Academic literature on the topic 'Eskayan language Philippines Bohol'
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Journal articles on the topic "Eskayan language Philippines Bohol"
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Kelly, Piers. "The origins of invented vocabulary in a utopian Philippine language." Asia-Pacific Language Variation 2, no. 1 (2016): 82–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aplv.2.1.03kel.
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Abstract The utopian Eskayan language and script has been spoken for at least three generations by a small community on the island of Bohol in the southern Philippines. Speakers, who use the language in special domains, attribute its creation to a legendary ancestor known as Pinay. In this paper I consider the origins of Eskayan vocabulary, showing how lexical models from Cebuano, Spanish and English account for a small proportion of Eskayan lexemes. The traces of these colonial languages lend important clues to the development of the lexicon as a whole, shedding light on the tumultuous histor
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BULILAN, RAMIL S. "Writing Proficiency Program of Freshmen Students in Bohol Island State University Clarin, Bohol." IAMURE International Journal of Education 10, no. 1 (2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.7718/iamure.ije.v10i1.881.
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Learning to write well is keeping a balanced diet. Toward this end, we sampled 250 freshmen students in Bohol Island State University, Clarin, Bohol, to determine their writing proficiency in identifying and revising sentences with structural slips, basis for a proposed Writing Proficiency Program. Descriptive correlational survey method, with interview and observation techniques, was used. As instrument, questionnaire with 1-hour item test revealed their profile and writing drawbacks. Manifested much difficulty was in identifying wordy sentences (91.52%) and stringy (97.40%) in transformation
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Eskayan language Philippines Bohol"
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Kelly, Piers. "The word made flesh : an ethnographic history of Eskayan, a utopian language and script in the southern Philippines." Phd thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/156174.
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In 1980, news of an uncontacted 'Eskaya tribe' began emanating from the island of Bohol in the southern Philippines. Early visitors were fascinated by the group's unique language and complex writing system, which are still used today by some 500 people for song, prayer, teaching and the reproduction of a large corpus of traditional literature. Though few have attempted to analyse the Eskayan language, exotic theories of its origins are widely circulated by outsiders. It has been claimed variously that Eskayan is a fossilised indigenous language, that it is displaced from Europe or the Middle E
Books on the topic "Eskayan language Philippines Bohol"
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Kelly, Piers. The Last Language on Earth. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197509913.001.0001.
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The Eskayan language of Bohol in the southern Philippines has been an object of controversy ever since it came to light in the early 1980s. Written in an unusual script, Eskayan bears no obvious similarity to any known language of the Philippines, a fact that has prompted speculation that it was either displaced from afar, fossilized from the deep past, or invented as an elaborate hoax. This book investigates the history of Eskayan through a systematic review of its writing system, grammar, and lexicon and carefully evaluates written and oral narratives provided by its contemporary speakers. T
Book chapters on the topic "Eskayan language Philippines Bohol"
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Kelly, Piers. "How Eskayan is used Today." In The Last Language on Earth. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197509913.003.0004.
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The chapter introduces the linguistic ecology of the Philippines, and the place of Eskayan as it is spoken on the island of Bohol. Today, the dominant language of Bohol is Boholano-Visayan, but English and other languages are also used. Ritual languages and speech disguise games are known in various parts of the island. The Eskayan language, meanwhile, is spoken in just five small villages in the southeast. Eskayan is not used as a language of everyday communication but in circumscribed domains: prayer, singing, speech-making, and the reading and writing of Eskaya literature. These domains coincide with the domains of English use in lowland Bohol. Writing is the most significant domain of Eskayan language use in the handwritten reproduction of traditional Eskaya literature. This literature is the basis for making grammaticality judgments. Eskaya written practices are informed by literacy ideologies: that writing is sacred, natural, biological, and truthful and that it constitutes the most authentic embodiment of language.
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Kelly, Piers. "Conclusion: The First Language and the Last Word." In The Last Language on Earth. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197509913.003.0010.
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The controversies surrounding the origin of Eskayan language and script illustrate the complex politics of indigeneity in the Philippines. Even before the appearance of the Eskaya, the Tasaday Affair unfolded in Mindanao, generating a heated debate over indigenous authenticity. The history of the Eskayan language, meanwhile, demonstrates that “authentic” indigenous identities may themselves be creative constructions involving productive processes of substitution and elaboration. The Eskaya have inhabited an indigenous identity but have done so by appropriating the symbols and institutions of state power such as nationhood, a standard language, and a canonical literature. The generation of new linguistic registers is not unique and is witnessed among other marginalized communities in Bohol, the Philippines, and the region at large. The Eskaya strategy of creative cultural adaptation has sustained the community for over a century, suggesting that the future of the language and its speakers is assured.
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Kelly, Piers. "Language, Literacy, and Revolt in the Southern Philippines." In The Last Language on Earth. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197509913.003.0002.
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This chapter summarizes the historical and sociological context of the Visayan archipelago of the southern Philippines with a view to understanding why the Eskayan language and its speakers went unnoticed in the archival record for so long. Pre-contact indigenous writing systems and literacy practices of the Philippines are introduced, as well as the language policies enacted by successive colonial governments in order to manage the “problem” of linguistic diversity. The chapter describes how colonial authorities in the Philippines formalized ethnolinguistic categories as a technique of governance resulting in the reification of certain cultural identities and the subordination or erasure of others. Highland minorities who spoke undocumented languages were typically cast as outlaws and heathens, contributing to an environment in which both highland unrest and linguistic diversity were misrecognized. Against this backdrop, the chapter traces centuries of anti-colonial rebellion in Bohol, from Tamblot, to Francisco Dagohoy, to Mariano Datahan.
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Kelly, Piers. "From Pinay to Mariano Datahan (And Back Again)." In The Last Language on Earth. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197509913.003.0008.
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Mariano Datahan was the charismatic leader of the Eskaya community who lived on the island of Bohol in the Philippines, from circa 1875 to 1949. From various oral and written sources, it is possible to establish the broad circumstances of his life that led to his establishment of a radical utopian community. In childhood he served as an altar boy under the missionary linguist Fr. Felix Guillen, and he later participated in the Philippine–American War (1899–1902). After converting to the Iglesia Filipina Independiente he developed a more radical spiritual program and attracted followers from across the island. His militant movement had many similarities with cult organizations known as pulahans and colorums, active on neighboring islands. He would make peace with the U.S. regime and began developing a unique cultural and literary program that came to fruition in the years before the Japanese occupation of Bohol (1942–1945).
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Kelly, Piers. "Words and their Origins." In The Last Language on Earth. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197509913.003.0006.
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This chapter explores the origins of Eskayan vocabulary. Eskayan morphosyntax is strongly modeled on the grammar of Visayan, the principal language of Bohol. At the same time, its vocabulary bears only a minor Visayan influence, suggesting full-scale relexification. Spanish has had a more marked influence on Eskayan vocabulary in terms of phonotactics, root length, and a small number of direct borrowings. A small proportion of Eskayan lexemes are modeled on English counterpart terms. The traces of these colonial languages lend important clues to the development of the lexicon as a whole, shedding light on the tumultuous historical context in which Eskayan came into being. Further, the patterning of Eskayan vocabulary reveals Pinay’s folk-linguistic conceptions about the nature of language and linguistic variation.
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Kelly, Piers. "Eskaya Literature and Traditional Historiography." In The Last Language on Earth. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197509913.003.0007.
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Eskaya people have a large corpus of traditional literature, handwritten in both Eskayan and Visayan. The Eskaya also have traditions of oral historiography and prophecy. In these oral and written texts Eskaya people maintain that their ancestors arrived from Sumatra to colonize Bohol. Bohol’s first pope, Pinay, was instructed by the Holy Child to create the Eskayan language and script and base it on the human body. The Spanish came and burned the native records, which is how Cebuano-Visayan came to dominate the island. When Mariano Datahan discovered surviving Eskaya texts in the early twentieth century, the language was revived. Among Eskayan texts are stories that reference traditional Visayan folklore, and derivations from popular Visayan novels; however, most tropes cannot be traced to existing works. Processes of substitution and elaboration, seen in the Eskayan language, are also repeated in Eskaya literature where colonial categories are replicated and reimagined as indigenous.
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Kelly, Piers. "Contact and Controversy." In The Last Language on Earth. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197509913.003.0003.
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This chapter traces the circumstances in which the Eskaya people of Bohol first came to public attention. Early visitors to the Eskaya community of Taytay reported that the people in that village practiced an indigenous way of life and spoke a distinctive language with its own writing system. Critics from the press and in government institutions, including the National Museum, argued that the Eskaya community was a cult and its language a crude fabrication. Rather than seek to resolve the debate in favor of one side or another, the chapter examines how the debate has been constructed, contrasting media narratives on the group’s origins with traditional Eskaya perspectives. Today in Bohol, many Eskaya people have embraced the politics of indigeneity on their own terms and have incorporated contrary positions into their own fluid worldview. A new research agenda has given primacy to Eskaya voices and the Eskayan language.
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Kelly, Piers. "Introduction." In The Last Language on Earth. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197509913.003.0001.
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This chapter outlines a hypothesis that the Eskayan language and script were the result of intentional creative effort that took place within a single generation. A product of systematic engineering, the new language was a radical and deliberate departure from Boholano-Visayan, the principal language spoken on the island of Bohol. The chapter sets out a succinct agenda for addressing this hypothesis through the application of historical, linguistic, and ethnographic methods, giving a brief summary of the book as a whole. Central to this investigation are the ancestral creator Pinay, who is credited with inventing the language in prehispanic times, and Mariano Datahan, his charismatic twentieth-century spokesman. The chapter draws attention to the language and literacy ideologies that can be imputed to Pinay, and how it was that his language came to undergird Datahan’s anticolonial political project. The guiding concept of mimicry-and-rejection, and the dynamics of strategic evasion, held to be typical of ‘Zomia’ are introduced.