Journal articles: 'Escape Reaction'

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Zhou, Yanjun. "Applications of Kramers Escape Rate Theory With Power-Law Distributions." Revista Processos Químicos 9, no. 18 (July 1, 2015): 393–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.19142/rpq.v9i18.339.

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Kramers escape rate theory is the most important one of modern reaction rate theories. However, one key assumption of the theory that thermodynamic equilibrium must prevail throughout the entire system studied is farfetched for open complex systems. Thereby, Kramers escape rates are generalized to describe rates of reactions in nonequilibrium systems with power-law distributions. Kramers escape rates in the very low damping systems, in overdamped systems and in the low-to-intermediate damping (LID) systems are investigated and the corresponding escape rates are obtained respectively on the basis of nonextensive statistics. When apply to biological, physical and chemical systems in each damping systems, these generalized escape rates with power-law distribution show a better agreement with experimental rates as compared with the traditional Kramers escape rates. It is expected that the generalized result can lead to an insight into the research on reaction rate theory for nonequilibrium complex systems with power-law distributions.

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Kawai, Tadahiko, Shumei Murakami, Takashi Maeda, Mitsunobu Kishino, and Kayoko Amino. "Mucus escape reaction that involves the mandible." Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology 83, no. 3 (March 1997): 408–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1079-2104(97)90250-x.

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Davis, April D., Tina M. Weatherby, and Petra H. Lenz. "Speedy Plankton: Myelinated Axons In Calanoid Copepods (Crustacea)." Microscopy and Microanalysis 5, S2 (August 1999): 1308–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600019863.

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Copepods are an abundant and diverse group of crustaceans. One order of free living copepods, the calanoids, are usually < 3 mm in length, planktonic, and possess very rapid escape responses. These animals dominate planktonic communities and their escape reactions contribute to their success. Although all calanoids respond to hydrodynamic disturbances with an escape jump, minimum reaction times vary among species, ranging from 1.5 to 6 msec. To help us understand the physiological basis underlying the phenomenally short reaction times we initiated a comparative study of the internal structures by using transmission electron microscopy (TEM).Traditional chemical fixation was adequate for several species of copepods, and sensory structures were clearly shown. In these calanoids, minimum reaction times ranged from 3 msec to 6 msec and can be partially explained by giant axons, the most common way invertebrates increase the rate of conduction of nerve impulses. However, the internal structures of two copepod species, Euchaetarimana and Undinula vulgaris, were distorted (Fig. 1).

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Ye, Chen, and Yu Huan. "Studies on Electron Escape Condition in Semiconductor Nanomaterials via Photodeposition Reaction." Materials 15, no. 6 (March 13, 2022): 2116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15062116.

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In semiconductor material-driven photocatalysis systems, the generation and migration of charge carriers are core research contents. Among these, the separation of electron-hole pairs and the transfer of electrons to a material’s surface played a crucial role. In this work, photodeposition, a photocatalysis reaction, was used as a “tool” to point out the electron escaping sites on a material’s surface. This “tool” could be used to visually indicate the active particles in photocatalyst materials. Photoproduced electrons need to be transferred to the surface, and they will only participate in reactions at the surface. By reacting with escaped electrons, metal ions could be reduced to nanoparticles immediately and deposited at electron come-out sites. Based on this, the electron escaping conditions of photocatalyst materials have been investigated and surveyed through the photodeposition of platinum. Our results indicate that, first, in monodispersed nanocrystal materials, platinum nanoparticles deposited randomly on a particle’s surface. This can be attributed to the abundant surface defects, which provide driving forces for electron escaping. Second, platinum nanoparticles were found to be deposited, preferentially, on one side in heterostructured nanocrystals. This is considered to be a combination result of work function difference and existence of heterojunction structure.

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Jakubas, Dariusz, Katarzyna Wojczulanis-Jakubas, Alexis Powers, Troy Frazier, Michael Bottomley, and Michał Kraszpulski. "Differences in a Cage Escape Behaviour between Two Migrating Warblers of Different Stop-Over Strategy." Animals 11, no. 3 (February 28, 2021): 639. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11030639.

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Cognitive abilities play an important role for migratory birds that are briefly visiting a variety of unfamiliar stop-over habitats. Here, we compared cognitive abilities-linked behaviour (escape from an experimental cage) between two long-distant migrants differing in stop-over ecology, Sedge Warbler (Acrocephalus schoenobaenus; not territorial, searching for locally superabundant food) and Reed Warbler (A. scirpaceus; territorial, foraging on a common prey) during the autumn migration. After two minutes of acclimatization in the cage, we remotely opened the cage door and recorded the bird’s reaction. We measured latency that individuals needed to escape from a cage. Sedge warblers were 1.61 times more likely to escape from the cage than Reed Warblers. Sedge warblers generally escaped earlier after the door was opened and were 1.79 times more likely to escape at any given time than Reed Warblers. We interpret the prevalence of non-escaped individuals as a general feature of migratory birds. In contrast to resident species, they are more likely to enter an unfamiliar environment, but they are less explorative. We attributed inter-species differences in escape latency to species-specific autumn stop-over refuelling strategies in the context of specialist-generalist foraging. Our study provides ecological insight into the cognitive abilities-linked behaviour of wild animals.

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Krasne, FB, and DL Glanzman. "Sensitization of the crayfish lateral giant escape reaction." Journal of Neuroscience 6, no. 4 (April 1, 1986): 1013–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.06-04-01013.1986.

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DYBIEC, BARTŁOMIEJ, EWA GUDOWSKA-NOWAK, and PAWEŁ F. GÓRA. "IMPLICATION OF BARRIER FLUCTUATIONS ON THE RATE OF WEAKLY ADIABATIC ELECTRON TRANSFER." International Journal of Modern Physics C 13, no. 09 (November 2002): 1211–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183102004078.

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The problem of escape of a Brownian particle in a cusp-shaped metastable potential is of special importance in nonadiabatic and weakly-adiabatic rate theory for electron transfer (ET) reactions. For the weakly-adiabatic reactions, the reaction follows an adiabaticity criterion in the presence of a sharp barrier. In contrast to the nonadiabatic case, the ET kinetics can be, however considerably influenced by the medium dynamics. In this paper, the problem of the escape time over a dichotomously fluctuating cusp barrier is discussed with its relevance to the high temperature ET reactions in condensed media.

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Heitler, W. J., K. Fraser, and E. A. Ferrero. "Escape behaviour in the stomatopod crustacean Squilla mantis, and the evolution of the caridoid escape reaction." Journal of Experimental Biology 203, no. 2 (January 15, 2000): 183–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.203.2.183.

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The mantis shrimp Squilla mantis shows a graded series of avoidance/escape responses to visual and mechanical (vibration and touch) rostral stimuli. A low-threshold response is mediated by the simultaneous protraction of the thoracic walking legs and abdominal swimmerets and telson, producing a backwards ‘lurch’ or jump that can displace the animal by up to one-third of its body length, but leaves it facing in the same direction. A stronger response starts with similar limb protraction, but is followed by partial abdominal flexion. The maximal response also consists of limb protraction followed by abdominal flexion, but in this case the abdominal flexion is sufficiently vigorous to pull the animal into a tight vertical loop, which leaves it inverted and facing away from the stimulus. The animal then swims forward (away from the stimulus) and rights itself by executing a half-roll. A bilaterally paired, large-diameter, rapidly conducting axon in the dorsal region of the ventral nerve excites swimmeret protractor motoneurons in several ganglia and is likely to be the driver neuron for the limb-protraction response. The same neuron also excites unidentified abdominal trunk motoneurons, but less reliably. The escape response is a key feature of the malacostracan caridoid facies, and we provide the first detailed description of this response in a group that diverged early in malacostracan evolution. We show that the components of the escape response contrast strongly with those of the full caridoid reaction, and we provide physiological and behavioural evidence for the biological plausibility of a limb-before-tail thesis for the evolution of the escape response.

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Kugel, Jennifer F., and James A. Goodrich. "Promoter escape limits the rate of RNA polymerase II transcription and is enhanced by TFIIE, TFIIH, and ATP on negatively supercoiled DNA." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 95, no. 16 (August 4, 1998): 9232–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.95.16.9232.

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To measure rate constants for discrete steps of single-round transcription (preinitiation complex formation, promoter escape, and transcript elongation), kinetic studies were performed in a well defined human RNA polymerase II transcription system. These experiments revealed that promoter escape limits the rate of transcription from the adenovirus major late promoter (AdMLP) contained on negatively supercoiled DNA. TFIIE and TFIIH were found to significantly increase fractional template usage during a single round of transcription in an ATP-dependent reaction. The observed rate constant for promoter escape, however, was not greatly affected by TFIIE and TFIIH. Our results are explained by a model in which transcription branches into at least two pathways: one that results in functional promoter escape and full-length RNA synthesis, and another in which preinitiation complexes abort during promoter escape and do not produce full-length RNA transcripts. These results with negatively supercoiled templates agree with our earlier conclusion that TFIIE, TFIIH, and ATP direct promoter escape and support a model in which the TFIIH helicases stimulate promoter escape in an ATP-dependent reaction.

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Pathapati, Rama Mohan, Manchi Rajesh Kumar, B. L. Kudagi, and Madhavulu Buchineni. "Change from baseline as an outcome illustrates escape behaviour of rats in hot plate method." International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology 6, no. 10 (September 23, 2017): 2348. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20174357.

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Background: The Hot Plate test is a thermal hyperalgesia model to assess the analgesic activity of many compounds. Traditional analysis compares reaction times with controls, reports only analgesic activity without considering escape reflex. Escape reflex to pain sensation also provides an indirect measure of analgesic activity. However, it requires repeated exposure of rats to hot plate. We explored the learning activities and escape behaviour of rats by calculating the change from baseline of reaction times.Methods: Male Wister strain albino rats, weighing between 150-200mg were used for assessment of hot-plate induced hyperalgesia. Author analysed the analgesic activity of aspirin (100mg/Kg) and compared with animals receiving saline. Aspirin and saline were administered 1hr orally before the commencement of the experiment. The reaction time was recorded at every 30 min up to 6hrs.Results: With traditional analysis, we can observe that the onset of action, peak action and duration of analgesic activity of aspirin was at 0.5, 2.0 and 5.0 hours respectively. Peak inhibition of reaction time was seen at 2 hours with a magnitude of 474%. When we applied a statistical procedure, absolute change from baseline statistics, we found that animals treated with aspirin also exhibited escape reflex after fading of drug response and animals treated with saline demonstrated early (0.5hr) escape behaviour from the hot plate and continued throughout the rest of the experiment.Conclusions: Change from baseline as an outcome illustrates escape behaviour of rats in hot plate method and it should be employed along with percentage inhibition during assessment of analgesic activity.

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LEMMNITZ, G., H. SCHUPPE, and H. G. WOLFF. "NEUROMOTOR BASES OF THE ESCAPE BEHAVIOUR OF NASSA MUTABILIS." Journal of Experimental Biology 143, no. 1 (May 1, 1989): 493–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.143.1.493.

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The complex sequence of movements in the escape behaviour of the snail Nassa mutabilis (L.) was described in detail and the neuromotor activity underlying the behaviour was investigated by extra- and intracellular recording. The escape reaction is triggered by a chemical stimulus to the animal's foot, in these experiments either application of KCl solution or contact with a starfish. It consists of a preliminary phase in which the shell tilts to its side, the actual locomotor phase, and a final righting movement. The snail performs leaps, in which the foot and the shell are repeatedly rotated with respect to one another. EMGs recorded from the columellar muscle during the escape reaction showed that bursts of potentials are coupled to the shell rotations. In the intact animal this burst activity ordinarily began 0.6 ± 0.3 s after stimulation with KCl. In an animal dissected for recording from the columellar nerve (which supplies the columellar muscle), KCl stimulation of the dorsum of the foot induced burstlike neuronal activity with a latency of 0.5 ± 0.3 s. The dorsal foot region, the site at which the escape reaction can be triggered, was found to be supplied by the posterior pedal nerves; electrical stimulation of these nerves elicited bursts in the columellar nerve. The left pleural ganglion, which is known to contain neurones that project into the columellar nerve, was also found to contain neurones responsive to KCl stimulation of the foot. These findings suggest that the left pleural ganglion contains a motor centre which is involved in control of activity of the columellar nerve, and is also active during the escape reaction.

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12

NALBACH, HANS-ORTWTN. "Short Communication: Discontinuous Turning Reaction during Escape in Soldier Crabs." Journal of Experimental Biology 148, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 483–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.148.1.483.

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13

Waggett, Rebecca J., and Edward J. Buskey. "Escape reaction performance of myelinated and non-myelinated calanoid copepods." Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 361, no. 2 (July 2008): 111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2008.05.006.

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Kugel, Jennifer F., and James A. Goodrich. "Translocation after Synthesis of a Four-Nucleotide RNA Commits RNA Polymerase II to Promoter Escape." Molecular and Cellular Biology 22, no. 3 (February 1, 2002): 762–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.22.3.762-773.2002.

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ABSTRACT Transcription is a complex process, the regulation of which is crucial for cellular and organismic growth and development. Deciphering the molecular mechanisms that define transcription is essential to understanding the regulation of RNA synthesis. Here we describe the molecular mechanism of escape commitment, a critical step in early RNA polymerase II transcription. During escape commitment ternary transcribing complexes become stable and committed to proceeding forward through promoter escape and the remainder of the transcription reaction. We found that the point in the transcription reaction at which escape commitment occurs depends on the length of the transcript RNA (4 nucleotides [nt]) as opposed to the position of the active site of the polymerase with respect to promoter DNA elements. We found that single-stranded nucleic acids can inhibit escape commitment, and we identified oligonucleotides that are potent inhibitors of this specific step. These inhibitors bind RNA polymerase II with low nanomolar affinity and sequence specificity, and they block both promoter-dependent and promoter-independent transcription, the latter occurring in the absence of general transcription factors. We demonstrate that escape commitment involves translocation of the RNA polymerase II active site between synthesis of the third and fourth phosphodiester bonds. We propose that a conformational change in ternary transcription complexes occurs during translocation after synthesis of a 4-nt RNA to render complexes escape committed.

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Klann, Michael, and Heinz Koeppl. "Reaction schemes, escape times and geminate recombinations in particle-based spatial simulations of biochemical reactions." Physical Biology 10, no. 4 (July 2, 2013): 046005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1478-3975/10/4/046005.

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Bastakov, V. A. "Visual Illusions in Frogs and Toads." Perception 26, no. 1_suppl (August 1997): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/v970211.

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There are situations where frogs and toads radically misjudge the size of a moving object, taking an enemy for prey or vice versa. In the present work, the conditions where this occurs were investigated. Frogs ( Rana temporaria) were shown black balls of diameters 0.25 – 20 cm moving at different distances and velocities, either in the presence or absence of a structured background. When the targets moved at 10 – 15 cm s−1 (at a distance where this corresponded to ∼10 deg s−1) in the presence of the background, frogs turned, approached and tried to catch those with small diameters (0.25 – 2 cm) only. Larger targets mainly evoked escape reactions. Without the background, balls of any real size could be perceived as prey: all targets of angular size about 5 deg or less triggered a ‘food’ turning reaction, implying that the critical distance for this reaction depends linearly on object size. ‘Food’ turning towards big targets (10 or 20 cm) indicates incorrect distance estimation. Moreover, if a big target was moved at high speed (100 deg s−1), the frog not only turned but also flicked its tongue at it without approaching it, even when the distance was up to 1 m. Observations on the toad Bufo bufo were qualitatively similar. Thus it is possible to create an illusion of closeness in frogs and toads by increasing the speed of the moving object. Conversely, it is possible to create an illusion of distance by moving a small object at slow speed close to the animal. The 0.25 cm target moving at a 12 cm distance with a velocity of 0.15 cm s−1 (0.7 deg s−1) in the absence of the structured background evoked the ‘food’ reaction on only 4% of the trials and escape reactions on 80% of the trials. When the background was present, the same stimulus evoked ‘food’ turning only. The escape reaction to a small object can be explained by a drastic overestimation of its distance in the absence of other cues.

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GRAUNKE, K. L., J. LANGBEIN, D. REPSILBER, and P.-C. SCHÖN. "Objectively measuring behaviour traits in an automated restraint-test for ungulates: towards making temperament measurable." Journal of Agricultural Science 151, no. 1 (April 27, 2012): 141–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859612000408.

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SUMMARYThe personality of an animal is described by traits that cause consistent actions and reactions to environmental stimuli. An important part of personality is the reaction to unpleasant or uncontrollable situations. Methods described in the literature to measure personality in animals are often based on measuring or rating escape behaviour in these situations. In the methods described, human handlers are frequently part of the experiment or the animals’ personalities are scored by humans. Thus, these methods are at least partly subjective.In the current study, an appliance to measure objectively the escape behaviour of ungulates and their reluctance during an uncontrollable situation (restraint) with a rather simple and comprehensible methodology is presented using a force transducer with adequate peripheral equipment. While the animals were restrained, a tractive force-time diagram describing escape behaviour was recorded and later analysed with software developed specifically.To evaluate this newly developed technical method, 24 three-month-old calves were restrained by being tethered for 30 min on a halter that was connected to the force transducer. From the tractive force-time diagram, tractive force, maximal tractive force and the number of pulls that the calves performed during 5-min intervals were calculated. The multivariate results were analysed with a k-means-algorithm (function ‘kcca’) and a hierarchical clustering (function ‘hclust’) included in R version 2.12.1.Both analyses revealed two clearly separated clusters including the same individuals in each analysis. The animals of cluster 1 showed a continuously higher reaction level than those of cluster 2 with a strong reaction in the beginning, a short decrease before increasing during the middle of the experiment and a final decrease at the end of the test. The animals of cluster 2 had a lower and quite steady reaction level throughout the experiment, although even here a slight increase during the middle of the experiment could be detected before a final decrease towards the end of the test was shown. There was no significant difference in weight between the two clusters.The results showed that this newly developed method was able to detect differences in the animals’ escape behaviour patterns and reluctance with the measured parameters.

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ARSHAVSKY, YU I., T. G. DELIAGINA, G. N. ORLOVSKY, YU V. PANCHIN, and L. B. POPOVA. "INTERNEURONES MEDIATING THE ESCAPE REACTION OF THE MARINE MOLLUSC CLIONE LIMACINA." Journal of Experimental Biology 164, no. 1 (March 1, 1992): 307–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.164.1.307.

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Chatterjee, Debarati, and Binny J. Cherayil. "Anomalous reaction-diffusion as a model of nonexponential DNA escape kinetics." Journal of Chemical Physics 132, no. 2 (January 14, 2010): 025103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3290987.

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Jasińska, Karolina D., Joanna Babińska-Werka, and Dagny Krauze-Gryz. "A test of wildlife warning reflectors as a way to reduce risk of wildlife-train collisions." Nature Conservation 47 (March 25, 2022): 303–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.47.73052.

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Looking for an effective method to reduce risk of animal-train collisions, we tested the system of wildlife warning reflectors, a method usually used on roads. The research was conducted in central Poland, along a 2.1 km stretch of the E65 railway line near Warsaw, during eight months, in the years 2010–2011. For six months of a test period, the reflectors were uncovered (active) and, for the next two months of the control period, they were covered (non-active). Digital cameras were used to register animal reactions to trains 24-hours per day. We compared the probability of escape (escape = 1; no reaction = 0) from an oncoming train during test and control periods of the research, in different parts of a day (i.e. day vs. night) and compared escape time of roe deer between day and night and with reflectors covered and uncovered. Roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), red fox (Vulpes vulpes) and brown hare (Lepus europaeus) were observed most often (702 observations in total). The status of reflectors (covered/uncovered) did not influence the probability of animals’ escape from an oncoming train. The only factors that affected the probability of escape were animal species and time of a day. Of the three species, roe deer was most likely to escape from an oncoming train (89% of probability at day and 52% during night, pooled data for covered and uncovered reflectors). Timing of roe deer escape from an oncoming train did not differ between day (6.4 seconds) and night, with either reflectors covered (7.5 seconds) or uncovered (4.6 seconds). The results indicated that wildlife warning reflectors were not effective to modify animal behaviour and to reduce risk of animal-train collisions.

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Araki, Makoto, and Toshiki Nagayama. "Decrease in excitability of LG following habituation of the crayfish escape reaction." Journal of Comparative Physiology A 191, no. 5 (March 5, 2005): 481–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00359-005-0607-y.

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Zhou, Yanjun, and Cangtao Yin. "Tunneling corrections on escape rates in different damping systems." International Journal of Modern Physics B 35, no. 11 (April 30, 2021): 2150158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979221501587.

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Tunneling corrections on Kramers escape rates with power-law distribution in three damping systems are obtained separately based on flux over population theory by introducing the tunneling correction into flux. Two common barriers (Eckart barrier and parabolic barrier) are used to calculate tunneling corrections. We take the relevant parameters from the [Formula: see text] reaction to further study how the tunneling correction affects the escape rates in three damping cases. It shows that the tunneling correction has great impact on escape rate in low damping and overdamped systems, but has little impact in low-to-intermediate damping (LID) system. Heretofore, we extend our previous work to a wider range of application areas.

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Tran, Anh Vy, Thuy Tram Huynh Nguyen, Thanh Tung Nguyen, Hye Jin Lee, Jayeon Baek, and Yong Jin Kim. "An Escape from Noble Metals for Generating Urethanes via Reductive Carbonylation of Nitroarenes over FeSe2/γ-Al2O3 †." Catalysts 10, no. 11 (October 22, 2020): 1228. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10111228.

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The reaction of FeCl3, SeO2, and Pyridine (Py) in the presence of methanol (MeOH) under CO pressure generates a black precipitate, which has been confirmed as ferric di-selenide, FeSe2 through different structure characterization methods. Furthermore, impregnation of 5 wt% of FeSe2 onto γ-Al2O3 exhibits better catalytic performance than FeSe2 due to the highly dispersed and smaller particle sizes ca. 200–300 nm. The reductive carbonylation of nitrobenzene (NB) was investigated over FeSe2/γ-Al2O3 as a heterogeneous catalyst, delivering an excellent yield and high selectivity of methyl-N-phenyl carbamate (MPC). Moreover, a set of reactions was performed with variation in the reaction time, temperature, and pressure to investigate the effects of these factors. In particular, FeSe2/γ-Al2O3 is highly stable and can be recycled for up to five cycles without significant loss in catalytic performance. A mechanistic study was also conducted on this low-cost catalyst system, especially proposing a crucial role of FeSe2 (μ-CO) active species.

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Varavva, A. I., V. E. Vershinin, and R. A. Idiatullin. "KINETICS OF A BINARY MIXTURE DECOMPOSITION IN RELATIONTO THE EFFECTS ON OIL RESERVOIR." Oil and Gas Studies, no. 6 (December 1, 2017): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.31660/0445-0108-2017-6-67-72.

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The kinetic constants of the decomposition reaction of an aqueous solution of a binary mixture used for thermal-pressure induced impact on the bottomhole zone during stimulation of oil inflow are determined. The obtained constants allow predicting the effects of pressure and temperature growth in the reaction zone. A mathematical model is proposed that makes it possible to describe the kinetics of the reaction taking into account the escape of gas.

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Li, Zhihong, Shiyao Qiu, Xiaoyu Wang, and Li Zhao. "Modeling and Simulation of Crowd Pre-Evacuation Decision-Making in Complex Traffic Environments." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 24 (December 12, 2022): 16664. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192416664.

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Human movements in complex traffic environments have been successfully simulated by various models. It is crucial to improve crowd safety and urban resilience. However, few studies focus on reproducing human behavior and predicting escape reaction time in the initial judgement stage in complex traffic environments. In this paper, a pedestrian pre-evacuation decision-making model considering pedestrian heterogeneity is proposed for complex environments. Firstly, the model takes different obvious factors into account, including cognition, information, experience, habits, stress, and decision-making ability. Then, according to the preference of the escapees, the personnel decision-making in each stage is divided into two types: stay and escape. Finally, multiple influencing factors are selected to construct the regression equation for prediction of the escape opportunity. The results show that: (1) Choices of escape opportunity are divided into several stages, which are affected by the pedestrian individual risk tolerance, risk categories strength, distance from danger, and reaction of the neighborhood crowd. (2) There are many important factors indicating the pedestrian individual risk tolerance, in which Gen, Group, Time and Mode are a positive correlation, while Age and Zone are a negative correlation. (3) The analysis of the natural response rate of different evacuation strategies shows that 19.81% of people evacuate immediately. The research in this paper can better protect public safety and promote the normal activities of the population.

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BAHARI, ALI. "THE STOCHASTIC RESETTING AND MASTER NONLINEAR FOKKER–PLANCK IN DISCRETE SPECTROSCOPY OF ULTRATHIN SILICON DIOXIDE FILM." International Journal of Modern Physics B 26, no. 07 (March 20, 2012): 1250039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979212500397.

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In this paper, we consider a particle (carrier) which is stochastically reset to its initial position at a constant rate r. It leads toward a non-equilibrium stationary state with non-Gaussian fluctuations for the particle position and enhance escape rate of particles through the ultrathin film. Here we explore strongly-correlated random sequences. It is based on Master — nonlinear Fokker–Planck and chemical reaction equations. In that case compounding moments can set useful constraints to synchrotron radiation spectra of ultrathin film (SRSUTF). This mechanism is explained within a fitting process where both diffusion and reaction occur in discrete cells, and with both Si and O 2 treated as moving and reacting species for the very thin oxides.

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Gutteridge, J. M. C. "Ferrous-salt-promoted damage to deoxyribose and benzoate. The increased effectiveness of hydroxyl-radical scavengers in the presence of EDTA." Biochemical Journal 243, no. 3 (May 1, 1987): 709–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2430709.

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Hydroxyl radicals (OH.) in free solution react with scavengers at rates predictable from their known second-order rate constants. However, when OH. radicals are produced in biological systems by metal-ion-dependent Fenton-type reactions scavengers do not always appear to conform to these established rate constants. The detector molecules deoxyribose and benzoate were used to study damage by OH. involving a hydrogen-abstraction reaction and an aromatic hydroxylation. In the presence of EDTA the rate constant for the reaction of scavengers with OH. was generally higher than in the absence of EDTA. This radiomimetic effect of EDTA can be explained by the removal of iron from the detector molecule, where it brings about a site-specific reaction, by EDTA allowing more OH. radicals to escape into free solution to react with added scavengers. The deoxyribose assay, although chemically complex, in the presence of EDTA appears to give a simple and cheap method of obtaining rate constants for OH. reactions that compare well with those obtained by using pulse radiolysis.

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Hatta, K., and H. Korn. "Tonic inhibition alternates in paired neurons that set direction of fish escape reaction." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 96, no. 21 (October 12, 1999): 12090–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.96.21.12090.

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el Manira, A., and F. Clarac. "Presynaptic inhibition is mediated by histamine and GABA in the crustacean escape reaction." Journal of Neurophysiology 71, no. 3 (March 1, 1994): 1088–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1994.71.3.1088.

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1. Presynaptic inhibition of sensory transmission during the escape reaction in Crustacea has been studied using an in vitro preparation of the crayfish thoracic ganglia. Electrical stimulation of the medial giant fiber mediating the escape reaction induced depolarization in sensory afferent terminals of the coxo-basal chordotonal organ (CBCO). This depolarization was associated with an increase of the membrane conductance and was partially blocked by a gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) antagonist, picrotoxin, and by a histamine antagonist, cimetidine. 2. Pressure ejection of histamine on CBCO sensory terminals (CBT) recorded intracellularly, induced a depolarization of the membrane potential accompanied by a large increase of the conductance. Histamine-induced depolarization persisted after blockade of synaptic transmission mediated by Na+ spikes by tetrodotoxin. The amplitude of histamine-induced depolarization increased when negative current was injected into the sensory terminal through the recording electrode. Moreover, injection of chloride into the CBT, which shifts the reversal potential of chloride to a more positive value, resulted in an increase of the amplitude of the histamine-induced depolarization. 3. The existence of separate receptors for GABA and histamine on the CB sensory terminals was demonstrated using two complementary sets of experiments. The first one consisted of using specific blockers of GABA and histamine. Picrotoxin blocked selectively the GABA-induced depolarization of the CB sensory terminals, while it was ineffective in blocking the histamine-induced depolarization. Conversely, cimetidine blocked the histamine-induced depolarization totally, but did not affect the GABA response. The second set of experiments tested for of cross-desensitization between GABA and histamine responses.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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Miller, MW, SC Lee, and FB Krasne. "Cooperativity-dependent long-lasting potentiation in the crayfish lateral giant escape reaction circuit." Journal of Neuroscience 7, no. 4 (April 1, 1987): 1081–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.07-04-01081.1987.

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Gao, Zhen Xing, Hong Bin Gu, and Zheng Gao. "Design of Probabilistic Pilot Model with Fuzzy Controller for Microburst Escape." Applied Mechanics and Materials 97-98 (September 2011): 794–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.97-98.794.

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Pilot should control the aircraft manually when encountering low altitude wind shear during takeoff and landing. For wind shear escape and flight safety research, an effective human pilot model together with wind shear and flight dynamics model should be built with high fidelity. A skill-based human pilot model was built which can describe pilots’ characteristics such as experiences, skills, emotions, reaction abilities, etc. A fuzzy controller was designed for lateral and longitudinal escape control in pilot model. Since single pilot could not represent a group of pilots’ control behavior, some of the model parameters were set to be stochastic, then the Monte Carlo method was adopted to obtain a numerical approximation of safety analysis results. With the probabilistic pilot model, escape strategies and safety analysis can be studied by simulation with high fidelity.

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Chien, Yi-Hsin, Ming-Fong Tsai, Vijayakumar Shanmugam, Kripasindhu Sardar, Cheng-Liang Huang, and Chen-Sheng Yeh. "Escape from the destruction of the galvanic replacement reaction for solid → hollow → solid conversion process in one pot reaction." Nanoscale 5, no. 9 (2013): 3863. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3nr00100h.

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Galon, J., B. Mlecnik, A. Kirilovsky, G. Bindea, M. Tosolini, W. Fridman, and F. Pages. "Intratumoral immune reaction: A novel paradigm for cancer." Journal of Clinical Oncology 29, no. 4_suppl (February 1, 2011): 471. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2011.29.4_suppl.471.

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471 Background: To date the anatomic extent of tumor (TNM classifications) has been by far the most important factors to predict the prognosis of cancer patients. However, the impact of immune responses and tumor escape on patient prognosis in human cancer is poorly understood. Methods: We analyzed large retrospective cohorts of colorectal cancer patients. Results: We showed that tumors from human colorectal cancer with a high density of infiltrating memory and effector memory T-cells (T-EM) are less likely to disseminate to lymphovascular and perineural structures and to regional lymph-nodes (New Engl J Med, 2005). We showed that the combination of immune parameters associating the nature, the density, the functional orientation and the location of immune cells within the tumor was essential to accurately define the impact of the local host immune reaction on patients prognosis (Science, 2006). We proposed to define these immune criteria as “immune contexture.” Analysis of patients with early-stage colorectal cancer confirmed the major role of cyotoxic effector T cells in predicting the prognosis of the patients (J Clin Oncol, 2009). Investigation of the primary tumor microenvironment allowed us to uncover the association of favorable outcomes with efficient coordination of the intratumoral immune response. We described four major immune coordination profiles within primary tumors depending on the balance between tumor escape and immune coordination. Recent advances analyzing mechanisms responsible for lymphocytic infiltration will be discussed. Conclusions: The density and the immune-cell location within the tumor have a prognostic value that is superior of those of the TNM classifications. Tumor invasion is statistically dependent on the host-immune reaction. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

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Webb, Paul W., and Hongbao Zhang. "The relationship between responsiveness and elusiveness of heat-shocked goldfish (Carassius auratus) to attacks by rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 72, no. 3 (March 1, 1994): 423–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z94-059.

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We measured reaction distance, escape velocity, and the apparent looming threshold (ALT) of heat-shocked goldfish (Carassius auratus) attacked by trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). We tested fish at the acclimation temperature of 15 °C after heat-shocking prey for 2 min at temperatures ranging from 34 to 39 °C. Escape speeds were unaffected by heat shock. Reaction distance decreased from about 21 cm for fish shocked at 35 °C to about 6 cm for those shocked at 39 °C. ALT increased from 0.2 rad∙s−1 for controls to 0.4 rad∙s−1 for goldfish heat-shocked at 39 °C. The elusiveness of prey, E, was measured as the number of attacks required per prey capture. E was related to ALT as: E = 1.29 (±0.47)∙ALT−0.82(±0.25) (mean (±2 SE)). Factors that decrease responsiveness of prey have large effects on the ability of prey to avoid predators.

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Arisi, Ivan, Davide Zoccolan, and Vincent Torre. "Distributed Motor Pattern Underlying Whole-Body Shortening in the Medicinal Leech." Journal of Neurophysiology 86, no. 5 (November 1, 2001): 2475–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2001.86.5.2475.

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Whole-body shortening was studied in the leech, Hirudo medicinalis, by a combination of videomicroscopy and multielectrode recordings. Video microscopy was used to monitor the animal behavior and muscle contraction. Eight suction pipettes were used to obtain simultaneous electrical recordings from fine roots emerging from ganglia. This vital escape reaction was rather reproducible. The coefficient of variation of the animal contraction during whole-body shortening was between 0.2 and 0.3. The great majority of all leech longitudinal motoneurons were activated during this escape reaction, in particular motoneurons 3, 4, 5, 8, 107, 108, and L. The firing pattern of all these motoneurons was poorly reproducible from trial to trial, and the coefficient of variation of their firing varied between 0.3 and 1.5 for different motoneurons. The electrical activity of pairs of coactivated motoneurons did not show any sign of correlation over a time window of 100 ms. Only the left and right motoneurons L in the same ganglion had a correlated firing pattern, resulting from their strong electrical coupling. As a consequence of the low correlation between coactivated motoneurons, the global electrical activity during whole-body shortening became reproducible with a coefficient of variation below 0.3 during maximal contraction. These results indicate that whole-body shortening is mediated by the coactivation of a large fraction of all leech motoneurons, i.e., it is a distributed process, and that coactivated motoneurons exhibit a significant statistical independence. Probably due to this statistical independence this vital escape reaction is smooth and reproducible.

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Saravanan, M., Dr P. Premalatha, and Dr V. Chanthiramathi. "The Conflict between Past and Future: A Study of Rose Tremain’s The Road Home and The Colour." SMART MOVES JOURNAL IJELLH 6, no. 10 (June 14, 2021): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.24113/ijellh.v6i10.5107.

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One’s memories or imaginationsconstitute his or her present life. In simple terms, the present is made up of the reaction to one’s memories or imaginations. This research paper proves how the conflict between the past and the future constitutes one’s present life by analyzing the major characters in The Road Home and inThe Colour. Lev from The Road Homeand Joseph from The Colour are seeking asylum in the past in order to escape the painful present. However, Levmanages to escape from the past and climb the ladder of future. Finally, he becomes a successful entrepreneur in the present. But, Joseph lives in the past. He couldn’t escape from the clutches of it till the end. He not onlylives in the past but also plans to amend it in the future. Consequently, his present life is full of regrets and miseries.

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Shetty, Urvashi A., Srikala Bhandary, Kumudha Rao, and Pushparaja Shetty. "Oral mucocele or mucous escape reaction an obstructive disorder: A report of 2 cases." International Journal of Dentistry Research 2, no. 1 (February 1, 2017): 15–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.31254/dentistry.2017.2105.

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Parra, Juçara F. C., Rita C. S. França, John R. Kusel, Marcus V. Gomez, Eurico A. Figueiredo, and Tomaz A. Mota-Santos. "Schistosoma mansoni: phospholipid methylation and the escape of schistosomula from in vitro cytotoxic reaction." Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 21, no. 2 (November 1986): 151–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-6851(86)90018-6.

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Lenz, P. H., and D. K. Hartline. "Reaction times and force production during escape behavior of a calanoid copepod, Undinula vulgaris." Marine Biology 133, no. 2 (March 9, 1999): 249–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002270050464.

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Poleshchenko, Ya I., D. A. Oleynikov, V. Yu Lukichev, D. A. Khromikhin, M. A. Krylova, D. L. Sonin, A. A. Karpov, et al. "Intermittent vagus nerve stimulation allows preventing the “escape” effect of heart rhythm changes." "Arterial’naya Gipertenziya" ("Arterial Hypertension") 24, no. 6 (January 26, 2019): 674–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.18705/1607-419x-2018-24-6-674-683.

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Background.Vagus nerve stimulation has been proposed for the treatment of a number of diseases. The positive effects of vagus nerve stimulation on ischemic and reperfusion myocardial injury has been tested in experimental models. However, the escape effect of vagus activation on heart rate and the methodology to overcome this effect have not been reported properly.Objective. The purpose of the study is to evaluate parameters of prolonged stimulation that decrease heart rate and allow overcoming the escape effect of vagus nerve activation.Design and methods. We used Wistar rats (n = 9). Cervical section was performed under general anesthesia. Left vagus nerve isolated from adjacent tissue was contacted with custom stimulation electrodes and a custom pulse generator. Blood pressure was measured in the right common carotid artery. Limb electrocardiogram was continuously recorded. First, stimulation parameters repeatedly evoking vagal reaction (decrease in heart rate) without nerve damage were evaluated. Second, parameters of intermittent stimulation that allowed repeat and consistent heart rate decrease were assessed.Results. During experiments, in 5 animals the following parameters leading to sustained 30 ± 20 % heart rate reduction were found: rectangular pulse, 30 Hz, 0,5 ms, 1–2 V (0,6– 0,8 mA). Stimulation with 50 Hz frequency led to nerve damage in 1 case. Stimulation with 20 Hz frequency led to heart rate over-suppression of heart rate and blood pressure. Intermittent nerve stimulation was tested in 4 animals and led to repeated heart rate decrease by 38 ± 15 %. The parameters which helped to avoid escape effect on heart rate change were the following: the length of stimulation episode of 45 s and interruption of stimulation for 15 s.Conclusion. Intermittent electrical stimulation evokes vagal reactions on heart rate and allows overcoming the escape effect of vagal activation.

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Sharifi-Mood, Nima, Ali Mozaffari, and Ubaldo M. Córdova-Figueroa. "Pair interaction of catalytically active colloids: from assembly to escape." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 798 (June 16, 2016): 910–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2016.317.

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The dynamics and pair trajectories of two self-propelled (active) colloids in a quiescent fluid for both axisymmetric and asymmetric cases are reported. The autonomous motions of the colloids are due to a catalytic chemical reaction taking place asymmetrically on their surfaces that generates a concentration gradient of interactive solutes around the particles and actuates particle propulsion. A combined analytical–numerical technique was developed to solve the coupled mass conservation equation for the solute and the hydrodynamics between the colloids in the Stokes flow regime. For axisymmetric motions, the translational swimming velocities of the particles in the near field can be enhanced or weakened (compared to their motions when they are far apart) depending on the relative orientations of their active sections. Moreover, it can be shown that different surface activities of two symmetric particles, e.g. an inert versus a catalytic particle or two catalytic particles, can also lead to a propulsion where the far-field swimming velocity for the inert and the catalytic particle attenuate as ${\sim}1/{\it\Delta}^{2}$ and ${\sim}1/{\it\Delta}^{5}$ respectively, ${\it\Delta}$ is the non-dimensional centre-to-centre distance. For asymmetric motions, our analysis indicates two possible scenarios for pair trajectories of catalytically active particles: either the particles approach, come into contact and assemble or they interact and move away from each other (escape). It is found that the direction of particle rotations is the key factor in determining the escape or assembly scenario due to an interplay between both hydrodynamic and phoretic effects. Based on the analysis, a phase diagram is sketched for the pair trajectory of the catalytically active particles as a function of reacting surface coverages and their initial relative orientations with respect to each other. We believe this study has important implications in elucidation of collective behaviours of autophoretically self-propelled colloids and would be certainly a guide for experimentalists to design and control active systems.

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Subotic, Jelena. "No Escape from Ethnicity? Confessions of an Accidental CNN Pundit." PS: Political Science & Politics 43, no. 01 (January 2010): 115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049096510990665.

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AbstractAs a political scientist with expertise in human rights and the Balkans, I was invited to provide critical commentary and analysis of Kosovo's declaration of independence in February 2008 for CNN International. I offered an analysis rooted in the understanding and interpretation of international law, foreign policy, and domestic politics of Serbia and Kosovo. While I was not surprised that my analysis was not popular in Serbia—after all, I did argue that the independence of Kosovo was legitimate—I was surprised at the level of ethnic intensity and the broad-based hostile reaction to my CNN appearance in Serbia. This article first documents the harassment campaign I experienced. I then conduct textual analysis of the hate mail and online postings to offer insights about ethnicity's relation to identity, gender, and political analysis in the public sphere. I conclude by discussing how identities of researchers—as crafted by themselves and others—help define analytical tools we use in scholarly inquiry.

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Ishikawa, Takuji, and Kenji Kikuchi. "Biomechanics of Tetrahymena escaping from a dead end." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1873 (February 28, 2018): 20172368. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.2368.

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Understanding the behaviours of swimming microorganisms in various environments is important for understanding cell distribution and growth in nature and industry. However, cell behaviour in complex geometries is largely unknown. In this study, we used Tetrahymena thermophila as a model microorganism and experimentally investigated cell behaviour between two flat plates with a small angle. In this configuration, the geometry provided a ‘dead end' line where the two flat plates made contact. The results showed that cells tended to escape from the dead end line more by hydrodynamics than by a biological reaction. In the case of hydrodynamic escape, the cell trajectories were symmetric as they swam to and from the dead end line. Near the dead end line, T. thermophila cells were compressed between the two flat plates while cilia kept beating with reduced frequency; those cells again showed symmetric trajectories, although the swimming velocity decreased. These behaviours were well reproduced by our computational model based on biomechanics. The mechanism of hydrodynamic escape can be understood in terms of the torque balance induced by lubrication flow. We therefore conclude that a cell's escape from the dead end was assisted by hydrodynamics. These findings pave the way for understanding cell behaviour and distribution in complex geometries.

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Zhou, Yun, Mian Yu, Changjun Tie, Yang Deng, Junqing Wang, Yunfei Yi, Fan Zhang, et al. "Tumor Microenvironment-Specific Chemical Internalization for Enhanced Gene Therapy of Metastatic Breast Cancer." Research 2021 (June 18, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.34133/2021/9760398.

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Benefiting from treating diseases at the genetic level, gene therapy has been considered a new revolution in the biomedical field. However, the extracellular and intracellular barriers during gene transport such as enzymatic degradation and endo-/lysosomal sequestration significantly compromise the therapeutic efficacy. Though photochemical internalization (PCI) has emerged as a promising approach for causing endo-/lysosomal leakage with translocation of the internalized molecules into the cytosol, its effect is still unsatisfactory due to the insufficient light penetration depth. Here, we develop tumor microenvironment-specific enhanced gene delivery by means of ROS generated from the in situ cascaded catalytic reactions in tumors involving GOx-mediated redox reaction and Mn2+-mediated Fenton-like reaction. The efficient enzymatic protection and successful endo-/lysosomal escape of cargo gene complexes have been demonstrated. Moreover, anti-Twist siRNA-loaded G@MMSNs-P exhibit tumor-specific biodegradation, excellent T1-weighted MR imaging, and significant inhibitory effects against breast cancer growth and pulmonary metastasis.

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Mozumder, A. "Influence of fractal geometry on geminate escape probability, mean recombination time, and homogeneous reaction rate." Journal of Chemical Physics 92, no. 2 (January 15, 1990): 1015–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.458163.

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Glanzman, DL, and FB Krasne. "5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine lesions of crayfish serotonin-containing neurons: effect on the lateral giant escape reaction." Journal of Neuroscience 6, no. 6 (June 1, 1986): 1560–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.06-06-01560.1986.

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Sugarman, Robert C. "Something Old, Something New, Something Borrowed, but Nothing Blew!" Ergonomics in Design: The Quarterly of Human Factors Applications 19, no. 1 (January 2011): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1064804611400990.

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Accident analysis often requires reaction time estimates usually to determine a relatively simple reaction to a single stimulus, such as pressing the brake when a traffic event occurs. It is harder to find data for complex actions that are required to escape from a danger. Faced with the need to bound the time required to carry out cognitive functions and whole-body actions, the author turned to data from predetermined time systems – in particular, methods-time measurement – to show that a fatality could not have been prevented even if a warning signal had been given.

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Puglini, Matteo, Victor Brovkin, Pierre Regnier, and Sandra Arndt. "Assessing the potential for non-turbulent methane escape from the East Siberian Arctic Shelf." Biogeosciences 17, no. 12 (June 26, 2020): 3247–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3247-2020.

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Abstract. The East Siberian Arctic Shelf (ESAS) hosts large yet poorly quantified reservoirs of subsea permafrost and associated gas hydrates. It has been suggested that the global-warming induced thawing and dissociation of these reservoirs is currently releasing methane (CH4) to the shallow coastal ocean and ultimately the atmosphere. However, a major unknown in assessing the contribution of this CH4 flux to the global CH4 cycle and its climate feedbacks is the fate of CH4 as it migrates towards the sediment–water interface. In marine sediments, (an)aerobic oxidation reactions generally act as a very efficient methane sink. However, a number of environmental conditions can reduce the efficiency of this biofilter. Here, we used a reaction-transport model to assess the efficiency of the benthic methane filter and, thus, the potential for benthic methane escape across a wide range of environmental conditions that could be encountered on the East Siberian Arctic Shelf. Results show that, under steady-state conditions, anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) acts as an efficient biofilter. However, high CH4 escape is simulated for rapidly accumulating and/or active sediments and can be further enhanced by the presence of organic matter with intermediate reactivity and/or intense local transport processes, such as bioirrigation. In addition, in active settings, the sudden onset of CH4 flux triggered by, for instance, permafrost thaw or hydrate destabilization can also drive a high non-turbulent methane escape of up to 19 µmol CH4 cm−2 yr−1 during a transient, multi-decadal period. This “window of opportunity” arises due to delayed response of the resident microbial community to suddenly changing CH4 fluxes. A first-order estimate of non-turbulent, benthic methane efflux from the Laptev Sea is derived as well. We find that, under present-day conditions, non-turbulent methane efflux from Laptev Sea sediments does not exceed 1 Gg CH4 yr−1. As a consequence, we conclude that previously published estimates of ocean–atmosphere CH4 fluxes from the ESAS cannot be supported by non-turbulent, benthic methane escape.

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Nakagaki, Ryoichi, Kiyoshi Mutai, Mitsuo Hiramatsu, Hideyuki Tukada, and Saburo Nakakura. "Magnetic field effects upon photochemistry of bichromophoric chain molecules containing nitroaromatic and arylamino moieties: Elucidation of reaction mechanism and control of reaction yields." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 66, no. 8 (August 1, 1988): 1989–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v88-321.

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The photochemistry of bichromophoric species containing nitroaromatic and arylamino moieties has been studied in the presence and absence of an external magnetic field. Photolysis products are an unsubstituted arylamine, a nitrosoaromatic species (Product 1), and a nitroaromatic compound (Product 2). On application of the magnetic field, the formation yield for Product 1 decreases and that for Product 2 correspondingly increases, whereas the consumption of the starting material and the release of the unsubstituted arylamine are independent of the magnetic field. Analysis of the magnetic field effects shows that the hyperfine coupling mechanism predominates and that the photoreaction takes place in the triplet manifold of the nitroaromatic moiety. Application of the magnetic field may cause an appreciable change in the relative yield of cage and escape products, i.e., the branching ratio of competitive processes.

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Åberg, Hanna Elisabet, and Simona Tondelli. "Escape to the Country: A Reaction-Driven Rural Renaissance on a Swedish Island Post COVID-19." Sustainability 13, no. 22 (November 22, 2021): 12895. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132212895.

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The COVID-19 pandemic could be driving more households to migrate out of cities and to the countryside, but this might result in an increased demand for access to green space which, in the long run, may cause a widening of social inequalities in rural areas. On the contrary, if planned for, it could provide an opportunity for repopulation and regeneration. This article explores the underlying causes and impacts of current rural in-migration, and further, it touches on how planning can balance development while supporting communities for a rural renaissance. By using a case study area in Sweden, it examines evidence of amenity-driven in-migration flows before and during the pandemic. The findings show an increased usage of part-time housing as a result of demand for space and nature; however, this was made possible through already well functioning infrastructures. Acknowledging that it is crucial to maintain and enhance natural capital, this study suggests that the supply of services and infrastructure is essential to achieve a rural renaissance beyond temporary tourism. As people are increasingly dividing their time between their urban permanent home and their rural second home, this may further suggest that there is a need to improve the connections between urban and rural areas.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Escape Reaction'

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