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1

Casasampere, Ferrer Mireia. "Metabolisme dels Esfingolípids. Noves metodologies i efecte sobre l´autofàgia." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/402899.

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Els esfingolípids són lípids complexes derivats de l’esfingosina que a més de servir de base estructural de les membranes cel·lulars, regulen múltiples vies de senyalització, com per exemple l’autofàgia. Entre tots els esfingolípids, són la ceramida (Cer), la dihidroceramida (dhCer) i l’esfingosina-1-fosfat (S1P) les molècules amb un paper més determinant en l’homeòstasi cel·lular. És per això que els enzims involucrats en la formació d’aquests esfingolípids són clau per la determinació del destí cel·lular. Entre aquests enzims destaca la dihidroceramida dessaturasa 1 (Des1), les ceramidases (CDases) i finalment l’esfingosina-1-fosfat liasa (S1PL). Tot i que s’han descrits mètodes per determinar l’activitat CDasa i S1PL, la recerca de nous moduladors enzimàtics requereix tècniques de cribratge d’alt rendiment (HTS). Tenint en compte que actualment aquestes metodologies són escasses, el primer objectiu de la tesi va consistir en determinar la capacitat de les CDases alcalines per hidrolitzar els substrats fluorogènics RBM14. Es va determinar l’activitat enzimàtica en diferents models cel·lulars, on les diferents CDases alcalines estaven sobreexpressades o silenciades, mesurant la fluorescència del substrat RBM14 quan és hidrolitzat. En cèl·lules que sobreexpressaven l’ACER3 es va alliberar més fluorescència dels substrats en comparació amb les cèl·lules control. En canvi en cèl·lules on l’ACER2 o l’ACER1 estaven sobreexpressades no es va detectar activitat enzimàtica. Per tant, de totes les CDases alcalines, s’ha demostrat que només l’ACER3, i no l’ACER1 ni l’ACER2, pot hidrolitzar els substrats RBM14. El substrat fluorogènic RBM13 permet analitzar l’activitat S1PL aplicant procediments HTS, però no es pot emprar en cèl·lules ja que no pot travessar la membrana plasmàtica. Amb l’objectiu de millorar la incorporació dins les cèl·lules dels substrats RBM13, i els seus anàlegs millorats RBM77 i RBM148, es va decidir encapsular els compostos en liposomes catiònics. Amb els substrats lliures, sense ser encapsulats, no s’observà activitat enzimàtica. No obstant, una vegada encapsulats es va detectar fluorescència i aquesta va resultar ser dependent de la concentració del substrat i, tal com s’esperava, era més elevada en les cèl·lules que sobreexpressaven la S1PL. L’autofàgia és un procés en el que la cèl·lula degrada proteïnes i orgànuls en els autofagolisosomes. El propòsit és reciclar material cel·lular per mantenir el metabolisme actiu durant l’escassetat de nutrients o evitar l’acumulació de material danyat. L’últim objectiu de la tesi va consistir en estudiar la relació entre les dhCer i l’autofàgia, i la seva repercussió en la mort o en la supervivència cel·lular. Es va examinar la capacitat de diferents inhibidors de Des1 d’estimular l’autofàgia i el seu efecte en el destí cel·lular en dues línies de glioma humà, les T98G i les U87MG. En primer lloc es va comprovar que el celecoxib (CCX), fenoxodiol (PXD), resveratrol (RV), γ-tocotrienol (γ-TE) i XM462 provocaven una acumulació de dhCer. Això era degut a la inhibició de l’enzim Des1 juntament amb l’estimulació de la via de biosíntesi de novo dels esfingolípids. En les mateixes condicions en les que es va analitzar l’esfingolipidoma, els compostos van induir autofàgia. No obstant, l’autofàgia va ser també activada en absència de dhCer, indicant l’existència d’un mecanisme d’inducció d’autofàgia per part dels compostos independent de dhCer. Quan es va inhibir l’autofàgia en aquestes cèl·lules, els compostos eren menys tòxics, suggerint que la via d’inducció d’autofàgia independent de dhCer és citotòxica. D’altra banda quan es va inhibir l’autofàgia en les cèl·lules amb nivells normals de dhCer, els compostos eren més tòxics demostrant que la via d’inducció d’autofàgia dependent de dhCer és un mecanisme de supervivència cel·lular. Els resultats suggereixen que els compostos indueixen l’autofàgia per ambdues vies dependent i independent de dhCer, i és l’equilibri entre elles el que influeix en el destí cel·lular.<br>Sphingolipids are molecules that, in addition to their structural function in cell membranes, regulate multiple signalling pathways and contribute to various cellular functions. Among the enzymes of sphingolipid metabolism, dihydroceramide desaturase 1 (Des1), ceramidases (CDases) and sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase (S1PL) play a decisive role in the cell fate. Although several methods for CDase and S1PL activity determination have been described, most of them do not allow the application of HTS assays. The first objective of the thesis was to determine the ability of the alkaline CDases to hydrolyze the RBM14 fluorogenic substrates. Different cell models with the alkaline CDases overexpressed or silenced were used. It was shown that among all alkaline CDases, only ACER3, and not ACER1 or ACER2, could hydrolyse RBM14 substrates. In order to improve the incorporation into the cells of the S1PL substrates RBM13 and their improved analogues RBM77 and RBM148, we decided to encapsulate the compounds into cationic liposomes. With the free substrates, no enzymatic activity was observed. However, once encapsulated, the probes were hydrolysed by S1PL and the resulting fluorescence was dependent on the substrate concentration and, as expected, it was higher in cells overexpressing S1PL. The last objective of the thesis was to study the relationship between dihydroceramides (dhCer) and autophagy, and its repercussion on the cell fate of two glioblastoma cell lines, T98G and U87MG. First of all it was verified that celecoxib (CCX), phenoxodiol (PXD), resveratrol (RV), γ-tocotrienol (γ-TE) and XM462 induced autophagy concomitantly with dihydroceramide (dhCer) buildup due to stimulation of ceramide synthesis de novo and decreased Des1 activity. However, autophagy activation was also induced in the absence of dhCer accumulation, indicating the existence of a dhCer-independent autophagy induction mechanism. In this context, the compounds were less toxic, suggesting that this pathway is cytotoxic. On the other hand, when autophagy was inhibited in cells with normal dhCer levels, compounds were more toxic showing that this pathway is a mechanism of cell survival. We propose that Des1 inhibitors activate autophagy via both dhCer-dependent and independent pathways and the balance between the two pathways influences the final cell fate.
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2

Pou, Cabello Ana. "Synthesis and optimization of new sphingolipid sensors for metabolism and trafficking studies." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/404672.

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Over the past decade, sphingolipids have emerged as a new class of modulators of various cell functions. Ceramide, which is the central molecule in the biosynthesis of sphingolipids and glycosphingolipids, is involved in the regulation of different cellular events, including cell senescence, differentiation, and apoptosis.1 In the de novo pathway, ceramide is biosynthesized from L-serine in four steps, the last one being the Δ4-desaturation of dihydroceramide to ceramide by the action of dihydroceramide desaturase (Des1). The discovery of new Des1 inhibitors with improved potency and selectivity would be greatly accelerated with the help of high-throughput screening (HTS) assays. Toward this end, the design of an efficient probe to quantify the enzyme activity is capital. In this Thesis, we wish to report that (Z)-Δ6-dihydroceramide is a suitable Des1 substrate and that the resulting Δ4,6- diene product can be efficiently trapped in a Diels-Alder reaction with a fluorescent TAD derivative for further quantification.2 In addition, the unanticipated observation that the isomeric (E)-Δ6-dihydroceramide is a non competitive Des1 inhibitor provides valuable information about the conformational requirements of the enzyme active site. The design of HTS assay to monitor Des1 activity on solid support by anchoring the (Z)-Δ6-dihydroceramide as Des1 substrate and the use of a fluorescent reporter in an array system will be presented. (1) Yang, J.; Yu, Y.; Sun, S.; Duerksen-Hughes, P. J. Ceramide and Other Sphingolipids in Cellular Responses. Cell Biochem. Biophys. 2004, 40 (3), 323–350. (2) De Bruycker, K.; Billiet, S.; Houck, H. A.; Chattopadhyay, S.; Winne, J. M.; Du Prez, F. E. Triazolinediones as Highly Enabling Synthetic Tools. Chem. Rev. 2016, 116 (6), 3919–3974.<br>Durant la última dècada, els esfingolípids han constituït una nova classe de moduladors en les funcions cel·lulars. La ceramida, sent la molècula central en la biosíntesi d’esfingolípids i glicoesfingolípids, està involucrada en la regulació de differents processos cel·lulars, incloent la senescència cel·lular, la diferenciació, i l’apoptosi.1 En la síntesi de novo, la ceramida es biosintetitza a partir de quatre passos de reacció a partir de la L-serina, sent l’últim d’ells la Δ4- dessaturació de la dihidroceramida per formar la ceramida corresponent, per mitjà de l’acció de l’enzim dihidroceramida desaturasa (Des1). El descobriment de nous inhibidors amb gran potència i selectivitat de Des1 podria accelerar- se amb l’ajut d’assajos “high-throughput screening” o HTS. Amb aquesta finalitat, és necessari el disseny d’una prova eficient per tal de quantificar l’activitat d’aquest enzim. En aquesta Tesi Doctoral es descriu que els derivats de la (Z)-Δ6-dihidroceramida són substrats adients de la Des1 i que el producte Δ4,6-diènic pot ser fàcilment atrapat amb un derivat del TAD fluorescent2 per a la posterior quantificació de l’adducte format. A més a més, s’ha observat que la (E)-Δ6-dihidroceramida isòmerica és un inhibidor no competitiu de la Des1, fet que proporciona informació molt valuosa sobre els requeriments conformacionals del centre actiu de l’enzim. Finalment, es desenvoluparà el disseny d’un assaig HTS per tal de monitoritzar l’activitat de Des1 en suport sòlid mitjançant la immobilització de la (Z)-Δ6-dihidroceramida com a substrat de Des1 i l’ús d’un agent fluorescent del tipus TAD per a la posterior quantificació en sistemes de microarray. (1) Yang, J.; Yu, Y.; Sun, S.; Duerksen-Hughes, P. J. Ceramide and Other Sphingolipids in Cellular Responses. Cell Biochem. Biophys. 2004, 40 (3), 323–350. (2) De Bruycker, K.; Billiet, S.; Houck, H. A.; Chattopadhyay, S.; Winne, J. M.; Du Prez, F. E. Triazolinediones as Highly Enabling Synthetic Tools. Chem. Rev. 2016, 116 (6), 3919–3974.
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3

Bielsa, i. Vilardaga Núria. "Eines per a l'estudi del metabolisme i els efectes dels esfingolípids." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/673992.

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1. El paper que tenen les ceramidases en diferents malalties humanes va guanyant interès. Tot i així, la recerca en aquest àmbit ha estat obstaculitzada per la manca d’inhibidors i substrats específics per les diferents formes d’aquests enzims. Per aquest motiu, el primer objectiu plantejat en aquesta tesi fou el descobriment de substrats i inhibidors específics de ceramidases amb activitat en cèl·lules intactes. 2. S’ha descrit que la Jaspina B presenta una activitat citotòxica que podria implicar mort cel·lular per metuosi. En aquest context, per a determinar l’abast d’aquesta activitat i entendre millor el seu mecanisme molecular, el segon objectiu proposat en aquesta tesi fou la determinació dels efectes cel·lulars de la Jaspina B i la via de senyalització implicada en la inducció de metuosi, utilitzant la línia cel·lular d’adenocarcinoma de pulmó A549 com a model.
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4

Sanllehí, Figuerola Pol. "Design and synthesis of sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase inhibitors and fluorogenic probes for the development of HTS assays." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/399455.

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Sphingolipids (SLs) are essential structural and signaling molecules of eukaryotic cells. An important group of SLs metabolites are those showing a phosphate group at the C1‒ OH. Among them, sphingosine‒1‒phosphate (S1P) is a well‒recognized signaling molecule that can act both as an intracellular second messenger and as a ligand of specific G‒protein coupled receptors (S1P1‒5), giving rise to a series of downstream signaling pathways involved in vascular development, control of cardiac rhythm, and immunity responses, among others. Sphingosine‒1‒phosphate lyase (S1PL) is a pyridoxal 5’‒phosphate (PLP) dependent enzyme that catalyzes the irreversible degradation of S1P into ethanolamine phosphate and trans‒2‒hexadecenal in the endoplasmic reticulum. Together with S1P phosphatase, and sphingosine kinase, S1PL regulates the intracellular levels of S1P and contributes to the so‒called ‘sphingolipid rheostat’, a system that controls cell fate based on the ratio of intracellular proliferative S1P and the apoptogenic sphingosine and ceramide. Notably, S1PL plays an important role in regulating the immune system, since its inhibition disrupts the S1P gradient that promotes T‒cell egress from lymphoid tissues. In this context, S1PL has been validated as therapeutic target for the treatment of some autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis or rheumatoid arthritis. In light of the therapeutic potential associated to the modulation of S1PL activity, we undertook the design of new S1PL inhibitors based on two different approaches. Firstly, a structure‒based drug design of S1PL inhibitors was performed using the crystal structures of the bacterial (StS1PL) and human (hS1PL) enzymes, which share a high level of sequence and structural similarities. Taking into account the common structural features of a series of hits, identified on a preliminary screening of potential S1PL inhibitors, and based on the results arising from docking studies using the hS1PL and StS1PL X‒ray structures, a small library of putative S1PL inhibitors, derived from a common scaffold, were designed and synthesized. Compound RBM13, a previously reported fluorogenic S1PL substrate, was used in the development of an ‘on‒plate’ assay for the S1PL activity determination using recombinant StS1PL and hS1PL as enzyme sources. Unfortunately, the rational design of new S1PL inhibitors was unsuccessful, as evidenced by the modest activities found for the designed inhibitors under our optimized assay conditions. In addition, although comparable kinetic parameters were determined for RBM13 against the two enzymes, a reference hS1PL inhibitor did not show any activity on the bacterial enzyme. In a second approach, two families of S1PL inhibitors were designed based on S1PL mechanistic considerations. In this sense, a small family of non‒reactive analogs of some key enzyme reaction intermediates, as well as a series of stereodefined azide analogs of the natural S1P, were synthesized and tested against human and bacterial S1PL. Although compounds mimicking the intermediates of the catalytic process were weak inhibitors, all the azido phosphates behaved as competitive inhibitors in the low µM range on the two S1PL isozymes. These results suggested that StS1PL can be a reliable model for the design of hS1PL inhibitors that bind into the active site. However, the usefulness of this model protein is more limited if one wants to design compounds that target the active site access channel. Finally, two new coumarin‒containing probes with potential applicability in HTS assays were designed and synthesized. Structurally, both compounds are formally derived from RBM13 by intercalation of a vinyl group between the amino alcohol phosphate moiety and the ether‒linked coumarin group of the parent compound. Gratifyingly, both probes were validated as hS1PL substrates with better kinetic parameters than those determined for RBM13.<br>Els esfingolípids (SLs) són components estructurals essencials de les membranes cel·lulars. Alguns metabòlits dels SLs actuen, a més, com a molècules de senyalització en cèl·lules eucariotes. L’esfingosina-1-fosfat (S1P) és un esfingolípid bioactiu, el qual està involucrat en processos biològics rellevants tals com el desenvolupament vascular, el control del ritme cardíac o la resposta immunitària, entre d’altres. L’esfingosina‒1‒fosfat liasa (S1PL), és un enzim depenent de piridoxal 5’‒fosfat (PLP) situat al reticle endoplasmàtic, el qual catalitza la degradació irreversible de la S1P, per donar fosfat d’etanolamina i 2‒hexacedenal. La S1PL ha estat recentment validada com a diana terapèutica pel tractament de certes malalties autoimmunes. Degut al potencial terapèutic associat a la modulació de l’activitat S1PL, en la present tesi doctoral s’ha abordat el disseny de nous inhibidors de la S1PL des de dues aproximacions diferents. En primer lloc es va duu a terme un disseny basat en la estructura de nous inhibidors de la S1PL emprant les estructures cristal·lines de la S1PL humana (hS1PL) i la de Symbiobacterium thermophilum (StS1PL). No obstant, el còmput de molècules seleccionades com a potencials inhibidors, varen presentar activitats moderades en un nou assaig fluorogènic, el qual va ser desenvolupat per a la determinació de l’activitat S1PL emprant enzims purificats. En una segona aproximació, basant-se en consideracions mecanístiques del cicle catalític de l’enzim, es varen dissenyar i sintetitzar dues famílies d’inhibidors de la S1PL, les quals varen ser testades contra la hS1PL i la StS1PL. D’entre els compostos sintetitzats, una sèrie d’azido- derivats del substrat natural de l’enzim van resultar ser inhibidors competitius en el rang µM baix en els dos isoenzims. Finalment, dues noves sondes fluorogèniques per a la determinació de l’activitat S1PL amb potencial aplicabilitat ens assaigs HTS van ser dissenyades i sintetitzades. Estructuralment, ambdues sondes corresponen a dos vinílegs d’un substrat no natural de la S1PL prèviament reportat. Els dos nous compostos varen ser validats com a substrats de la hS1PL, presentant, en ambdós casos, millors paràmetres cinètics que el compost de referència.
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5

Corro, Morón Macarena. "Novel Strategies for the Syntheses of Sphingosine Kinase Inhibitors, b-Fluoroamines and Enantioenriched Allenes." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/665123.

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Els esfingolípids tenen un paper molt important tant en processos biològics com fisiològics i es converteixen els uns en els altres per l'acció d'enzims. El futur cel·lular és determinat pel balanç que controla la síntesi de ceràmida, esfingosina i esfingosina-1-fosfat, esfingolípids associats al càncer. Mentres que la ceràmida com l'esfingosina estan associades a processos d'apoptosi cel·lular, l'esfingosina-1-fosfat està vinculada a la proliferació. Degut a això, molts grups d'investigació centren els seus treballs en la síntesi d'inhibidors d'esfingosina quinasa, enzim que promou la formació d'esfingosina-1-fosfat. En el capítol 3 es decriu la síntesi d'una nova família d'inhibidors d'esfingosina quinasa i es mostren els valors d'inhibició trobats per cada compost. A més, també s'han realitzat estudis de docking per tractar de predir les possibles interaccions dels nostres compostos amb l'enzim. En el capítol 4 es desenvolupa una nova metodologia per obtenir β-fluoroamines amb carbamats com materials de partida. Suposem que la reacció procedeix via aziridina i apertura de la mateixa encara que trobem una diastereoselectivitat oposada a l'esperada. Tot i que s'han realitzat diverses probes per a tractar de confirmar els mecanismes proposats, no ens són d'ajuda per a el·lucidar-ne cap i, per tant, s'ha de seguir fent probes per confirmar-ne algun. En el capítol 5 es descriu la síntesi enantioselectiva d'al·lens mitjançant reactius de coure. Durant l'estudi es va oberservar que l'enantioselectivitat era afavorida per la presència de fosfits i que l'ús de fosfits voluminosos conduïa a una enantioselectivitat oposada. A més, es va comprobar que aquest tipus de reacció és influenciada per les característiques estèriques i electròniques dels substractes i que hi havia una tolerància moderada cap a diferents grups funcionals.<br>Los esfingolípidos tienen un papel muy importante tanto en procesos biológicos como fisiológicos y se convierten los unos en los otros por la acción de enzimas. El futuro celular está determinado por el balance que controla la síntesis de ceramida, esfingosina y esfingosina-1-fosfato, esfingolípidos asociados al cáncer. Mientras que tanto la ceramida como la esfongosina están asociadas a procesos de apoptosis celular, la esfingosina-1-fosfato está vinculada a la proliferación. Debido a esto, muchos grupos de investigación están centrando sus trabajos en la síntesis de inhibidores de esfingosina quinasa, enzima que promueve la formación de la esfingosina-1-fosfato. En el capítulo 3 se describe la síntesis de una nueva familia de inhibidores de esfingosina quinasa y se muestran los valores de inhibición encontrados para cada compuesto. Además, también se han realizado estudios de docking para tratar de predecir las posibles interacciones de nuestros compuestos con la enzima. En el capítulo 4 se desarrolla una nueva metodología para obtener β-fluoroaminas desde carbamatos como materiales de partida. Suponemos que la reacción procede via aziridina y apertura de la misma aunque nos encontramos con diastereoselectividad opuesta a la esperada. A pesar de que se han realizado varias pruebas para tratar de confirmar los mecanismos propuestos, estos no nos han ayudado a elucidar ninguno y, por tanto, se deben seguir haciendo pruebas antes de poder confirmar algo. En el capítulo 5 se describe la síntesis enantioselectiva de alenos mediada por cobre. Durante el estudio se observó que la enantioselectividad era favorecida con la presencia de fosfitas y que el uso de unas fosfitas voluminosas conducía a una enantioselectividad opuesta. Además, se comprobó que este tipo de reacción está influenciada por las características estéricas y electrónicas de los sustratos y que había una tolerancia moderada hacia distintos grupos funcionales.<br>Sphingolipids play a central role in numerous biological and physiological processes and they are converted into each other through the action of enzymes. Ceramide, sphingosine and sphingosine-1-phosphate have been found to be involved in cancer processes and the balance that controls their syntheses determines the cell fate. Whereas ceramide and sphingosine are associated with apoptosis, sphingosine-1-phosphate is related to cell proliferation. In this context, many research groups are investigating the synthesis of inhibitors for sphingosine kinase, enzyme which promotes the synthesis of sphingosine-1-phosphate. In chapter 3, we describe the synthesis of new sphingosine kinase inhibitors and also show the inhibitory potency of all of them. Besides, docking studies to predict interaction between our compounds and the enzyme are also presented. In Chapter 4, we develop a new strategy in the synthesis of β-fluoroamines starting from carbamates. Presumably, the reaction proceeds via aziridination and ring-opening processes in which we have found an unexpected diastereoselectivity. Fluoroamines present syn configuration instead trans expected. Although several tests have been performed to explain the observed selectivity, further studies should be done before confirming or discarding the suggested mechanisms. In Chapter 5, we work in a novel enantioselective synthesis of allenes mediated by copper. It was found that enantioselectivity could be increased by the presence of phosphites to give anti-elimination. The use of bulkier phosphites led to syn-elimination. This process is influenced by steric and electronic properties of substrates and present moderate tolerance towards different groups.
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6

Izquierdo, García Eduardo. "Chemical approaches to the study of the ceramide synthase activity." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/671426.

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Sphingolipids (SLs) are one of the major classes of lipids in eukaryotes. In addition to being essential structural components of cell membranes, SLs also play capital roles as signalling molecules. Ceramides (Cer) are a family of bioactive SLs consisting of a long chain base (LCB), known as the sphingoid base, linked to a fatty acid (FA) of variable chain length via an amide bond. Due to their metabolic inter-relations with other SL species, Cer are considered key intermediates in the SL pathway. Cer are important second messengers in several cellular processes including apoptosis, autophagy, cell differentiation and sensescence. Ceramide synthases (CerS) are a group of enzymes, primarily localised at the endoplasmic reticulum, that catalyse the N–acylation of sphingoid bases such as sphingosine (So) and dihydrosphingosine (dhSo), using acyl CoA thioesters of variable chain lengths, to afford Cer and dihydroceramides (dhCer), respectively. Six isoforms of CerS (CerS1–6) have been identified in mammals. Each CerS isoform utilizes a small subset of FA-CoAs of defined chain lengths and, thus, each of them produces specific Cer populations. In the recent years, it has become apparent that Cer with different acyl chains vary in their biophysical properties and in the signalling pathways they participate. Furthermore, Cer with defined acyl chain lengths have been found to be implicated in the onset of a variety of human diseases, including cancer, type-2 diabetes mellitus, Alzheimer’s disease, multiple sclerosis and cardiomyopathy. In this context, the development of appropriate tools to study the activity of CerS enzymes, which is crucial to decipher the molecular mechanisms by which Cer elicit their effects, was the ultimate goal of the present doctoral thesis. The first part of this thesis was devoted to the development of a new CerS activity assay based on the Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) phenomenon. To that end, we designed and synthesized a series of fluorescently labelled (or labelable) 1-deoxy sphingoid probes derived from spisulosine, a small library of clickable FA analogues of different chain lengths, and a collection of bicyclo[6.1.0]nonyne (BCN) or 1,2,4,5-tetrazine (Tz) based fluorescent reagents. The absorption and fluorescence emission properties of these compounds was thoroughly studied in various solvents by means of cuvette-based experiments. Based on these studies, we anticipated that a highly efficient FRET process would take place between the donor-acceptor fluorophore pairs that had been selected, namely MCC/NBD and NBD/NR. Next, the metabolic incorporation of the different spisulosin-based probes and the FA analogues was evaluated in various biological contexts. Mass spectrometry analysis evidenced an extensive metabolization of the synthetic LCB probes and the FA analogues by CerS enzymes to form the corresponding Cer metabolites. Unfortunately, the FA analogues were also incorporated into other lipidic metabolic pathways, resulting in the generation of a strong fluorescence background after the fluorescent labelling reactions. Our different attempts to solve this issue were unfruitful and, thus, the development of the FRET based fluorescence assay to determine the CerS activity could not be achieved. The second part of this thesis was aimed at the development of new click-formed proteolysis targeting chimeras (CLIPTACs) targeting the ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of CerS, as an alternative to small molecule inhibitors for the modulation of the CerS activity. To this end, we designed and synthesized four BCN derivatives containing known ligands for recruiting different E3 ubiquitin ligases. These BCN-tagged E3 ligase recruiters will be used in future studies in combination with an azido-functionalized analogue of the CerS substrate Jaspine B to obtain the desired CLIPTACs.<br>Los esfingolípidos (SLs) son una de las principales categorías de lípidos presentes en los organismos eucariotas. Los SL no sólo son componentes estructurales esenciales de las membranas celulares, sino que también actúan como moléculas señalizadoras. Las ceramidas (Cer) son una tipología de SL que están formadas por una base esfingoide y una cadena de ácido graso de longitud variable unidos a través de un enlace amida. Las Cer participan como segundos mensajeros en procesos celulares como la apoptosis, la autofagia, la diferenciación celular y la senescencia. Las ceramida sintasas (CerS) son un grupo de enzimas del retículo endoplasmático que catalizan la N-acilación de bases esfingoides, como la esfingosina, utilizando acil-CoAs de distintas longitudes, para dar Cer. En los mamíferos se han descrito seis isoformas de la CerS y cada una de ellas tiene preferencia por un pequeño grupo de ácidos grasos de longitud de cadena definida, por lo que cada una produce perfiles de Cer característicos. En los últimos años se ha visto que la longitud de la cadena acilo de las Cer influye en sus propiedades biofísicas y en las cascadas de señalización en las que participan. Además, se sabe que ciertas Cer están involucradas en el desarrollo de distintas enfermedades como el cáncer, la diabetes, el Alzheimer o la esclerosis múltiple. En este sentido, el desarrollo de herramientas adecuadas para el estudio de la actividad de CerS es fundamental para descifrar los mecanismos moleculares a través de los cuáles actúan las Cer, siendo este el objetivo principal que se persiguió en la presente tesis doctoral. La primera parte de la tesis se centró en el desarrollo de un nuevo ensayo para determinar la actividad CerS por medio del fenómeno de FRET. Para ello, se diseñaron y sintetizaron una serie de sondas esfingoides derivadas de la espisulosina, una pequeña quimioteca de análogos de ácidos grasos “clicables” de distintas longitudes de cadena y una colección de reactivos fluorescentes marcados con un grupo biciclo[6.1.0]nonino (BCN) o 1,2,4,5-tetrazina (Tz). Las propiedades de absorción y emisión de fluorescencia de estos compuestos fueron estudiadas en varios disolventes a través de experimentos “en cubeta”. En base a estos experimentos anticipamos que las parejas de fluoróforos seleccionadas eran adecuadas para su uso en experimentos de FRET. A continuación, se evaluó la incorporación metabólica de las distintas sondas esfingoides y de los varios análogos de ácidos grasos en medios biológicos. Los estudios de lipidómica mostraron que tanto las sondas como los análogos de ácidos grasos eran procesados por las CerS para dar las Cer correspondientes. Sin embargo, los análogos de ácidos grasos también entraron en otras rutas metabólicas de los lípidos dando lugar a un elevado ruido de fondo tras la reacción de marcaje de fluorescencia. Nuestros intentos para solventar este problema fueron en vano y, por tanto, finalmente no fue posible la implementación del ensayo de fluorescencia para medir la actividad CerS. En la segunda parte de la tesis se propuso el desarrollo de nuevos CLIPTACs dirigidos a la degradación de CerS, como alternativa a los inhibidores clásicos para la modulación de la actividad CerS. Para ello se diseñaron y sintetizaron cuatro derivados de BCN que contuvieran un ligando para reclutar distintos enzimas E3 ligasas de ubiquitina. Estos reclutadores de E3 ligasa serán utilizados en un futuro en combinación con un derivado de la Jaspina B, un análogo del sustrato de las CerS, para obtener los CLIPTACs deseados.
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7

Ordóñez, Vivanco Yadira. "Chemical tools to investigate the role of sphingolipids in disease." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/399916.

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Sphingolipids (SLs) encompass a large and diverse family of lipids that are essential constituents of cellular membranes. In addition to their structural functions, SLs are also emerging as important signalling molecules with an essential role in controlling different cellular processes such as cell proliferation, growth, migration, differentiation, senescence and apoptosis. Ceramide (Cer) and dihydroceramide (dhCer) are the central molecules of SLs metabolism. The bioactive role of dhCer has been recently described and it has been implicated in processes like autophagy. Alterations in SLs levels are strongly correlated with the initiation and progression of several diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, Alzheimer’s disease or different types of cancer. The metabolism of the SLs are catalyzed by specific enzymes, like dihydroceramide desaturase 1 (Des1), ceramidases (CDases), among others, and their study is important to understand the role of SLs. As mentioned above, experimental evidences suggest a role for dhCer in autophagy induction, but whether dhCer leads to prosurvival or lethal autophagy is subject of controversy. On the other hand, despite the advances in the development of Acid Ceramidase (AC) directed activity based probes (ABP), there is still a clear need for more specific and potent tools to characterize AC activity in cells. In this context, the objectives of this thesis are: 1. To validate the role of dihydroceramides as mediators of autophagy induction and outcome in cancer cell models. To achieve this objective, dhCer levels were induced to increase using two different types of compounds: Metabolic precursors and Des1 inhibitors. The first study was focused on the use of the metabolic intermediates of the de novo pathway, specifically 3-ketosphinganine (KSa) and its dideuterated analog at C4 (d2KSa) in three cancer cell lines. KSa and d2KSa are metabolized to produce high levels of dihydrosphingolipids in HGC27, T98G and U87MG cancer cells. In contrast, either direct C1 O-phosphorylation or N-acylation of d2KSa to produce dideuterated ketodihydrosphingolipids does not occur. Time-course experiments agree with sphinganine, sphinganine-1-phosphate and dihydroceramides being the mediators of autophagy stimulated by d2KSa. Enzyme inhibition studies support that inhibition of Des1 by 3-ketobases is caused by their dihydroceramide metabolites. However, this effect contributes to increasing dihydrosphingolipid levels only at short incubation times, since cells respond to long time exposure to 3-ketobases with Des1 overexpression. In the second study, the role of dhCer as inducers of autophagy was examined using drugs and pharmacological tools shown to decrease Des1 activity and reportedly able to stimulate autophagy. This study was carried out using glioblastoma T98G and U87MG cell lines and compounds like gamma- tocopherol (g-T), gamma-tocotrienol (g-TE), and the active site directed Des1 inhibitor XM462 were studied. g-TE and XM462 but not g-T induces autophagy concomitantly with dhCer build-up due to stimulation of Cer synthesis de novo and decreased Des1 activity. 2. To develop an activity based probe (ABP) for acid ceramidase (AC) detection in cells. In this study, we report on the activity of two SABRAC-based probes: a Bodipy-labeled analog (Bodipy-SOBRAC) and a clickable azido-substituted analog (N3C14SOBRAC) for further click derivatization with fluorescent alkynes. Both compounds were effective at detecting AC in cell lysates.<br>Evidencias experimentales sugieren un papel de las dihidroceramidas (dhCer) en la inducción de la autofagia, pero si las dhCer conducen a autofagia protectora o letal es objeto de controversia. Por otro lado, a pesar de los avances en el desarrollo de sondas basadas en actividad (ABP) para el marcaje de la ceramidasa ácida (AC), todavía hay una clara necesidad de desarrollar herramientas más específicas y potentes para caracterizar la actividad de la AC en las células. En este contexto, los objetivos de este trabajo de tesis son: 1. Validar el papel de las dhCer como mediadores de la inducción de autofagia en modelos celulares de cáncer. Para llevar a cabo éste objetivo, se ha procedido a aumentar los niveles de dhCer mediante el uso de dos tipos diferentes de herramientas farmacológicas: precursores metabólicos y inhibidores de la Dihidroceramida desaturasa (Des1). En la primera aproximación, se utilizó cetoesfinganina (KSa) y su análogo dideuterado en C4 (d2KSa) como precursores metabólicos de dhCer. Tanto la KSa como la d2KSa se metabolizaron para producir altos niveles de dihidroesfingolípidos (dhSLs) en las líneas celulares tumorales HGC27, T98G y U87MG. Experimentos realizados a diferentes tiempos de tratamiento sugieren que la esfinganina, la esfinganina-1-fosfato y la dihidroceramida son probablemente los mediadores de la autofagia producida tras el tratamiento con d2KSa. La inhibición de la Des1 observada con estas 3-cetobases es causada por su metabolización a dihidroceramida. En la otra aproximación dirigida a estudiar el papel de las dhCer en la activación de la autofagia se utilizaron compuestos inhibidores de la Des1 cómo gamma-tocotrienol (g-TE) y XM462, capaces de incrementar los niveles intracelulares de dhCer, en las líneas de glioblastoma U87MG y T98G. Todos los compuestos estudiados excepto el gamma-tocoferol (g-T) indujeron el flujo autofágico de forma concomitante con la acumulación de dhCer, la cual ocurrió por estimulación de la biosíntesis de novo y disminución de la actividad Des1. 2. Desarrollar una sonda basada en la actividad enzimática (ABP) para la detección de ceramidasa ácida (AC). En éste estudio, se ha analizado la actividad de diferentes análogos del SABRAC. Estos compuestos son inhibidores potentes de la AC y además presentan diferentes grupos funcionales o fluorescentes que permiten su uso como ABP para el análisis de enzima activa. Los dos compuestos han sido efectivos para la detección de AC en lisados celulares.
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8

Muñoz, Guardiola Pau. "Mecanisme d'acció del nou fàrmac antitumoral ART10812: rol de la pseudoquinasa TRIB3, l'estrès reticular i els esfingolípids en la mort mediada per autofàgia." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/665541.

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L’ABTL0812 és un derivat lipídic amb activitat antitumoral llicenciat per la companyia biofarmacèutica Ability Pharmaceuticals. En estudis preliminars es va observar que l’ABTL0812 indueix citotoxicitat en un ampli espectre de cèl·lules tumorals humanes i una inhibició del creixement de tumors xenografts derivats de cèl·lules tumorals humanes, propietats que han motivat el seu desenvolupament pre-clínic. A l’actualitat, l’ABTL0812 es troba en Fase Clínica 2 en pacients amb càncer de pulmó escamós i d’endometri avançat (identificador ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03366480). El nostre laboratori està implicat en caracteritzar el seu mecanisme d’acció antitumoral, utilitzant com a model les cèl·lules MiaPaca2 (adenocarcinoma pancreàtic) i A549 (adenocarcinoma de pulmó). Estudis previs realitzats al laboratori mostren que l’ABTL0812 activa els receptors PPAR i PPAR, que medien en la inducció de mort dependent d’autofàgia sense induir l’aparició de trets típicament apoptòtics. En aquesta Tesi Doctoral, mitjançant assajos de gen reporter luciferasa, quantificació de mRNA per RT-qPCR i assaig d’immunoblot, demostrem que l’activació dels receptors PPAR/ indueix l’activació transcripcional de la pseudoquinasa TRIB3. Una vegada sobre-expressada, TRIB3 uneix Akt i impedeix la seva activació per les quinases activadores PDK1 i mTORC2. Com a conseqüència d’això, s’inhibeix el complex mTORC1. Tanmateix, s’ha constatat que la inhibició del complex mTORC1 a les cèl·lules tumorals humanes MiaPaca2 i A549 no és suficient per induir una autofàgia robusta anàloga a l’observada per l’ABTL0812. Aquest fet va motivar l’estudi sobre si l’estrès reticular podia estar relacionat amb la sobre-expressió de TRIB3 i la mort cel·lular mediada per autofàgia induïdes per l’ABTL0812, tal com s’ha proposat per altres composts anti-tumorals com el tetrahidrocannabinol. En aquest treball hem observat que l’ABTL0812 indueix dilatació del reticle endoplasmàtic i la sobre-expressió dels marcadors d’estrès reticular BiP, ATF4 i CHOP. En conjunt, aquests resultats demostren la inducció d’estrès reticular per part de l’ABTL0812. El bloqueig farmacològic de l’estrès reticular mostra preliminarment que l’estrès reticular media en la citotoxicitat induïda per l’ABTL0812. D‘interès, s’ha posat a punt la quantificació dels nivells de mRNA plasmàtics dels marcador d’estrès reticular CHOP i TRIB3, tant en mostres de sang total com a PBMCs purificades, i s’ha constatat que augmenten en els pacients humans en resposta al tractament amb ABTL0812. En l’actualitat, aquests biomarcadors farmacodinàmics s’estan utilitzant a la Fase Clínica 2. L’anàlisi per espectrometria de masses de l’esfingolipidoma de cèl·lules tumorals ha permès observar que l’ABTL0812 indueix l’acumulació de dihidroceramides de cadena llarga, sense alterar els nivells de ceramides. Aquest esdeveniment s’explica pel fet que la incubació amb ABTL0812 resulta en la inhibició de l’enzim desaturasa-1 (Des-1) a la cèl·lula tumoral. Des-1 és l’últim enzim de la via de síntesi de novo de ceramides (catalitza el pas de dihidroceramides a ceramides) i la seva inhibició resulta en l’acumulació de dihidroceramides de cadena llarga, de manera anàloga a la mostrada per l’inhibidor específic de Des-1 GT11. D’interès, el tractament de les cèl·lules tumorals amb la dihidroceramida de cadena curta dideuterada d2c8DhCer (que provoca un augment dels nivells cel·lulars de dihidroceramides) resulta en la inducció d’estrès reticular, autofàgia i citotoxicitat a les cèl·lules tumorals MiaPaca2 i A549, tal com fa l’ABTL0812. L’estudi preliminar dels processos executors de la mort cel·lular induïda per l’ABTL0812 mostra que aquest compost altera la funció mitocondrial (depleció dràstica d’ATP cel·lular) i activa la via canònica de mitofàgia PINK1/parkina/ubiquitina. A més a més, l’ABTL0812 promou l’alliberació citosòlica de catepsines lisosomals, suggerint la inducció de permeabilització de membrana lisosomal (LMP) que explicaria la mort per necrosi observada a les cèl·lules tumorals. Finalment, aquesta Tesi proposa que l’ABTL0812 actuaria de forma paral·lela a través de dos eixos. Per un costat, activaria els receptors PPAR/, que indueixen la sobre-expressió de TRIB3 i la subseqüent inhibició d’Akt i del complex mTORC1. Per l’altre costat, l’ABTL0812 inhibiria l’enzim Des-1, provocant una acumulació de dihidroceramides de cadena llarga i l’activació d’estrès reticular. Ambdós eixos del mecanisme sinergitzen en l’activació d’autofàgia robusta i mort cel·lular, com demostra el tractament combinat amb l’inhibidor específic de mTORC1 Everolimus i l’inhibidor específic de Des-1 GT11.<br>ABTL0812 is a polyunsaturated fatty acid derivative with antitumoral activity licensed by the biopharmaceutical company Ability Pharmaceuticals. ABTL0812 shows cytotoxicity in a wide panel of human tumor cell lines and induces tumor growth inhibition in human tumor cell-derived xenografts. This have encouraged its pre-clinical and clinical development. ABTL0812 recently started Phase 2 Clinical trials in patients with advanced endometrial cancer and squamous NSCLC, as a first line of treatment in combination with paclitaxel and carboplatin (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03366480). Our laboratory is involved in the characterization of ABTL0812’s antitumoral mechanism of action, using MiPaca2 (pancreatic adenocarcinoma) and A549 (lung adenocarcinoma) cell lines as models. Previous studies carried out in our laboratory uncovered that in cells ABTL0812 activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors PPAR/ receptors, inducing autophagy-mediated cancer cell death without activating apoptosis. Here, by using gene reporter luciferase assay, qRT-PCR mRNA quantification and immunoblot analysis, we show that ABTL0812 activates PPAR-mediated transcription of Tribbles 3 (TRIB3) pseudokinase. Over-expressed TRIB3 then binds and inhibits Akt, preventing its activation by PDK1 and mTORC2 upstream kinases, resulting in inhibition of the oncogenic Akt/mTORC1 axis. However, we found that mTORC1 inhibition is not enough to induce robust autophagy in MiaPaca2 and A549 cell lines, as it does ABTL0812. Thus, we investigated whether endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress could also account for ABTL0812-induced TRIB3 overexpression, as it has been proposed for other antitumoral drugs such as tetrahydrocannabinol. We found ABTL0812 induces endoplasmic reticulum dilatation and over-expression of the endoplasmic reticulum stress markers BiP, ATF4 and CHOP (both mRNA and protein levels), indicating that ABTL0812 induces ER stress in these tumor cells. We also show preliminary pharmacological data suggesting that ER stress has a role in mediating ABTL0812-induced cytotoxicity. Remarkably, we have optimized a protocol for the quantification of TRIB3 and CHOP mRNAs (qRT-PCR) in blood and purified PBMCs from patients enrolled in Clinical Phase 2. We describe increased levels of CHOP and TRIB3 mRNAs in response to ABTL0812 treatment. Furthermore, we have proposed and optimized RT quantification of the ER stress genes TRIB3 and CHOP as reliable pharmacodynamic biomarkers for the ongoing Phase 2 Clinical trials. Given the role of sphingolipids in initiating the ER stress, we undertook a comprehensive mass-spec analysis of cellular sphingolipids to show that ABTL0812 induces long-chain dihydroceramides accumulation without affecting ceramide levels. In cells, dihydroceramides are converted into ceramides by the desaturase-1 (Des-1) enzyme. Enzymatic analysis demonstrated that ABTL0812 treatment results in inhibition of Des-1 activity in vitro and in cellular assays, provoking an accumulation of long-chain dihydroceramides, analogously to that induced by Des-1 specific inhibitor GT11. Interestingly, we show that treatment with the dideuterated short-chain dihydroceramide d2c8DhCer (which induces an increase of cellular dihydroceramides) results in endoplasmic reticulum stress, autophagy and cytotoxicity in MiaPaca2 and A549 cell lines. Preliminary characterization of ABTL0812-induced cell death shows that this compound alters mitochondrial function (induces a drastic depletion of cellular ATP) and it activates the canonic mitophagy pathway PINK1/parkin/ubiquitin. Furthermore, ABTL0812 induces cytosolic release lysosomal cathepsin B, suggesting a lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP) that would explain the necrotic cell death observed in tumor cells. Finally, this work proposes that ABTL0812 exerts its antitumoral activity acting simultaneously on two axes. On one hand, ABTL0812 activates PPAR/ receptors, which induce TRIB3 over-expression and the subsequent Akt and mTORC1 inhibition. On the other hand, ABTL0812 inhibits Des-1 enzyme, resulting in accumulation of long-chain dihydroceramides and the subsequent activation of ER stress. Both axes synergize to activate a robust autophagy which ultimately leads to lysosomal membrane permeabilization and necrosis. In agreement with this, we show that the inhibition of mTORC1 (Everolimus) synergizes with Des-1 inhibition (GT11) to promote autophagy and cytotoxicity.
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9

Villorbina, Noguera Gemma. "Estudis sobre dessaturases d'àcids grassos d'insectes. Implicacions en la biosíntesi d'esfingolípids." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/2796.

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En aquesta tesi s'han abordat estudis sobre dues famílies de lípids: les feromones sexuals d'insectes i els esfingolípids. El nexe d'unió d'un grup amb l'altre han estat les dessaturases. Les dessaturases d'àcids grassos són enzims fonamentals en la biosíntesi de les feromones sexuals dels lepidòpters, mentre que la dihidroceramida dessaturasa és un enzim clau en la biosíntesi dels esfingolípids.<br/>Prenent les dessaturases com a centre d'interès d'aquesta tesi, el treball que es presenta en aquesta memòria està dividit, formalment, en dues parts. En la primera (Capitols 2 i 3), s'estudien aspectes relacionats amb dessaturases de lepidopters. Així, en el Capítol 2 s'investiga la relació entre determinades dessaturases i la variació fenotípica en l'estructura de la feromona sexual de dues espècies del gènere Thaumetopoea i es demostra que la producció d'un complex feromonal concret es deu, més que a la existència de dessaturases altament específiques, a la presència de substrats determinats. <br/>Tenint en compte la baixa especificitat d'algunes acil-CoA dessaturases, i per tal d'aportar més dades sobre l'abast de les reaccións catalitzades per aquests enzims, en el Capítol 3 s'estudia l'activitat de la &#916;11-dessaturasa de l'Spodoptera littoralis sobre substrats ciclopropànics, i es demostra la formació de metilenciclopropans.<br/>Amb la finalitat d'extendre aquestes investigacions a d'altres dessaturases d'interès biològic, ens proposarem estudiar els requeriments estructurals del substrat de la dihidroceramida dessaturasa. Per tal d'obtenir un elevat nombre d'anàlegs per aquests estudis d'especificitat, es pensà en l'aplicació de les tècniques de química combinatòria. En relació amb aquesta temàtica, en el Capítol 4 d'aquesta tesi es descriu una metodologia per a la síntesi de quimioteques d'anàlegs de ceramides, i la seva aplicació per a la preparació d'una col·lecció exploratòria per tal d'estudiar la especificitat pel substrat de la dihidroceramida dessaturasa.<br><I>In this thesis studies about two families of lipids: the insect sexual pheromones and esfingolipids were approached. Desaturases have been the link between these two groups. The fatty acids desaturases are essential enzymes in the biosynthesis of moth sexual pheromones, while the dihydroceramide desaturase is a key enzyme in the esfingolipids biosynthesis.<br/>Taking the dessaturases as a center of interest, the work that is presented in this memory is divided, formally, into two parts. In the first part (Chapters 2 and 3); we studied different aspects related with lepidopters desaturases. Thus, in chapter 2 the relationship among determinate desaturases and phenotype variation in the sexual pheromone structure of two species of the genera Thaumetopoea is investigated and it is demonstrated that the production of a pheromonal complex is determined by the presence of specific substrate.<br/>The low specificity of some acil-CoA desaturases and the possibility to bring more information about the extent of the reactions catalyzed by these enzymes, we studied in chapter 3 the activity of the &#8710;11-desaturase of Spodoptera littoralis with cyclopropyl fatty acids as substrate, and it is demonstrated the transformation into the corresponding 11 cyclopropylidene acids.<br/>With the purpose to extend this research in other biological interesting desaturases, we will propose to study the structural requirements for dihydroceramide desaturase substrate. With the goal of obtaining a high number of analogous to study the specificity, combinatory chemistry techniques are applied. In relation to this subject matter, in chapter 4 of this thesis it is described a methodology for the synthesis of ceramide analogous libraries, and their application for the preparation of an exploratory collection in order to study the substrate specificity of the dihydroceramide desaturase. </I>
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10

Alcaide, López Anna. "A modular approach to sphingolipid analogs mediated by aziridines: Synthesis and biological studies." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/96979.

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Sphingolipids are essential biomolecules for the physiological cell function. In addition to its structural role in cell membranes, these lipids have also crucial functions in signal transduction and cell regulation. As a consequence of the important biological roles of sphingolipids, the synthesis of their analogs and the development of chemical inhibitors of sphingolipid enzymes are the object of current interest. Furthermore, it has been reported that slight modifications on the natural C1 (phyto)sphingosine scaffold or variations in its chain lengths can potentially alter the role and bioactivity of sphingolipid analogs. On the other hand, cyclitols are an important group of compounds due to their remarkable biological activities as well as their synthetic usefulness in the synthesis of other natural compounds or pharmaceuticals. Specially, the development of carbohydrate mimetics prompted primarily by their properties as glycosidase inhibitors, has led to a wide variety of novel structures by themselves or when considering them as key synthetic precursors of more complex molecules such as glycosphingolipids. For the above‐mentioned reasons, we developed a synthetic methodology towards sphingolipid analogs based on the regioselective ring‐opening reactions of N‐acylaziridines with different nucleophiles such as thiols or beta‐glycosil thiols, amines, phosphate derivatives or phosphorothioate derivatives. This approach is a short and flexible route for the synthesis of a variety of (phyto)sphingolipid analogs from aziridine derivatives and this method leads to molecules with different groups bonded to the C‐1 position of the sphingoid backbone from common intermediate aziridines by changing the nucleophile in the ring‐opening reaction step. Moreover, the diversity of compounds obtained is extended by introducing different N‐acyl groups at the nitrogen aziridine. Once, the desired sphingolipid analogs were obtained, a representative selection of them was tested in enzyme assays to identify inhibitors of mammalian sphingolipid metabolism enzymes, such as sphingomyelin synthase (SMS) and glucosylceramide synthase (GCS). Some of the tested analogs were potent inhibitors of GCS and none of them inhibited SMS at concentrations relevant for activity. In general, the inhibitory activity was higher for phytosphingosine analogs than their corresponding sphingosine analogs and the presence of the double bond between C4 and C5 of the sphingosine backbone in analogs was important for their bioactivity, since the dihydroceramide analogs were less active. In addition, a collection of (phyto)sphingolipid analogs were tested in an assay to identify inhibitors against yeast inositol phosphorylceramide synthase (IPCS). Generally, the inhibitory activities were lower than the inhibitions against GCS. However, one analog depicted selectivity against baker’s yeast IPCS since no inhibition of mammalian SMS and GCS was observed. For that reason, this analog showed potential properties as antifungal agent. Some (phyto)sphingolipid analogs were also tested as antigens for CD1d‐restricted iNKT cells and some of them were active, although this activity was lower when comparing with the endogenous glycolipid beta‐glucosylceramide. In particular, the most active compound was a nonglycosidic phytoceramide analog, but some glycosphingolipid analogs were also active in the activation of iNKT cells. However, these compounds were considered weak antigens. Finally, in order to obtain glycolipid analogs a synthetic methodology to obtain enantio‐ and diastereomerically pure galacto‐configured aziridines based on olefin aziridination reactions was examined. This consists in the use of nitrene precursors and a galactose related cyclohexene. The results obtained with this method showed potential for the preparation of the aziridine compounds.<br>Los esfingolípidos (SL) son biomoléculas esenciales para las funciones fisiológicas de las células. El metabolismo anómalo o la expresión de SL específicos o glicoesfingolípidos (GSL) es el origen de diferentes enfermedades como las esfingolipidosis, causadas por la presencia de mutaciones en las enzimas que intervienen en la biosíntesis de SL o GSL. Debido a la importancia biológica de los SL, el desarrollo de inhibidores químicos de las enzimas que intervienen en el metabolismo de los SL de mamíferos y hongos, es un tema de gran interés científico. Por otro lado, cabe remarcar que los ciclitoles son un tipo de compuestos muy interesantes debido a su remarcable actividad biológica y a su utilidad como precursores sintéticos de moléculas más complejas como los GSL. Teniendo en cuenta las consideraciones comentadas anteriormente, se ha desarrollado una nueva metodología sintética para la obtención de análogos de SLs basada en las reacciones de apertura de Nacilaziridinas con diferentes nucleófilos como tioles, beta‐glicosil tioles, aminas, fosfatos y fosforotioatos. Esta aproximación es una ruta corta y flexible para la obtención de análogos lipídicos con diversidad estructural. Una selección representativa de los compuestos sintetizados se ensayó frente a la inhibición de enzimas del metabolismo de los mamíferos tales como la esfingomielin sintasa (SMS) y la glucosilceramida sintasa (GCS), y enzimas del metabolismo de los hongos como la inositol fosforilceramida sintasa (IPCS). Algunos de estos análogos resultaron ser inhibidores potentes de la GCS pero ninguno de ellos fue inhibidor de la SMS. Mientras que la inhibición frente a la IPCS en levaduras fue más baja en comparación con la inhibición de la GCS. A pesar de ello, uno de los análogos ensayados mostró selectividad frente a la IPCS ya que no se observó inhibición de la SMS y la GCS de mamíferos, mostrando así propiedades interesantes como agente antifúngico. De manera adicional, algunos análogos de (fito)esfingolípidos fueron ensayados como antígenos de células iNKT restringidas por la proteína CD1d y resultaron activos. Curiosamente, el compuesto más activo resultó ser un análogo de fitoceramida no glicosídico, aunque otros GSL también resultaron activos. Por otro lado, se desarrolló una metodología sintética para obtener aziridinas con configuración galacto (análogos de galactosa) enantiomericamente y diastereomericamente puras para obtener análogos de glicolípidos.
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11

Cingolani, Francesca. "New insights into sphingolipid metabolism and functions by using chemical tools." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/300594.

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Sphingolipids (SLs), essential components of cell membranes, are bioactive molecules involved in the regulation of a variety of cellular processes. Ceramide and sphingosine generally mediate anti-proliferative stimuli, while sphingosine-1-phospate plays an opposite role. The bioactive role of dihydroceramide has also been recently described, showing its involvement in processes like apoptosis and autophagy. Alteration of SLs levels is involved in different disease, including cancer. Sphingolipid metabolism is a complex network of anabolic and catabolic reactions catalyzed by specific enzymes. Consistent with the key role of sphingolipids in cell biology, the modulation of key­enzyme of the sphingolipid metabolism such as dihydroceramide desaturase (Des1), ceramide synthase (CerS), ceramidases (CDases) and sphingosine kinase (SK) represent a strategy to better understand the role of SLs in physiophatological processes. During this PhD thesis three different studies that show the use of SL analogues and SL metabolism inhibitors as pharmacological tools for biomedical investigation in cancer cells were performed. The first study was focused on the alteration of sphingolipid metabolism and cytotoxic effect induced by Jaspine B (JB) in cancer cells. JB, a natural sphingolipid analogue from marine origin, is cytotoxic in a variety of cancer cell lines, including HGC-27 gastric cancer cells. JB induces changes in the sphingolipidome in this cell line, mainly the accumulation of dihydrosphingosine (dhSo) and sphingosine (So), and their phosphorylated forms. Moreover lipidomic analysis show the formation of acyl-JB. These effects appear to be due to inhibitory action of JB on CerS that use the natural sphingolipid as substrate. The hallmark of JB cytotoxicity in HGC-27 cells is the formation of cytoplasmic vacuoles in a time and dose-dependent manner. Apoptosis is not involved in cytoplasmic vacuolation and JB induced cytotoxicity. In addition, despite the accumulation of the autophagic marker LC3-II, autophagy is probably not activated by JB treatment. The micropinocytic nature of vacuoles suggest the involvement of methuosis in JB-induced cell death. The second study was focused on SKI II is a well-known SK inhibitor. In a study on HGC-27 cells we show that SKI II is also an uncompetitive inhibitor of Des1. Des1 inhibition in intact cells is not connected to protein degradation. SKI II, but not the SK1-specific inhibitor PF-543, provoked a remarkable accumulation of dhCers and their metabolites, while both SKI II and PF-543 reduced S1P to almost undetectable levels. SKI II, but not PF-543, reduced cell proliferation, with accumulation of cells in the G0/G1 phase. Similarly SKI II, but not PF543 increases LC3-II levels in HGC-27 cells, suggesting autophagy induction. These overall findings indicate that some of the effects attributed to decreased S1P may actually be caused by augmented dhCers and/or their metabolites. The use of ceramide analogues as chemical tool for ceramidases investigation is the topic of the third study. RBM14 are coumarinic ceramide analogues that differ from the acyl chain length. Among them RBM14C12 was reported as the best substrate for acid ceramidase. In this study it was shown that RBM14 molecules are also hydrolyzed by neutral and alkaline ceramidase. Neutral ceramidase from Pseudomonas aeuriginosa prefers C12 and C14 analogues, while human recombinant NC better hydrolyze RBM14C14 and RBM14C16 molecules. RBM14 substrates are hydrolyzed by MEF cells lacking NC, whit higher activity at basic pH, suggesting alkaline ceramidase activity. SABRAC and RBM1-12 have been designed to inhibit the cysteine protease AC. In this study it was shown that papain, a protein belonging to the same protein family, is not inhibited by SABRAC and RBM1-12. Moreover preliminary studies suggest an irreversible inhibition of AC. These molecules can be used in combination with RBM14C12 substrate as a suitable tool for AC activity determination in intact cancer cells.<br>Los esfingolípidos (SLs), componentes esenciales de las membranas celulares, son moléculas bioactivas que regulan distintos procesos celulares. Ceramida y esfingosina (So) median estímulos anti-proliferativos, mientras que la esfingosina-1-fosfato (S1P) juega un papel opuesto. La alteración del metabolismo de los SLs está relacionada al desarrollo de muchas enfermedades, entre ellas el cáncer. El metabolismo de los SLs representa una red compleja de reacciones anabólicas y catabólicas catalizadas por enzimas específicas, cuya modulación permite investigar el papel de los SL en los procesos fisiopatológicos. En esta tesis doctoral se han realizado tres estudios que muestran el uso de análogos de SLs y de inhibidores del metabolismo de SLs como herramientas farmacológicas para la investigación biomédica en las células cancerosas. El primer estudio se centró en los efectos de la Jaspina B, un esfingolípido natural, en células de cáncer humano HGC-27. La JB induce alteración del metabolismo de los SLs con aumento de dihidroesfingosina y So y sus formas fosforiladas, como efecto de la inhibición de la ceramida sintasa. Además la JB lleva la célula a muerte celular tras un mecanismo de vacuolización del citoplasma que no implica activación de apoptosis o autofagia. En el segundo estudio se caracterizo el SKI II, un inhibidor de la esfingosina quinasa, como inhibidor no competitivo de la Des1. El SKI II induce acumulación de dihidroceramida (dhCer) y sus metabolitos y a nivel biológico induce parada de ciclo celular y autofagia. Con este estudio se propone que los efectos biológicos del SKI II se deben a aumento de dhCer y sus metabolitos, más que a la reducción de la S1P. El tercer estudio se centró en el utilizo de análogos a ceramida como herramienta para el estudio de las ceramidas. Los análogos RBM14s, descritos como substrato de la ceramidasa acida (AC), también se hidrolizan por las ceramidasas neutra y alcalinas. SABRAC y RBM1-12 son inhibidores específicos de la AC y se pueden utilizar en ensayos bioquímico para identificar selectivamente la actividad de la AC en células cancerosas.
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12

Nieves, Calatrava Ingrid. "Polyene sphingolipids with latent fluorescence: new tools to study the biophysical properties of cellular membranes." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/347964.

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One of the ultimate goals in biomedicine is to understand the relationship between structure, function, and dynamics of biomolecules in living cells. The biophysical tools designed to gain more insight into metabolism, trafficking and interaction of the sphingolipids (SLs), require the use of high molar concentrations of fluorescence lipid analogues, labelled with bulky chromophores, such BODIPY or NBD, resulting in altered biophysical properties of the cell membrane. Recently, lipids tagged with conjugated linear polyene moieties, which are strongly absorbing chromophores that may attain modest but useful fluorescence yields, have been reported to behave in vivo like their endogenous counterparts. Nevertheless, when these labelled lipids are part of the N-acyl or the O-acyl chains of the SLs, the fluorophore can be released by hydrolysis of the amide or the ester bonds, and the resulting sphingoid base is no longer traceable. Taking into account the above considerations, the main objective of this thesis is to synthesize novel intrinsically-fluorescent sphingosine (Sph) and ceramide (Cer) probes, labelled with five conjugated double bonds in the sphingoid base backbond, in order to analyse membrane microdomains that are temporarily enriched in certain lipids. Additionally, the fluorescence of these probes can be modulated with total spatiotemporal control by the presence of a suitable radical quencher that can be removed by the action of a specific enzyme. Initially, as a proof of concept, three probes derived from γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), based on a conjugated pentaene system with a radical scavenger (n-DOXYL free radical group) at different positions, were synthesised. These probes are structural analogues of palmitoyl-Cer lacking the hydroxyl group at C1 of the sphingoid chain. In addition, the secondary hydroxyl group at C3 has been replaced with an ester group. Despite the overall effect is a lower polarity of the headgroup, GABA-pentaene probes were still useful tools to evaluate the biophysical properties of these dual fluorophore-quencher systems in model membranes. With the GABA-pentaene probes in hand, different biophysical studies were developed in lipid vesicles. Fluorescence studies, differential scanning calorimetry and electron paramagnetic resonance measurements exhibited the ability of these probes to detect membrane lipids in gel phase, being relevant in view of the novel evidences pointing at the existence of gel microdomains in cell membranes. In addition, these Cer analogues may be particularly useful probes for the observation of highly-ordered bilayers by confocal microscopy, since its emission was higher in gel than in fluid domains, and in liquid-ordered than in liquid-disordered areas. Finally, different synthetic protocols for the construction of conformationally constrained pentaene-Sph and -Cer analogues were designed. The combination of Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons (HWE) and Wittig olefinations gave access to triene and pentane alkyne intermediates. In turn, these alkynes were found to be versatile synthons for the preparation of SLs analogues. By means of nucleophilic alkynylations, polyenyne-Sph analogues were obtained, whereas a hydrozirconation approach allowed the synthesis of the first pentaene palmitoyl-Cer analogue. Additionally, in light of the apparent instability of the conjugated pentaene system under acidic conditions, an alternative unreported serinal derivative building block was synthesised, which enabled a selective deprotection under mild basic conditions. Overall, synthetic approaches to polyene sphingosine analogues have been achieved. Remarkably, the pentaene moiety has been introduced in the sphingoid base backbond for the first time, providing new tools to directly observe their distribution in lipid bilayers. In addition, biophysical studies revealed the suitability of polyene moieties for fluorescence detection, by means of the simplified models GABA-pentaene probes.<br>Actualmente, uno de los retos de la biomedicina es profundizar más en el metabolismo, señalización e interacciones de los esfingolípidos (SLs), mediante empleo de técnicas biofísicas que no alteren las propiedades de las membranas celulares. El estudio y la visualización de los SLs, generalmente, va asociado al uso de concentraciones molares muy elevadas de sondas marcadas con grupos fluorescentes, cuyos cromóforos presentan estructuras rígidas, de considerable tamaño y volumen (NBD, BODIPY), generando un escenario artificial que dista de las condiciones fisiológicas. Con objeto de reducir el impacto que produce el volumen de los grupos cromóforos en la estructura y empaquetamiento de los lípidos de membrana, se han utilizado sistemas de dobles enlaces conjugados, fluorescentes, los cuales se comportan in vivo de forma similar a sus análogos naturales. Sin embargo, hasta el momento, no se ha diseñado ninguna sonda que contenga el sistema pentaénico incorporado en la estructura de la base esfingoide, el cual permitiría observar la distribución de especies tipo esfingosina (Sph), por visualización directa. Con objeto de analizar los microdominios de membrana que son temporalmente enriquecidos en ciertos lípidos, en la presente tesis doctoral se han diseñado diversos protocolos sintéticos para la obtención de sondas análogas a la Sph y a la ceramida (Cer). Las nuevas sondas obtenidas, pentaenino-Sph y palmitoil pentaeno-Cer, han sido marcadas, por primera vez, en la base esfingoide con una estructura de cinco dobles enlaces conjugados, confiriendo un sistema intrínsecamente fluorescente. Además, el diseño de los pentaeno-SLs permite la introducción en la cadena N-acilo de un agente radical atenuador interno (n-DOXYL), el cual latentizaría la fluorescencia con total control espaciotemporal. Por acción de una enzima específica, se liberaría el atenuador, recuperando la fluorescencia del sistema pentaénico, lo que permitiría la visualización directa de los SLs a concentraciones más cercanas a las fisiológicas. Asimismo, como prueba de concepto, se han sintetizado tres sondas derivadas del ácido γ- aminobutírico (GABA), como modelos simplificados de la palmitoil-Cer natural, los cuales contienen un sistema pentaénico con un atenuador radicalario en la misma molécula. Los ensayos biofísicos llevados a cabo en membranas modelo con estas sondas alternativas, nos han proporcionado información interesante de las propiedades biofísicas que presenta el sistema dual pentaeno-atenuador radicalario en un entorno lipídico.
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13

Bahí, Salavedra Anna. "Identificació de noves funcions de les proteïnes cinases Pkh en el llevat Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/129117.

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L’activitat Pkh resulta essencial pel creixement vegetatiu del llevat Saccharomyces cerevisiae i es proporcionada principalment per Pkh1 i Pkh2. Es desconeixen però, en gran mesura, tant la totalitat de les seves funcions cel·lulars com els mecanismes de regulació. Amb l’objectiu d’estudiar les funcions de les proteïnes Pkh en llevat, els diferents grups d’investigació han utilitzat fins a dia d’avui una única aproximació consistent en l’eliminació del gen PKH2 i la substitució de PKH1 per una versió que codifica una proteïna l’activitat de la qual resulta suprimida a 37 ºC. L’ús d’aquesta estratègia implica un estrès tèrmic per les cèl·lules de llevat, les quals responen activant la via de la CWI, on es troba implicada la via Pkh-Pkc1-MAPK. És per aquesta raó que en aquest treball s’ha utilitzat una estratègia diferent, desenvolupada al laboratori, la qual consisteix en l’obtenció d’una soca mutant en la que se li han suprimit els gens PKH1 i PKH3 i en la que s’ha col·locat un promotor regulable per doxiciclina que controla l’expressió de PKH2. Gràcies a aquesta soca hem pogut verificar per primera vegada que les proteïnes Pkh són necessàries per la fosforilació de Slt2 en front a diversos estressos de paret cel·lular. A més, s’han estudiat els canvis a nivell transcripcional provocats per la manca de les proteïnes Pkh, revelant que es produeix una resposta característica d’una situació d’estrès oxidatiu. En efecte, les cèl·lules sense activitat Pkh acumulen més ROS i aquest fet va acompanyat d’un procés de mort cel·lular programada independent de la metacaspasa del llevat Mca1, segons els anàlisis de TUNEL que s’han realitzat. Els fenotips d’estrès oxidatiu i mort cel·lular es veuen disminuïts en part, per l’activació de la via MAPK de Slt2 mitjançant l’expressió d’una versió constitutivament activa de la MAPKK Bck1 . Quelcom que afegeix complexitat a la regulació d’aquesta família de cinases, és el fet que alguns esfingolípids de cadena llarga o esfingolípids complexos de llevat, podrien regular la via de senyalització de Pkh1. Es coneix que les proteïnes Pkh tenen, a diferència de PDK1, un domini C-terminal molt més extens, de funció desconeguda, sense el domini PH, essencial per la unió de PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 en mamífers (que no sintetitza el llevat). Amb l’objectiu d’estudiar-ne la funcionalitat, s’han generat soques haploides on l’única activitat Pkh ve proporcionada per un plasmidi que porta la versió sencera de Pkh1 o bé una versió sense el domini C-terminal. Gràcies a aquestes soques hem identificat l’esfingolípid sulfàtid, no descrit en llevats, capaç d’unir-se específicament als últims 100 aa del domini no catalític de Pkh1. Aquest fet ens ha portat a estudiar el lipidoma del llevat, el qual s’ha separat per la tècnica de HPTLC, que ens ha permès identificar una fracció polar del lipidoma que s’uneix a Pkh1. A més hem determinat que el domini C-terminal de Pkh1 és responsable de la sensibilitat als inhibidors de la síntesis dels esfingolípids, indicant així que els esfingolípids podrien tenir un paper en l’activació de les proteïnes Pkh. A partir d’un assaig cinasa fet amb liposomes que contenen sulfàtid, hem vist que la unió amb sulfàtid té una efecte negatiu sobre la capacitat de Pkh1 de fosforilar el substrat PKBΔPH, a diferència de l’assaig realitzat amb liposomes que contenen la fracció polar del lipidoma, que no en modifiquen l’activitat.<br>Pkh activity is essential for vegetative growth of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and is mainly provided by Pkh1 and Pkh2. However, it is still largely unknown the set of cellular functions and the regulatory mechanisms of Pkh. With the aim of studying the functions of Pkh proteins in yeast, different research groups have used the approach consisting in the deletion of the gene PKH2 and replacement of PKH1 by a protein version whose activity is suppressed at 37 ºC. The use of this strategy involves a heat stress for yeast cells and, consequently, activation of the CWI pathway, where the Pkh-Pkc1-Slt2 MAPK pathway is involved. For this reason we have used a different strategy, developed in the laboratory, for this study, consisting in generate a mutant strain where PKH1 and PKH3 genes were deleted and PKH2 was placed under control of doxycycline-repressed promoter. The use of this strain allowed us to verify, for the first time, that Pkh proteins are required for the phosphorylation of Slt2 in response to several cell wall stresses. We have also studied the transcriptional changes caused by lack of Pkh proteins, revealing that there is a response similar to that induced by oxidative stress. Indeed, cells without Pkh activity accumulate ROS and this was accompanied by a process of programmed cell death that was independent of the yeast metacaspasa Mca1, according to performed TUNEL analysis. The phenotypes of oxidative stress and cell death were attenuated, at least in part, by the activation of the Slt2 MAPK by expression of a constitutively active version of MAPKK Bck1. An element that adds complexity to the regulation of this kinases family is that long-chain sphingolipids, or yeast complex sphingolipids, could regulate Pkh1 signaling pathway. It is known that Pkh proteins, unlike mammalian PDK1, have a larger C-terminal domain of unknown function that apparently lacks a PH domain, which is essential for the binding of PDK1 to PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 (a lipid that is not synthesized in yeast). In order to study the functions of this domain, we have generated haploid strains where the only Pkh activity is provided by a plasmid, which carries either the full Pkh1 or a version without its C-terminal domain. With these strains, we have identified a sphingolipid sulfatide, not described in yeast, able to specifically bind to the last 100 aa of the non- catalytic domain of Pkh1. This has led us to study the yeast lipidome, which was separated by HPTLC technique, allowing us to identify a polar fraction that binds to Pkh1. In addition, we determined that the C-terminal domain is responsible for sensitivity to inhibitors of sphingolipid synthesis pathway, indicating that sphingolipids may play a role in the activation of Pkh proteins. Pkh1 kinase assay with liposomes containing sulfatide indicated that binding of Pkh1 to the sulfatide has a negative effect on the Pkh1 activity when PKBΔPH was used as a substrate. In contrast, liposomes containing the polar lipidome fraction did not alter the Pkh1 activity.
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14

Garanto, Iglesias Alejandro. "CERKL, generació d’un model knockout de retinosi pigmentària i estudis funcionals." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/96312.

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La Retinosi Pigmentària (RP), la causa de ceguesa més freqüent en adults (1:4000), està originada per mutacions en més de 50 gens. Un d’aquests és CERKL, gen identificat l’any 2004 pel grup, l’estudi funcional del qual constitueix el tema d’aquesta Tesi Doctoral. Fins el moment, s’han descrit vàries mutacions en CERKL causants d’RP o de distròfia de cons i bastons (CRD). A nivell proteic, CERKL presenta un 50% de similitud amb la proteïna quinasa de ceramides (CERK) i comparteix el domini diacilglicerol quinasa (DAGK). Endemés, CERKL presenta diferents dominis proteics coneguts (senyals de localització (NLS) i d’exportació (NES) nuclear, així com un domini d’homologia a plextrina (PH)). Tot i que s’han identificat mutacions que indubtablement causen degeneració retinal, encara resta per descriure la seva funció fisiològica, així com la seva contribució a la patologia. L’objectiu principal d’aquest treball ha estat la caracterització funcional del gen i la proteïna CERKL a partir d’assaigs in vitro, combinant estratègies in silico, cel•lulars i moleculars, profunditzant en les anàlisis quantitatives i qualitatives dels principals esfingolípids. Finalment, també s’ha construït i analitzat un model animal murí knockout, Cerkl -/-. Els principals resultats obtinguts en aquest treball s’enumeren a continuació: 1.- A nivell transcripcional, s’han caracteritzat de forma exhaustiva les isoformes produïdes per CERKL en retina humana i murina, revelant un nivell de complexitat inesperat, amb més de 20 isoformes, degudes principalment a empalmament alternatiu, així com a la presència de, com a mínim, quatre promotors diferents amb especificitat tissular. 2.- Estudis cel•lulars de sobreexpressió mostren que CERKL exerceix un efecte protector davant l’apoptosi causada per estrès oxidatiu, mentre que les formes mutants no retenen aquesta funció. Encara que els mecanismes de protecció es desconeixen, aquests resultats apunten a una funció neuroprotectora a curt termini de CERKL als fotoreceptors, els quals estan sotmesos de manera continuada a estrès lumínic i oxidatiu. 3.- Estudis exhaustius i detallats mitjançant tècniques de TLC, HPLC i UPLC per l’anàlisi de lípids han demostrat que CERKL no fosforila les ceramides ni cap dels esfingolípids identificats fins el moment, sota les condicions utilitzades. Tampoc s’ha pogut observar una funció quinasa de proteïnes. Els resultats obtinguts en aquest treball apunten a que CERKL ha d’exercir una altra funció a la cèl•lula, molt probablement lligada al transport de lípids o a la regulació d’altres processos cel•lulars. 4.- La localització subcel•lular ha determinat que CERKL localitza, principalment, al reticle endoplasmàtic i a l’aparell de Golgi i, de manera minoritària, al nucli, mostrant una localització extremadament dinàmica que recolza la contribució de CERKL en processos de transport i senyalització, així com una multiplicitat funcional. 5.- Un dels aspectes claus d’aquesta Tesi ha estat el disseny, generació i estudi fenotípic a nivell transcripcional, cel•lular, morfològic, electroretinogràfic i lipidòmic del model animal Cerkl-/-. El ratolí Cerkl-/- és viable i fèrtil, i els nostres estudis preliminars no mostren una degeneració de retina severa. El fenotip dels ratolins KO mostra una alteració significativa i consistent dels potencials oscil•latoris als electroretinogrames, els quals indiquen una afectació de les cèl•lules ganglionars i/o amacrines. Aquestes dades concorden amb les anàlisis immunohistoquímiques i d’hibridació in situ en retines de ratolí WT i KO, on la màxima expressió de CERKL es detecta en les cèl•lules ganglionars, i de manera més moderada, en la capa nuclear interna i fotoreceptors. En resum, CERKL és un gen que mostra una gran complexitat transcripcional i funcional. Els pròxims objectius abordaran l’estudi en detall del model animal generat, així com d’altres models en vies de construcció.<br>The main aim of this thesis was the transcriptional and functional characterisation of CERKL, one of the many genes described so far that are responsible for Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP), the main genetic cause of blindness in adults (prevalence 1:4.000). In particular, we aimed to: i) characterise the complex CERKL transcription in human and mouse retinas, ii) analyse the subcellular localisation of the CERKL encoded proteins, including the truncated isoform R257X, generated by the most frequent mutant allele; iii) characterise the substrate and possible enzymatic role of the CERKL protein; iv) describe the role of CERKL in the protection against oxidative stress; and last but not least, v) design, create and initially characterise a mouse Cerkl-/- model (knockout) at the transcriptional, histological, immunohistochemical and lipidomic levels, focussing on the retina. Our results showed a high transcriptional complexity of the CERKL gene in the human and murine retina, with an extremely dynamic subcellular localisation, indicating the possibility of different functional roles in each compartment. The overexpression of CERKL protects cells from induced oxidative stress, suggesting that CERKL might play an important role in the initial response against oxidative injuries. CERKL harbours a conserved lipid kinase domain and the high homology with CERK has suggested a possible involvement in the sphingolipid metabolism. However, up to date, no kinase activity has been detected and the CERKL function remains unclear. In order to elucidate the CERKL physiological function, study its role in the retina, and whether it is (or not) related to sphingolipid metabolism, a knockout mouse was generated. The murine model resulted in a knockdown more than a knockout model, as alternative previously unreported promoters directed basal expression of Cerkl. Initial characterisation of the animal model phenotype showed a consistent and non-progressive alteration of the oscillatory potentials in the electroretinograms, an increase of apoptosis and GFAP protein (gliosis marker), as well as a decrease in Brn3a protein (ganglion cell marker), although no gross morphological changes were detectable. All together, these results point to clear signs of functional alteration at the ganglion cell layer. To determine the CERKL involvement in the sphingolipid metabolism, lipidomic quantification was performed and the analyses of the results are currently in progress.
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15

Barbosa, Ana Catarina Sousa. "Abordagens terapêuticas em doenças hereditárias do metabolismo dos esfingolípidos." Master's thesis, [s.n.], 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10284/2439.

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Trabalho apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Ciências Farmacêuticas<br>Os esfingolípidos são lípidos existentes na membrana plasmática de todas as células eucarióticas, sendo especialmente abundantes nas células do sistema nervoso. A sua síntese inicia-se no retículo endoplasmático e termina no complexo de Golgi. As moléculas são depois integradas na membrana plasmática e posteriormente endocitadas e degradadas ao nível do lisossoma. Para além da sua função estrutural, estas moléculas têm sido envolvidas em processos de biossinalização e associadas a eventos celulares diversos, nomeadamente crescimento e diferenciação, apoptose, inflamação e angiogénese. A importância dum nível adequado de esfingolípidos para o bom funcionamento das células neuronais é ilustrada pela existência dum conjunto de doenças hereditárias metabólicas neurodegenerativas conhecidas por Esfingolipidoses. Estas patologias são causadas por mutações em genes que codificam enzimas lisossomais que estão envolvidas no catabolismo dos esfingolípidos, o que origina a acumulação intralisossomal do respectivo substrato. Apesar dos avanços significativos que se registaram nas últimas décadas ao nível da caracterização do defeito primário das Esfingolipidoses (desde a caracterização do tipo de substrato, à identificação do gene e da proteína) pouco se sabe, ainda, acerca das consequências celulares a jusante do defeito primário. No entanto, várias abordagens terapêuticas têm sido investigadas, algumas das quais revelando resultados promissores para a cura destas doenças. Assim, este trabalho descreve a estrutura, a função e o metabolismo dos esfingolípidos, relacionando o bloqueio de etapas específicas do seu catabolismo lisossomal com o aparecimento de Esfingolipidoses. As diversas estratégias terapêuticas, presentemente em fase experimental ou em fase clínica, são revistas e discutidas de forma prospectiva. The sphingolipids are lipids that exist in the plasma membrane of all eukaryotic cells, being especially abundant in cells of the nervous system. The synthesis starts in the endoplasmic reticulum and ends in the Golgi complex. The molecules are then integrated into the surface of the plasma membrane as integral components, and then endocyted and degraded at the lysosome. In addition to its structural function, these molecules have been implicated in processes of biosignaling and associated with various cellular events, including growth and differentiation, apoptosis, inflammation and angiogenesis. The importance of an adequate level of sphingolipids for the proper functioning of neuronal cells is illustrated by the existence of a group of neurodegenerative hereditary metabolic diseases known as Sphingolipidoses. These diseases are caused by mutations in genes coding for enzymes involved in the catabolism of sphingolipids, which leads to the intralysosomal accumulation of its substrate. Despite significant advances that have occurred in recent decades in terms of characterization of the primary defect of Sphingolipidoses (from the characterization of the substrate to the identification of the gene and the protein) little is known about the consequences for the cell downstream of the primary defect. However, several therapeutic approaches have been investigated, some of which reveal promising results for the cure of these diseases. Thus, this work describes the structure, function and metabolism of sphingolipids, and relates the blockage of specific steps of lysosomal catabolism with the respective Sphingolipidosis. The various therapeutic strategies, presently in the experimental or clinical stage, are reviewed and discussed on a prospective basis.
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16

Barroso, Alvim Manuel Matos. "Esfingolípidos: mediadores moleculares da resposta celular e potenciais alvos terapêuticos." Master's thesis, [s.n.], 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10284/3546.

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Trabalho apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Ciências Farmacêuticas<br>Os esfingolípidos, descritos em 1876 por J.L.W. Thudichum, são considerados constituintes essenciais das membranas das células eucarióticas. Para além do seu papel estrutural estão também envolvidos na sinalização celular. Do ponto de vista estrutural, os esfingolípidos derivam da esfingosina. A acilação da esfingosina com um ácido gordo de cadeia longa origina a ceramida, que constitui a base molecular de todos os esfingolípidos. O seu metabolismo integra vários compartimentos intracelulares que incluem o retículo endoplasmático, o complexo de Golgi, a membrana plasmática e o sistema endossomal/lisossomal. Alguns dos seus metabolitos, como a ceramida, a esfingosina, e a esfingosina-1-fosfato actuam como moléculas bioactivas, estando envolvidas em diversos eventos celulares, nomeadamente na regulação do crescimento celular, diferenciação, senescência, inflamação e apoptose. Uma das vias metabólicas mais interessantes do ponto de vista fisiológico e patológico é a via da esfingomielinase. Esta via permite regular o nível intracelular dos esfingolípidos bioactivos através da acção concertada de duas famílias de enzimas, as esfingomielinases, que convertem a esfingomielina em ceramida, e as ceramidases que convertem a ceramida em esfingosina. Cada uma destas famílias de enzimas exibe especificidade quanto ao compartimento celular/tecido e à natureza química do substrato. De facto, as células vivas contêm diversas espécies de ceramidas que diferem na extensão e grau de insaturação da cadeia acilo, o que parece ter grande importância e influência nas suas actividades biológicas. Nas últimas décadas, a diversidade estrutural e funcional dos SLs tem suscitado algum interesse, em grande parte devido ao seu envolvimento em patologias de etiologia muito diversa mas com considerável impacto em termos de Saúde Pública. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho de pesquisa bibliográfica foi elaborado com o objectivo de proporcionar uma visão relativamente integrada sobre a estrutura, função e metabolismo dos esfingolípidos em situações normais e em situações patológicas específicas, esperando-se que represente um contribuição útil para a difusão do conhecimento sobre estas multifacetadas e enigmáticas moléculas. The sphingolipids, described in 1876 by JLW Thudichum are considered essential constituents of the membranes of eukaryotic cells. In addition to its structural role, they are also involved in cell signaling. From the structural point of view, the sphingolipids are derived from sphingosine. Acylation of sphingosine with a long chain fatty acid gives rise to the ceramide, which is the molecular basis of all sphingolipids. Its metabolism comprises several intracellular compartments including the endoplasmic eticulum, the Golgi apparatus, the plasma membrane and the system endosomal / lysosomal system. Some of its metabolites, such as ceramide, sphingosine, and sphingosine 1-phosphate act as signaling and communication bioactive molecules, being involved in various cellular events, in particular in the regulation of cell growth, differentiation, senescence , inflammation and apoptosis. One of the metabolic pathways more interesting from the physiological and pathological standpoints is the metabolism of sphingomyelinase. This route is implicated in the regulation of the intracellular level of bioactive sphingolipids through the coordinated action of two families of enzymes, sphingomyelinases, which convert sphingomyelin into ceramide, and ceramidases, that convert ceramide in sphingosine. Each of these families of enzymes shows specificity regarding to the cell compartment / tissue and the chemical nature of the substrate. In fact, the living cells contain different species of ceramides which differ in length and degree of unsaturation of the acyl chain, which seems to have great importance and influence on their biological activities. The structural and functional diversity of sphingolipids has attracted some interest in recent decades, largely due to its involvement in diseases of diverse etiology, but with considerable impact on public health. In this context, a literature review on these topics was prepared aiming to provide an integrated vision of the structure, function and metabolism of sphingolipids in normal and disease states, expecting that this work represents an useful contribution to the diffusion of the knowledge about these multifaceted and enigmatic molecules.
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17

Manzanares, Estreder Sara. "Estudio de la adaptación metabólica en respuesta a estrés: Regulación de la actividad peroxisomal y del metabolismo de esfingolípidos." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/79083.

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In the present work we study the metabolic adaptation in response to stress in the yeast model, and more specifically we investigate the regulation of peroxisomal activity and the metabolism of sphingolipids. Peroxisomes are dynamic organelles and the sole location for fatty acid ß-oxidation in yeast cells. Here we find that peroxisomal function is crucial for the adaptation to salt stress, especially upon sugar limitation. Multiple layers of control regulate both peroxisomal activity and number upon stress. Activated Hog1 MAP kinase triggers the induction of genes encoding enzymes for fatty acid activation, peroxisomal import and ß-oxidation through the Adr1 transcriptional activator, which transiently associates with genes encoding fatty acid metabolic enzymes in a stress- and Hog1-dependent manner. Moreover, Na+ and Li+ stress induces an increase in peroxisomal number per cell in a Hog1-independent manner, which depends instead of the retrograde pathway and the dynamin related GTPases Dnm1 and Vps1. The strong activation of the Faa1 fatty acyl-CoA synthetase, which specifically localizes to lipid particles and peroxisomes, indicates that adaptation to salt stress requires the enhanced mobilization of fatty acids from internal lipid stores. Taken together, these results suggest that stress-induced peroxisomal ß-oxidation triggers enhanced respiration upon salt shock. Sphingolipids are regulators of mitochondria-mediated cell death in higher eukaryotes. However, how changes in sphingolipid metabolism and downstream intermediates impinge on mitochondrial function is unknown. Here we found in yeast that within the sphingolipid degradation pathway, the production via Dpl1 and degradation via Hfd1 of hexadecenal is critical for mitochondrial function and cell death. Genetic interventions, which favor hexadecenal accumulation, diminish oxygen consumption rates and increase ROS production and mitochondrial fragmentation and viceversa. The location of the hexadecenal degrading enzyme Hfd1 in punctuate structures all along the mitochondrial network depends on a functional ERMES complex, indicating that modulation of hexadecenal levels at specific ER-mitochondria contact sites might be an important trigger of cell death. This is further supported by the finding that externally added hexadecenal or the absence of Hfd1 enhance cell death caused by human Bax protein. Finally, the induction of the sphingolipid degradation pathway upon stress is controlled by the Hog1 MAP kinase. Therefore the stressregulated modulation of sphingolipid degradation might be a conserved way to induce cell death in eukaryotic organisms.<br>En el presente trabajo se estudia la adaptación metabólica en respuesta a estrés en el modelo de levadura, y de forma más concreta se investiga la regulación de la actividad peroxisomal y el metabolismo de esfingolípidos. Los peroxisomas son orgánulos dinámicos, encargados de forma específica de la ß-oxidación de ácidos grasos en células de levadura. Aquí se muestra cómo la función peroxisomal es crucial para la adaptación al estrés salino, especialmente en condiciones de ayuno de glucosa. Se regula a múltiples niveles tanto la actividad peroxisomal como su número ante condiciones de estrés. La activación de la MAP quinasa Hog1 desencadena la inducción de genes que codifican enzimas para la activación, importación peroxisomal y ß-oxidación de los ácidos grasos. Esta regulación génica ocurre a través del activador transcripcional Adr1, que se asocia transitoriamente con los genes que codifican enzimas metabólicas de ácidos grasos de una manera dependiente del estrés y de Hog1. Además, el estrés causado por Na+ y Li+, provoca un aumento en el número de peroxisomas por célula de manera independiente de Hog1, que depende a su vez de la ruta retrógrada y de las dinaminas GTPasas Dnm1 y Vps1. La fuerte activación de la acil-CoA sintetasa Faa1, que se localiza específicamente en las partículas lipídicas y los peroxisomas, indica que la adaptación a estrés salino requiere una mayor movilización de ácidos grasos de los almacenes de lípidos internos. Estos resultados indican que la ß-oxidación peroxisomal inducida por estrés desencadena un aumento de la respiración ante el choque salino. Los esfingolípidos son reguladores de la muerte celular mediada por la mitocondria en eucariotas superiores. Sin embargo, se desconoce cómo, cambios en el metabolismo de los esfingolípidos y en intermediarios aguas abajo, afectan a las funciones mitocondriales. En este trabajo se describe cómo en la ruta de degradación de esfingolípidos de levadura, la producción de hexadecenal a través de Dpl1 y su degradación a través de Hfd1, es crítica para la función mitocondrial y la muerte celular. Intervenciones genéticas que favorecen la acumulación de hexadecenal, disminuyen el consumo de oxígeno de las células e incrementan la producción de ROS y la fragmentación mitocondrial, y a la inversa. La localización de Hfd1, que es la enzima que degrada el hexadecenal, es puntual en lugares cercanos a la red mitocondrial. Y esta localización depende de un complejo ERMES funcional, lo que indica que la modulación de los niveles de hexadecenal en lugares específicos de contacto entre el retículo endoplasmático y la mitocondria, podría ser un importante desencadenante de la muerte celular. Estos datos son apoyados por el hecho de que el hexadecenal añadido de forma externa o la ausencia de Hfd1, promueve la muerte celular inducida por la proteína Bax humana. Finalmente, la inducción de la ruta de degradación de esfingolípidos en condiciones de estrés, está controlada por la MAP quinasa Hog1. Por lo tanto, la modulación de la degradación de esfingolípidos regulada por estrés, podría ser una vía conservada para inducir la muerte celular en organismos eucariotas.<br>Al present treball s'estudia l'adaptació metabòlica en resposta a estrés al model de llevat, i de forma més concreta s'investiga la regulació de l'activitat peroxisomal i el metabolisme d'esfingolípids. Els peroxisomes són orgànuls dinàmics, encarregats de forma específica de la ß-oxidació dels àcids grassos en cèl·lules de llevat. Ací es mostra com la funció peroxisomal es crucial per a l'adaptació a l'estrés salí, especialment en condicions de dejuni de glucosa. Es regula a múltiples nivells tant l'activitat peroxisomal com el seu número, davant de condicions d'estrés. L'activació de la MAP quinasa Hog1 desencadena la inducció de gens que codifiquen enzims per a l'activació, importació peroxisomal i ß-oxidació dels àcids grassos. Aquesta regulació génica té lloc mitjançant l'activador transcripcional Adr1, que s'assòcia transitoriamente amb els gens que codifiquen enzims metabòliques d'àcids grassos d'una manera dependent de l'estrés i de Hog1. A més, l'estrés causat per Na+ i Li+, provoca un augment en el número de peroxisomes per cèl·lula de manera independent de Hog1, que depén a la vegada de la ruta retrògrada i de les dinamines GTPases Dnm1 i Vps1. La forta activació de la acil-CoA sintetasa Faa1, que es localitza específicament a les partícules lipídiques i als peroxisomes, indica que l'adaptació a estrés salí necesita d'una major movilització d'àcids grassos dels magatzems de lípids interns. Estos resultats indiquen que la ß-oxidació peroxisomal induïda per estrés desencadena un augment de la respiració davant el xoc salí. Els esfingolípids són reguladors de la mort cel·lular mitjada per la mitocóndria en eucariotes superiors. No obstant, es desconeix cóm, canvis al metabolisme dels esfingolípids i en intermediaris aigües baix, afecten a les funcions mitocondrials. En aquest treball es descriu cóm en la ruta de degradació de esfingolípids de llevat, la producció d'hexadecenal mitjançant Dpl1 i la seua degradació mitjançant Hfd1, és crítica per a la funció mitocondrial i la mort cel·lular. Intervencions genètiques que afavorixen l'acumulació d'hexadecenal, disminuixen el consum d'oxigen de les cèl·lules i incrementen la producció de ROS i la fragmentació mitocondrial, i a la inversa. La localització de Hfd1, que es l'enzim que degrada l'hexadecenal, és puntual en llocs propers a la red mitocondrial. I esta localització depén d'un complex ERMES funcional, el que indica que la modulació dels nivells d'hexadecenal en llocs específics de contacte entre el reticle endoplasmàtic i la mitocòndria, podria ser un important desencadenant de la mort cel·lular. Estes dades son recolzades pel fet de que l'hexadecenal afegit de forma externa o l'absència de Hfd1, promou la mort celul¿lar induïda per la proteïna Bax humana. Finalment, la inducció de la ruta de degradació d'esfingolípids en condicions d'estrés, está controlada por la MAP quinasa Hog1. Por tant, la modulació de la degradació d'esfingolípids regulada per estrés, podria ser una via conservada per a induïr la mort cel·lular en organismes eucariotes.<br>Manzanares Estreder, S. (2017). Estudio de la adaptación metabólica en respuesta a estrés: Regulación de la actividad peroxisomal y del metabolismo de esfingolípidos [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/79083<br>TESIS
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18

Pant, Devesh Chandra 1987. "Identification of the sphingolipid desaturase DEGS1 as a novel gene for a leukodystrophy in therapeutic hope." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/664936.

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In spite of recent advances in understanding the genetic bases of leukodystrophies, a large number of clinical cases remain unexplained, suggesting that many leukodystrophy-associated genes have yet to be identified. Here we report 18 patients from 12 families with biallelic deleterious variants in the DEGS1 gene identified via WES. DEGS1 encodes an enzyme which catalyzes the conversion of dihydroceramide to ceramide. Common features among the patients include severe cerebellum atrophy, thinning of the corpus callosum and hypomyelination suggesting a critical role of DEGS1 in the central nervous system. Using patient’s fibroblasts, we evidenced abnormal biochemical profiles. Knockdown of degs1 in zebrafish recapitulated the biochemical imbalance, showed impaired locomotor abilities and weak myelination. Moreover, a widely used drug for neurological disorders, fingolimod, able to normalized the toxic effects associated due to impaired DEGS1. These results pave the way to clinical translation, illustrating the transformative impact of genomics in patient care.<br>El hecho de que un gran número de casos clínicos de leucodistrofias sigan sin explicar sugiere que muchos de los genes asociados a esta enfermedad estarían aún por identificar. Secuenciando el exoma completo de 18 pacientes de 12 familias hemos encontrado variantes deletéreas bialélicas en el gen DEGS1, un gen que codifica para una enzima que cataliza la conversión de dihidroceramida a ceramida. Las características comunes entre estos pacientes incluyen atrofia grave del cerebelo, delgadez del cuerpo calloso e hipomielinización, sugiriendo un papel crítico de la proteína DEGS1 en el SNC. Sus fibroblastos envidencian un perfil bioquímico anormal. Hemos comprobado que un modelo de knockdown del gen degs1 en pez cebra muestra capacidades locomotoras alteradas, desequilibrio bioquímico y una mielinización débil. Hemos conseguido normalizar sus efectos tóxicos con fingolimod, un fármaco ampliamente usado para trastornos neurológicos. Son resultados que ilustran el impacto transformador de la genómica en la atención al paciente, abriendo un nuevo camino en la clínica traslacional.
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19

Moreira, Filipe Miguel Palatino. "Estudo dos esfingolípidos complexos em mutantes biossintéticos de Saccharomyces Cerevisiae." Master's thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10451/26481.

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Tese de mestrado, Bioquímica (Bioquímica) Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, 2016<br>A levedura Saccharomyces cerevisiae apresenta uma composição em ergosterol e esfingolípidos na membrana plasmática muito semelhante a fungos patogénicos, sendo o ergosterol o principal alvo de combate contra estes fungos. Por outro lado, estirpes de S. cerevisiae, como a estirpe ipt1Δ, que não sintetizam o esfingolípido manosil-di-(inositol fosfo)-ceramida, M(IP)2C, apresentam uma maior resistência a agentes antifúngicos, como é o caso do miconazol e da nistatina. Uma vez que entre esta estirpe e a estirpe selvagem (wt) não existem variações do conteúdo de ergosterol, a origem desta resistência pode estar nos domínios formados pelos esfingolípidos. Por esta razão, torna-se essencial perceber qual a influência dos esfingolípidos para a organização da membrana plasmática, em particular do M(IP)2C. Com o intuito de perceber esta influência foram realizados estudos biofísicos usando células intatas de ambas as estirpes através de técnicas de espectroscopia de fluorescência. Outro passo essencial para esta compreensão é o estudo biofísico de bicamadas reconstruídas a partir de uma só classe de esfingolípidos, sendo para isso necessária a extração dos lípidos totais da levedura para obter, posteriormente, os esfingolípidos. Para que isto seja possível foi necessária uma otimização não só dos métodos de extração dos lípidos totais a usar, como também do tempo de hidrólise para a obtenção dos esfingolípidos. Foram inoculadas células de estirpes com duplas mutações (csg2Δcsg1Δ e csg1Δcsh1Δ) em meios contendo antifúngicos para testar se com estas mutações (incapacidade de realizar a síntese de manosilinositol fosfoceramida (MIPC) e consequentemente M(IP)2C) as estirpes apresentam resistência a estes mesmos antifúngicos. A caracterização biofísica da membrana plasmática de células intactas de ambas estirpes (wt e ipt1Δ) com a sonda 4-(2-(6-Dibutilamino)-2-naftalenil)etenil)-1-(3-sulfopropil)-piridinina (Di-4-ANEPPS) não reportou diferenças significativas, já que esta sonda responde essencialmente a variações da composição em ergosterol. Os resultados dos estudos de extração e análise de esfingolípidos mostram que os métodos de Ejsing et al. (2009) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 106: 2136 e de Moehring et al. (2006) J. Mass Spectrom. 41: 372 sãos os mais adequados para a extração de lípidos totais. Mostram também que o tempo mais adequado para a hidrólise dos glicerofosfolípidos e obtenção de esfingolípidos é entre as 6 h e as 8 h. Os ensaios de sensibilidade a antifúngicos mostraram que os duplos mutantes são também resistentes aos mesmos antifúngicos, realçando a importância do M(IP)2C na sensibilidade a estes fármacos. Concluindo, apesar de ainda não se ter obtido cada um dos esfingolípidos complexos de S. cerevisiae na sua forma pura, neste trabalho houve progressos significativos na extração e separação destes lípidos; a sonda utilizada, provavelmente pela sua maior sensibilidade aos efeitos dos esteróis na membrana, não reporta diferenças na organização da membrana na ausência do M(IP)2C. No entanto, observou-se que, tal como as células ipt1Δ, as estirpes com duplas mutações são mais resistentes à nistatina e ao miconazol que as células wt, indicando que a ausência do M(IP)2C na membrana plasmática pode ser fundamental para esta resistência.<br>The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae exhibits a composition in ergosterol and sphingolipids in the plasma membrane similar to pathogenic fungi, being ergosterol the main target of chemical agents against these fungi. On another hand, S. cerevisiae cells, such as ipt1Δ deletion mutant, which are unable to synthesize the sphingolipid mannosyl-diinositolphosphoryl-ceramide, M(IP)2C, show greater resistance to antifungal agents, such as miconazole and nystatin. This strain has ergosterol content similar to the wild type (wt) strain. Therefore, the mechanisms of this resistance may involve sphingolipid-enriched domains, namely those that are ergosterol depleted. For this reason, it is crucial to understand the influence of these sphingolipids in the plasma membrane organization, in particular M(IP)2C. To accomplish this goal, biophysical studies were performed with intact cells of both strains using fluorescence spectroscopy techniques. Another important approach to understand this influence is a biophysical one, making use of reconstructed bilayers from a single sphingolipid class. To do so, it was necessary to extract the lipids from yeast to obtain the sphingolipids. An optimization was required, not only for the extraction methods of total lipids but also for the hydrolysis time to obtain the sphingolipids. Moreover, cell strains with double mutations (csg2Δcsg1Δ and csg1Δcsh1Δ) were inoculated in a media containing antifungal agents to test if these mutations (inability to synthetize mannosylinositol phosphorylceramide, MIPC, and therefore M(IP)2C) grant resistance to these same antifungals. The biophysical characterization of the plasma membrane using intact cells of both strains (wt and ipt1Δ) with Di-4-ANEPPS showed no apparent differences because this probe responds mainly to variations in the ergosterol composition. The results show that the Ejsing et al. (2009) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 106: 2136 and Moehring et al. (2006) J. Mass Spectrom. 41: 372 methods were the most appropriate for the lipid extraction, yet need to be optimized. They also show that the most suitable time for the hydrolysis of glycerophospholipids was between 6 and 8 hours. Antifungal resistance trials showed that strains with double mutations are also resistant to the same drugs, highlighting the importance of M(IP)2C in the sensitivity to these drugs. In summary, even though it was not possible to obtain each one of the S. cerevisiae complex sphingolipids in its pure form, there was a significant progress in the extraction and separation of these lipids in this work; the probe used, probably due to its sensitivity towards sterol effects on membranes, does not report the consequences for membrane organization of the absence of M(IP)2C. However, it was observed that the strains with double mutations, as ipt1Δ cells, are more resistant to nystatin and miconazole than wt cells, indicating that the absence of M(IP)2C in the plasma membrane can play a critical role in this resistance.
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20

Antunes, Catarina Sofia Alves Correia. "Papel dos esfingolípidos complexos na organização da membrana plasmática da levedura Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Master's thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10451/10349.

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Tese de mestrado em Bioquímica, apresentada à Universidade de Lisboa, através da Faculdade de Ciências, 2013<br>Na levedura Saccharomyces cerevisiae observa-se um aumento da resistência a antibióticos poliénicos, como a nistatina, nas células em que não há formação do esfingolípido manosildi-fosfato de inositol-ceramida, M(IP)2C, (ipt1Δ). Assim, com o objetivo de avaliar se a ausência de M(IP)2C induz alterações na organização da membrana, realizaram-se estudos biofísicos recorrendo tanto a células intactas como a extratos lipídicos de células wild type (wt) e ipt1Δ, utilizando técnicas de fluorescência e microscopia de força atómica (AFM). Foi feita uma otimização da extração dos lípidos totais celulares com o intuito de obter um maior rendimento de extração e posteriormente proceder à purificação dos esfingolípidos complexos. A caraterização biofísica da membrana plasmática em células vivas através do decaimento de intensidade de fluorescência do ácido trans-parinárico revelou que a ausência de M(IP)2C não altera a rigidez dos domínios gel, indicando que este esfingolípido não deverá ser um componente importante daqueles domínios. Contudo, a anisotropia de fluorescência do difenil-hexatrieno mostra que a membrana é, globalmente, mais ordenada na ausência deste esfingolípido. Estes resultados sugerem que outros esfingolípidos complexos, que em células wt se encontram maioritariamente em domínios gel, estejam mais uniformemente distribuídos pelas membranas em células ipt1Δ e/ou que o ergosterol, possa também estar distribuído na célula de forma diferente. Os lipossomas preparados a partir dos extratos lipídicos obtidos provenientes de células wt por um método que favorece a extração de glicerofosfolípidos relativamente a esfingolípidos apresentam-se mais ordenados e imagens de AFM sugerem uma maior fração de domínios ordenados, e, eventualmente, uma maior espessura de domínios desordenados, do que em extratos lipídicos de células ipt1Δ. Globalmente, os resultados obtidos sugerem que, na membrana plasmática, o M(IP)2C pode favorecer a tendência da membrana aumentar a abundância de domínios gel, e ainda influenciar as propriedades dos restantes domínios da membrana plasmática (líquido ordenado e líquido desordenado).<br>In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, cells that do not synthesize mannosyl-diinositolphosphorylceramide, M(IP)2C, (ipt1), exhibit higher resistance towards polyene antibiotics, such as nystatin. Thus, in order to evaluate whether the absence of M(IP)2C changes membrane organization, fluorescence spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM) studies carried out with intact cells or lipid extracts from wild type (wt) and ipt1Δ strains were performed. Total lipid extraction from both strains was optimized to increase extraction yield and in the future purify complex sphingolipids. The biophysical characterization of the plasma membrane of intact cells through time-resolved trans-parinaric acid fluorescence intensity showed that the absence of M(IP)2C does not affect the rigidity of gel domains, suggesting that this sphingolipid should not be a major component of those domains. However, fluorescence anisotropy of diphenylhexatriene reveals that the plasma membrane exhibits a higher global order in the absence of this sphingolipid, indicating that other complex sphingolipids which in wt are mainly involved in the formation of gel domains might be dispersed throughout the membrane of ipt1 and/or that the ergosterol might also have a different cellular distribution in the absence of this complex sphingolipid. Liposomes prepared from lipid extracts of wt cells (which contain M(IP)2C) obtained by a method that favors the extraction of glycerophospholipids as compared to sphingolipids show a higher degree of order over a large range of temperatures. In addition, AFM results suggest a larger fraction of ordered domains and, eventually, a larger thickness of the disordered domains. Globally, the results obtained in this work suggest that M(IP)2C may positively affect the ability of the membrane to increase the abundance of gel domains, and it also modulates the properties of the remaining membrane domains (liquid disordered and liquid ordered).
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21

Branco, Francisco Maria dos Santos e. Silva Aresta. "Caracterização biofísica da membrana plasmática da levedura." Master's thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10451/5476.

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Tese de mestrado, Bioquímica (Bioquímica Médica), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, 2009<br>A membrana plasmática de Saccharomyces cerevisiae foi estudada por espectroscopia de fluorescência, utilizando as sondas de membrana ácido transparinárico e difenil-hexatrieno, de modo a compreender os princípios biofisicos subjacentes à formação e função de compartimentos membranares, cuja importância foi reconhecida recentemente. O estudo foi realizado em (i) células wt; (ii) esferoblastos (celulas wt com remoção completa da parede celular); (iii) lipossomas preparados a partir de extractos lipídicos totais de células wt; (iv) células erg6, que acumulam zimosterol em vez de ergosterol; (v) células scs7, que não sintetizam esfingolípidos com ácidos gordos C26:0 -hidroxilados. As principais observações foram: (a) a membrana plasmática da levedura possui domínios de gel ricos em esfingolípidos com conteúdo baixo ou nulo de esteróis; (b) os lípidos de levedura possuem a capacidade de formar domínios mais rígidos na ausência de proteínas do que os detectados na membrana plasmática; (c) os sistemas erg6e esferoblastos possuem uma maior ordem global de membrana; (d) modificações na biossíntese do ergosterol e a remoção da parede celular não alteram significativamente a rigidez dos domínios ricos em esfingolípidos, mas em ambos os casos há uma diminuição da sua abundância relativa. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que a parede celular desempenha um papel na estabilização dos domínios ricos em esfingolípidos que poderá ocorrer por interacção da mesma com proteínas ancoradas a glucosilfosfatidilinositol. A partir dos resultados também foi proposto um modelo em que nas células onde os domínios ricos em esfingolípidos sao menos abundantes ocorre uma distribuição mais homogénea de esfingolípidos por toda a membrana, responsável pelo aumento de ordem global da mesma. Concluindo, este trabalho comprova a existência de domínios ordenados tipo gel na membrana plasmática de organismos vivos, reforçando a ideia de que os esfingolípidos são componentes essenciais na constituição da membrana e na resposta a alterações fisiológicas que ponham em causa a integridade da célula.<br>The plasma membrane of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was studied by fluorescence spectroscopy with the membrane probes trans-parinaric acid and diphenylhexatriene to understand biophysical principles underlying the formation and role of membrane compartments, with relevance recently recognized. The study included: (i) wt cells; (ii) spheroplasts (wt cells with complete cell wall removal); (iii) liposomes from total lipid extracts of wt cells; (iv) erg6Δ cells, which accumulate zymosterol instead of ergosterol; (v) scs7Δ cells, which lack synthesis of α- hydroxylated sphingolipid-associated C26:0 fatty acids. The main observations were: (a) the yeast plasma membrane contains sphingolipid-enriched gel domains with low or none sterol content; (b) yeast lipids have the ability to form, in the absence of proteins, domains more rigid than those detected in the plasma membrane; (c) erg6 cells and spheropasts have a higher membrane order; (d) alterations in sterol biosynthesis and cell wall removal do not significantly affect sphingolipid-enriched domains rigidity, although significantly reducing their relative abundance. The results obtained suggest that the cell wall has an important role in the stabilization of sphingolipid-enriched domains which might occur through its interaction with glucosylphosphatidylinositol anchored proteins. Furthermore, a model is proposed that explains the lower abundance of sphingolipid-enriched domains by a more homogeneous distribution of those lipids throughout the whole plasma membrane, thereby increasing the membrane global order. In conclusion, this work shows the existence of gel-like ordered domains in the plasma membrane of living cells, supporting the idea that sphingolipids are essential components for the constitution of biomembranes and for the response to physiological changes that are dangerous for the cell integrity.
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22

Sousa, Sara Miriam Cruz. "Papel das ceramidas na fisiopatologia da pele." Master's thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10284/6560.

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Os esfingolípidos representam uma classe estruturalmente heterogénea de moléculas lípidicas tipicamente observada nas membranas de células eucarióticas. Para além da sua função estrutural nas biomembranas, os esfingolípidos participam numa complexa rede de reações que abrangem várias vias metabólicas (anabólica, catabólica, reciclagem e ciclo da esfingomielina) e desempenham funções de regulação em eventos celulares muito diversos, tais como a proliferação, inflamação ou apoptose celular. Deste ponto de vista, a ceramida ocupa uma posição central no metabolismo dos esfingolípidos e é uma molécula lípidica funcionalmente multifacetada. Estas características justificam a associação da ceramida com a patogénese de doenças clinicamente distintas, designadamente as doenças crónicas da pele. Estas doenças são, geralmente, caracterizadas por uma inter-relação complexa entre vários fatores etiopatogénicos, incluindo alterações em etapas específicas do metabolismo da ceramida. Por isso, estratégias terapêuticas de reposição do nível de equilíbrio da ceramida e/ou metabolitos relacionados têm suscitado um grande interesse e revelado resultados promissores. Contudo, a diversidade estrutural das ceramidas, bem como dos seus derivados metabólicos, colocam muitos desafios e oportunidades que deverão continuar a ser investigados, no futuro. O presente trabalho de revisão analisa, assim, a estrutura, a função e o metabolismo dos esfingolípidos, bem como a sua relação com a fisiopatologia da pele e com estratégias terapêuticas representativas de potenciais tratamentos de primeira linha das doenças crónicas da pele.<br>The sphingolipids represent a structurally heterogeneous class of lipid molecules typically observed in eukaryotic cell membranes. In addition to its structural role in biomembranes, the sphingolipids participate in a complex network of reactions encompassing various metabolic pathways (anabolic, catabolic, cycling and sphingomyelin cycle) and play regulatory roles in very diverse cellular events such as proliferation, inflammation or cell apoptosis. From this point of view, the ceramide occupies a central position in the sphingolipid metabolism and is a functionally multifaceted lipid molecule. These characteristics justify the association of ceramide with the pathogenesis of clinically distinct diseases, namely chronic skin diseases. These diseases are usually characterised by a complex interrelationship between different etiopathogenic factors, including alterations in specific steps of the ceramide metabolism. Therefore, therapeutic strategies to restore a balanced level of ceramide and/or related metabolites have aroused great interest and revealed promising results. However, the structural diversity of ceramides, as well as its metabolic derivatives, poses many challenges and opportunities that should continue to be investigated in the future. The present review thus analyses the structure, function and metabolism of sphingolipids, as well as its relation with skin pathophysiology and therapeutic strategies representing potential first line treatments for these chronic skin diseases.
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23

Oliveira, Inês Matos de. "The molecular mechanisms of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease." Master's thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10451/32051.

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Tese de mestrado em Biologia Humana e Ambiente, apresentada à Universidade de Lisboa, através da Faculdade de Ciências, em 2017<br>A Doença Poliquística Renal Autossómica Dominante (ADPKD do inglês Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease) é a causa genética mais comum e a 4ª principal causa de insuficiência renal no mundo, com uma prevalência de 1 em cada 400 a 1000 indivíduos1. Esta doença é causada por mutações nos genes PKD1 (em 85% dos casos) ou PKD2 (nos restantes 15%), os quais codificam as proteínas policistina-1 (PKD1) e policistina-2 (PKD2), respetivamente2. Ambas estão presentes nos cílios (em cílios primários, nos humanos), funcionando a PKD1 como um mecanosensor dos estímulos extracelulares3 e a PKD2 como canal não seletivo de Ca2+ 4. Estas interagem uma com a outra, formando um complexo mecanosensitivo que é essencial para a regulação da homeostase do Ca2+ 5. Quando afetadas, o processo de cistogénese é desencadeado6. A principal manifestação clínica desta doença é o desenvolvimento de múltiplos quistos renais cheios de fluído que vão crescendo em número e tamanho ao longo da vida dos pacientes. Os quistos vão substituindo o parênquima saudável do rim levando ao decréscimo da função renal7. As manifestações extra-renais mais comuns são o desenvolvimento de quistos no fígado e pâncreas e problemas vasculares8. A severidade da doença varia consoante o gene afetado, sendo que geralmente, os doentes com mutações associadas no gene PKD1 têm os fenótipos mais graves 9,10. Na ADPKD existem diversas vias de sinalização alteradas, sendo as principais a do Ca2+ e do AMP cíclico (cAMP). A homeostase do Ca2+ encontra-se alterada, sendo que os seus níveis intracelulares são bastante mais baixos que os fisiológicos. Estas modificações provocam por sua vez um aumento dos níveis de cAMP, quando comparados com os níveis fisiológicos8. Os níveis elevados de cAMP levam à hiperestimulação da proteína responsável pelo insuflamento dos quistos, a CFTR (do inglês Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane conductance Regulator). Esta é uma proteína membranar que atua como um canal de Cl- e que nas células epiteliais dos quistos promove a secreção de Cl-, funcionando como força motriz para a entrada de água para o lúmen dos mesmos11,12. Contudo, o impacto da falta das policistinas na CFTR não está ainda bem clarificado, conduzindo-nos à questão: poderá o impacto ser apenas ao nível da atividade da CFTR ou também afetará os níveis de expressão ou ainda estabilidade da proteína na membrana? Assim, o principal objetivo deste trabalho foi contribuir para o conhecimento dos mecanismos subjacentes a este processo. Para responder a esta questão o modelo usado foi a Vesícula de Kupffer (KV do inglês Kupffer’s Vesicle) do peixe-zebra, órgão que foi anteriormente sugerido pelo nosso grupo como sendo um modelo adequado para estudar os mecanismos moleculares através dos quais os reduzidos níveis de PKD2 levam à anormal ativação da CFTR. Apesar de não ser um órgão relacionado com o rim ou com a função renal, a KV tem algumas semelhanças com um quisto de ADPKD. Como por exemplo o facto de a falta de PKD2 causar um aumento do seu volume e este ser devido à anormal estimulação da CFTR13. Em embriões de peixe-zebra, para efetuar o knockdown de uma proteína, estes são injetados (no estadio de uma célula) com oligómeros específicos, designados por morpholinos, que bloqueiam a tradução do mRNA alvo. A linha de peixe-zebra usada para este estudo foi a linha transgénica TgBAC(cftr-GFP)pd104114 uma vez que, devido à fusão da proteína CFTR com GFP, esta dá-nos a possibilidade observar diretamente a influência dos baixos níveis de PKD2 na CFTR. A expressão de CFTR-GFP foi seguida por esteromicroscopia de fluorescência desde o estadio de 70% de epibolia até aos 12 dias após a fertilização. Na janela temporal usada para a execução das experiências, de 8 a 10 sómitos, a expressão de CFTR-GFP foi apenas detetada na região da KV, como anteriormente descrito14 e manteve-se assim até ao desaparecimento da KV. Após esse período a expressão só foi novamente detetada a partir dos 5 dias, nos ductos pancreáticos e na vesicula biliar. Por microscopia confocal em embriões vivos, foi varrida toda a KV de embriões TgBAC(cftr-GFP)pd1041 não injetados e embriões morphants para a PKD2 (pertencentes à mesma postura). De seguida, com recurso a um software, os volumes das KVs foram medidos e a fluorescência avaliada. Os volumes dos morphants para a PKD2 revelaram-se superiores aos volumes dos embriões não injetados, tal como descrito pelo nosso grupo13. A fluorescência avaliada por este método também se verificou mais elevada nos morphants para a PKD2, tanto na medição efetuada em toda a KV como nas medições feitas apenas na membrana apical da mesma. Estes dados foram posteriormente corroborados por citometria de fluxo. Os resultados obtidos são sugestivos de uma maior expressão de CFTR-GFP quando a PKD2 se encontra em níveis residuais. Contudo, uma análise comparativa de microarray efetuada pelo nosso grupo entre células da KV de embriões normais, de morphants para a PKD2 e de morphants para a CFTR (dados ainda não publicados15), não revelou a existência de alterações dos níveis transcricionais de CFTR quando a PKD2 se encontrava em níveis reduzidos. Assim, os resultados obtidos levam-nos a sugerir que uma maior estabilidade da proteína. Esta hipótese é apoiada pelos resultados obtidos na análise de fluorescência na membrana apical, que nos sugerem uma maior quantidade de CFTR-GFP na membrana de embriões morphants para a PKD2. Na mesma análise comparativa de microarray foi também possível a identificação de alvos comuns para a PKD2 e para a CFTR, nomeadamente genes que codificavam diversos enzimas do metabolismo dos esfingolípidos (dados ainda não publicados15). Este resultado sugere que a diminuição dos níveis de PKD2 afeta a homeostase celular dos esfingolípidos, uma hipótese apoiada por estudos referentes à acumulação de dois tipos de esfingolípidos em pacientes de ADPKD 16,17. Existem também referências na literatura que associam a CFTR a este metabolismo18,19, pelo que se tornou relevante para nós aprofundar esta matéria. O outro grande objetivo deste trabalho foi então apurar em que medida as alterações no metabolismo dos esfingolípidos podem afetar a CFTR. Por citometria de fluxo e usando a mesma linha transgénica de peixe-zebra a influência de alterações do metabolismo dos esfingolípidos na CFTR-GFP foi avaliada. Para tal, foram comparados embriões incubados com 50 μM de Miriocina (um inibidor do primeiro passo do metabolismo dos esfingolípidos), embriões incubados com 0,5% de DMSO (usados como controlo) e embriões sem qualquer tratamento. Após 4 repetições da experiência e a análise dos resultados, não foi obtida qualquer diferença nos níveis de fluorescência de CFTR-GFP destes três grupos. Considerámos, no entanto, que estes resultados requerem uma confirmação futura a alguns problemas técnicos no decorrer da experiência. Contudo, como a CFTR também é extensamente estudada em células de mamífero, decidimos investigar a influência da Miriocina na CFTR, em células HEK293-CFTR. Estas células estavam estavelmente transduzidas com wtCFTR20 e segundo a nossa análise de western-blot expressam também endogenamente a PKD2. Por imunofluorescência foi avaliada a influência da Miriocina na localização subcelular da CFTR. Comparando as diferentes amostras (controlo, incubação durante uma noite com 100 nM de Miriocina e a incubação com 20 μM de Miriocina durante 2 e 4 horas) verificámos algumas diferenças na localização da CFTR. Sendo estas: vesículas que aparentavam estar a sair das células, a acumulação de CFTR na membrana de algumas células e a acumulação intracelular de CFTR em pequenos aglomerados. O rácio desta distribuição foi calculado para todas as amostras e as diferenças entre os controlos e as diferentes incubações com Miriocina foram avaliadas. O número de vesículas revelou-se mais elevado quando as células eram incubadas com Miriocina, tendo a incubação de 100 nM durante uma noite apresentado as maiores diferenças. A acumulação de CFTR na membrana das células também se mostrou igualmente superior quando estas eram incubadas com Miriocina, sendo que mais uma vez, a incubação noturna de 100 nM foi a mais relevante. Juntos estes resultados parecem sugerir que quando o metabolismo dos esfingolípidos é afetado, o tráfego da CFTR também o é. Em conclusão, os reduzidos níveis de PKD2 podem afetar a CFTR não só ao nível da sua atividade, mas possivelmente também ao nível da sua expressão e estabilidade membranar. Adicionalmente o metabolismo dos esfingolípidos pode ter um papel associado a esta influência, pelo que esta hipótese deve ser cuidadosamente avaliada no contexto da ADPKD.<br>The Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney disease is the most common genetic disorder and the fourth leading cause of renal failure. The cause for this condition are mutations in PKD1 or PKD2 genes, which encode the proteins Polycystin-1 and 2, respectively. These, when disrupted, trigger cystogenesis. The main clinical manifestation of ADPKD is, therefore, the development of massive fluid filled kidney cysts, whose inflation is mediated by CFTR (Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane conductance Regulator). Abnormal activation of CFTR has been reported to occur in cyst-lining cells in response to their increased intracellular cAMP levels. But, is this exclusively dependent on enhanced activity or does it also involve higher expression levels of CFTR? The main objective of this study was to contribute to the knowledge of the underlying mechanisms of this process. We used as working model the zebrafish Kupffer’s Vesicle (KV), an organ that was previously showed by our group as suitable to study the inflation of ADPKD cysts. Mimicking them, the knockdown of PKD2 causes a CFTR-mediated enlargement of the KV. The zebrafish line used in this study was the transgenic TgBAC(cftr-GFP)pd1041 which provides a KV specific GFP-reporter, since at these early stages of development CFTR-GFP was only detected in KV-lining cells. To perform the PKD2 knockdown, TgBAC(cftr-GFP)pd1041 embryos were injected at their one-cell stage with an antisense MO against pkd2 mRNA. Using confocal live-microscopy and flow cytometry, the mean fluorescence intensity of both PKD2 knocked down and non-injected embryos was determined. The obtained results were indicative of a higher expression of CFTR-GFP in the KV, namely at its apical membrane, when PKD2 is downregulated. However, we knew from a previous microarray analysis of the lab (unpublished data) that lower levels of PKD2 did not change CFTR transcriptional levels. Thus, our data point to an enhanced stability of CFTR at the cell membrane. Results from the mentioned microarray analysis also revealed PKD2 and CFTR common gene targets. Among these were enzymes from the sphingolipid metabolism. Although in a different context, the association between CFTR and the sphingolipid metabolism has been already reported. To better understand this, the impact of the sphingolipid metabolism impairment by Myriocin on CFTR was evaluated. Flow cytometry results performed with TgBAC(cftr-GFP)pd1041 embryos indicated no impact in the CFTR-GFP amounts. Yet, preliminary results of in vitro assays using HEK293 stably transduced with wild type CFTR, suggest changes of the intracellular trafficking of CFTR. In a near future, we aim to evaluate both parameters in the knockdown of PKD2. Together our results suggest that the absence of PKD2 is indeed, directly or through changes in the sphingolipid metabolism, enhancing the stability of CFTR.
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24

Da, Cunha Branco Dos Santos Tânia. "Biophysical and biological properties of atypical sphingolipids : implications to physiology and pathophysiology." Doctoral thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10451/50380.

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1-deoxy-sphingolipids lack the C1-OH on their sphingoid base and present a cis ∆14-15 double bond instead of the canonical trans ∆4-5 double bond. Increased 1-deoxy-sphingolipid levels are directly correlated with the development and progression of hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type 1 (HSAN1) and diabetes type 2. Different mechanisms have been proposed to explain the cytotoxicity of 1-deoxy-sphingolipids. However, these are highly dependent on the cell line studied and on the lipid concentration used, limiting the understanding of the mechanisms by which 1-deoxy-sphingolipids exert their patho-physiological roles. As for other sphingolipids, 1-deoxy-sphingolipids biological action might be related to the specific changes that each of the species cause on the biophysical properties of the membranes. Nonetheless, studies that comprehensively address the 1-deoxy-sphingolipids biophysical behavior are still scarce. Thereby, the goal of this study was to bring more insight into the biophysical impact of 1-deoxy-sphingolipids in both model and cellular membranes. Using complementary established fluorescence spectroscopy and microscopy methodologies and a multi-probe approach it was possible to conclude that: i) 1-deoxy-sphingolipids fail to form ordered domains as efficiently as canonical sphingolipids; ii) the presence, position and configuration of the sphingoid base double bond has a stronger influence on sphingolipids-induced changes on membrane biophysical properties than the structure of its C1 group; iii) external addition of 1-deoxy-sphingoid bases to living cells induce rapid changes in membrane fluidity in a sphingolipid structure dependent manner; iv) 1-deoxy-sphingolipids effects on membrane properties are specific and distinct from their canonical counterparts; v) endogenous elevation of 1-deoxy-sphingolipids due to mutations associated with HSAN1 development cause significant changes in the fluidity of cell membranes in a mutation dependent manner. Overall, the results suggest that pathologically elevated levels of 1-deoxy-sphingolipids compromise the biophysical properties of the membranes, which might impair proper cell functioning leading to the development of pathological conditions.
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