Relevant bibliographies by topics / Escherichia coli infections in animals

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Escherichia coli infections in animals'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 27 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Escherichia coli infections in animals"

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Cooke, E. Mary. "Escherichia coli – an overview." Journal of Hygiene 95, no. 3 (December 1985): 523–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s022217240006065x.

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The isolation and description of Bacillus coli commune by Escherich a hundred years ago marked the start of a series of scientific investigations which have led to some of the most important discoveries in microbial pathogenicity and genetics that have been made since that time. It is not difficult to find the reasons why so much effort has been concentrated on this organism. Escherichia coli is present in the gut of all warm-blooded animals generally forming the predominant aerobic flora; it is of medical and veterinary importance being responsible for a variety of infections in the human and animal populations and it has provided a useful tool for geneticists.
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Allerberger, F., M. Wagner, P. Schweiger, H. P. Rammer, A. Resch, M. P. Dierich, A. W. Friedrich, and H. Karch. "Escherichia coli O157 infections and unpasteurised milk." Eurosurveillance 6, no. 10 (October 1, 2001): 147–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2807/esm.06.10.00379-en.

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We report on two children with Escherichia coli O157 infection, one of whom developed haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS). Both had drunk raw cows’ or goats’ milk in the week before their illness. Molecular subtyping identified a sorbitol fermenting Escherichia coli O157:H isolate from a dairy cow. This isolate differed from Shiga toxin producing O157:H strains isolated from the 6 year old boy with HUS. This result underlines the need to search for other causes of infection, despite documented consumption of unpasteurised milk. In the second patient, human sorbitol non-fermenting O157:H isolates and animal isolates from goats were indistinguishable. The isolation of indistinguishable sorbitol non-fermenting Escherichia coli O157:H from contact animals supports the association between HUS and consumption of raw goats’ milk, and re-emphasises the importance of pasteurising milk.
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LEIMI, ANNA, ANTTI MIKKELÄ, and PIRKKO TUOMINEN. "Evaluating Escherichia coli O157 Control in Finnish Primary Production." Journal of Food Protection 77, no. 3 (March 1, 2014): 371–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-13-231.

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Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) has become a threat in the modern cattle sector because of its adverse impact on human health. Systems have been developed to reduce the risk of EHEC infection associated with the beef production chain. In Finland, the risk management of EHEC is mainly targeted at primary production, which is controlled by a national program. The prevalence of E. coli O157 in slaughter animals and herds appears to have remained relatively low over the years (0.2 to1.2%and 0.3 to 1.5%, respectively). The effectiveness of the Finnish EHEC control program (FECP) was analyzed with a Bayesian statistical model based on the results from 2006 through 2010. According to the model, the estimated true prevalence of EHEC in slaughter animals was at its highest in 2007 (95%credible interval [CI], 0.94 to 1.85%of animals), and the estimated true prevalence in herds was its highest in 2007 (95% CI, 1.28 to 2.55% of herds). However, the estimated probability of the FECP detecting an EHEC-positive slaughter animal or herd was 0.52 to 0.58%and 4.74 to 6.49%, respectively. The inability to detect EHEC-positive animals was partly due to animal-based random sampling, which ignores herd-level testing and therefore emphasizes the testing of slaughter animals from herds that send more animals to slaughter. Some slaughterhouses collected samples incorrectly as a consequence of an incorrectly implemented FECP. Farmers may also have questionable reasons for choosing to send animals to be slaughtered in small abattoirs, in which testing is less likely, to avoid suspicion of EHEC or other zoonotic infections.
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LIU, W. C., C. JENKINS, D. J. SHAW, L. MATTHEWS, M. C. PEARCE, J. C. LOW, G. J. GUNN, H. R. SMITH, G. FRANKEL, and M. E. J. WOOLHOUSE. "Modelling the epidemiology of Verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli serogroups in young calves." Epidemiology and Infection 133, no. 3 (February 4, 2005): 449–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268804003644.

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We investigate the epidemiology of 12 Verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) serogroups observed in a calf cohort on a Scottish beef farm. Fitting mathematical models to the observed time-course of infections reveals that there is significant calf-to-calf transmission of VTEC. Our models suggest that 40% of all detected infections are from calf-to-calf transmission and 60% from other sources. Variation in the rates at which infected animals recover from infection by different VTEC serogroups appears to be important. Two thirds of the observed VTEC serogroups are lost from infected calves within 1 day of infection, while the rest persist for more than 3 days. Our study has demonstrated that VTEC are transmissible between calves and are typically lost from infected animals in less than 1 week. We suggest that future field studies may wish to adopt a tighter sampling frame in order to detect all circulating VTEC serogroups in similar animal populations.
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Martinez-Medina, Margarita. "Special Issue: Pathogenic Escherichia coli: Infections and Therapies." Antibiotics 10, no. 2 (January 25, 2021): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10020112.

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Escherichia coli is a facultative anaerobic Gram-negative bacterium from the Enterobacteriaceae family that colonizes the gastrointestinal tract of warm-blooded animals shortly after birth, and it is a lifelong colonizer of adults [...]
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Terekhov, Vladimir I., Aleksandr S. Tishchenko, and Anastasiya V. Stepanenko. "Exotoxins of pathogenic Escherichia coli." Veterinaria Kubani, no. 5 (October 30, 2020): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.33861/2071-8020-2020-5-3-7.

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Escherichia coli is a representative of the natural normal microflora of humans and animals. At the same time, some variants may acquire pathogenic properties that contribute to the occurrence of intestinal and extraintestinal infections. In the pathogenesis of these diseases, the main role is played by exotoxins. Currently, along with the well-known and well-studied toxins of Escherichia coli, there is information about new toxoid structures detected in this pathogen, which play an important role in pathologies in humans and animals. Authors summarized current data on the toxigenic properties of Escherichia coli bacteria and established the role of exotoxins of pathogenic Escherichia coli in the mechanism of disease development. Scientific publications of mainly foreign researchers were used as a material for the review. It was found that cyclodomodulating exotoxins that affect the eukaryotic cell cycle were currently identified in Escherichia coli in addition to thermolabile, thermostable, shigalike, necrotizing toxins and hemolysin. Also Escherichia coli has a number of pore-forming toxins that destroy the epithelial barrier and overcome the protection of the host's immune cells due to the formation of pores in their membranes, and so-called repeated toxins, the prototype of which is а-hemolysin. Thus, it can be seen from the review that Escherichia coli, having a wide range of toxoid structures, can cause pathological changes in the human and animal body. The nature of these changes directly depends on the type of E. coli and the type of exotoxin produced by them. Most toxigenic strains of Escherichia coli have the ability to modulate the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines and other immune cells, which can be further used in the design of effective vaccines and biological products for the treatment and prevention of enterobacterial infections.
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Moxley, Rodney A., and David R. Smith. "Attaching-effacing Escherichia coli Infections in Cattle." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice 26, no. 1 (March 2010): 29–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2009.10.011.

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García, Alexis, and James G. Fox. "A One Health Perspective for Defining and Deciphering Escherichia coli Pathogenic Potential in Multiple Hosts." Comparative Medicine 71, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 3–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.30802/aalas-cm-20-000054.

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E. coli is one of the most common species of bacteria colonizing humans and animals. The singularity of E. coli 's genus and species underestimates its multifaceted nature, which is represented by different strains, each with different combinations of distinct virulence factors. In fact, several E. coli pathotypes, or hybrid strains, may be associated with both subclinical infection and a range of clinical conditions, including enteric, urinary, and systemic infections. E. coli may also express DNA-damaging toxins that could impact cancer development. This review summarizes the different E. coli pathotypes in the context of their history, hosts, clinical signs, epidemiology, and control. The pathotypic characterization of E. coli in the context of disease in different animals, including humans, provides comparative and One Health perspectives that will guide future clinical and research investigations of E. coli infections.
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Półtorak, Katarzyna, Kinga Wieczorek, and Jacek Osek. "Pathogenic Escherichia coli – virulence mechanisms." Medycyna Weterynaryjna 72, no. 6 (2016): 352–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.5522.

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E. coli are the predominant microorganisms in the human gastrointestinal tract. In most cases, they exist as harmless comensals, and some of them are beneficial to their host in balancing gut flora and absorption of nutrients. However, there are pathogenic strains that cause a broad range of diseases in humans and animals, from diarrhea to bloodstream infections. Among bacterial strains causing these symptoms, seven pathotypes are now recognized: enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC), enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC), enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC), diffusely adherent E. coli (DAEC), and adherent-invasive E. coli (AIEC). Several different strains cause diverse diseases by means of virulence factors that facilitate their interactions with the host, including colonization of the intestinal epithelial surfaces, crossing of the mucosal barriers, invasion of the bloodstream and internal organs or producing toxins that affect various cellular processes. Pathogenic E. coli are commonly studied in humans, animals, food and the environment, in developed and developing countries. The presented paper reviews recent information concerning the pathogenic mechanisms of E. coli, the role of animals and food in the transmission chain and a short overview of epidemiological data.
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Moon, Harley W. "Vaccines for preventing enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infections in farm animals." Vaccine 10, no. 4 (January 1992): 269–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0264-410x(92)90194-o.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Escherichia coli infections in animals"

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Stevenson, Sam M. L., and University of Lethbridge Faculty of Arts and Science. "Transfer of rifampicin-resistant Escherichia coli among feedlot cattle." Thesis, Lethbridge : University of Lethbridge, Facutly of Arts and Science, 2002, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/237.

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Transfer and shedding of a rifampicin-resistant strain of Escherichia coli (RREC) among cattle was studied in a research feedlot comprised of 30 pens of 11 or 12 yearling steers. On 3 separate occasions, 9,6 and 6 of the 12 steers in 3 different peripheral pens in the lot were orally inoculated with 1011 cells of an unmodified RREC isolate from bovine feces. Fecal swabs were preformed on all 360 steers in the feedlot immediately prior to and at approximately 5-week intervals thereafter. Following inoculation, fecal grab samples were collected daily from all 12 pen mates for up to 4 months. In all 3 trials, the inoculated steers each shed RREC within 24 h of inoculation. All 12 steers in each inoculated pen were positive for RREC within 48 h; all 36 steers shed RREC intermittently throughout the three sampling periods. Transfer to 4 steers in an adjacent pen was confirmed only during the first trial (3 steers shed once each on day 8, day 26 or day 40; the fourth shed on 6 occasions between days 8 and 40). Transfer to non-adjacent pens was not detected during any of the 3 trials. All recovered RREC isolates were compared to the inocula using LMX agar and fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) analysis. Additionally, select recovered isolates were subjected to carbon source utilization tests. The three inocula were further subjected to 16S rRNA sequence analysis, minimum inhibitory antibiotic concentration profiles and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and were determined to be the same strain. It was observed with the exception of the pen floor, that the resistant strain did not move through the animal feedlot environment, as easily or pervasively as other studies suggested. The RREC did not persist in the feedlot environment beyond the 4-month trial period. Fecal contamination form the pen floor, animal-to-animal contact and the chute system may have facilitated transfer of the resistant strain between animals. Animal stress may have facilitated the pen-to-pen transfer observed during trial 1, as the inoculation was conducted within 1 week of the steers' arrival in the feedlot.
xii, 102 leaves : ill. ; 28 cm.
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Synge, Barti Arnold. "Epidemiological studies of verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli infections in animals in Scotland." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/30813.

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This thesis is a summation of studies carried out between 1991 and 2004 and attempts to place the work in context with other knowledge to establish the role of animals as a source of human infection with verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC). VTEC O157 was first isolated from cattle in Scotland in 1992. In a preliminary prevalence study using basic techniques to examine faeces sample routinely submitted to the Scottish Agricultural College (SAC) Veterinary Centres, 0.25% samples from cattle were positive for VTEC O157. The organism was more commonly isolated from calves less than two months of age. A very large prevalence study was commissioned following the Central Scotland outbreak. Using what has now become the nationally adopted technique (immunomagnetic separation following enrichment of 1g faeces in buffered peptone water with no antibiotics), prevalence levels were established with 95% confidence limits as follows. 7.9% (6.5, 9.6) animals sampled (12-30 months of age) were shedding VTEC O157. 22.8% (19.6, 26.3) of farms had at least one animal shedding in the group sampled. There was a significant drop in the proportion of farms where shedding was detected between the three years of the study 1998, 1999 and 2000. When farms were repeatedly visited twelve times, the organism was detected on 87.5% farms. Because of the lack of sensitivity of the test and the uneven distribution of the organism in faeces, these are underestimates of the true prevalence. In a cohort study in beef finishing cattle and a longitudinal study in beef cows risk factors for shedding VTEC O157 were determined from questionnaires followed by univariate and multivariate analysis. Increased levels of shedding were associated with animals being housed rather than grazing. Farms with animals at pasture have lower prevalence if the water is from a natural source. The presence of wild geese was also seen as a risk factor. Farms that spread slurry on grazing land were more likely to have shedding animals. Larger farms were more likely to be positive. There were no significant regional differences in shedding within Scotland. A pilot prevalence study in sheep determined a Group Level Prevalence of 8% with 95% confidence of 2% to 19% and an Animal Level Prevalence of 1%). Enumeration of VTEC O157 organisms gave counts ranging from <5x102g-1 to >104g-1. A similar study in deer in Scotland suggested that the prevalence was low. Finally it is postulated that the regional variation in the rate of infection per unit population in Scotland and the difference between Scotland and England relate to the relative cattle and human populations in the areas being considered.
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Miranda, Regina L. "The role of glycolytic substrates in the initiation and maintenance phases of colonization of the mouse large intestine by Escherichia coli MG1655 and Escherichia coli EDL933 /." View online ; access limited to URI, 2004. http://0-wwwlib.umi.com.helin.uri.edu/dissertations/dlnow/3147802.

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Khandaker, MD Shahjahan Ali. "Economic analysis of diseases caused by VTEC (verotoxin producing e.coli) in Australia /." St. Lucia, Qld, 2002. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe17335.pdf.

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Wilt, Heather Dawn. "Supplementation of zinc and biotin : effect on growth performance, plasma and fecal zinc concentrations, and metabolic capacities and biochemcal phenotypes of fecal flora in nursery pigs /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p1426115.

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Racicot, Bergeron Catherine. "Food animal reservoir for extraintestinal pathogenic «Escherichia coli» causing human infections." Thesis, McGill University, 2011. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=104886.

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Studies of extraintestinal infections caused by genetically related strains of Escherichia coli among unrelated people have demonstrated the epidemic potential of this group of bacteria. These related extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) may have a common source. Our group recently described how retail meat, particularly chicken, may be a reservoir for ExPEC causing human urinary tract infections (UTIs). By moving upstream on the farm to fork continuum, this study tests whether the reservoir for ExPEC is in food animals themselves. A total of 824 geographically and temporally matched E. coli isolates from cecal contents of slaughtered food animals (n=349) and human UTI (n=475) sources were compared. Using 6 different typing methods, an evolutionary relationship was observed between E. coli isolates from the food animal reservoir and human UTI. Moreover, chicken was the predominant animal species from where the related isolates originated. Using an evolutionary model, chicken was determined to be the most likely source of the human UTI isolates. This study confirmed that an animal reservoir, principally in chicken, may exist for ExPEC causing community-acquired UTI.
Les études portant sur les infections extra-intestinales causées par des souches d'Escherichia coli génétiquement apparentées, chez des personnes non reliées entre elles, ont démontré le potentiel épidémique de ce groupe de bactéries. Ces souches d'E. coli pathogènes extra-intestinales (ExPEC) apparentées auraient possiblement une source commune. Notre groupe a récemment décrit comment la viande de détail, plus particulièrement le poulet, pourrait être un réservoir d'ExPEC responsables d'infections urinaires (IUs) chez les humains. En se déplaçant plus en amont dans le continuum de la ferme à la fourchette, cette étude teste si le réservoir d'ExPEC se trouve dans les animaux de production eux-mêmes. Un total de 824 isolats d'E. coli de provenances géographique et temporelle communes, prélevés dans le contenu caecal d'animaux abattus (n=349) et de cas d'IU humaine (n=475) ont été comparés. Par l'utilisation de 6 différentes méthodes de typage, une relation évolutionnaire a été observée entre les isolats d'E. coli provenant du réservoir animal et d'IU humaine. De plus, le poulet était l'espèce animale prédominante parmi les isolats parentés. L'utilisation d'un modèle évolutionnaire a permis de déterminer que le poulet est la source la plus probable des isolats d'IU humaine. Cette étude a confirmé qu'un réservoir animal, principalement chez le poulet, pourrait exister pour les ExPEC qui causent des IUs acquises en communauté.
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Nayak, Rajesh R. "Foodborne pathogens in poultry production and post-harvest control." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2000. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=1266.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2000.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains x, 180 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references.
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Khachatryan, Artashes Ruben. "Mechanisms responsible for the maintenance of high prevalence of antimicrobial drug resistant Escherichia coli in dairy calves." Online access for everyone, 2005. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Dissertations/Fall2005/a%5Fkhachatryan%5F121205.pdf.

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Wetzel, Amy Noel. "Studies in Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 determination of factors contributing to the dissemination of Escherichia coli O157:H7 among dairy farms /." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1133239436.

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Paiva, e. Brito M. A. V. "Use of B subunit of Escherichia coli thermo-labile enterotoxin as a vehicle of mucosal immune stimulation." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.234873.

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Books on the topic "Escherichia coli infections in animals"

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United States. Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. and National Animal Health Monitoring System (U.S.), eds. Escherichia coli O157 in United States feedlots. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, 2001.

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National Animal Health Monitoring System (U.S.). Escherichia coli 0157: H7 shedding by feedlot cattle. Fort Collins, Colo: The System, 1995.

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Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health (U.S.). E. coli peritonitis on breeder-chicken farms in the United States. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health, 2012.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Agriculture. Subcommittee on Livestock, Dairy, and Poultry. Hearing to review recent recalls in the meat industry: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Livestock, Dairy, and Poultry of the Committee on Agriculture, House of Representatives, One Hundred Tenth Congress, first session, Wednesday, November 7, 2007. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2009.

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Hearing to review recent recalls in the meat industry: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Livestock, Dairy, and Poultry of the Committee on Agriculture, House of Representatives, One Hundred Tenth Congress, first session, Wednesday, November 7, 2007. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2009.

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Hurd, H. Scott, and Lennie Eav. APHIS report of accomplishments in Animal Production Food Safety FY 1995. Fort Collins, CO]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, 1996.

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Assessment, Institute of Medicine (U S. ). Committee on the Review of the USDA E. coli O157:H7 Farm-to-Table Process Risk. Escherichia coli O157:H7 in ground beef: Review of a draft risk assessment. Washington, D.C: National Academies Press, 2002.

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Wiwanitkit, Viroj. Escherichia coli Infections. North Charleston: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2011.

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Hilary, Babcock, ed. Escherichia coli infections. 2nd ed. New York: Chelsea House, 2010.

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Manning, Shannon D. Escherichia coli infections. Edited by Alcamo I. Edward and Heymann David L. Philadelphia: Chelsea House, 2005.

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Book chapters on the topic "Escherichia coli infections in animals"

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Gyles, C. L., and J. M. Fairbrother. "Escherichia Coli." In Pathogenesis of Bacterial Infections in Animals, 267–308. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470958209.ch15.

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Balhara, Meenakshi, Renu Chaudhary, Sonam Ruhil, and Anil K. Chhillar. "Escherichia coli as a Potential Candidate Against Food Borne Bacterial Infections." In Advances in Animal Biotechnology and its Applications, 329–36. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-4702-2_18.

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Nataro, James P. "Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli." In Emerging Infections 6, 101–10. Washington, DC, USA: ASM Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/9781555816995.ch7.

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DuPont, Herbert L., and John J. Mathewson. "Escherichia coli Diarrhea." In Bacterial Infections of Humans, 269–83. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5327-4_15.

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DuPont, Herbert L., and John J. Mathewson. "Escherichia coli Diarrhea." In Bacterial Infections of Humans, 239–54. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-1211-7_12.

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DuPont, Herbert L., M. Teresa Estrada-Garcia, and Zhi-Dong Jiang. "Escherichia coli Diarrhea." In Bacterial Infections of Humans, 299–314. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-09843-2_15.

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Griffin, Patricia M., and Thomas G. Boyce. "Escherichia coli O157:H7." In Emerging Infections 1, 137–45. Washington, DC, USA: ASM Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/9781555816940.ch9.

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Etcheverría, Analía I., Paula M. A. Lucchesi, Alejandra Krüger, Adriana B. Bentancor, and Nora L. Padola. "Escherichia coli in Animals." In Escherichia coli in the Americas, 149–72. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45092-6_7.

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Ritchie, Jennifer M. "Animal Models of Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli Infection." In Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli and Other Shiga Toxin-Producing E. coli, 157–74. Washington, DC, USA: ASM Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/9781555818791.ch8.

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Welch, Rodney A. "Uropathogenic Escherichia coli-Associated Exotoxins." In Urinary Tract Infections, 263–76. Washington, DC, USA: ASM Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/9781555817404.ch13.

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Conference papers on the topic "Escherichia coli infections in animals"

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Eltai, Nahla Omer, Hadi M. Yassine, Sara H. Al-Hadidi, Tahra ElObied, Asmaa A. Al Thani, and Walid Q. Alali. "Retail Chicken Carcasses as a Reservoir of Antimicrobial- Resistant Escherichia coli." In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2020.0115.

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The dissemination of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) bacteria has been associated with the inappropriate use of antibiotics in both humans and animals and with the consumption of food contaminated with resistant bacteria. In particular, the use of antibiotics as prophylactic and growth promotion purposes in food-producing animals has rendered many of the antibiotics ineffective. The increased global prevalence of AMR poses a significant threat to the safety of the world’s food supply. Objectives: This study aims at determining the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli (E. coli) isolated from local and imported retail chicken meat in Qatar. Methodology: A total of 270 whole chicken carcasses were obtained from three different hypermarket stores in Qatar. A total of 216 E. coli were isolated and subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing against 18 relevant antibiotics using disc diffusion and micro- dilution methods. Furthermore, extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) production was determined via a double-disc synergetic test. Isolates harboring colistin resistance were confirmed using multiplex-PCR and DNA sequencing. Results: Nearly 89% (192/216) of the isolates were resistant to at least one antibiotics. In general, isolates showed relatively higher resistance to sulfamethoxazole (62%), tetracycline (59.7%), ampicillin and trimethoprim (52.3%), ciprofloxacin (47.7%), cephalothin, and colistin (31.9%). On the other hand, less resistance was recorded against amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (6%), ceftriaxone (5.1%), nitrofurantoin (4.2%) and piperacillin/tazobactam (4.2%), cefepime (2.3%), meropenem (1.4%), ertapenem (0.9%), and amikacin (0.9%). Nine isolates (4.2%) were ESBL producers. Furthermore, 63.4% were multidrug-resistant (MDR). The percentage of MDR, ESBL producers, and colistin-resistant isolates was significantly higher among local isolates compared to imported chicken samples. Conclusion: We reported a remarkably high percentage of the antibiotic-resistant E. coli in chicken meat sold at retail in Qatar. The high percentage of MDR and colistin isolates is troublesome to the food safety of raw chicken meat and the potential of antibiotic resistance spread to public health. Our findings support the need for the implementation of one health approach to address the spread of antimicrobial resistance and the need for a collaborative solution.
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Mawlood, Ahang. "The Role of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in Urinary Tract Infections in Erbil City." In 1st Scientific Conference of College of Health Sciences. Hawler Medical University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15218/hsc1.

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"Extended-spectrum Beta-lactamase mediated resistance in Escherichia coli isolates from patients with Urinary tract infections in Erbil." In Second Scientific Conference on Women's Health. Hawler Medical University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15218/whc.02.11.

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ur Rahman, Sadeeq, Tariq Ali, Nazeer Muhammad, Tasbihullah, Umer Saddique, Shakoor Ahmad, Sultan Ayaz, and Bo Han. "Characterization and mechanism of dissemination of extended spectrum beta lactamase producers Escherichia Coli in food producing animals in Pakistan and China." In 2018 15th International Bhurban Conference on Applied Sciences and Technology (IBCAST). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ibcast.2018.8312224.

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Gao, Yali, Philip M. Sherman, Yu Sun, and Dongqing Li. "Multiplexed High-Throughput Electrokinetically-Controlled Immunoassay on a Chip for the Detection of Specific Bacterial Antibodies in Human Serum." In ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2007-42512.

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This work presents a multiplexed electrokinetically-controlled heterogeneous immunoassay that can process ten samples in parallel. The immunoassay microchip was soft-lithographically fabricated using poly(dimethylsiloxane) and glass. Controlling parameters of the electrokinetically-driven flow in the microfluidic network was determined by numerically simulating transport processes. Multiple passively adsorbed antigens captured antibodies present in samples, which then bound with TRITC-labeled detection antibodies to generate fluorescent signals. Antibodies against Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Helicobacter pylori were studied as model analytes. After conditions for antigen-coating were optimized, a 24-minute assay detected E. coli O157:H7 antibody in the concentration range of 0.02–10 μg/mL, and H. pylori antibody in the range of 0.1–50 μg/mL. In testing human serum samples, non-specific binding of serum components was effectively suppressed by using 10% (w/v) bovine serum albumin. An accuracy of 100% was achieved in detecting either E. coli O157:H7 antibody or H. pylori antibody from human serum samples. Simultaneous screening of both antibodies was also successfully demonstrated. The immunoassay chip shows an excellent potential for efficiently detecting multiple pathogenic infections in clinical environments.
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"Surveillance of Urine Cultures and Evaluation Gram Negative Uropathogens; Five Year Data from Erbil." In 4th International Conference on Biological & Health Sciences (CIC-BIOHS’2022). Cihan University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24086/biohs2022/paper.592.

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Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are most common infectious disease and a public health problem that imposes a large economic burden. The aim of this study is to gather surveillance data of urine cultures and determine the prevalence of uropathogens in urine samples of patients referred to outpatient clinics in Erbil region and to evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility of the gram negative uropathogens. All urine cultures result of patients referred to Erbil hospitals in the last 5 years (2015-2020) are retrospectively examined in this study. Microorganisms are identified by standard bacterial methods and their susceptibilities are assessed by VITEK 2 automated system. The results of urine culture of 3380 suspected UTI cases are examined and out of 3097 positive cultures observed, a total of 1961 (63.3%) isolates are gram-negative and 1136 (36.7%) are gram-positive pathogens. The most common urinary pathogen determined in this study is Escherichia coli. The highest resistances of gram-negative urinary pathogens are against the ampicillin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and ceftriaxone. It is thought that the data obtained from this study will be useful in the planning of empirical treatment of urinary tract infections and in the development of rational antibiotic use policies.
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Sharifullina, D. T., R. N. Nizamov, R. N. Nizamov, I. R. Yunusov, and G. I. Rakhmatullina. "STUDYING THE POSSIBILITY OF JOINT CULTIVATION OF B.BIFIDUM AND E.COLI ON ADAPTED NUTRIENT MEDIA." In STATE AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS OF AGRIBUSINESS Volume 2. DSTU-Print, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/interagro.2020.2.423-426.

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Microbial substances introduced into the body of animals increase radio stability and reduce the mortality rate. The greatest significance can be obtained by using vaccines based on bacteria of the intestinal-typhoid group, which in the process of life produce antibacterial substances, enzymes, antigens, entero-and exotoxins, and cytokines with radioprotective properties. The tests revealed a complex mechanism of interaction between bifidobacteria and Escherichia in their joint cultivation. The biomass accumulation of E.coli strain «PL-6» and B.bifidum 1 during co-cultivation depended on the ratio of live bacteria E.coli strain «PL-6» and B.bifidum 1. Microcopy of smears made on days 1-4 from monocultures showed that the grown microbes in morphology corresponded to these cultures. The concentration of microorganisms, determined by tenfold dilution by the above method, was 1x109 CFU/ml - E.coli and 1x107 CFU/ml B.bifidum, with a sowing dose of each type of microbe 1x108 CFU/ml. Microcopy of smears made from a mixture of cultures showed that a dilution of 0,9:1,1-1,0:1,0 is most optimal for co-growing bifidum and Escherichia coli, since with a relatively equal number of monocultures on the 1st day Escherichiae multiply intensely, splitting the components of the Blaurock medium and inhibiting the growth of bifidum, but from the 3rd day B.bifidum begins to prevail, splitting E.coli and assimilating substances cleaved by E.coli.
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"PREVALENCE OF BACTERIAL AND PARASITIC URINARY TRACT INFECTION AMONG ASYMPTOMATIC FEMALES IN RURAL COMMUNITIES OF OGBOMOSO." In International Conference on Public Health and Humanitarian Action. International Federation of Medical Students' Associations - Jordan, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56950/eklu3082.

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Urinary tract infection is one of the most important infection causing serious diseases in tropical and sub- tropical countries of Africa. Several factors have been associated with the high prevalence of urinary tract infections in Nigeria. This study was carried out to determine the urinary tract infection status among two hundred and forty (240) asymptomatic females over a period of six weeks (March to April 2022) among 240 females between the 20-50 years of age at Iluju and Saamo village, Ogbomoso, Oyo state, Nigeria. Two hundred and forty urine samples were collected from the females. The mid- stream urine samples collected were examined microscopically for the presence of parasites, after which they were cultured, biochemical findings and antimicrobial susceptibility tests were also carried out. Out of the 240 samples, only 1(0.4%) was found positive for parasitic infection. 34(14.2%) were found to harbour Escherichia coli, 18(7.5%) were positive for Proteus mirabilis, 8(3.3%) were infected by Klebsiella pneumonia, 45(18.8%) had Staphylococcus aureus. Prevalence was found to be higher in women of reproductive age 21-25years (78%) than women above 40years (10.5%). The antimicrobial suspectibility profile indicates that the fluoroquinlonones were the most active antibacterial agents followed by the aminoglycosides. Trimethorim, oxacillim, amoxicillin showed very poor activity. This may be due to long term use of these drugs. The socio- economic status as well as the hygiene practice of the women influence the prevalence of urinary tract infections. Most of the women 134(55.8%) were aware about Urinary tract infection and 106 (44.2%) were unaware. Thus, the high infection rate among asymptomatic females in these villages were due to poor hygiene, lack of good toilet facilities and poor socio- economic status. Keywords: Bacterial, Parasitic, Rural, Ogbomoso, Females, hygiene
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Abibu, Wasiu Ayodele, Abdul Wasiu Sakariyau, Gafar Bamigbade, Amos Kolawole Oyebisi, and Isqeel Ogunsola. "Consumer Perception of Ready-To-Eat Fruits Sold in Ogun and Lagos, Nigeria During the Covid-19 Pandemic." In International Students Science Congress. Izmir International Guest Student Association, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52460/issc.2021.013.

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Covid-19 pandemic is a global health issue that adversely affected every sector of the world’s economy. Fruits are known to be a source of vitamins providing the body with necessary defense against infections (inclusive of Coronaviruses). Nigerians prefer to buy ready-to-eat (RTE) fruits than whole fruits due to their high prices. Consumer perception of RTE fruits sold in Ogun and Lagos, Nigeria during the Covid-19 pandemic months in 2020 and within January and March 2021 via an online survey were compared. Ogun and Lagos states were selected because they represent major entry routes for land and air travel into Nigeria respectively. 500 respondents were obtained with 49.7% each as male and female respectively in Ogun state while Lagos had 49.5% and 50.5% of the male and female gender. In addition, the predominant age group that responded to the questionnaire falls within 21 – 30 with 49.7% in Ogun state and 54.1% in Lagos state. 96.1% of the respondents in Ogun state had a tertiary education while 99% was recorded to possess tertiary education in Lagos state. 34% respondents took RTE fruits 2- 3 times a week, 31.2% less than once a week while only 2.8% took RTE fruits 4 – 5 times a week. From the survey, 84% of the respondents were aware that fruits possess needed vitamins to fight infections while only 87.4% of the respondent were aware of fruit borne poisoning and have knowledge of fruit borne pathogens like Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiellaspp, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Penicilliumspp, Aspergillusnigerand Rhizopusstolonifer. This study shows that fruit consumers neglected health consciousness in the purchase of RTE fruits in Ogun and Lagos in the first 3 months of 2021 compared to 2020. This negligence may result in a spike of another Covid-19 wave in Ogun and Lagos if the necessary food and health regulatory authorities fail to act timely. Also, the application of an effective hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) application reduces the chance of contamination of ready- to- eat fruits.
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Khair, Nedaa Kamalalden. "Activity of Antibiotic Producing Bacteria Isolated from Rhizosphere Soil Region of Different Medicinal Plants." In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2020.0093.

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The rhizosphere soil of medicinal plants is rich in microorganisms that develop antibiotics as natural mechanism of protection against other microbes that live in their vicinity. The present study aims to explore the production of antibacterial agents from rhizosphere soil bacteria of 11 medicinal plants and determine their activity against Gram-negative (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli) and Gram-positive (Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria. Soil samples were collected and used to isolate antibiotic producing bacteria (APB). Those isolates (108) were first tested using Cross-streak method against test bacteria. Then, isolates that showed a positive antibacterial effect (12) were tested by antibiotic susceptibility test (AST) of their cell free supernatant (CFS) and their extracellular and intracellular secondary metabolites extraction which gave positive results. Staphylococcus aureus found to be the most sensitive test bacteria with inhibitory zones ranging from 13.5 - 19 mm. Moreover, combinatorial effect of isolates CFS with two organic acids (3% Acetic acid and 0.4 mg/ml Acetylsalicylic acid), two commercial antibiotics (0.016 mg/ml Augmentin and 0.128 mg/ml Doxycycline), and two pure antibiotics (10 mcg/disk Penicillin and 25mcg/disk Carbenicillin) was in vitro evaluated using AST. The combinations of CFS-carbenicillin showed a marked synergistic activity against all test bacteria. The presence of possible antibacterial agents as acetic acid, lactic acid and citric acid in CFS of APB was confirmed by HPLC analysis. Ultimately, in vitro antibacterial study for rhizosphere soil bacteria in this work suggests the possibility of using these bacterial metabolites in clinical infections caused by selected test bacteria, especially when they combine with antibiotics or organic acids.
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Reports on the topic "Escherichia coli infections in animals"

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Shpigel, Nahum Y., Ynte Schukken, and Ilan Rosenshine. Identification of genes involved in virulence of Escherichia coli mastitis by signature tagged mutagenesis. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7699853.bard.

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Mastitis, an inflammatory response of the mammary tissue to invading pathogenic bacteria, is the largest health problem in the dairy industry and is responsible for multibillion dollar economic losses. E. coli are a leading cause of acute mastitis in dairy animals worldwide and certainly in Israel and North America. The species E. coli comprises a highly heterogeneous group of pathogens, some of which are commensal residents of the gut, infecting the mammary gland after contamination of the teat skin from the environment. As compared to other gut microflora, mammary pathogenic E. coli (MPEC) may have undergone evolutionary adaptations that improve their fitness for colonization of the unique and varied environmental niches found within the mammary gland. These niches include competing microbes already present or accompanying the new colonizer, soluble and cellular antimicrobials in milk, and the innate immune response elicited by mammary cells and recruited immune cells. However, to date, no specific virulence factors have been identified in E. coli isolates associated with mastitis. The original overall research objective of this application was to develop a genome-wide, transposon-tagged mutant collection of MPEC strain P4 and to use this technology to identify E. coli genes that are specifically involved in mammary virulence and pathogenicity. In the course of the project we decided to take an alternative genome-wide approach and to use whole genomes bioinformatics analysis. Using genome sequencing and analysis of six MPEC strains, our studies have shown that type VI secretion system (T6SS) gene clusters were present in all these strains. Furthermore, using unbiased screening of MPEC strains for reduced colonization, fitness and virulence in the murine mastitis model, we have identified in MPEC P4-NR a new pathogenicity island (PAI-1) encoding the core components of T6SS and its hallmark effectors Hcp, VgrG and Rhs. Next, we have shown that specific deletions of T6SS genes reduced colonization, fitness and virulence in lactating mouse mammary glands. Our long-term goal is to understand the molecular mechanisms of host-pathogen interactions in the mammary gland and to relate these mechanisms to disease processes and pathogenesis. We have been able to achieve our research objectives to identify E. coli genes that are specifically involved in mammary virulence and pathogenicity. The project elucidated a new basic concept in host pathogen interaction of MPEC, which for the best of our knowledge was never described or investigated before. This research will help us to shed new light on principles behind the infection strategy of MPEC. The new targets now enable prevalence and epidemiology studies of T6SS in field strains of MPEC which might unveil new geographic, management and ecological risk factors. These will contribute to development of new approaches to treat and prevent mastitis by MPEC and perhaps other mammary pathogens. The use of antibiotics in farm animals and specifically to treat mastitis is gradually precluded and thus new treatment and prevention strategies are needed. Effective mastitis vaccines are currently not available, structural components and effectors of T6SS might be new targets for the development of novel vaccines and therapeutics.
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Cahaner, Avigdor, Susan J. Lamont, E. Dan Heller, and Jossi Hillel. Molecular Genetic Dissection of Complex Immunocompetence Traits in Broilers. United States Department of Agriculture, August 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7586461.bard.

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Objectives: (1) Evaluate Immunocompetence-OTL-containing Chromosomal Regions (ICRs), marked by microsatellites or candidate genes, for magnitude of direct effect and for contribution to relationships among multiple immunocompetence, disease-resistance, and growth traits, in order to estimate epistatic and pleiotropic effects and to predict the potential breeding applications of such markers. (2) Evaluate the interaction of the ICRs with genetic backgrounds from multiple sources and of multiple levels of genetic variation, in order to predict the general applicability of molecular genetic markers across widely varied populations. Background: Diseases cause substantial economic losses to animal producers. Emerging pathogens, vaccine failures and intense management systems increase the impact of diseases on animal production. Moreover, zoonotic pathogens are a threat to human food safety when microbiological contamination of animal products occurs. Consumers are increasingly concerned about drug residues and antibiotic- resistant pathogens derived from animal products. The project used contemporary scientific technologies to investigate the genetics of chicken resistance to infectious disease. Genetic enhancement of the innate resistance of chicken populations provides a sustainable and ecologically sound approach to reduce microbial loads in agricultural populations. In turn, animals will be produced more efficiently with less need for drug treatment and will pose less of a potential food-safety hazard. Major achievements, conclusions and implications:. The PI and co-PIs had developed a refined research plan, aiming at the original but more focused objectives, that could be well-accomplished with the reduced awarded support. The successful conduct of that research over the past four years has yielded substantial new information about the genes and genetic markers that are associated with response to two important poultry pathogens, Salmonella enteritidis (SE) and Escherichia coli (EC), about variation of immunocompetence genes in poultry, about relationships of traits of immune response and production, and about interaction of genes with environment and with other genes and genetic background. The current BARD work has generated a base of knowledge and expertise regarding the genetic variation underlying the traits of immunocompetence and disease resistance. In addition, unique genetic resource populations of chickens have been established in the course of the current project, and they are essential for continued projects. The US laboratory has made considerable progress in studies of the genetics of resistance to SE. Microsatellite-marked chromosomal regions and several specific genes were linked to SE vaccine response or bacterial burden and the important phenomenon of gene interaction was identified in this system. In total, these studies demonstrate the role of genetics in SE response, the utility of the existing resource population, and the expertise of the research group in conducting such experiments. The Israeli laboratories had showed that the lines developed by selection for high or low level of antibody (Ab) response to EC differ similarly in Ab response to several other viral and bacterial pathogens, indicating the existence of a genetic control of general capacity of Ab response in young broilers. It was also found that the 10w-Ab line has developed, possibly via compensatory "natural" selection, higher cellular immune response. At the DNA levels, markers supposedly linked to immune response were identified, as well as SNP in the MHC, a candidate gene responsible for genetic differences in immunocompetence of chickens.
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Randall, Luke. - EU Harmonised Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) in E. coli from Retail Meats in UK (2020 - Year 6, chicken). Food Standards Agency, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.phi798.

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In accordance with European Directive 2003/99/EC on the monitoring of bacteria that can pass from animals to humans and cause disease, Member States are obliged to ensure that procedures are in place to monitor and report on the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in such bacteria. The UK continued to be subject to EU rules during the transition period up to the end of December 2020. The requirements state that 300 retail chicken meats should be tested by culture for the bacterium Escherichia coli. E. coli bacteria are a normal part of the gut flora of mammals and as such can be useful “indicators” of AMR in gut bacteria. Whilst some strains of E. coli can cause disease, most strains of E. coli do not cause observable disease in healthy animals and humans. Addressing the public health threat posed by AMR is a national strategic priority for the UK, which has led to both a 20-year vision of AMR (Opens in a new window)and a 5-year (2019 to 2024) AMR National Action Plan (NAP)
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Gutnick, David, and David L. Coplin. Role of Exopolysaccharides in the Survival and Pathogenesis of the Fire Blight Bacterium, Erwinia amylovora. United States Department of Agriculture, September 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7568788.bard.

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Fireblight, a disease of apples and pears, is caused by Erwinia amylovora. Mutants of E. amylovora that do not produce the extreacellular polysaccharide (EPS), amylovoran, are avirulent. A similar EPS, stewartan, is produced by E. stewartii, which caused Stewart's wilt of corn, and which has also been implicated in the virulence of this strain. Both stewartan and amylovoran are type 1 capsular polysaccharides, typified by the colanic acid slime produced by Escherichia coli. Extracellular polysaccharide slime and capsules are important for the virulence of bacterial pathogens of plants and animals and to enhance their survival and dissemination outside of the host. The goals of this project were to examine the importance of polysaccharide structure on the pathogenicity and survival properties of three pathogenic bacteria: Erwinia amylovora, Erwinia stewartii and Escherichia coli. The project was a collaboration between the laboratories of Dr. Gutnick (PI, E. coli genetics and biochemistry), Dr. Coplin (co-PI, E. stewartii genetics) and Dr. Geider (unfunded collaborator, E. amylovora genetics and EPS analysis). Structural analysis of the EPSs, sequence analysis of the biosynthetic gene clusters and site-directed mutagenesis of individual cps and ams genes revealed that the three gene clusters shared common features for polysaccharide polymerization, translocation, and precursor synthesis as well as in the modes of transcriptional regulation. Early EPS production resulted in decreased virulence, indicating that EPS, although required for pathogenicity, is anot always advantageous and pathogens must regulate its production carefully.
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McCarthy, Noel, Eileen Taylor, Martin Maiden, Alison Cody, Melissa Jansen van Rensburg, Margaret Varga, Sophie Hedges, et al. Enhanced molecular-based (MLST/whole genome) surveillance and source attribution of Campylobacter infections in the UK. Food Standards Agency, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.ksj135.

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This human campylobacteriosis sentinel surveillance project was based at two sites in Oxfordshire and North East England chosen (i) to be representative of the English population on the Office for National Statistics urban-rural classification and (ii) to provide continuity with genetic surveillance started in Oxfordshire in October 2003. Between October 2015 and September 2018 epidemiological questionnaires and genome sequencing of isolates from human cases was accompanied by sampling and genome sequencing of isolates from possible food animal sources. The principal aim was to estimate the contributions of the main sources of human infection and to identify any changes over time. An extension to the project focussed on antimicrobial resistance in study isolates and older archived isolates. These older isolates were from earlier years at the Oxfordshire site and the earliest available coherent set of isolates from the national archive at Public Health England (1997/8). The aim of this additional work was to analyse the emergence of the antimicrobial resistance that is now present among human isolates and to describe and compare antimicrobial resistance in recent food animal isolates. Having identified the presence of bias in population genetic attribution, and that this was not addressed in the published literature, this study developed an approach to adjust for bias in population genetic attribution, and an alternative approach to attribution using sentinel types. Using these approaches the study estimated that approximately 70% of Campylobacter jejuni and just under 50% of C. coli infection in our sample was linked to the chicken source and that this was relatively stable over time. Ruminants were identified as the second most common source for C. jejuni and the most common for C. coli where there was also some evidence for pig as a source although less common than ruminant or chicken. These genomic attributions of themselves make no inference on routes of transmission. However, those infected with isolates genetically typical of chicken origin were substantially more likely to have eaten chicken than those infected with ruminant types. Consumption of lamb’s liver was very strongly associated with infection by a strain genetically typical of a ruminant source. These findings support consumption of these foods as being important in the transmission of these infections and highlight a potentially important role for lamb’s liver consumption as a source of Campylobacter infection. Antimicrobial resistance was predicted from genomic data using a pipeline validated by Public Health England and using BIGSdb software. In C. jejuni this showed a nine-fold increase in resistance to fluoroquinolones from 1997 to 2018. Tetracycline resistance was also common, with higher initial resistance (1997) and less substantial change over time. Resistance to aminoglycosides or macrolides remained low in human cases across all time periods. Among C. jejuni food animal isolates, fluoroquinolone resistance was common among isolates from chicken and substantially less common among ruminants, ducks or pigs. Tetracycline resistance was common across chicken, duck and pig but lower among ruminant origin isolates. In C. coli resistance to all four antimicrobial classes rose from low levels in 1997. The fluoroquinolone rise appears to have levelled off earlier and among animals, levels are high in duck as well as chicken isolates, although based on small sample sizes, macrolide and aminoglycoside resistance, was substantially higher than for C. jejuni among humans and highest among pig origin isolates. Tetracycline resistance is high in isolates from pigs and the very small sample from ducks. Antibiotic use following diagnosis was relatively high (43.4%) among respondents in the human surveillance study. Moreover, it varied substantially across sites and was highest among non-elderly adults compared to older adults or children suggesting opportunities for improved antimicrobial stewardship. The study also found evidence for stable lineages over time across human and source animal species as well as some tighter genomic clusters that may represent outbreaks. The genomic dataset will allow extensive further work beyond the specific goals of the study. This has been made accessible on the web, with access supported by data visualisation tools.
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Bercovier, Herve, Raul Barletta, and Shlomo Sela. Characterization and Immunogenicity of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis Secreted and Cellular Proteins. United States Department of Agriculture, January 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1996.7573078.bard.

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Our long-term goal is to develop an efficient acellular vaccine against paratuberculosis based on protein antigen(s). A prerequisite to achieve this goal is to analyze and characterize Mycobacterium paratuberculosis (Mpt) secreted and cellular proteins eliciting a protective immune response. In the context of this general objective, we proposed to identify, clone, produce, and characterize: the Mpt 85B antigen and other Mpt immunoreactive secreted proteins, the Mpt L7/L12 ribosomal protein and other immunoreactive cellular proteins, Mpt protein determinants involved in invasion of epithelial cells, and Mpt protein antigens specifically expressed in macrophages. Paratuberculosis is still a very serious problem in Israel and in the USA. In the USA, a recent survey evaluated that 21.6% of the dairy herd were infected with Mpt resulting in 200-250 million dollars in annual losses. Very little is known on the virulence factors and on protective antigens of Mpt. At present, the only means of controlling this disease are culling or vaccination. The current vaccines do not allow a clear differentiation between infected and vaccinated animals. Our long-term goal is to develop an efficient acellular paratuberculosis vaccine based on Mpt protein antigen(s) compatible with diagnostic tests. To achieve this goal it is necessary to analyze and characterize secreted and cellular proteins candidate for such a vaccine. Representative Mpt libraries (shuttle plasmid and phage) were constructed and used to study Mpt genes and gene products described below and will be made available to other research groups. In addition, two approaches were performed which did not yield the expected results. Mav or Mpt DNA genes that confer upon Msg or E. coli the ability to invade and/or survive within HEp-2 cells were not identified. Likewise, we were unable to characterize the 34-39 kDa induced secreted proteins induced by stress factors due to technical difficulties inherent to the complexity of the media needed to support substantial M. pt growth. We identified, isolated, sequenced five Mpt proteins and expressed four of them as recombinant proteins that allowed the study of their immunological properties in sensitized mice. The AphC protein, found to be up regulated by low iron environment, and the SOD protein are both involved in protecting mycobacteria against damage and killing by reactive oxygen (Sod) and nitrogen (AhpC) intermediates, the main bactericidal mechanisms of phagocytic cells. SOD and L7/L12 ribosomal proteins are structural proteins constitutively expressed. 85B and CFP20 are both secreted proteins. SOD, L7/L12, 85B and CFP20 were shown to induce a Th1 response in immunized mice whereas AphC was shown by others to have a similar activity. These proteins did not interfere with the DTH reaction of naturally infected cows. Cellular immunity provides protection in mycobacterial infections, therefore molecules inducing cellular immunity and preferentially a Th1 pathway will be the best candidate for the development of an acellular vaccine. The proteins characterized in this grant that induce a cell-mediated immunity and seem compatible with diagnostic tests, are good candidates for the construction of a future acellular vaccine.
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