Journal articles on the topic 'ESL EAP English as a Second Language English for Specific Purposes'

This study investigated undergraduate preparation of English as a Second Language (ESL) students through English for Academic Purposes courses, in relation to recipient subject lecturers’ expectations. Qualitative data were gathered from 36 faculty teaching ESL undergraduates in nine countries. A two-phase approach included seeking discursive responses to questionnaires from faculty and information about curricula. Outcomes highlighted difficulties with material selection for EAP tutors. Tutors chose between ‘general interest’ or ‘discipline-specific’ material, but reported that the former could lead to oversimplification or discipline irrelevance, while the latter usually requires some specialized subject knowledge which may be beyond tutors’ remit. Addressing this, it is suggested that articles about EAP-related topics can form the subject matter of EAP courses with significant benefits. In particular, they can simultaneously provide students with models of academic writing, while the content reinforces skills needed for successful study.

This article describes an English for Academic Purposes (EAP) course for Chinese Master of Business Administration (MBA) students. Unequal English language learning opportunities overseas means that many otherwise excellent candidates are denied access to graduate programs at Canadian universities. Consequently, the Second Language Institute at the University of Ottawa decided to make ESL training estimates based on scores from the Canadian Test of English for Scholars and Trainees (CanTEST) for a group of Chinese applicants to the University of Ottawa's MBA program. Thirty-four candidates participated in an innovative EAP course that combined teaching language, study, and acculturation skills, whereas some candidates were also required to complete 240 to 480 hours of Intensive Four Skills English before undertaking the EAP course. Successful completion of the EAP course constituted fulfilling the requirements for admission into the MBA program. Teaching staff from both the Faculty of Administration and the Second Language Institute provided input into the EAP course.

In this short volume, Benesch makes a timely and useful contribution to emerging debates about future directions for English for Academic Purposes (EAP) and for ESL classes in university settings. The book is divided into two parts. The first, consisting of the opening four chapters, deals with historical, theoretical, and political issues; the second, entitled “Practice,” offers four case studies of Benesch's attempts to develop a critical EAP pedagogy in the New York area, followed by a closing “Implications” chapter.

In the field of second language acquisition, discipline-specific language instruction is becoming widely known as Content and Language Integrated Learning. This method includes any activity that involves teaching a subject in a second language for the purpose of teaching both the subject content and the language. Research has shown that this two for one approach increases students’ content knowledge and language proficiency in both the short and long terms (Baik & Greig, 2009; Kasper, 1997; Song, 2006). These studies have been conducted using a variety of subjects in combination with several second languages, but the combination of economics and English has not been explored in the literature. Our research involved teaching English as an Additional Language (EAL) to international students taking an introductory economics course. Ten voluntary participants completed pre- and post-treatment assessments as well as exit interviews. Assessment results indicate that vocabulary instruction is correlated to success in economics although reading strategy instruction did not have the same impact.

This paper examines dynamism in students’ situational willingness to communicate (WTC) within a second language classroom. This longitudinal study involved twelve English as a Second Language (ESL) participants who enrolled in an English for Academic Purposes (EAP) programme in New Zealand for five months. Based on data from classroom observations, stimulated-recall interviews and reflective journals, the in-depth analysis of a case study reveals that learners’ situational WTC in second language (L2) classes could fluctuate and dynamically change over time. This involved a process where situational WTC was jointly affected by learners’ cognitive condition and linguistic factors, together with classroom environmental factors. The in-depth qualitative analysis of a single case in individual lessons allowed us to see the dynamic nature of WTC.

Creativity is useful for enriching the quality of learning (Maley, 2015). Using English for creative learning purposes is essential for studying on various university degree courses. Writing is potentially considered as the most important skill although it is a difficult skill for Second Language (SL) learners to master (Nunan, 1999). One of the possible reasons for this is that it has not been well-emphasized and developed in English language materials (Alkhaldi, 2014; Tomlinson, 2015). This study focuses on writing, particularly, creative writing in English for Specific Purposes (ESP) and English for Academic Purposes (EAP) courses. The main purpose of an ESP course and EAP course is to improve traditional and technical writing skills for students, and this might be at the expense of creative writing. This study explores creative writing and its possible challenges. It also discusses the significance of creativity, creativity and the language learner, creativity and motivation, creative writing, and the role of creative writing in ESP/EAP. Finally, it elaborates and recommends a systematic, principled framework based on a review of the related literature for developing creative writing in ESP/EAP courses.

A critical issue in English for Academic Purposes (EAP), is whether a "wide-angle" or more discipline-specific approach should be taken (Johns & Dudley-Evans, 1991). If a course attempts to address students' needs in their area of study, even an EAP-trained teacher cannot be conversant with the concepts, issues, vocabulary, and discourse in a variety of scientific fields, especially with students at the graduate level. This article describes an academic speaking program in which international graduate students are grouped according to their academic discipline (e.g., hydrology, chemistry, pharmacy) and participate in activities that simulate situations where they need to use English in their academic programs. In such a situation the peer group members are the content experts, providing discipline-specific guidance and discussion, whereas the ESL teacher is the language expert, helping the students in the areas of organization, grammar, pronunciation, and presentation skills.

Abstract Teaching and learning English for professional purposes largely involves the acquisition of specialised vocabulary, with teaching methodology focusing on the development of understanding and usage of specific vocabulary items. Within the wide variety of professional purposes the language is acquired for, teaching learners of tourism and hospitality also requires a focus on a range of specific language skills, mostly based on understanding of diverse types of discourse and strong communication skills in varied language situations and contexts. English for professional purposes thus becomes more specific - English for Tourism and Hospitality - signalling a slightly different approach to teaching and learning, i.e. not heavily based on acquiring vocabulary skills, but shifting focus on strong communication skills and enhancement of the four elementary language skills: reading, writing, listening and speaking.This paper focuses on assessing and comparing receptive and productive vocabulary skills of learners of English as a Second Language (ESL), with a general hypothesis that learners with greater general language competences do not exhibit major problems in inferencing the meaning of specialised urban tourism vocabulary items.For this purpose, we selected 10 vocabulary items in context sentences and conducted the Vocabulary Knowledge Scale (VKS) test developed by Wesche and Paribakht (1996) with 1st years students of Tourism and Hospitality and students of Business Economics of the Libertas International University. The results obtained by descriptive statistics, Mann-Whitney U test and Spearman’s rank correlation confirm our general hypothesis.

AbstractThe field of English for specific purposes (ESP) has developed rapidly to become a major force in English language teaching. IELTS (International English Language Testing System), as one of the ESP branch, is one of the biggest ESL tests needed world-wide.This study was conducted to find validity and reliability of IELTS speaking rubric between three teachers who assess speaking ability for the same students in the same class. This would enable IELTS teachers to measure the students’ speaking ability likely in the same band area. The participants of this quantitative study were 21 Indonesian graduate students who were taking English for Pre-departure program of their Master’s Degree abroad, an English for Academic Purpose (EAP) class. The result shows that the teachers in Inlingua Internatinal English training produce reliable and valid results of the speaking IELTS subtest; even though they have different working span experience because they use the same rubric. Also, the correlation between one group of scores to others are significant and linear. This can be reference for the future in the way Inlingua International maintain their teachers’ marking scheme.Keywords: IELTS, validity, realibility, speaking rubric, ESP

English is used by more than one and a half billion people as a first, second or foreign language for communication purposes (Strevens, 1992). In this context, the purpose of teaching English has shifted from mastery of the grammatical rules to the ability to use the target language for successful communication. Consequently, the communication aspect of teaching and learning English has become the key issue in the domain of second language acquisition (Yashima, 2002: 54). Therefore, the issue of whether the learners will communicate in English when they have the chance to do so and to what extent they are willing to communicate gain importance. These questions have led to the emergence of an important construct in the field of L2 instruction, i.e. willingness to communicate (hereafter, WTC), which is defined as a learner's ‘readiness to enter into discourse at a particular time with a specific person or persons, using a L2’ (MacIntyre et al., 1998: 547). MacIntyre and his associates even proposed that WTC in L2 should be conceptualized as ‘the primary goal’ of language instruction (MacIntyre et al., 1998: 545). This paper explores the important concept of WTC by looking into Pakistani students' WTC in Canada.

The role of English as a second language (ESL) teachers and instruction as fac- tors in student social and psychological acculturation is widely acknowledged. However, the function of English for Academic Purposes (EAP) is less well known in this regard, because research has focused largely on academic acculturation. This qualitative study investigated the perceptions of curriculum alignment with undergraduate study by post-EAP learners (students who had successfully completed EAP and were registered in mainstream university programs). Semistructured interviews were conducted with 7 former EAP students from a range of faculties at a large Canadian university. Analysis of interview data highlighted social acculturation as a perceived need in EAP curriculum, as participants remarked on linguistic and cultural barriers faced while participating in university life post-EAP. The researchers argue that social acculturation is typically underrepresented in EAP curriculum, and may be inadvertently overlooked by instructors, curriculum planners, and program providers. Il est largement reconnu que les enseignants d’anglais langue seconde et l’enseignement linguistique représentent des facteurs importants dans l’acculturation sociale et psychologique des étudiants. Toutefois, on connait moins bien le rôle de l’anglais académique (EAP) dans ce contexte, la recherche ayant surtout visé l’acculturation académique. Ce e étude qualitative a interrogé des nissants d’un programme d’anglais académique qui suivaient des cours réguliers à l’université pour connaitre leurs perceptions de l’harmonisation du programme EAP avec les cours réguliers du premier cycle à l’université. Des entrevues semi-structurées ont eu lieu auprès de 7 nissants du programme EAP actuellement inscrits dans di érentes facultés d’une grande université canadienne. L’analyse des données d’entrevue a indiqué que les nissants trouvaient que le programme EAP devait toucher l’acculturation sociale car ils a rontaient des barrières linguistiques et culturelles lors de leur participation à la vie universitaire après avoir terminé le programme. Les chercheurs affirment que l’acculturation sociale est généralement sous-représentée dans le curriculum EAP et que ce e composante peut, par mégarde, être négligée par les enseignants et par les planificateurs et fournisseurs du programme.

AbstractEnglish as a second language (ESL) teachers instructing general English and English for specific purposes (ESP) in bilingual secondary schools face various challenges when it comes to choosing the main linguistic foci of language preparatory courses enabling non-native students to study academic subjects in English. ESL teachers intending to analyse English language subject textbooks written for secondary school students with the aim of gaining information about what bilingual secondary school students need to know in terms of language to process academic textbooks cannot avoiding deal with a dilemma. It needs to be decided which way it is most appropriate to analyse the texts in question. Handbooks of English applied linguistics are not immensely helpful with regard to this problem as they tend not to give recommendation as to which major text analytical approaches are advisable to follow in a pre-college setting. The present theoretical research aims to address this lacuna. Respectively, the purpose of this pedagogically motivated theoretical paper is to investigate two major approaches of ESP text analysis, the register and the genre analysis, in order to find the more suitable one for exploring the language use of secondary school subject texts from the point of view of an English as a second language teacher. Comparing and contrasting the merits and limitations of the two contrastive approaches allows for a better understanding of the nature of the two different perspectives of text analysis. The study examines the goals, the scope of analysis, and the achievements of the register perspective and those of the genre approach alike. The paper also investigates and reviews in detail the starkly different methods of ESP text analysis applied by the two perspectives. Discovering text analysis from a theoretical and methodological angle supports a practical aspect of English teaching, namely making an informed choice when setting out to analyse texts in English. It can be concluded from the literature that the register perspective yields more readily applicable data of text analysis for ESL teachers instructing in a pre-college environment. Besides teachers working in bilingual secondary school, the pedagogical conclusions of the study are also useful for teachers instructing in international secondary schools where the language of education is English and the alumni comprise non-native students.

<p>With English becoming the world’s lingua franca and the proliferating scientific and technological advances, English language education has been gradually shifting from its classical applications such as EFL (English as a foreign language) or ESL (English as a second language) toward new paradigms like English for specific purposes (ESP). The most important and problematic question in ESP teaching and learning is whether the course is effective or not. ESP is student-task oriented, thus, measuring its effectiveness is strongly related to measuring learners’ attitudes, needs, expectations, satisfaction, and achievement. For this purpose, this study attempted to investigate ESP needs analysis of Moroccan university students, case study of renewable energy engineering students at the Higher School of Technology (ESTF). The research was conducted using quantitative surveys d. The data was gathered from 30 undergraduate renewable energy engineering students. The study findings confirmed that the participant students have highly favorable attitudes towards English language for both their personal and professional careers. However, the survey results indicated that these students have some difficulties with English language productive skills, namely speaking and writing, in addition to some other sub-skills. Therefore, this research suggests a reform at the level of ESP teaching and learning curricular, focusing on the incorporation of innovative approached and methods that aims at enhancing students’ language acquisition and competency.</p>

This case study describes how sociocultural and activity theory were applied in the design of a publicly funded, Canadian Language Benchmark (CLB)-based English as a Second Language (ESL) credential program and curriculum for immigrant and international students in postsecondary institutions in British Columbia, Canada. The ESL Pathways Project was conceived to prepare immigrant students to navigate the multiple pathways in the settlement process from postsecondary education to the workplace, community participation, and citizenship. The innovation in curriculum design resulted from the systematic reinterpretation of situated cognition and task-based design using activity theory. Given that both situated and task-based learning share intersecting theoretical lineages with activity theory, this reinterpretation was more a deepening and improvement than a reconceptualization process. The ensuing units were defined by the real-world activities and contexts of target communities of practice, with relevant instructional topics, tasks, genres, skills, and outcomes presented in a systematic manner to support learners to participate, ultimately, in those target communities. This process contrasts with traditional ad hoc forms of task-based curriculum design in ESL and EAP (English for Academic Purposes).Cette étude de cas décrit dans quelle mesure la théorie socioculturelle et la théorie de l’activité ont joué un rôle dans la conception d’un programme d’étude à crédits pour l’anglais langue seconde reposant sur les niveaux de compétence canadiens et visant les immigrants et les étudiants internationaux dans les institutions postsecondaires en Colombie britannique au Canada. Le projet « ESL Pathways » (Parcours en anglais langue seconde) a été conçu pour aider les étudiants immigrants à naviguer les divers parcours que présente le processus d’établissement, depuis les études postsecondaires à la citoyenneté en passant par le milieu du travail et la participation communautaire. Le programme novateur résulte d’une réinterprétation systématique, par le biais de la théorie de l’activité, de la conception située et centrée sur les tâches. Puisque la cognition située et l’apprentissage basé sur les tâches partagent des éléments de la théorie de l’activité, cette réinterprétation représente plutôt un approfondissement et une amélioration qu’une reconceptualisation. Les unités qui en découlent reposent sur des activités réelles et des communautés de pratiques cibles, et elles présentent des thèmes, des tâches, des genres, des habiletés et des résultats de façon systématique de sorte à favoriser la participation des apprenants à ces communautés. Ce processus se distingue des formes traditionnelles et ad hoc de conception des programmes d’étude en anglais langue seconde et en anglais académique.

This study examines the validity of the rationale underlying recent trends towards discipline-specific and phraseological approaches to vocabulary selection for English for Academic Purposes (EAP) courses. It examines the behaviour of Coxhead’s (2000) New Academic Wordlist (AWL) using a 2,795,031 word corpus compiled from journal articles taken from the disciplines of History, Microbiology, and Management Studies. A two-stage method of analysis is employed. Firstly, coverage statistics for all AWL word families and their members are compared across the History, Microbiology, and Management Studies sub-corpora. This suggests difference in language use across disciplines. This difference is investigated further in a second stage of analysis which employs the Sketch Engine (Kilgarriff et al. 2004) Word Sketch Difference tool and Corpus Pattern Analysis (Hanks 2004) techniques to examine the collocational behaviour of a sample of 57 AWL headwords across the three sub-corpora. The results demonstrate that a large number of the AWL words have discipline- specific meanings, and that these meanings are conditioned by the syntagmatic context of the AWL item.

In order to take efficient notes during English for academic purposes (EAP) lectures, students might need to be challenged to move beyond verbatim recording of information. This article describes an innovative approach to notetaking in EAP courses, the Teaching Cycle for Simplification, with a specific focus on simplification strategies used in Swedish high school second language EAP courses. The specific strategies introduced and practiced included word substitution, abbreviation, and the use of symbols and pictures. The article describes the pedagogic steps used in the classroom and shares samples of student work as well as student reactions to the approach. アカデミック英語(EAP)講義中に効率的なノートをとるために生徒は情報の逐語的な記録以外のことをしなければならなくなる。そこで本稿は EAPコースにおけるノートテーキングに関する革新的指導、特にスウェーデンの高等学校の第二言語EAPコースにおいて使用された簡略化ストラテジーについて論じる。教室内で指導、練習を行なった具体的なストラテジーとして、単語の置換、略語、記号、および絵の使用があげられる。本稿では教室で行われた指導の手順、生徒のノート例、および生徒の反応について述べる。

Purpose This study aims to analyze the engagement of community members in an English as a second language (ESL) live broadcast. A platform for encouraging language and culture learning in ESL was planned and implemented. Research purposes were to explore the following aspects for engaging students’ participation: operation-monitoring, planning and implementation, incentives and motives, interactions with multiple formats and challenges. Design/methodology/approach The platform used for the ESL live broadcast was Open Broadcaster Software Studio. Through the live videos and instant messages delivered by the network, real-time interactions from different virtual sites were achieved. Observations and operation documentation were recorded. Interviews with the teacher, the library administrator and the students were carried out for collecting data. Inductive analysis was used to analyze the qualitative data from the different sources. Findings It was observed that the ESL broadcast reached a great number of users weekly. To engage the ESL broadcast community, efforts to monitor and plan for implementation were made. Students were encouraged by both external incentives and internal motivation. Managing the connectivity problems was essential for guaranteeing the quality of the real-time interactions. From their experiences, the participants were positive about the broadcast approach to learning ESL. More diverse topics and alternatives for oral interactions in the class are suggested in future implementations. Research limitations/implications The implementation of the ESL live broadcast provides a model for inviting members within the university community to engage in the language and culture learning. The research is preliminary and is limited to a specific university. Future research on diverse learning settings is needed. Originality/value The findings of this study will contribute to the research in streaming media interactions. The case might be applied to other settings and other subject domains.

Explicit sociolinguistic instruction in language classrooms has become more widely accepted than ever, but the understanding and teaching of Canadian cul- ture remains a controversial issue, particularly as Canadian culture becomes increasingly diverse. The degree to which Canadians are perceived to exhibit char- acteristics such as “politeness” and “friendliness” has stirred debate, particularly in ESL (English as a second language) and EAP (English for academic purposes) classrooms, owing to differing personal experiences and acculturation processes. This Canada-wide, mixed-methods study compared Canadian-born (CB) and internationally-born (IB) postsecondary students’ and recent graduates’ percep- tions of people in Canada. Employing social media outreach, the study consisted of an online survey and follow-up e-interviews. Emphasis is given to quantitative rather than qualitative data analysis. Findings suggest that the overall percep- tions of CB and IB groups are more similar than different. However, when un- prompted, CB respondents are more likely than IB respondents to perceive people in Canada as “polite,” “kind,” and “caring.” In addition, Likert-scale results demonstrate that CB respondents are significantly more likely to perceive people in Canada as “funny,” “intelligent,” “caring,” and “hardworking.” Implications are drawn for the degree to which IBs are acculturating to Canadian society and the extent to which a positive acculturation process can be explicitly addressed in ESL/EAP programs.Si l’enseignement explicite de la sociolinguistique dans les cours de langue est plus accepté que jamais, les conceptions et l’enseignement de la culture canadienne de- meurent un sujet controversé, surtout que la culture se diversifie davantage. La mesure dans laquelle l’on perçoit que les Canadiens sont « polis » et « aimables » a suscité des débats, notamment dans les cours d’ALS et d’anglais académique où les expériences personnelles et l’acculturation varient d’une personne à l’autre. Cette étude à méthodologie mixte s’est déroulée à l’échelle du Canada et a com- paré les perceptions de gens au Canada qu’ont des étudiants nés au Canada et nés à l’étranger, au postsecondaire ou récemment diplômés. Profitant des mé- dias sociaux, cette recherche a comporté une enquête et des entrevues de suivi en ligne. Nous avons misé sur une analyse quantitative plutôt que qualitative des données. Les résultats suggèrent que les perceptions globales des deux groupes se ressemblent plus qu’elles ne se distinguent. Toutefois, les étudiants nés au Canada ont proposé spontanément que les Canadiens étaient « polis », « gentils » et « bienveillants » plus souvent que les étudiants nés à l’étranger. De plus, selon une échelle de Likert, les étudiants nés au Canada sont significativement plus portés à percevoir les gens au Canada comme étant « drôles », « intelligents », « attentionnés » et « travaillants ». Nous présentons les incidences liées à la mesure dans laquelle les étudiants nés à l’étranger s’intègrent à la société cana- dienne et les conséquences de la possibilité d’évoquer de façon explicite un proces- sus d’acculturation positive dans les programmes d’ALS et d’anglais académique.

Advancements in technology have enabled us to learn, adapt and exploit our skills and knowledge in new ways. Appreciating the potential of technology may yet give growth and enrich the process of language education, particularly through a student-centred mobile learning environment. Consequently, a constructivist approach to learning can create tremendous possibilities for both language learners and teachers. By exploiting the affordances of mobile technologies and the Internet, a new platform of learning or Mobile Assisted Language Learning (MALL) can be realised, through which learners truly learn to learn. Yet, while many of today’s language institutions and places of learning have begun to understand the potential presented by mobile technology as a tool and resource to content and language development, apprehension may still exist among educational practitioners, learners and senior management. Such apprehension may stem from a lack of understanding in fully appreciating the opportunities and affordances posed by MALL in creating a support structure to learning and teaching excellence. This may be particularly true within developing countries such as those found in the Middle East. Consequently, set in a Saudi university context, the purpose of this study is to investigate learners’ and teachers’ perceptions towards the proposed implementation of a MALL programme, while exploring whether the promotion of mobile technologies could assist learning and become a viable support structure in teaching English as a second language. Interviews were conducted with three English instructors who teach on the first year Business English programme at the university. The study also analysed 191 student participants who completed a Likert scale questionnaire designed to explore their mobile learning experiences, attitudes and perceptions towards the proposed MALL programme in their educational context. The findings from the student questionnaire and teacher interviews generally highlight positive attitudes and a receptiveness towards mobile learning implementation. This is perhaps due to the possibility of new pedagogical scaffoldings being created through MALL in their learning/teaching environment. The results further highlighted opportunities MALL presented in facilitating communication and affording learners greater motivation to engage in independent learning, thus facilitating learner autonomy and allowing for greater collaboration within a richer learner environment. However, while analysis highlighted a proposed MALL implementation could be a useful tool to support language acquisition for ESP/ESL learners (English for Specific Purposes/English as a Second Language), technical issues, network sustainability and comprehensive training were still significant factors of concern.

Evaluating Academic Literacies Course Types
 This poster represents a mixed methods study conducted at the University of the West Indies (UWI), which seeks to determine the merits of two types of Academic Literacies (AL) courses in promoting successful academic outcomes. Its focus is the first quantitative research phase in which the grade point averages after the first year of study of Social Sciences students successful either in the general purposes Foun1019 ‘Critical Reading and Writing in the Disciplines’ course or in the faculty-specific purposes Foun1013 ‘Critical Reading and Writing in the Social Sciences’ course are compared. The second, qualitative phase will be presented in future publications. This study is a response to an unimplemented recommendation of an external 2018 Quality Assurance Review (QAR) of the UWI, Mona campus, English Language Section, that students successful in the first semester of Foun1019 switch in the second semester to their faculty-specific AL courses. The QAR rationale for the recommended course switch is that the non-faculty-specific nature of the second semester of Foun1019 is academically disadvantageous to students who have shown promise in its first semester. This study is relevant to the debate over the use of general versus disciplinary AL approaches, one publicized by Jordan (1997) and revived by de Chazal (2012) who makes a pedagogical and practical case favouring a general purposes approach. Underlying the study is the premise at the heart of AL courses: that by preparing incoming students, supposed novice writers and readers at the tertiary level of study, these courses serve to maximise their academic performance. Indeed, this is the premise upon which the required pursuit by university students of AL courses is based.
 This Foun1019 general purposes course, introduced for students from all faculties who fail an English language proficiency entrance test (ELPT), places emphasis in the first semester on developmental reading and writing in English as well as on overcoming writer apprehension. Furthermore, a dual language identity – Standard Jamaican English and Jamaican Creole – is conferred on students. This is because whereas English is Jamaica’s sole official language, Jamaican Creole – which has an English lexicon but distinctly un-English grammar, syntax and phonology – is the first language of most of the students. The work undertaken in the first semester functions as a bridge for students, building their linguistic self-esteem and improving their English language proficiency in order to ease them into what is considered the bona fide AL focus of the second semester: ‘Writing from Sources’. This latter focus is shared with one-semester, faculty-specific purposes AL courses, populated by students who pass or are exempt from the ELPT. These courses seek to respond to the AL development needs of individual faculties’ constituent departments. To do this, they employ as much of a specific purposes AL approach as is possible given the wide range of parent disciplines involved. The Foun1013 course featured in this study, which is pursued by Faculty of Social Sciences students exclusively, falls into this faculty-specific category of UWI AL courses.
 The Foun1019 and Foun1013 Year 1 student groups being compared have both been certified at the end of their first year of study to possess a satisfactory level of English language proficiency on the basis of attaining passing grades at the end of Semester two in their final and major AL assignment: a 1200-word documented expository essay scored via a common holistic rubric. To ensure further comparability of the two groups, control of the potentially influential independent variables of Socioeconomic Status (SES), Gender, Intellectual Aptitude (as estimated via matriculation qualifications) and other selected variables is accounted for by the multiple regression analysis component of the overall study design. To address the unevenness of the size of the two study populations, that is, the relatively small number (51) of Year 1 Foun1019 Social Sciences students versus the high number (630) of their Foun1013 counterparts, the Tukey test of statistical significance for unequal group sizes will be applied.
 To assess the groups’ relative academic performance, the official UWI measurement standard, Grade Point Average (GPA), is used. This measurement shows the typical course result of a student for a semester or year, and ultimately determines the quality of degree awarded (for example, First Class Honours, Lower Second Class Honours, Pass). This measurement encompasses nine bands ranging from 0.00-1.29 to 4.00-4.30 points. The points in question represent the numerical value given to letter grades, e.g. C+ (55-59%) = 2.30 points, F2 (40-44%) = 1.30 points. Grade points are determined by multiplying the points earned by the credit weighting of the course, which is based on the duration of the course (whether one or two semesters). Students earn three credits for one-semester courses, and six credits for two-semester ones. 2.00 is the minimum grade point deemed acceptable (University of the West Indies, 2014). 
 The investigation reveals that the overall Year 1 student pass rates for Foun1013 and Foun1019 at the end of the second semester of the 2017/18 academic year were 60.2% (630/1047) and 62.2% (51/82) respectively. Preliminary findings on the GPAs of the passing groups are as follows: 1) Foun1013 students’ GPAs are more widely spread across the band ranges than those of Foun1019 students; 2) The modal band range of the two groups is 2.30-2.99: 42.6% (269/630) of Foun1013 students versus 54.9% (28/51) of Foun1019 students; 3) The GPAs of 41.9% (264/630) of Foun1013 students fall into the four highest band ranges (3.00-4.29) versus 25.5% (13/51) for Foun1019 students; 4) The GPAs of 10.6% (66/630) of the Foun1013 students fall into the 2:00-2:29 (just acceptable) band range versus 15.7% (8/51) for 1019 students; 5) The GPAs of 4.9% (31/630) of Foun1013 students fall into the three lowest band ranges (0.00 -1.99) versus 3.9% (2/51) for Foun1019 students. Thus, overall, the Year 1 Foun1013 specific purposes students outperformed their Foun1019 general counterparts with respect to their higher band ranges, but the modal range of scores for both groups (a low but acceptable one) was the same; in addition, the Foun1019 group had slightly better outcomes in terms of its lower proportion of students with poor GPAs (under 2.0). Therefore, this cross-tabulation of the two groups’ GPAs reveals that student success in the general purposes course is not more highly correlated with Year 1 academic failure than student success in the faculty-specific purposes course, but it may hold implications for the passing grades received. Corresponding results for Year 2, 3 and 4 students, along with these Year 1 results, will be subjected to the finer-grained statistical analysis needed to reach definitive conclusions, while the qualitative phase of the study will use course content analysis and questionnaire and interview data from students and academic staff to seek explanations for the conclusions drawn.
 References 
 de Chazal, E. (2012). The general-specific debate in EAP: Which case is the most convincing for most contexts? Journal of Second Language Teaching and Research, 2(1), 135–148. http://pops.uclan.ac.uk/index.php/jsltr/article/view/90/37
 Jordan, R. R. (1997). English for academic purposes: A guide and resource book for teachers. Cambridge University Press.
 University of the West Indies. (2014). Grade point average regulations (Internal document). UWI. https://www.uwi.edu/gradingpolicy/docs/regulations.pdf

Even though many writing scales have been developed, instructors, educational administrators or researchers may have to develop new scales to fit their specific testing situation. In so-doing, one of the initial steps to be taken is to determine the evaluative criteria on which the scale is supposed to be based. As a part of a project that was proposed to develop a genre-based writing scale, a survey was carried out to investigate Malaysian lecturers’ views on the evaluative criteria to be considered in evaluating argumentative essays. For this purpose, a group of English as a Second Language (ESL) lecturers (n=88) were administered a questionnaire. The subscales of organization, content and language skills were recommended by factor analysis. A fourth subscale, task fulfillment, was added as a result of the qualitative analysis of the data. The findings can be useful for language teaching or assessing purposes. ra ,c ??o?rvation with the causal-comparative study between treatment group and control group. The result shows that a majority of students with TOA improved their oral English learning more than those with Traditional Teaching Method (TTM). It also finds that TOA is able to motivate the students to speak in class and a certain percentage of students can overcome their psychological problems in expressing ideas. The findings are that TOA affects students’ achievement in a favorable way which provides some theoretical, methodological and practical implications.

The literature on how to develop competence in giving academic presentations (AP) (e.g. Zappa-Hollman, 2007) shows that apart from basic communication skills (i.e. the ability to speak accurately, fluently and appropriately), university students are expected to perform specific roles and develop advanced skills for intellectual exchange and the construction of new knowledge (e.g. skill in expressing their personal voice through evaluation). However, these advanced speaking skills are often neglected by English as a Second Language (ESL)/English as a Foreign Language (EFL) students in Asian contexts, such as Hong Kong, as generally observed by English for Academic Purposes’ (EAP) instructors (e.g. Bankowski, 2010). Although there has been some discussion on factors that potentially inhibit the development of ESL/EFL learners (e.g. Confucian education values and an exam-dominated culture), more research is needed on the design of EAP courses to cater for learners’ needs. To fill this gap, this article reports the results of a needs analysis of a group of undergraduates (N=81) in Hong Kong. The study was based on a triangulation of data which included sources, and included questionnaires administered to both students and the course instructors of their major subject disciplines to identify the perceived importance of specific AP skills/features and learning needs, semi-structured follow-up interviews, and a diagnosis of students’ AP competence using a research-based assessment rubric. The findings reveal gaps in students’ understanding of their required roles and performance in both EAP and content courses, gaps in expectations between the students and their content course instructors, and gaps in their AP competence (e.g. ability to use linguistic and discourse features to structure interpretations and facilitate the audience’s understanding of the information they present). An EAP instruction course design framework is then proposed to develop ESL/EFL learner competence in AP, based on the teaching and speaking cycle of Goh and Burns (2012).

AbstractIn experimental disciplinary fields such as medicine, the writing up of a research paper in English may represent a major hurdle, especially for inexperienced writers and users of EAL (English as an Additional Language), mainly due to a lack of familiarity with international discourse conventions. Despite the efforts of many EAP (English for Academic Purposes) researchers and practitioners to provide support for medical PhD students and novice scholars by carrying out studies on research writing, specific courses with an explicit pedagogical approach to the teaching of academic genres are still scarce. Moreover, it often happens that the only possibility of receiving training in writing skills is in the pre-clinical years, when the students are not yet experienced language users and when they lack both the genre conventions and the specialized subject knowledge for such a demanding task. In this article, we offer our view of a genre-driven pedagogy and its practical applications in an EMP (English for Medical Purposes) classroom with the ultimate aim of helping students to publish their medical papers in international (English-language) journals. Our genre-based teaching approach consists in a prior discussion with students about the socio-cultural context in which a particular academic genre occurs. This process of discovery of the social circumstances that surround a specific genre can help them understand more readily its communicative purpose. We believe that a second stage should be the explicit teaching of functions and language structures of archetypal academic texts, initially in a highly controlled fashion, and later on a freer basis, but always using reference papers for illustration and comparison. If learners are more aware of the rhetorical strategies preferred by the members of their disciplinary communities, they may feel more confident as EAL writers about the rhetorical options they can choose depending on the context and type of audience they are addressing.

06–273Andrews, Richard (York U, UK; rja3@york.ac.uk), Carole Torgerson, Sue Beveton, Allison Freeman, Terry Locke, Graham Lowe, Alison Robinson & Die Zhu, The effect of grammar teaching on writing development. British Educational Research Journal (Routledge/Taylor & Francis) 32.1 (2006), 39–55.06–274Astika, Gusti (Satya Wacana U, Salatiga, Indonesia; astika@uksw.edu), A task-based approach to reading English for specialised purposes. English in Australia (www.englishaustralia.com.au) 22.2 (2005), 14 pp.06–275Ayoola, Kehinde A. (Lagos State Polytechnic, Ikorodu, Nigeria; kehinday77@yahoo.co.uk), Challenges to a new generation of Nigerian writers in English. English Today (Cambridge University Press) 22.1 (2006), 3–9.06–276Banerjee, Jayanti & Dianne Wall (Lancaster U, UK; j.banerjee@lancaster.ac.uk), Assessing and reporting performances on pre-sessional EAP courses: Developing a final assessment checklist and investigating its validity. Journal of English for Academic Purposes (Elsevier) 5.1 (2006), 50–69.06–277Bitchener, John (Auckland U Technology, New Zealand; john.bitchener@aut.ac.nz) & Helen Basturkmen, Perceptions of the difficulties of postgraduate L2 thesis students writing the discussion section. Journal of English for Academic Purposes (Elsevier) 5.1 (2006), 4–18.06–278Brantmeier, Cindy (Washington U, USA; cbrantme@artsci.wustl.edu), Advanced L2 learners and reading placement: Self-assessment, CBT, and subsequent performance. System (Elsevier) 34.1 (2006), 15–35.06–279Byrne, Brian (U New England, USA; bbyrne@une.edu.au), Richard K. Olson, Stefan Samuelsson, Sally Wadsworth, Robin Corley, John C. DeFries & Erik Willcutt, Genetic and environmental influences on early literacy. Journal of Research in Reading (Blackwell) 29.1 (2006), 33–49.06–280Castles, Anne (U Melbourne, Australia; acastles@unimelb.edu.au), Timothy Bates, Max Coltheart, Michelle Luciano & Nicholas G. Martin, Cognitive modelling and the behaviour genetics of reading. Journal of Research in Reading (Blackwell) 29.1 (2006), 92–103.06–281Cheng, An (Oklahoma State U, USA; an.cheng@okstate.edu), Understanding learners and learning in ESP genre-based writing instruction. English for Specific Purposes (Elsevier) 25.1 (2006), 76–89.06–282Conlon, Elizabeth G., Melanie J. Zimmer-Gembeck, Peter A. Creed & Melinda Tucker (Griffith U, Australia; e.conlon@griffith.edu.au), Family history, self-perceptions, attitudes and cognitive abilities are associated with early adolescent reading skills. Journal of Research in Reading (Blackwell) 29.1 (2006), 11–32.06–283Fitze, Michael (Dubai Women's College, Dubai), Discourse and participation in ESL face-to-face and written electroncic conferences.Language Learning & Technology (http://llt.msu.edu/intro.html) 10.1 (2006), 67–86.06–284Grigorenko, Elena L. (Yale U, USA & Moscow State U, Russia; elena.grigorenko@yale.edu), Damaris Ngorosho, Matthew Jukes & Donald Bundy, Reading in able and disabled readers from around the world: same or different? An illustration from a study of reading-related processes in a Swahili sample of siblings. Journal of Research in Reading (Blackwell) 29.1 (2006), 104–123.06–285Halleck, Gene B. (Oklahoma State U, USA; halleck@okstate.edu) & Ulla M. Connor, Rhetorical moves in TESOL conference proposals. Journal of English for Academic Purposes (Elsevier) 5.1 (2006), 70–86.06–286Hayiou-Thomas, Marianna E. (U York, UK; m.hayiou-thomas@psychology.york.ac.uk), Nicole Harlaar, Philip S. Dale & Robert Plomin, Genetic and environmental mediation of the prediction from preschool language and nonverbal ability to 7-year reading. Journal of Research in Reading (Blackwell) 29.1 (2006), 50–74.06–287Hood, Susan (U Technology, Sydney, Australia; sue.hood@uts.edu.au), The persuasive power of prosodies: Radiating values in academic writing. Journal of English for Academic Purposes (Elsevier) 5.1 (2006), 37–49.06–288Keenan, Janice M. (U Denver, USA; jkeenan@du.edu), Rebecca S. Betjemann, Sally J. Wadsworth, John C. DeFries & Richard K. Olson, Genetic and environmental influences on reading and listening comprehension. Journal of Research in Reading (Blackwell) 29.1 (2006), 75–91.06–289Koutsantoni, Dimitra (U Birmingham, UK; dkoutsantoni@yahoo.com), Rhetorical strategies in engineering research articles and research theses: Advanced academic literacy and relations of power. Journal of English for Academic Purposes (Elsevier) 5.1 (2006), 19–36.06–290Kwan, Becky S. C. (Hong Kong Baptist U, Hong Kong, China; becky@hkbu.edu.hk), The schematic structure of literature reviews in doctoral theses of applied linguistics.English for Specific Purposes (Elsevier) 25.1 (2006), 30–55.06–291Lee, David & John Swales (Nagoya U, Japan; david_lee00@hotmail.com), A corpus-based EAP course for NNS doctoral students: Moving from available specialized corpora to self-compiled corpora. English for Specific Purposes (Elsevier) 25.1 (2006), 56–75.06–292Okamura, A. (Takasaki City U of Economics, Japan; okamura@tcue.ac.jp), Two types of strategies used by Japanese scientists, when writing research articles in English. System (Elsevier) 34.1 (2006), 68–79.06–293Pecorari, Diane (Mälardalen U, Sweden; Diane.Pecorari@mdh.se), Visible and occluded citation features in postgraduate second-language writing. English for Specific Purposes (Elsevier) 25.1 (2006), 4–29.06–294Piller, Bonnie & Mary Jo Skillings (California State U, San Bernardino, USA; bpiller@csusb.edu), English language teaching strategies used by primary teachers in one New Delhi, India, school. TESL-EJ (www.tesl-ej.org) 9.3 (2005), 23 pp.

One of the challenges that students face during the transition from high school to university is mastering discipline-specific academic expectations and norms. From a language perspective, they may encounter new academic and disciplinary vocabulary, some of which will be metaphoric in nature. However, some students whose first language is not English may struggle, as metaphoric competence is not often a consideration in ESL/EAP classrooms (Littlemore & Low, 2006). Among the supports that postsecondary institutions have implemented to improve students’ chances of success are diagnostic and post-entry language assessment (Read, 2016). This mixed methods study investigated the comprehension of metaphoric language in first-year engineering reading materials using diagnostic assessment. First, a corpus of first-year engineering texts was qualitatively explored, finding personification and family/relationship metaphors. Subsequently, a metaphor comprehension test was designed using content from the corpus and administered as a reading task in an existing diagnostic assessment for first-year engineering students. Descriptive statistics, correlations, and t-test analysis of the responses revealed that English first-language (L1) students outperformed English second/additional (L2) language students. Further, those who performed poorly on the diagnostic assessment tended to also struggle with the metaphor comprehension task. Implications are discussed for EAP and first-year university classrooms.
 
 Un des défis auxquels les étudiants font face lors de la transition entre l’école secondaire et l’université est la maîtrise des attentes et des normes universitaires propres à chaque discipline. Du point de vue de la langue, il se peut qu’ils rencontrent du vocabulaire nouveau lié à l’université et à une discipline, dont une partie sera de nature métaphorique. Cependant, certains étudiants, dont la première langue n’est pas l’anglais, peuvent éprouver des difficultés, puisque la compétence métaphorique n’est pas souvent prise en considération dans les cours d’ALS/EAP (cours d’anglais académique) (Littlemore & Low, 2006). Parmi les soutiens que les institutions postsecondaires ont mis en place pour améliorer les chances de réussite des étudiants, on trouve des évaluations langagières diagnostiques après l’admission à l’université (Read, 2016). Cette étude, à l’aide de diverses méthodes, a enquêté sur la compréhension du langage métaphorique dans les ouvrages de lecture de première année d’ingénierie en utilisant une évaluation diagnostique. Tout d’abord, on a évalué la qualité d’un corpus de textes d’ingénierie de première année pour y trouver des métaphores liées à la personnification, à la famille et aux relations. Par la suite, on a conçu un test de compréhension des métaphores tirées du corpus et on l’a administré comme une tâche de lecture dans un test d’évaluation diagnostique déjà existant pour les étudiants en première année d’ingénierie. Des statistiques descriptives, des corrélations et une analyse test-t des réponses ont révélé que les étudiants dont la première langue était l’anglais (L1) avaient mieux réussi que les étudiants dont l’anglais était la seconde langue ou la langue supplémentaire (L2). De plus, ceux qui n’avaient pas obtenu de bons résultats au test diagnostique, avaient aussi eu des difficultés dans la partie de compréhension des métaphores. On discute des implications pour les cours d’anglais académique et les cours de première année d’université.

This article presents the results of an experimental study on the practice of extensive listening strategy (EL) for the third-year students at the Faculty of Tourism, Dalat University, when studying the course of English for Specific Purposes (ESP) “English for Tourism 2”. The students of the experimental group spent eight weeks conducting searching listening materials, listening outside the classroom independently and with their team, taking weekly listening tests designed by other teams before taking the final listening test; the results of which would be used to compare with the English listening results of the control group performing traditional listening practice activities. The results of the final listening test, survey and interview responses revealed a statistically significant positive correlation between the application of EL during the course period with the English listening competence of the students, researchers also investigated the perception of these students about the application of this listening strategy. This study implies improvements in the design for future implementations of EL, including the length of practising EL activities and the enhancement of students participation in these listening activities
 Keywords
 English for Specific Purposes (ESP); Extensive listening (EL); Listening skills
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Research background. A collocation is a combination of two or more words that are commonly used together in English. Collocation is an indispensable element of any English text and no piece of natural spoken or written language is totally free of collocation. There exist different approaches to the concept of collocations in English. However, there is no exhaustive and uniform definition or categorization of it. Second language learners do not have many guidelines to follow considering the admissibility of collocation, thus collocations seem to be an insurmountable obstacle to the attainment of native like fluency and is one of error generating areas in general English and especially in EAP (English for Academic Purposes) and ESP (English for Special Purposes).Research aims were to analyze and systemize different theoretical approaches to the concept of collocation in English with reference to the data of scientific research as well as give the answer why collocations should be learned and taught at all levels of language proficiency and within different registers.Research method used – theoretical analysis of classical and modern research articles on collocation in English.Research results. Various linguistic schools have had different approaches to the study of collocations. Acquisition of collocations can be the source of particular difficulties for L2 leaners in attaining native-level competence. Collocations should be taught from the very beginning at all levels of language proficiency .Discussion and conclusions. As a result of analysis and systemization of scientific data the following conclusions have been made:1. Collocation is a lexical co-occurrence of lexemes. In order a lexical combination could be called a collocation it should satisfy the criterion of frequency and grammatical structure;2. Lexis and grammar cannot be separated;3. Lexis is inseparable from semantics. 4. Knowledge of collocations can help develop language proficiency in such areas as English for Specific Purposes (ESP) and English for Academic Purposes (EAP). Students’ motivation to learn collocations and make good use of them in their essays, research works and academic language should be increased.Keywords: collocational, co-occurrence, language acquisition, register.

07–430Anson, Chris M. (N Carolina State U, Raleigh, USA; chris_anson@ncsu.edu), Assessing writing in cross-curricular programs: Determining the locus of activity. Assessing Writing (Elsevier) 11.2 (2006), 100–112.07–431Chanock, Kate (La Trobe U, Bundoora, Australia; c.chanock@latrobe.edu.au), Help for a dyslexic learner from an unlikely source: The study of Ancient Greek. Literacy (Oxford University Press) 40.3 (2006), 164–170.07–432Cole, Simon (Daito Bunka U, Japan), Consciousness-raising and task-based learning in writing. The Language Teacher (Japan Association for Language Teaching) 31.1 (2007), 3–8.07–433Daniels, Peter T. (New Jersey, USA). On beyond alphabets. Written Language and Literacy (Benjamins) 9.1 (2006), 7–24.07–434Dovey, Teresa (U Technology, Sydney, Australia), What purposes, specifically? Re-thinking purposes and specificity in the context of the ‘new vocationalism’. English for Specific Purposes (Elsevier) 25.4 (2006), 387–402.07–435Dowdall, Clare (U Plymouth, UK; c.dowdall@plymouth.ac.uk), Dissonance between the digitally created words of school and home. Literacy (Oxford University Press) 40.3 (2006), 153–163.07–436Elbow, Peter (U Massachusetts, Amherst, USA; elbow@english.umass.edu), Do we need a single standard of value for institutional assessment? An essay response to Asao Inoue's ‘community-based assessment pedagogy’. Assessing Writing (Elsevier) 11.2 (2006), 81–99.07–437Green, Anthony (U Cambridge, ESOL Examinations, Cambridge, UK; Green.A@cambridgeesol.org), Washback to the learner: Learner and teacher perspectives on IELTS preparation course expectations and outcomes. Assessing Writing (Elsevier) 11.2 (2006), 113–134.07–438Holme, Randal & Bussabamintra Chalauisaeng (Hong Kong Institute of Education, Hong Kong, China), The learner as needs analyst: The use of participatory appraisal in the EAP reading classroom. English for Specific Purposes (Elsevier) 25.4 (2006), 403–419.07–439Jia, Yueming Zohreh R. Eslami, & Lynn M. Burlbaw (Texas A & M U, USA), ESL teachers' perceptions and factors influencing their use of classroom-based reading assessment. Bilingual Research Journal (National Association for Bilingual Education) 30.2 (2006), 407–430.07–440Kirkgöz, Yasemin (Çukurova U, Turkey; ykirkgoz@cu.edu.tr), Designing a corpus based English reading course for academic purposes. The Reading Matrix (Readingmatrix.com) 6.3 (2006), 281–298.07–441Lambirth, Andrew (Canterbury Christ Church U, UK; al4@cant.ac.uk) & Kathy Goouch, Golden times of writing: The creative compliance of writing journals. Literacy (Blackwell) 40.3 (2006), 146–152.07–442Li, Yongyan (City Hong Kong, China), A doctoral student of physics writing for publication: A sociopolitically-oriented case study. English for Specific Purposes (Elsevier) 25.4 (2006), 456–478.07–443Moreira, Sylvia (City U New York, USA) & Maryellen Hamilton. Goats don't wear coats: An examination of semantic interference in rhyming assessments of reading readiness for English language learners. Bilingual Research Journal (National Association for Bilingual Education) 30.2 (2006), 547–557.07–444Penney, Catherine (U Newfoundland, Canada) James Drover, Carrie Dyck & Amanda Squires, Phoneme awareness is not a prerequisite for learning to read. Written Language and Literacy (Benjamins) 9.1 (2006), 115–133.07–445Serniclaes, Willy (U René Descartes, Paris, France), Allophonic perception in developmental dyslexia: Origin, reliability and implications of the categorical perception deficit. Written Language and Literacy (Benjamins) 9.1 (2006), 135–152.07–446Suzuki, Akio (Josai U, Japan), Differences in reading strategies employed by students constructing graphic organizers and students producing summaries in EFL reading. JALT Journal (Japan Association for Language Teaching) 28.2 (2006), 177–196.07–447Stapleton, Paul (Hokkaido U, Sapporo, Japan) & Rena Helms-Park, Evaluating Web sources in an EAP course: Introducing a multi-trait instrument for feedback and assessment. English for Specific Purposes (Elsevier) 25.4 (2006), 438–455.07–448Zhu, Yunxia (U Queensland, New Zealand; zyunxia@unitec.ac.nz), Understanding sociocognitive space of written discourse: Implications for teaching business writing to Chinese students. International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching (Walter de Gruyter) 44.3 (2006), 265–285.

PurposeAlthough English for academic purposes (EAP) courses are vital components of engineering disciplines in the universities of Iran, studies investigating engineering students' English language needs are infrequent, and even more infrequent are studies comparing how the students of different engineering disciplines vary in their English language needs. Research demonstrates that students of different disciplines have different language needs, which requires competency in different language skills (Soruç et al., 2018). However, in the majority of Iranian universities, students of different engineering disciplines are taught similar subskills, through similar teaching methodologies and textbooks. With the twofold purpose of identification and comparison of the students' language needs and weaknesses, this study focuses on the perceptions of Iranian students of electrical, mechanical and chemical engineering at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels of their present language abilities and target-situation language needs.Design/methodology/approachOnline surveys regarding language needs and self-assessments were completed by 194 undergraduate students and 189 postgraduate students studying at Sharif University.FindingsWhile only educational level was found to have a significant effect on the perceptions of the respondents of their target needs, both educational level and discipline had a significant effect on the perceptions of the students of their present level of language proficiency. Furthermore, almost equal attention to the four language skills were considered necessary by the respondents, who also held that the number of credits devoted to the EAP courses was insufficient. A further finding was that the majority of the undergraduates required that the EAP courses be oriented toward English for specific purposes (ESP), whereas almost half of the postgraduates preferred that the EAP classes be geared toward general English.Originality/valueResearchers have so far analyzed the language needs of students of a number of academic disciplines. This study adds to the existing literature of needs-analysis by comparing the engineering students' present abilities and target language needs. This study is different from the existing publications on language needs-analysis in two ways. First, through a comparative perspective, a profile of engineering students' language needs is obtained, which can serve as a new database for curriculum developers and material designers of engineering programs. Second, investigating whether the students' perceptions of their language needs are affected by their educational levels and disciplines is a topic for which there is little information at present.

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Corpus-based data-driven learning (DDL) is an inductive instructional approach using computer-generated concordances. It provides students with the opportunity to analyze different language forms across contexts found in the concordance output. The idea of engaging students to discover the language rules and patterns from authentic learning materials is central to the theory of inquiry-based learning. Despite the robust research support, however, DDL has not been widely adopted, in part because of a dearth of practical and specific recommendations for teachers. More studies are needed to corroborate the claim that the approach can promote the development of different language learning areas effectively. This article synthesizes relevant theories and research findings on the use of DDL for second language instruction and illuminates the understanding of how corpus-based vocabulary instructional strategies may work in English for Academic Purposes (EAP) courses in non-English speaking countries. The study recommendations include a corpus-based DDL framework to expand students’ vocabulary and suggestions for future research.

Future second language (L2) self-images have proven integral to L2 motivation, prompting several attempts to purposefully develop learners’ ideal L2 selves over the past decade through the use of vision-building techniques. Some of these ‘vision interventions’ have reported successfully enhancing learners’ L2 self-images and motivation; other studies, however, diverge from an unqualified success narrative, citing for example a lack of increase in learner effort despite stronger future vision. Data collection has also been typically restricted to the period of the intervention itself, and so insight into the long-term take-up of the introduced techniques, or how potential outcomes develop over time, remains limited. To gain further understanding into such issues, we have charted the evolving nature of the L2 vision intervention over the past decade, and complemented the learning from previous studies by conducting a five-week vision-building course with 25 learners of English for academic purposes (EAP) in the UK university-pathway system. Interview data gathered over the course of 10 months – the longest investigation of vision-building we are aware of – demonstrated fluctuating engagement with visualization, and accordingly, our analysis looks critically at the notion of self-image-centred intervention in instructed second language acquisition (SLA). While we believe that L2 vision can indeed be consciously enhanced, we argue that success depends largely on how general principles are adapted to specific learning contexts. The discussion highlights challenges that instructors may encounter in staging such interventions, and offers practical lessons for using self-images in the classroom.

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04–517Armand, Françoise (U. de Montréal, Canada; Email: Francoise.Armand@umontreal.ca), Lefrançoise, Pascale, Baron, Agnès, Gomez, Maria-Cécilia and Nuckle, Sylvie. Improving reading and writing learning in underprivileged pluri-ethnic settings. British Journal of Educational Psychology (Leicester, UK), 74 (2004), 437–459.04–518Cheng, Y-S. (National Taiwan Normal U., Taiwan; Email: t22035@cc.ntnu.edu.tw). A measure of second language writing anxiety: scale development and preliminary validation. Journal of Second Language Writing (New York, USA), 13, 4 (2004), 313–335.04–519de Jong, Maria T. and Bus, Adriana G. (Leiden U., Netherlands; Email: jongtm@fsw.leidenuniv.nl). The efficacy of electronic books in fostering kindergarten children's emergent story understanding. Reading Research Quarterly (Newark, USA), 39, 4 (2004), 378–393.04–520Dunsmuir, Sandra (U. College London, UK; Email: s.dunsmuir@ucl.ac.uk) and Blatchford, Peter. Predictors of writing competence in 4-to 7-year-old children. British Journal of Educational Psychology (Leicester, UK), 74 (2004), 461–483.04–521Forey, Gail (Hong Kong Polytechnic U.). Workplace texts: do they mean the same for teachers and business people?English for Specific Purposes (Oxford,UK), 23, 4 (2004), 447–469.04–522Harwood, Nigel and Hadley, Gregg (U. of Essex, UK). Pragmatism and the teaching of academic writing. English for Specific Purposes. (Oxford, UK), 23, 4 (2004), 355–379.04–523Heinz, Peter J. (Pikes Peak Community College, Colorado Springs, USA). Towards enhanced second language reading comprehension assessment: computerized versus manual scoring of written recall protocols. Reading in a Foreign Language (Hawai'i, USA), 16, 2 (2004), 97–124.04–524Huxford, L. (National Primary Strategy, England). Developing an understanding of the pedagogy of writing in the middle years (age 8–11). Australian Journal of Language and Literacy. (Norwood, South Australia), 27, 3 (2004), 234–244.04–525Hyland, Ken (Institute of Education, U. of London, UK; Email: k.hyland@ioe.ac.uk). Disciplinary interactions: metadiscourse in L2 postgraduate writing. Journal of Second Language Writing (New York, USA), 13, 2 (2004), 133–151.04–526Joh, Jeongsoon (Konkuk U., Korea; Email: johjs@konkuk.ac.kr). Interactions among the reader, text and task variables in EFL reading comprehension performance. English Teaching (Anseonggun, Korea), 59, 3 (2004) 115–143.04–527Lee, Icy (Hong Kong Baptist U., China; Email: icylee@hkbu.edu.hk). Error correction in L2 secondary writing classrooms: the case of Hong Kong. Journal of Second Language Writing (New York, USA), 13, 4 (2004), 285–312.04–528Makalela, Leketi (U. of Limpopo and Michigan State U.). Differential error types in second-language students' written and spoken texts: implications for instruction in writing. Written Communication (Thousand Oaks, CA, USA), 22, 4 (2004), 368–385.04–529McNaughton, S., Lai, M., MacDonald, S. and Farry, S. (Auckland U., Australia). Designing more effective teaching of comprehension in culturally and linguistically diverse classrooms in New Zealand. Australian Journal of Language and Literacy. (Norwood, South Australia), 27, 3 (2004), 184–197.04–530Moore, Tim (Monash U., Australia; Email: tim.moore@celts.monash.edu.au) and Morton, Janne. Dimensions of difference: a comparison of university writing and IELTS writing. Journal of English for Academic Purposes (Oxford, UK), 4, 1 (2005), 43–66.04–531Taguchi, Etsuo (Daito Bunka U., Tokyo; Email: taguchi@ic.daito.ac.jp), Takayasu-Maass, Miyoko and Gorsuch, Greta J. Developing reading fluency in EFL: How assisted repeated reading and extensive reading affect fluency development. Reading in a Foreign Language (Hawai'i, USA), 16, 2 (2004), 70–96.04–532Yoon, Hyunsook and Hirvela, Alan (The Ohio State U., USA; Email: yoon.98@osu.edu). ESL student attitudes toward corpus use in L2. Journal of Second Language Writing (New York, USA), 13, 4 (2004), 257–283.

04–255 Belcher, Diane D. Trends in teaching English for Specific Purposes. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics (New York, USA), 24 (2004), 165–186.04–257 Burden, P. (Okayama Shoka U., Japan; Email: burden-p@po.osu.ac.jp). An examination of attitude change towards the use of Japanese in a University English ‘conversation’ class. RELC Journal (Singapore),35,1 (2004), 21–36.04–258 Burns, Anne (Macquarie U., Australia; Email: anne.burns@mq.edu.au). ESL curriculum development in Australia: recent trends and debates. RELC Journal (Singapore), 34, 3 (2003), 261–283.04–259 Bush, Michael D. and Browne, Jeremy M. (Brigham Young U., USA; Email: Michael_Bush@byu.edu). Teaching Arabic with technology at BYU: learning from the past to bridge to the future. Calico Journal (Texas, USA), 21, 3 (2004), 497–522.04–260 Carlo, María S. (U. of Miami, USA; Email: carlo@miami.edu), August, Diane, McLaughlin, Barry, Snow, Catherine E., Dressler, Cheryl, Lippman, David N., Lively, Teresa J. and White, Claire E. Closing the gap: addressing the vocabulary needs of English-language learners in bilingual and mainstream classrooms. Reading Research Quarterly (Newark, USA), 39, 2 (2004), 188–215.04–261 Chambers, Gary N. and Pearson, Sue (School of Education, U. of Leeds, UK). Supported access to modern foreign language lessons. Language Learning Journal (Oxford, UK), 29 (2004), 32–41.04–262 Chesterton, Paul, Steigler-Peters, Susi, Moran, Wendy and Piccioli, Maria Teresa (Australian Catholic U., Australia; Email: P.Chesterton@mary.acu.edu.au). Developing sustainable language learning pathway: an Australian initiative. Language, Culture and Curriculum (Clevedon, UK), 17, 1 (2004), 48–57.04–263 Chin, Cheongsook (Inje U., South Korea; Email: langjin@inje.ac.kr). EFL learners' vocabulary development in the real world: interests and preferences. English Teaching (Anseongunn, South Korea), 59, 2 (2004), 43–58.04–264 Corda, Alessandra and van den Stel, Mieke (Leiden U., The Netherlands; Email: a.corda@let.leidenuniv.nl). Web-based CALL for Arabic: constraints and challenges. Calico Journal (Texas, USA), 21, 3 (2004), 485–495.04–265 Crawford, J. (Queensland U. of Technology, Australia; Email: j.crawford@qut.edu.au). Language choices in the foreign language classroom: target language or the learners' first language?RELC Journal (Singapore), 35, 1 (2004), 5–20.04–266 Derewianka, Beverly (Email: bevder@uow.edu.au). Trends and issues in genre-based approaches. RELC Journal (Singapore), 34, 2 (2003), 133–154.04–267 Esteban, Ana A. and Pérez Cañado, Maria L. (U. de Jaén, Spain). Making the case method work in teaching Business English: a case study. English for Specific Purposes (Oxford, UK), 23, 2 (2004), 137–161.04–268 Fang, Xu and Warschauer, Mark (Soochow University, China). Technology and curricular reform in China: a case study. TESOL Quarterly (Alexandria, VA, USA), 38, 2 (2004), 301–323.04–269 Foster, James Q., Harrell, Lane Foster, and Raizen, Esther (U. of Texas, Austin, USA; Email: jqf@hpmm.com). The Hebrewer: a web-based inflection generator. Calico Journal (Texas, USA), 21, 3 (2004), 523–540.04–270 Grabe, William (Northern Arizona University, USA). Research on teaching reading. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics (New York, USA), 24 (2004), 44–69.04–271 Grünewald, Andreas (University of Bremen, Germany). Neue Medien im Unterricht: Status quo und Perspektiven. [New media in the classroom: status quo and perspectives.] Der fremdsprachliche Unterricht Spanisch (Seelze, Germany), 6 (2004), 4–11.04–272 Hahn, Laura D. (U. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA). Primary stress and intelligibility: research to motivate the teaching of suprasegmentals. TESOL Quarterly (Alexandria, VA, USA), 38, 2 (2004), 201–223.04–273 Hai, T., Quiang, N. and Wolff, M. (Xinyang Agricultural College, China; Email: xytengha@163.com). China's ESL goals: are they being met?English Today (Cambridge, UK), 20, 3 (2004), 37–44.04–274 Hardy, Ilonca M. and Moore, Joyce L. (Max Planck Institute of Human Development, Germany). Foreign language students' conversational negotiations in different task environments. Applied Linguistics (Oxford, UK), 25, 3 (2004), 340–370.04–275 Helbig-Reuter, Beate. Das Europäische Portfolio der Sprachen (II). [The European Language Portfolio (II).] Deutsch als Fremdsprache (Leipzig, Germany), 3 (2004), 173–176.04–276 Hughes, Jane (University College London, UK; Email: jane.hughes@ucl.ac.uk), McAvinia, Claire, and King, Terry. What really makes students like a web site? What are the implications for designing web-based learning sites?ReCALL (Cambridge, UK), 16, 1 (2004), 85–102.04–277 Jackson, J. (The Chinese U. of Hong Kong). Case-based teaching in a bilingual context: perceptions of business faculty in Hong Kong. English for Specific Purposes (Oxford, UK), 23, 3 (2004), 213–232.04–278 Jenkins, Jennifer (Kings College London, UK). Research in teaching pronunciation and intonation. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics (New York, USA.), 24 (2004), 109–125.04–279 Kanda, M. and Beglar, D. (Shiga Prefectural Adogawa Senior High School, Japan; Email: makiko-@iris.eonet.ne.jp). Applying pedagogical principles to grammar instruction. RELC Journal (Singapore), 35, 1 (2004), 105–115.04–280 Kang, I. (Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology; Email: iyang@mail.kaist.ac.kr). Teaching spelling pronunciation of English vowels to Korean learners in relation to phonetic differences. English Teaching (Anseonggun, South Korea), 58, 4 (2003), 157–176.04–281 Kiernan, Patrick J. (Tokyo Denki University, Japan; Email: patrick@cck.dendai.ac.jp) and Aizawa, Kazumi. Cell phones in task based learning. Are cell phones useful language learning tools?ReCALL (Cambridge, UK), 16, 1 (2004), 71–84.04–282 Kim, Eun-Jeong (Kyungpook National U., South Korea; Email: ejkbuffalo@yahoo.co.kr). Considering task structuring practices in two ESL classrooms. English Teaching (Anseongunn, South Korea), 59, 2 (2004), 123–144.04–283 Kondo, David and Yang, Ying-Ling (University of Fukui, Japan). Strategies for coping with language anxiety: the case of students of English in Japan. ELT Journal (Oxford, UK), 58, 3 (2004), 258–265.04–284 Lin, Benedict (SEAMO RELC, Singapore). English in Singapore: an insider's perspective of syllabus renewal through a genre-based approach. RELC Journal (Singapore), 34, 2 (2003), 223–246.04–285 Lu, Dan (Hong Kong Baptist U., Hong Kong; Email: dan_lu@hkbu.ac.hk). English in Hong Kong: Super Highway or road to nowhere? Reflections on policy changes in language education of Hong Kong. RELC Journal (Singapore), 34, 3 (2003), 370–384.04–286 Lui, Jun (U. of Arizona, USA). Effects of comic strips on L2 learners' reading comprehension. TESOL Quarterly (Alexandria, VA, USA), 38, 2 (2004), 225–243.04–287 Lukjantschikowa, Marija. Textarbeit als Weg zu interkultureller Kompetenz. [Working with texts as a means to develop intercultural competence.] Deutsch als Fremdsprache (Leipzig, Germany), 3 (2004), 161–165.04–288 Lüning, Marita (Landesinstitut für Schule in Bremen, Germany). E-Mail-Projekte im Spanischunterricht. [E-Mail-Projects in the Spanish classroom.] Der fremdsprachliche Unterricht Spanisch (Seelze, Germany), 6 (2004), 30–36.04–289 Lyster, R. (McGill U., Canada; Email: roy.lyster@mcgill.ca). Differential effects of prompts and recasts in form-focussed instruction. Studies in Second Language Acqusition (New York, USA), 26, 3 (2004), 399–432.04–290 McCarthy, Michael (University of Nottingham, UK) and O'Keeffe, Anne. Research in the teaching of speaking. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics (New York, USA), 24 (2004), 26–43.04–291 Mitschian, Haymo. Multimedia. Ein Schlagwort in der medienbezogenen Fremdsprachendidaktik. [Multimedia. A buzzword for language teaching based on digital media.] Deutsch als Fremdsprache (Leipzig, Germany), 3 (2004), 131–139.04–292 Mohamed, Naashia (U. of Auckland, New Zealand). Consciousness-raising tasks: a learner perspective. ELT Journal (Oxford, UK), 58, 3 (2004), 228–237.04–293 Morrell, T. (U. of Alicante, Spain). Interactive lecture discourse for university EFL students. English for Specific Purposes (Oxford, UK), 23, 3 (2004), 325–338.04–294 Nassaji, Hossein and Fotos, Sandra. Current developments in research on the teaching of grammar. 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Many ESL/EFL teachers see a need for learners to engage with English both as linguistic structure, and as a meansof social interaction. Therefore, this research project developed a simple material that would foreground structurewithin relevant social contexts. It explored how to facilitate the social construction of meaning for a target segmentof text within the socio-cultural frameworks of postmodern theorists Vygotsky (1978), Bourdieu (1977, 1984), andDerrida (1973, 1976). The widespread need for the combination of both structure and social context formed theproblem, and the solution presented was an everyday 3x5” study card (C-card) with a sentence written on the front,and a target word from the sentence elaborated upon on the back. This artifact was tested for its ability to facilitatedialogue, or mediate, between a student and a professor (a novice/expert diad). The research question posed was:Does the C-card support a topic dialogue between a novice and an expert in a second language? This question wasinvestigated from both a quantitative and a qualitative perspective using a Likert-scaled questionnaire, interviews,participant and non-participant observations. The results suggested that the C-card provides support for on-topicdialogue between a novice and an expert in L2. These findings have implications for the teaching of academicmaterials, which are normally out of a true social context. Applications include English for Specific Purposes (ESP),collaborative and communicative activities, and even community building within the field of activity theory.

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03–438 Appel, Christine (Dublin City U., Ireland; Email: christine.appel@dcu.ie) and Mullen, Tony (U. of Groningen, The Netherlands). A new tool for teachers and researchers involved in e-mail tandem language learning. ReCALL (Cambridge, UK), 14, 2 (2002), 195–208.03–439 Atlan, Janet (IUT – Université Nancy 2, France; Email: janet.atlan@univ-nancy2.fr). La recherche sur les stratégies d'apprentissage appliquée à l'apprentissage des langues. [Learning strategies research applied to language learning.] Stratégies d'apprentissage (Toulouse, France), 12 (2003), 1–32.03–440 Aviezer, Ora (Oranim Teachers College & U. of Haifa, Israel; Email: aviezer@research.haifa.ac.il). Bedtime talk of three-year-olds: collaborative repair of miscommunication. First Language (Bucks., UK), 23, 1 (2003), 117–139.03–441 Block, David (Institute of Education, University of London). Destabilized identities and cosmopolitanism across language and cultural borders: two case studies. Hong Kong Journal of Applied Linguistics. (Hong Kong, China), 7, 2 (2002), 1–19.03–442 Brantmeier, Cindy (Washington U., USA). Does gender make a difference? Passage content and comprehension in second language reading. Reading in a Foreign Language (Hawaii, USA), 15, 1 (2003), 1–27.03–443 Cameron, L. (University of Leeds, UK; Email: L.J.Cameron@education.leeds.ac.uk). Challenges for ELT from the expansion in teaching children. ELT Journal, 57, 2 (2003), 105–112.03–444 Carter, Beverley-Anne (University of the West Indies, Trinidad and Tobago). Helping learners come of age: learner autonomy in a Caribbean context. Hong Kong Journal of Applied Linguistics (Hong Kong, China), 7, 2 (2002), 20–38.03–445 Cenos, Jasone (U. del País Vasco, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Email: fipceirj@vc.ehu.es). Facteurs déterminant l'acquisition d'une L3: âge, développement cognitive et milieu. 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Foreign Language Annals (New York, USA), 36, 1 (2003), 66–75.03–450 Giguère, Jacinthe, Giasson, Jocelyne and Simard, Claude (Université Laval, Canada; Email: jacinthegiguere@hotmail.com). Les relations entre la lecture et l'écriture: Représentations d'élèves de différents niveaux scolaires et de différents niveaux d'habilité. [Relationships between reading and writing: The perceptions of students of different grade levels and different ability levels.] The Canadian Journal of Applied Linguistics (Canada), 5, 1–2 (2003), 23–50.03–451 Gregersen, Tammy S. (Northern Iowa U., USA). To Err is Human: A Reminder to Teachers of Language-Anxious Students. Foreign Language Annals (New York, USA), 36, 1 (2003), 25–32.03–452 Haznedar, Belma (Bounaziçi U., Turkey; Email: haznedab@boun.edu.tr). 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Semantic evidence for functional categories in interlanguage grammars. Second Language Research (London, UK), 19, 1 (2003), 42–75.03–484 Soboleva, Olga and Tronenko, Natalia (LSE, UK; Email: O.Sobolev@lse.ac.uk). A Russian multimedia learning package for classroom use and self-study. Computer Assisted Language Learning (Lisse, NE), 15, 5 (2002), 483–499.03–485 Stockwell, Glenn (Kumamoto Gakuen U., Japan) and Harrington, Michael. The Incidental Development of L2 Proficiency in NS-NNS E-mail Interactions. CALICO Journal (Texas, USA), 20, 2 (2003), 337–359.03–486 Van de Craats, Ineke (Nijmegen U., Netherlands). The role of the mother tongue in second language learning. Babylonia (Comano, Switzerland), 4 (2002), 19–22.03–487 Vidal, K. (U. Autonoma de Madrid, Spain). Academic Listening: A Source of Vocabulary Acquisition?Applied Linguistics, 24, 1 (2003), 56–89.03–488 Wakabayashi, Shigenori (Gunma Prefectural Women's U., Japan; Email: waka@gpwu.ac.jp). 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Welcome to Volume 4(1) of the International Journal for Educational Integrity.
 
 Last year finished in a frenzy of activity at the 3rd Asia-Pacific Conference on Educational Integrity: Creating a Culture of Integrity, held at the University of South Australia, 7-8 December 2007. Professor Cathy Small from Northern Arizona University opened the conference with her thought-provoking presentation, 'The culture of the university: Challenges and implications for academic integrity', based on her undercover year as a college freshman. This was followed by thirty-five papers and workshops, including excellent keynote addresses by Professor Brian Martin from the University of Wollongong, Professor Bob Birrell from Monash University, and Emeritus Professor Robert Crotty from the Ethics Centre of South Australia. The full proceedings are available in CD-Rom by contacting tracey.bretag@unisa.edu.au. The next conference, scheduled for late 2009, will be held at the University of Wollongong in New South Wales, Australia. Further details will be provided in the coming months via this journal and the Asia-Pacific Forum on
 Educational Integrity.
 
 I would like to take this opportunity to welcome members of a newly established Editorial Board of the IJEI: Robert Crotty, Ethics Centre of South Australia; Fiona Duggan, Higher Education Academy JISC Academic Integrity Service, UK; Rebecca Moore Howard, Syracuse University; Brian Martin, University of Wollongong; Helen Marsden, University of Canberra; Don McCabe, Rutgers University; Miguel Roig, St. John's College, New York; and Daniel Wueste, Center for Academic Integrity, Clemson University.
 
 The current issue of the journal offers an eclectic mix of international and interdisciplinary insights. Kate Chanock, an Academic Language and Learning (ALL) adviser from La Trobe University in Melbourne, explores survey data which sought to provide an explanation for why many students unwittingly plagiarise. Chanock then shares her own teaching practice as a means of "mediating the gap between students' and lecturers' understandings of the purposes of attribution in scholarly writing".
 
 Sue McGowan from the University of South Australia, and Margaret Lightbody from the University of Adelaide, provide insights from Commerce as they make the case for ongoing plagiarism education for English as an additional language (EAL) students. McGowan and Lightbody outline an assignment "specifically developed to assist EAL students in a second-year financial accounting course delivered in Hong Kong, to develop an understanding of plagiarism issues within the context of their study discipline".
 
 The final two papers come from African nations, and inevitably overshadow some of the integrity issues confronting Western academics. While this is not the first time that African scholars have submitted work for consideration to the journal, this is the first time that authors, reviewers and editors have worked hand-in-hand, over multiple revisions and submissions, and an extended time period, to ensure that the final work meets international academic publishing standards. We trust that readers will agree that the message being told in both papers is important, and that academics in more privileged institutions have a responsibility to collaborate with our colleagues to ensure that these stories reach a wide audience.
 
 Anthony Nwaopara, Anthony Ifebhor and Frank Ohiwerei from Ambrose Alli University Ekpoma in Nigeria, dare to speak out about the shocking breaches of academic integrity occurring everyday in Nigeria. 'Proliferating illiteracy in the universities: A Nigerian perspective' argues that the current crisis in the Nigerian educational system is "contributing to a downward spiral in academic standards, and in particular... to decreasing literacy among Nigerian students". The authors provide a rare inside view of the underfunded Nigerian education system which exists in a broad culture of corruption, and is dominated by examination fraud, violence on campus, sexual harassment and a range of entrenched social problems. One recommendation, among others offered by the authors to ameliorate this situation, is for university authorities, administrators, lecturers, students and parents to maintain a strict code of personal ethics in all educational endeavours.
 
 By fortuitous coincidence, this suggestion is taken up by Blessing Chapfika from Masvingo State University, Zimbabwe, in his paper, 'The role of integrity in higher education'. Chapfika maintains that 'virtue ethics' as opposed to rules-based approaches to ethics, plays a crucial role in higher education. Without referring to specific behaviours or cases, Chapfika makes a strong case for the centrality of the key virtue - integrity - for both teachers and learners.
 
 I do hope you enjoy the current issue of the International Journal for Educational Integrity, and encourage you to consider submitting a paper for review. The December issue of the journal will be a special issue, guest edited by Dr Fiona Duggan, from the Higher Education Academy JISC Academic Integrity Service in the United Kingdom. Dr Duggan is seeking papers focusing on supporting and promoting academic integrity in European Higher Education Institutions. Please send your submissions directly to her at fhduggan@gmail.com. The submission deadline is 8 September 2008.
 Other papers not related to the Special Issue, can be submitted to the journal via the automatic tracking system, or directly to me at tracey.bretag@unisa.edu.au.
 
 Tracey Bretag, IJEI Editor
 April 2008
 
 List of reviewers 2007-2008
 Bambaccus, Mary. University of South Australia
 Barthels, Alex. University of Technology, Sydney
 Cadman, Kate. University of Adelaide
 Di Matteo, Don. University of South Australia
 Dick, Martin. RMIT, Melbourne
 Duggan, Fiona. JISC Advisory Service, U.K.
 East, Julianne. La Trobe University
 Foster, Gigi. University of South Australia
 Harris, Howard. University of South Australia
 Hastie, Brianne. University of South Australia
 Higgins-Desbiolles, Freya. University of South Australia
 Hinton, Leone. Central Queensland University
 Kennelly, Robert. University of Canberra
 Li, Laubi. University of South Australia
 Marsden, Helen. University of Canberra
 Matthews, Brian. Flinders University
 Morrow, Margaret. SUNY Plattsburgh, New York, U.S.A.
 Muller, Robert. Flinders University
 O’Callaghan, Terry. University of South Australia
 Palmer, Carolyn. Flinders University
 Sharman, Jason. Griffith University
 Smith, Erica. Charles Sturt University
 Van Hooft, Stan. Deakin University
 Wache, Dale. University of South Australia
 Winefield, Tony. University of South Australia.