in the pilot reactor content. Considering these conditions, the relation N-NO2 - / (N-NO2 - + NNO3 -) varied between 91 and 99%. Maintaining a concentration of 1.0 mgO2/L in the reactor content and hydraulic residence time of three days, the removal efficiencies of N-NH3 vary between: 89 and 98% to influent concentrations near 200 mg N/L (nine treatment cycles); 95 and 98% to influent concentrations of the order of 300 mg N/L (five removal cycles) and 95 and 97% to influent concentrations near 500 mg N/L (three treatment cycles). To temperature between 23,5 and 33°C and volatile suspended solid concentrations between 3,420 and 2,175 mg SSV/L in the reactor, the specific nitrification rate varied between 0.01 and 0.05 kg N-NH3/ kg SSV.d-1. Maximum concentrations of free ammonia in the pilot reactor of the order of 16 mg NH3/L and nitrous acid between 0.001 and 0.009 mg HNO2/L didn?t inhibit the nitrogen biological oxidation. Influent phenol concentrations near 1,000 mg C6H5OH/L showed to be adequate as single carbonsource to nitrogen removal as nitrite to influent concentrations of the order of 200 and 300 mg N/L. The oxidized nitrogen removal efficiencies vary between 97 and 100%, using volumetric loading rates near 0.03 kg phenol/m3.hour. The specific denitritation rates vary between 0.01 and 0.05 kg N-NO2 - / kg SSV.d-1; the food / microorganism ratio (F/M) was between 0.06 and 0.13 kg phenol / kgSSV.d-1; phenolremoved/N-NOxremoved ratio varied between 2.1 and 3.2 g phenolremoved/ g N-NOxremoved and phenol removal efficiencies during the anoxic phase were between 37 and 67%. Volumetric loading rates of the order of 0.06 kg phenol / m3.hour inhibited the biological denitritation. The three treatment cycles of the phase conducted with influent concentration of 500 mg N/L showed denitritation inhibition and phenol accumulation caused by high concentrations of N-NO2 - (@80 to 98 mg N-NO2 -/L) in the reactor liquid mass. During this phase, the sampling of the anoxic phase of the removal cycles to the initial tests associating gas chromatography and mass spectrophotometer detected the formation of 2 and 4-nitrophenol in the pilot reactor content.
Lima, Cláudio Antônio de Andrade. "Tratamento de esgoto sanitário em reator anaeróbio horizontal de leito fixo (RAHLF): escala piloto." Universidade de São Paulo, 2001. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18138/tde-16052016-104721/.
Full textThis work evaluated the performance, the operational demands and the intervenient factors in the scale-up of the horizontal flow anaerobic immobilized biomass (HAIB) reactor pilot unit, treating domestic sewage previously screened. The operation was monitored for two years. The five- module (2.88 m length each) reactor volume was 237.5 liters and it was built with commercial PVC pipes of 14.5 cm of diameter (D), resulting in a total length (L) of 14.4 m and in a total ratio L/D of approximately 100. The immobilization support, cubic matrices of polyurethane foam (1 cm edge), showed to be suitable for the anaerobic biofilm development. During the start-up, without previous inoculation, the biofilm seemed to be consolidated after 70 days, and Methanosaeta sp. morphology predominated, in detriment of Methanosarcina. With an affluent of 350 mg COD/L, the best reactor performance was observed in about 90 days of operation (100 mg COD/L in the effluent). However, with the continuous operation, its performance decreased and the project predictions did not seem to fit anymore. These facts were probably due to the frequent cloggings ant the inefficiency of the backwashing procedures, leading to a decreasing of the operational volume. The origin of the clogging seemed to be related to the extracellular polymer production, linked to a synergic effect with the filamentous organisms and the particulate solids in the bed. Despite these operational problems, there were found alternatives to mitigate the clogging, and studies about a new scale-up methodology, in order to treat domestic sewage, were strongly recommended.
Pires, Felipe Ibanhi. "Estudo e desenvolvimento de catalisadores para células a combustível visando o aumento de escala e avaliação da distribuição de corrente." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/75/75134/tde-04042016-103128/.
Full textThe work aims at the development of the system for current distribution measurements and scale (50 cm²) seeking to improve the conditions of preparation of the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) as the cell operating conditions and evaluate the best geometry. We were performed catalyst synthesis studies of Pt-M and performance evaluation of these materials and the synthetic routes used in order to apply these materials in larger-scale systems. The failure of the performance and stability of the catalysts are factors that make yet infeasible the scale up use for solid polymer electrolyte fuel cells, highlighting the losses associated with the performance of the cathode. The nanoparticles of bimetallic catalysts Pt-M/C (M = Fe, Co and Ni) supported on high surface area carbon were prepared by two different synthetic routes. The synthesis route utilized were formic acid and modified ethylene glycol (EG). In both route search catalysts with a high degree of incorporation of the second metal, small particle size and good catalytic performance. It was observed that the route of formic acid with modifications in the synthesis process it is possible to obtain the average incorporation of the second metal in the catalyst, but there is a disadvantage of the particle size is high. The route of EG modified was obtained catalysts with small particle size, but incorporation of the second metal was inefficient. The scale-up studies were performed in 50 cm2 cell varying operating conditions: i) different gas distribution plates and ii) different values of flow of reactant gases. It was observed that at low gas flows the amount of reagent is insufficient to be spread throughout the electrode, causing reaction only in the region of entry of gases in the system, causing a fast limitation in obtain high current densities. It can be observed that the performance difference between the plates is small, but the plate serpentine 6 showed the best performance. The performance of the cathodes prepared with commercial catalysts and synthesized in the laboratory in 50 cm² cells showed considerable influence the operating conditions compared to cells 4,6 cm².
Bossolan, Ana Paula Oliveira Giorgetti 1980. "Padrão de expressão gênica na área do ligamento periodontal durante o desenvolvimento radicuar." [s.n.], 2013. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/289028.
Full textTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba
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Resumo: Considerando-se a hipótese de que os mecanismos envolvidos na regeneração periodontal mimetizam os mecanismos associados com o desenvolvimento original de formação do periodonto, o conhecimento dos princípios biológicos iniciais de formação do periodonto é crucial para o avanço de novas técnicas de bioengenharia envolvidas na regeneração periodontal. No entanto, as mudanças no perfil de expressão gênica durante as fases do desenvolvimento dos tecidos dentais não foram totalmente esclarecidos, principalmente aquelas relacionadas ao desenvolvimento da raiz dos dentes. O estudo de expressão gênica do desenvolvimento radicular ainda é um desafio pela necessidade de desmineralização prévia do tecido que apresenta um maior grau de calcificação quando comparado às fases de desenvolvimento da coroa dental. Dessa forma, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar comparativamente o padrão de expressão gênica da bainha epitelial de Hertwig (HERS) e o ligamento periodontal no mesmo período experimental, e o padrão de expressão gênica do ligamento periodontal em diferentes períodos de formação radicular. Foi utilizado um camundongo Swiss Webster por período pós-natal (PN): 13 dias (PN13), 45 dias (PN45), sendo que para o período PN13 a HERS também foi avaliada (PN13 HERS). Após a captura e microdissecção do ligamento periodontal dos primeiros molares nos períodos PN13 e PN45 e das células de HERS do primeiro molar no período PN13, o sequenciamento de RNA (RNA-Seq) foi realizado para a análise do transcriptoma. Os dados obtidos do sequenciamento foram processados para a filtragem dos "reads" considerados de boa qualidade (>30 na escala "phred"). A análise dos resultados mostrou que 587 genes foram diferencialmente expressos na comparação PN13 HERS vs. PN13 sendo que 25 foram diferencialmente expressos para PN13 HERS e 562 para PN13. Também foi mostrado que 768 genes foram diferencialmente expressos na comparação PN13 vs. PN45 e desse total 764 foram diferencialmente expressos para PN13 e 4 para PN45. Quando se comparou os 13 genes identificados para PN13 HERS foi demonstrado que dois deles apresentam papel importante para o desenvolvimento embrionário em camundongos. Para PN13 na comparação com HERS e na comparação com PN45, verificou-se que 50 e 57 genes foram respectivamente escolhidos. Para PN45, 4 genes ainda não identificados foram escolhidos. No entanto, quando se compara o padrão de expressão gênica nesses períodos estudados, não foram verificadas grandes mudanças. Dessa forma, podemos concluir, dentro dos limites desse estudo, que o padrão de expressão gênica nos diferentes períodos estudados apresenta pouca variabilidade, apesar de apresentar expressão de genes diferentes em cada período
Abstract: Considering the hypothesis that the mechanisms involved in periodontal regeneration mimic the mechanisms associated with the development of the original formation of the periodontium, the knowledge of initial biological principles of periodontium development is crucial to the advancement of new bioengineering techniques involved in periodontal regeneration. However, the changes in the gene expression profile during the stages of tooth development remain unclear, mainly the stages related to tooth root development. The study of root development is a challenge because of the need of previous tissue demineralization of this tissue with higher degree of calcification when compared to crown development stages. The aim of the present study was comparatively analyze the gene expression pattern of Hertwig's epithelial root sheath (HERS) and the periodontal ligament at the same experimental period, and also the gene expression pattern of the periodontal ligament at distinct periods of root formation. One Swiss Webster mice per post natal period of 13 days (PN13) and 45 days (PN45) were used. After the laser capture microdissection of the first molar periodontal ligament at PN13 and PN45 and HERS cells of the first molar at PN13, RNA Sequencing (RNA-Seq) was performed for transcriptoma analysis. Data obtained were initially processed to filter the reads considered to have good quality (> 30 at "Phred" score). Data analysis showed that 587 genes were differentially expressed at the comparison PN13 HERS vs. PN13 and of these 25 were differentially expressed at PN13 HERS and 562 at PN13. When comparing PN13 vs. PN45, a total of 768 genes were differentially expressed and of these764 were differentially expressed at PN13 and 4 genes at PN45. When observing the chosen genes at PN13 HERS, two genes have been shown to have an important role in embryonic development in mice. At PN13, when comparing PN13 HERS vs. PN13, 50 genes were chosen and at the same period PN13, when comparing PN13 vs. PN45, 57 genes were chosen. At PN45, 4 genes were chosen yet unidentified. However, when comparing the gene expression pattern in these periods studied, there were no major changes. Thus, we can conclude, within the limits of this study, that gene expression pattern in different time periods has little variability, despite showing expression of different genes in each period
Doutorado
Periodontia
Doutora em Clínica Odontológica
Sarti, Arnaldo. "Desempenho de reatores anaeróbios operados em bateladas sequenciais em escala piloto no tratamento de esgoto sanitário." Universidade de São Paulo, 2004. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18138/tde-29072016-110026/.
Full textThis study reports and discuss several data obtained using four pilot scale anaerobic sequencing batch reactor, treating 7.8 m3.d-1 of domestic sewage from the Sao Paulo University sewer treatment system (Campus- São Carlos). Each reactor system (1.2 m3) was designed for the treatment of 1.95 m3.d-1 of domestic sewage with different geometric reactor characteristics (ratio L-length/D-diameter), mechanical (mechanical mixing or liquor re-circulation) and biomass retention type. Three reactors were a conventional ASBR (anaerobic sequencing batch reactor) with granular biomass and another one, an anaerobic sequencing batch biofilm reactor (ASBBR), which was composed with cubic matrices of polyurethane foam. The reactors were operated within 8-h of a sequential batch cycle, which were attained in three cycles by day for each system. Chemical oxygen demand (COD), pH, total suspended solids (TSS), volatile fatty acids, bicarbonate alkalinity in both the influent and effluent were monitored in the different cycles. Methane concentration was also assessed in the same period using Gas Chromatography (GC). The experiments were divided in two different phases. In the first phase, which corresponded to 227 d, the reactors were not inoculated. In the second phase (66 d) the reactors were then inoculated with anaerobic granular sludge. It was observed that in both operational phases, the two ASBR reactors, with the same re-circulating process of the mixed liquor, but with different L/D ratio, showed non-satisfactory results. The average values of COD and TSS removal were close to 40 and 60%, respectively. In the effluent, the average values were of 300 mgDQO/L and 100 mgTSS/L. ASBR reactors with mechanical mixing and ASBBR reactor with immobilized biomass showed better results. The average removal efficiency observed was of 65 and 75% for COD and TSS, respectively. ASBR reactors with mechanical mixing reached the efficiency of 60 and 85% for COD and TSS removal. The average concentration in the effluent was of 150 mgDQO/L and 60 mgSST/l in the ASBBR reactor; and 220 mgCOD/L and 50 mgTSS/L in the ASBR reactor with mechanical mixing.
Bagri, Abdallah. "Colliculus inferieur, declenchement de reactions de fuite et induction de la susceptibilite a la crise audiogene : etude neuropharmacologique chez le rat." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988STR13036.
Full textPolak, Rafael. "REATOR DE LEITO EMPACOTADO EM ESCALA PILOTO PARA REMOÇÃO DE MATÉRIA ORGÂNICA E NITROGENADA DE ESGOTO SANITÁRIO." Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, 2018. http://tede2.uepg.br/jspui/handle/prefix/2708.
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Essa pesquisa teve por objetivo principal avaliar o desempenho de um reator em escala piloto de leito empacotado e fluxo contínuo sob diferentes condições operacionais de aeração, na remoção biológica de matéria carbonácea e nitrogenada, de efluente sanitário. O reator possuía um volume total de 5,65 m³ e volume útil de 4,75 m³, devido ao volume ocupado pelo material suporte. O meio suporte utilizado para fixação de microrganismos foi o dispositivo denominado Biobob®, que consiste em uma matriz de espuma de poliuretano envolta por uma estrutura de polipropileno, com geometria cilíndrica de 45 mm de diâmetro e 60 mm de altura. O reator foi operado com um Tempo de Detenção Hidráulica (TDH) de 12 horas, razão de recirculação de 2 vezes vazão de alimentação e foi alimentado continuamente por afluente composto por mistura de esgoto sanitário não tratado e efluente de Reator Anaeróbio de Leito Fluidizado (RALF) na proporção de 1:1 (v:v). Foram explorados três ciclos de operação de 180 minutos: (10) aerando continuamente por 180 minutos, (2) aerando 60 minutos e não aerando 120 minutos, e (3) aerando 120 minutos e não aerando 60 minutos. Os resultados mostraram não haver diferença estatística nas eficiências de reduções de Demanda Química Oxigênio (DQO) entre as três condições estudadas, com eficiências médias de 76,34%, 75,32% e 79,80%, respectivamente, indicando que o tempo de aeração não influenciou na eficiência de redução. A DQO efluente do reator variou entre 31 mg.L-1 e 206 mg.L-1. A eficiência de nitrificação se mostrou fator limitante na remoção de NT. As condições (1) e (3) com maiores taxas de nitrificação, 75% e 70% respectivamente, obtiveram as melhores eficiências de remoção de NT, com taxas de 65% em ambas. A relação DQO/NTK durante as 3 etapas da pesquisa foi próxima a 9,59. A condição (3) apresentou diferença estatística significativa na remoção de NT devido a maior disponibilidade de doadores de elétrons, com relação DQO/NTK de 11,2. A desnitrificação apresentou médias de remoções de 87%, 89% e 94%, nas condições 1, 2 e 3, respectivamente. Pelos resultados obtidos, pode-se concluir que o reator piloto de leito empacotado e aeração intermitente foi eficiente na remoção simultânea de matéria orgânica e nitrogenada, podendo ser considerado uma alternativa interessante a ser utilizada no tratamento combinado de efluente de UASB e esgoto bruto.
The main objective of this research was to evaluate the performance of a pilot scale reactor of packed bed and continuous flow, on different aeration operating conditions, in the biological removal of carbonaceous and nitrogenous matter from sanitary effluent. The reactor has a total volume of 5.65 m³, and a useful volume of 4.75 m³ due to the volume occupied by the structured bed. The medium used to fix microorganisms was the device called Biobob®, which consists of a polyurethane foam matrix enveloped by a polypropylene structure, with a cylindrical geometry of 45 mm in diameter and 60 mm in height. The reactor was operated with a 12 hour Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT), recirculation rate of 2 times feed rate and was continuously fed by a mixture of untreated sewage and effluent from an Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) in the proportion of 1:1 (v:v). Three 180-minute cycles of operation were performed: (1) continuous aeration for 180 minutes, (2) aeration 60 minutes and no aeration for 120 minutes and (3) aeration for 120 minutes and no aeration for 60 minutes. The results showed that there was no statistical difference in the efficiency of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) reductions between the three conditions studied, with mean efficiencies of 76.34%, 75.32% and 79.80%, respectively, indicating that the aeration did not influence the reduction efficiency. The COD concentrations effluent from the reactor varied between 31 mg.L-1 and 206 mg.L-1. The efficiency of nitrification was shown to be a limiting factor in NT removal. The conditions (1) and (3) with higher nitrification rates, 75% and 70%, respectively, obtained the best NT removal efficiencies, with rates of 65% in both. The COD / NTK ratio presented a high average during the 3 stages of the research, with an observed value of 9.59. Denitrification showed mean removals of 87% (1), 89% (2) and 94% (3). Condition (3) presented a statistically significant difference with the others due to the greater availability of electron donors, with a COD/NTK ratio of 11.2. From the results, we can conclude that the packed bed reactor and intermittent aeration is efficient in the simultaneous removal of organic matter and nitrogen and is an interesting alternative to be used in the treatment and post treatment of anaerobic reactors.
Silva, Bruno Sidnei da. "Desempenho de reator UASB em escala plena no tratamento de esgoto sanitário e adensamento simultâneo de lodo ativado em excesso do pós-tratamento." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3147/tde-01112018-160040/.
Full textThe objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of aerobic sludge discard on UASB reactor performance. In parallel, the effect of this operation on the final effluent quality of the WWTP, the operational performance of the post-treatment plant and the characteristics of the biogas produced in the UASB reactor were verified. In general, there was no negative impact on the anaerobic digestion process in terms of dissolved COD in the effluent, which was similar when the influent was composed essentially of raw sewage, in the order of 60 to 80 mg / L. On the other hand, the results indicated a tendency to reduce the quality of the UASB reactor effluent in terms of total COD and suspended solids when feeding this reactor also with excess aerobic sludge. In 2016, the mean concentration COD in the effluent was of the order of 529 mg / L and the mean concentration SST was 672 mg / L when the UASB reactor inflow was composed of excess aerobic sludge, while, without excess of aerobic sludge in the influent, the mean COD in the effluent was 269 mg / L and the mean concentration of SST was 349 mg / L. However, this quality reduction seemed to be related to an overlap of effects associated with the presence of aerobic sludge in the influent, and the system adopted at the WWTP to remove anaerobic sludge from the UASB reactor. When there was no removal of excess anaerobic bottom sludge from the UASB reactor, the quality of the effluent remained for most of the monitored time consistent with the periods where the UASB reactor inflow was essentially composed of raw sewage, indicating that the sludge from deep, more concentrated, plays a fundamental role in the retention of aerobic sludge in the digestion zone of the UASB reactor. This finding was more explicit when the operations of excess aerobic sludge and anaerobic sludge removal from the UASB reactor occurred at different periods. In this condition, the mean COD concentration in the effluent was 254 mg / L and the mean SST concentration was 314 mg / L, whereas without aerobic sludge in the UASB reactor, the mean total COD concentration in the effluent was 191 mg / L and the concentration of SST was 258 mg / L. The characteristics of the biogas produced varied when the system was fed with excess of aerobic sludge in the influent presenting, in this condition, a higher concentration of CO2 and a lower concentration of H2S. There was, fortunately, no change in the average concentration of methane when there was an excess of aerobic sludge in the influent. Another important aspect observed was the lack of correlation between the COD removal parameters and volumetric biogas production when the UASB reactor inflow contained excess aerobic sludge. In the absence of excess aerobic sludge in the influent, there was a correlation between these variables, but a weak correlation, in the order of 0.40, which can be explained by an inefficient capture of the biogas produced, due to leaks by the three-phase separator, and for losses of methane dissolved with the effluent. Regarding the impact on the post-treatment unit, the low sludge removal capacity of the WWTP due to operational and contractual difficulties, conditioned the operation of the activated sludge system with high concentrations of suspended solids. In this condition, the aeration system presented low oxygen transfer efficiency for the mixed liquor, which negatively impacted the electric power consumption of the activated sludge process, increasing the operational cost of the WWTP. The final effluent quality, in general, was not affected by the aerobic sludge discharge operation in the UASB reactor, having maintained for the most part the average COD in the order of 40 mg / L in the effluent and the solids concentration in suspension on average in the order of 25 mg / L. Nitrification and denitrification were variable throughout the study period, with the average nitrogen removal efficiency around 66%.
Moura, Alana Gandra Lima de. "Remoção de surfactante de água residuária de lavanderia comercial em co-digestão com esgoto doméstico em reator anaeróbio escala piloto." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18138/tde-16102017-161854/.
Full textClassified as an emergent contaminant, Alkylbenzene Linear Sulfonate (LAS) is an anionic surfactant of high priority given its environmental risk. Previous studies reported LAS anaerobic degradation from laundry wastewater in co-digestion with synthetic substrates (such as methanol, ethanol and yeast extract). However, studies with more economic viable substrates as domestic sewage still lacking. This study assessed LAS removal from laundry wastewater diluted in domestic sewage, using an Expanded Bed Granular Sludge (EGSB) pilot scale reactor. The reactor was kept in mesophilic temperature, with 62,0 L total volume and it was operated with a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 40 h. The inoculum was 12,0 L of sludge from an UASB used on a poultry slaughterhouse wastewater treatment plant. On the first stage, of adaptation, the reactor was fed only with domestic sewage for 60 days. Then, commercial laundry wastewater was diluted in domestic sewage to obtain LAS affluent concentrations of 5 ± 4; 19 ± 10 and 36 ± 19 mg L-1, on stages II, III and IV, respectively. These stages lasted for 60, 270 and 90 days. The increase of commercial laundry wastewater proportion on fed resulted in lower organic matter removal efficiencies. These parameter decreased from 73 ± 23% on adaptation, to 61 ± 25%, 50 ± 15% and 39 ± 23% on following stages. As well as LAS removal efficiencies that dropped from 73 ± 31% to 55 ± 29% and 44 ± 15 % on three last stages. Sulphide production enhanced from stage II (8 ± 2 mg L-1) to stage III (29 ± 12 mg L-1) and remained 31 ± 5 mg L-1 on stage IV. Taxonomic characterization of granular sludge biomass in the end of each stage was performed and genders similar to Bellinea (Bacteria domain) and Methanosaeta (Archae domain) were the ones with higher relative abundance in all stages. The technology applied was suitable for anaerobic surfactant removal with LAS affluent concentration of 20 mg L-1. Acclimation of microbial biomass was observed after long exposure of microbial community to recalcitrant compounds from laundry wastewater.
Silva, Rafael Ceribelli da. "Tratamento de esgoto sanitário em um reator de leito expandido em escala plena, operado com regiões anaeróbia e aeróbia sobrepostas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18138/tde-22082009-141219/.
Full textThis present research had as main objective the evaluation of the performance of a full scale expanded bed reactor (159.0 \'M POT.3\'), operated under anaerobic and overlapping anaerobic-aerobic, treating sanitary wastewater. As specific objectives, it was evaluated using commercial sand to complement the bed of particles and distribution of material support along the height of reactor. Besides, it was simulated the flotation of the effluent system in order to optimize the efficient removal of solids, due to inefficiency of the system in the separation of biological solids. Among the materials selected to compose the bed of particles was chosen with the average size of sand grains equal to 0.69 mm and density of 2690 kg.\'M POT.-3\'. This research was divided into two experimental stages, the first being that the system was operated only under the anaerobic condition, while the second, the system was submited to anaerobic and aerobic conditions overlaped. For the first step, the system achieved greater efficiency in removing organic matter, with hydraulic detention time of 14 hours, when it was removed from 0.84 kgCODraw/\'M POT.3\'.day, which was applied 1.26 kgCOD/\'M POT.3\'.day. The mean removal efficiencies of DQOraw, DQOfiltered, BODraw, BODfiltered, TSS and VSS were 65%; 64%; 80%; 70%; 58% and 69%. The effluent had an average of 245 mgCODraw/L; 117 mgCODfiltered/L; 104 mgBODraw/L; 76 mgBODfiltered/L; 88 mgTSS/L and 69 mgVSS/L. The ammonification obtained was 90%, demonstrating the potencial of the system in the conversion of organic matter into ammonia nitrogen. For the second stage, the most efficient in the removal of organic matter was obtained with hydraulic detention time of 16 hours when it was removed from 0.29 kgCODraw/\'M POT.\'3.day, which was applied 0.84 kgCODraw/\'M POT.3\'.day. The mean removal efficiencies of CODfiltered and BODfiltered were 80% and 95%, respectively. The effluent had an average of 72 mgCODfiltered/L, and 13 mgBODfiltered/L. The ammonification obtained was 85%, however there was low efficiency in oxidation of ammonia-\'N\', at most 25%, and the maximum concentrations in the effluent were 4 mg\'N\'-\'NO IND.2\'POT.-\'/L and 2 mg\'N\'-\'NO IND.3\'POT.-\'/L, respectively. Regarding the distribution of material support, it was found that the proportion of activated granular carbon and anthracite carbon was higher on sand, in different points of collection, whereas this proportion tended to drop over the sample, moreover, was found that the characteristics of the flow are not adequate to provide fluidization/expansion of the bed of particles. The best results obtained in the simulation of the flotation of the effluent when it was applied with recirculation of air concentration of 17.5 mgair/Lsample, and ascension velocity of 10 cm/min. Removal efficiencies of TSS; FSS; VSS; COD, color and turbidity were obtained from 64; 82; 62; 62; 53 and 73%, respectively. The effluent had 63 mgTSS/L; 5 mgFSS/L; 59 mgVSS/L; 127 mgCODraw/L; 431 uC and 29 uT.
Godoy, Thais Gorga de. "Biofiltro aerado submerso aplicado ao pós-tratamento de efluente de reator UASB, sob condições hidráulicas desfavoráveis: estudo em escala real." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18138/tde-06112007-095312/.
Full textThis research evaluated the efficiency of a full scale submerged aerated biofilter (SAB) used for post-treatment of the effluent of an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor, located in the wastewater treatment plant Água Vermelha (São Carlos, SP, Brazil), under unfavorable hydraulic conditions. The removal of organic matter and solids, the possibility of removal of nitrogen and phosphorus and also the characterization of biomass attached to the packing media were studied. This study vas developed in two phases, one without reactor seeding (phase I), and another when the reactor was seeded (phase II). At phase I, a flow rate of 380 m³/d and a volumetric loading rate of 3 kgCOD/m³.d with hydraulic load (HL) of 8 m³/m².d were applied, with 170 minutes of hydraulic retention time (HRT). In this phase the biofilter reached average efficiencies of 40% in organic matter removal (COD) and 35% for TSS. Already in phase II, a flow rate of 500 m³/d, a volumetric loading rate of 4kgCOD/m³.d with HL of 11 m³/ m².dia were applied, with 130 minutes of HRT. The SAB allowed average removal efficiencies of COD, \'TOC IND.F\' and TSS of 36%, 60% and 30%, respectively, for phase II. The conversion of nitrite to nitrate was considered worthless, likely attributed to the high value of affluent COD to the SAB, the occurrence of nitrification and denitrification in the same biofilm and the inefficient air distribution in the interior of the reactor. The biofilter did not present good results in phosphorus removal. This study allowed to conclude that the aerated submerged biological filter presented a satisfactory performance as a post-treatment unit of an UASB reactor during the start-up phase, being submitted to high hydraulic and organic loads. It was found that the employment of the submerged aerated biofilter is an advantageous alternative as anaerobic effluent post-treatment, producing excellent quality effluent.
Novaes, Luciano Farias de. "Estudo da influência da agitação e da estratégia de alimentação sobre o desempenho de um ASBR em escala piloto aplicado ao tratamento de esgoto sanitário." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18138/tde-14102008-154437/.
Full textThe objective of this work was to assess the effect of the stirring speed, the type of impeller and the feed strategy in a mechanically stirred pilot-scale (\'da ordem de\' 1 \'M POT.3\') anaerobic sequencing batch reactor to two configurations: a containing granulated biomass (ASBR) and the other containing immobilized biomass (AnSBBR). Domestic wastewater was treated in 8-h cycles. Three impeller types (turbine with six-flat blades, turbine with six 45º-inclined blades and helix with three blades) were assessed at two different stirring speeds (40 and 80 rpm), totaling six experimental conditions. The stirring speed and the impeller that resulted in the best combination was used in work of the feed strategy . The reactors were operated at room temperature at four different feed strategies (fed batch during 25%, 50% and 75% of the cycle, and conventional fed-batch). The results allowed conclude that: in the AnSBBR increasing the stirring speed from 40 rpm to 80 rpm showed to improve mass transfer, with consequent increase in substrate consumption; in the ASBR increasing the stirring speed from 40 rpm to 80 rpm showed desestabilization in system, because of the disruption caused in the granules witth greater agitation; operation with the helix impeller showed some advantages over the turbine impellers, such as: improved efficiency in solids removal, higher value of the first order kinetic constant and higher alkalinity production; both for the ASBR as for the ASBBR the best performance in wastewater treatment was obtained when the reactors were operated at conventional batch, fed-batch during 50% and 75% of the cycle; no significant difference in performance was observed among these three conditions. Despite poor performance of the conventional fed-batch and fed-batch during 25% of the cycle compared to the other conditions, both these conditions presented operational stability. Hence, the anaerobic sequencing batch reactors presented operational flexibility as far as feed strategy is concerned.
Moya-Llamas, María-José. "Efecto de la carga orgánica en la eliminación de microcontaminantes, materia orgánica y nutrientes en un sistema UASB-MBR escala piloto para el tratamiento de aguas residuales de tipo urbano." Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Alicante, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10045/89788.
Full textLopes, Alexandre Colzi. "Reator híbrido associando reator UASB e reator radial de leito fixo (RRLF), em escala piloto, no tratamento de esgoto sanitário." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFC, 2005. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/19198.
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Integrated anaerobic/aerobic systems have been considered feasible alternatives concerning technical and economic aspects for treating domestic wastewaters. This paper presents the results obtained from the operation of this new reactor configuration, made up of a central unit – an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor (UASB), with a working volume of 286 L, associated to a radial-flow aerobic immobilized- biomass (RAIB), with a working volume of 215 L. The RAIB reactor circles the solid/liquid/gas separation zone. The main modification in the UASB reactor concerns this association with the RAIB. The UASB effluent was distributed through openings along its side walls to the RAIB, allowing the elimination of collecting channels and feeding devices from the latter reactor. The objective of this work was to promote organic matter (raw and soluble) and nitrogen removal from domestic sewage. Organic matter (as COD) and volatile suspended solids removal achieved efficiencies of 80 % and 89 %, respectively. Under stable operational conditions, the system effluent presented COD and volatile suspended solids values of 110 mg·L-1 and 16 mg·L-1, respectively. Efficiencies of 90 % for COD and volatile suspended solids removal were achieved with a organic loading rate of 4,0 kg COD·m-3·d-1. This integrated system has shown to be a valid configuration, efficiently removing organic matter and suspended solids from the domestic wastewater. However, contrarily to expectations based on the previous studies with RAIB, nitrification was poor. Therefore, modifications to the RAIB design must be considered for the establishment of nitrogen removing processes.
Os sistemas combinados anaeróbio/aeróbio para tratamento de esgotos sanitários têm sido considerados alternativas viáveis do ponto de vista técnico-econômico em relação aos sistemas tradicionais. Este trabalho apresenta os resultados obtidos com uma nova configuração de reator, composto por uma unidade central - um reator anaeróbio de manta de lodo (UASB) modificado de 286 L, associado a um reator radial aerado de leito fixo (RRLF) de 215 L, disposto de maneira a circundar a zona de separação sólido/ líquido/gás do reator UASB. A principal modificação no reator UASB foi, portanto, a incorporação, junto à sua parede externa, do RRLF. A alimentação do RRLF com o efluente do UASB dá-se através de abertura laterais na parede do UASB, o que permitiu eliminar as calhas de coleta e sistemas de alimentação do segundo reator. Esse sistema foi alimentado com esgoto sanitário obtido da rede coletora de esgotos do Campus da USP de São Carlos. Esperava-se obter remoção considerável de matéria orgânica solúvel e particulada, bem como a remoção parcial de nitrogênio. Foram obtidas eficiências médias de remoção de matéria orgânica (expressa como demanda química de oxigênio - DQO) e de sólidos suspensos voláteis (SSV), de 80 % e 89 %, respectivamente. Em condições de operação estável, os valores de DQO e SSV no efluente atingiram 110 mg·L-1 e 16 mg·L-1, respectivamente. Observou-se, também, que o sistema apresentou grande estabilidade operacional, tendo a taxa de carregamento orgânico volumétrica atingido valores da ordem de 4,0 kg DQO·m-3·d-1. Nessas condições, o sistema atingiu eficiências de remoção de DQO e SSV da ordem de 90 %. O sistema misto ensaiado mostrou ser uma configuração promissora, pois promoveu a remoção eficiente de matéria orgânica e de sólidos suspensos. Considera-se, no entanto, a necessidade de se introduzirem modificações no projeto do RRLF que permitam o estabelecimento dos processos de nitrificação e desnitrificação nesse reator, uma vez que foi obtida baixa eficiência de nitrificação e, conseqüentemente, a remoção de nitrogênio foi prejudicada.
Taddei, Maria Helena Tirollo. "Determinação de fatores de escala para estimativa do inventário de radionuclídeos em rejeitos de média e baixa atividades do reator IEA-R1." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85133/tde-25112013-155403/.
Full textRegulations regarding transfer and final disposal of radioactive waste require that the inventory of radionuclides for each container enclosing such waste must be estimated and declared. The regulatory limits are established as a function of the annual radiation doses that members of the public could be exposed to from the radioactive waste repository, which mainly depend on the activity concentration of radionuclides, given in Bq/g, found in each waste container. Most of the radionuclides that emit gamma-rays can have their activity concentrations determined straightforwardly by measurements carried out externally to the containers. However, radionuclides that emit exclusively alpha or beta particles, as well as gamma-rays or X-rays with low energy and low absolute emission intensity, or whose activity is very low among the radioactive waste, are generically designated as Difficult to Measure Nuclides (DTMs). The activity concentrations of these DTMs are determined by means of complex radiochemical procedures that involve isolating the chemical species being studied from the interference in the waste matrix. Moreover, samples must be collected from each container in order to perform the analyses inherent to the radiochemical procedures, which exposes operators to high levels of radiation and is very costly because of the large number of radioactive waste containers that need to be characterized at a nuclear facility. An alternative methodology to approach this problem consists in obtaining empirical correlations between some radionuclides that can be measured directly such as 60Co and 137Cs, therefore designated as Key Nuclides (KNs) and the DTMs. This methodology, denominated Scaling Factor, was applied in the scope of the present work in order to obtain Scaling Factors or Correlation Functions for the most important radioactive wastes with low and intermediate-activity level from the IEA-R1 nuclear research reactor.
TADDEI, MARIA H. T. "Determinação de fatores de escala para estimativa do inventário de radionuclídeos em rejeitos de média e baixa atividade do reator IEA-R1." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2013. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10569.
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Tese (Doutoramento)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
Siman, Renato Ribeiro. "Reator de leito expandido em escala plena com zonas anaeróbia e aeróbia sobrepostas: remoção conjunta de matéria orgânica e nutrientes e estudo do comportamento microbiológico do biofilme, por respirometria e microsensor de OD." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18138/tde-31102008-151843/.
Full textThe current research aimed the development of a 159 \'M POT.3\' total volume biological reactor, with a expanded and partially aerated granular coal bed (activated and anthracite), to promote organic matter and nutrients (N and P) removal from wastewater due to the maintenance of anaerobic and aerobic environments, stratified throughout the height of the reactor and also all over the biofilm cultivated in its interior. Methods for the analyses of specific nitrifying activities (ENA), denitrifying (EDA) and methanogenic (EMA) were applied to assess the impact of the operational modifications in the biological behavior of microorganisms present in the reactor, based on standard respirometric tests found in literature. The reactional stratification was also studied inside the biological films with the help of DO microsensors in batch tests. Thus, after 451 of operation it was possible to verify mean \'COD IND.F\', TNK and phosphate removal of 78%, 56% and 42%, respectively, when the reactor was operated for 66 days with average hydraulic detention time of 8.8 h, pure oxygen injector which was installed after the aerated recirculation line which was working pressurized (3 to 4 bar) and with mean recirculation ratio equal to 3, when compared to the feeding flow. For the rest of the period where mean volumetric loading rates of 0.74 \'+ OR -\' 0.28 kg\'COD IND.F\'/\'M POT.3\'.day; 0.17 \'+ OR -\' 0.07 kgTNK/\'M POT.3\'.day and 0.05 \'+ OR -\' 0.02 kg\'PO IND.4\'POT.-3\'/\'M POT.3\'.day were applied the system demonstrated average removal of 65 \'+ OR -\' 20% for \'COD IND.F\', 25 \'+ OR -\' 21% for TNK and 48 \'+ OR -\' 18% for total phosphate, even when it operated with mean cellular retention time of 15 \'+ OR -\' 7 days. The respirometric tests were sensible enough to assess the microbial activity from the biological material collected throughout the reactor, and where mean PME of 0.25 mL\'CH IND.4\'/gSVT.h was verified for the samples of biological material collected in the anaerobic region, at the bottom of the reactor; ANE varying between 1.3 to 4.4 mg\'O IND.2\'/gSVT.h, for the samples collected in the aerobic region, reactor\'s intermediary; and ADE varying between 0.024 to 5.20 mg\'N IND.2\'/gSVT.h, for samples collected at the bottom and the top of the reactor, respectively. The analyses of the liquid material also support the idea of stratification of the aerobic environments, at the bottom of the reactor, and micro-aerated, in its superior intermediate region, pointing to the region as a high potential of occurring joint nitrification and denitrification at the top of the reactive zone. The DO amperometric microsensor, with tip between 10 and 30 \'mü\'m of diameter, produced in a special laboratory, is sensible to the determination of dissolved oxygen concentration gradient inside biological film, sufficient for the formation of anaerobic and aerobic regions in its interior, this information can be useful to the improvement of biofilm reactors, projected for the combined removal of organic matter and nutrients. However, when the definition of kinetic parameters or mass transference is intended more strictness must be applied when choosing the locals for microsensor application, where the effects of the microbial aggregate heterogeneity is reduced in the adjustment of the mathematical modeling applied to the experimental points.
Vásquez, Espinoza Andrea Muriel, and Bautista Noemí Zelada. "Evaluación de la sensibilidad y especificidad de la Escala de Alvarado y Proteína C-Reactiva como pruebas conjuntas para el diagnóstico de apendicitis aguda en la Unidad de Emergencia del Hospital Suárez-Angamos en el periodo 2015." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/621323.
Full textIntroduction: The Alvarado Scale and C-reactive Protein (CRP) are tests used for the diagnosis of acute appendicitis. This pathology presents a prevalence of 7% in the hospital emergency area. The objective of the present study is to compare the sensitivity and specificity of the Alvarado scale and CRP against the results of the scale itself in order to demonstrate if there is a contribution of CRP for the diagnosis of acute appendicitis. Methods: Cross-sectional study for diagnostic tests. We worked with clinical records of patients with acute abdomen plus diagnostic suspicion of acute appendicitis treated in a surgical emergency at Hospital Suárez Angamos, between March and October of 2015. We assessed the Alvarado Scale criteria and CRP value individually and jointly taking as a gold test the result of pathological anatomy for the diagnosis of acute appendicitis. Results: A total of 449 patients were appointed to conduct this study. Moreover, patients who did not meet the inclusion criteria were excluded, leaving a total of 263 patients. For the Alvarado scale, a sensitivity of 72.7% and a specificity of 27.9% were obtained, the PCR evaluation found a sensitivity of 40% and specificity of 65.1% and in both cases the sensitivity was 81.8 and specificity Of 18.6% for a value of 1 point and sensitivity of 85.5% and specificity of 18.6% for a value of 2 points. Conclusions: when PCR is added to the Alvarado Scale, it improves the sensitivity of the latter in the case of patients with suspected diagnosis of acute appendicitis.
Tesis
Lapa, Katt Regina. "Avaliação da recirculação da fase líquida e do regime de alimentação no reator anaeróbio, em escala piloto, operado em bateladas seqüenciais contendo biomassa imobilizada (ASBBR), no tratamento de esgoto sanitário." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18138/tde-24032007-232108/.
Full textThe influence of the liquid phase recirculation and the feeding regimen on the performance of an anaerobic sequencing batch reactor containing immobilized biomass (ASBBR) applied for the treatment of domestic sewage was evaluated. Biomass immobilization was provided by a basket containing cubic polyurethane foam matrices (5 cm side) inside the 1.2 \'M POT.3\' (1.0 m diameter and 1.53 m height) pilot-scale reactor. The influence of the liquid phase recirculation on the reactor performance in respect to organic matter and solids wash-out was verified by subjecting the reactor to a wide range of up flow velocities (1.27; 3.82; 7.64 and 10.18 m/h) resulting from different recirculation flow rates imposed. The increase of the up flow velocity did not increase the efficiency of the pilot reactor as expected. This result contradicts those obtained with bench-scale ASBBR experiments treating synthetic wastewaters. The influence of the feeding regimen was verified by subjecting the reactor to feeding times correspondent to 0.25 and 0.50 of the total cycle time, at the recirculation flow rate of 6 \'M POT.3\'/h. It could be concluded that the reactor can be operated at the feeding batch mode up to 0.5 of the cycle time. This result is important for full scale applications considering that a treatment system composed of ASBBR reactors can be designed using a lower number of units. In order to clear some aspects related to the limited performance of the ASBBR reactor treating a complex wastewater (sewage), the reactor was subjected to an easily degradable wastewater (ethanol). However, the performance was not improved even when the reactor was treating an easily degradable compound. The results from the specific methanogenic activity (SMA) demonstrated a decrease on the values of SMA with the increase of the up flow velocity. The values of SMA were 0.0632; 0.0509; 0.0248 and 0.0299 g DQO-CH4/(g STV.d) for the Va of 1.27; 3.82; 7.64 and 10.19 m/h respectively. It could be concluded that the low efficiency obtained for organic matter removal was due mainly to the progressive decrease of the sludge methanogenic activity. The causes for that behaviour could not be completely explained in this research. It could be concluded that the reactor performance was iv clearly limited by the low productivity of the methanogenic populations present in the biomass.
Orellana, Esbel Tomás Valero. "Um modelo de duas escalas da resposta elétrica de tecido muscular induzida por ativação de mastócitos." Laboratório Nacional de Computação Científica, 2010. http://www.lncc.br/tdmc/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=205.
Full textThe study of the mechanisms that set off allergic reactions is being a subject of great scientific interest. Anaphylaxis, severe systemic allergic reaction, occupies a prominence place in researches. Different laboratory experiments, in vivo as well as in vitro, and also different mathematical models based on experimental results, tries to investigate if mast cells takes part in those mechanisms or not. However, the obtained results are inconclusive, dividing the scientific community in two groups: one considering that mast cells have a prime role in releasing histamine, and another one which considers that histamine is not the determinative neurotransmitter in the anaphylactic reaction. Previous works proposed differential models to simulate processes related to anaphylactic reactions in the cellular scale for the cell membrane potential generation mechanism. More recently, it has been proposed a probabilistic model, in the tissue scale, to simulate an in vitro antigen response. In the organism level scale, multi-compartimental models have been proposed for the kinetics of histamine in the blood. Nevertheless, no work, until now, has proposed the construction of a model that is able to describe the processes that participate in the mechanism of anaphylactic reaction in different scales. In this work, a model is proposed that integrates the cellular and the tissue scales, allowing to model in vitro experiments, being capable to be extended to the organism scale by the inclusion of the blood flow to model in vivo experiments. The proposed model couples the electric response in the cellular level with the reaction-diffusion of histamine and antigens in the tissue, considering the reaction mechanism mediated by the mast cells. To integrate these two scales, it is proposed here a constitutive relation based on experimental results for the mechanical response (tissue contraction) to electric stimulus. This model allows to design experiments specifically related to the anaphylaxis reaction, indicating the parameters that should be estimated. With this model, numerical simulations have been performed for a wide variation range of the parameters to identify the different domains of the model. A dimensionless parameter based analysis is presented for the obtained results.
Escudeiro, Rafael. "Vida-média do estado isomérico 7(-) do núcleo ímpar-ímpar 68Ga." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/43/43134/tde-23052018-154050/.
Full textIsomeric nuclear states are nuclear states which decay with long lifetimes (T1/2 > 10 ns); their study generally reveals, a large change in angular momentum in its decay, a small matrix element or a small transition energy. By measuring lifetimes of isomeric states it is possible to obtain information about this states wave function, being a robust test for nuclear models. In this work, a system developed at the Laboratório Aberto de Fsica Nuclear (LAFN) of University of São Paulo called System for the Measurement of Isomeric States (SISMEI) was utilized. Delayed coincidence between evaporated particles in a nuclear reaction and the delayed gamma-rays emitted from the isomeric state was used to measure lifetimes. SISMEI is composed of plastic scintillators for particle detection, hiperpure germanium detectors (HPGe) and sodium iodide (NaI(Tl)) for gamma-ray detection, coupled to a coincidence system, located on 30A beam line of the Pelletron (8UD) accelerator - LAFN. In the present work, an experiment to measure the 7 (-) (E = 1229.87(4) keV) isomeric state of 68Ga was performed. The experiment took about 80 hours with an event rate of about 80000 counts per second. The measured value was T 1/2 = 60.8(11) ns, which is compatible, but more accurate, with experimental results of other authors. The nuclear structure of this nucleus was calculated with the Large Scale Shell Model by using two different residual interactions FPG and JUN45; the results were compared with the known values. The structure calculated with LSSM described the energy states and the order of excited states relatively well; the FPG interaction was capable to describe better the quadrupolar electrical transition probability B(E2), which is direct related to predicting the state lifetime.
Holmqvist, Mats Harald. "Visually evoked escape of flies : a behavioral and electrophysiological analysis." Phd thesis, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/143995.
Full textDembia, Christopher Lee. "A multi-region collision probability method for determining neutron spectra and reaction rates." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2012-08-6179.
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