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1

_, _. "Esophageal Cancer." Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network 6, no. 9 (October 2008): 818. http://dx.doi.org/10.6004/jnccn.2008.0062.

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Upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract cancers originating in the esophagus, gastroesophageal (GE) junctions, and stomach constitute a major health problem worldwide; esophageal cancer is the eighth most common cancer worldwide. An estimated 16,470 new cases of and 14,280 deaths from esophageal cancer will occur in the United States in 2008. Risk factors associated with development of esophageal cancer include age, male gender, Caucasian race, high body mass index, Barrett's esophagus, and history of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Important updates for the 2009 guidelines include a new page on “Principles of Best Supportive Care” that gives specific recommendations for esophageal cancer best supportive care throughout the guidelines. To view the NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology on Gastric Cancers, please visit the NCCN Web site at www.nccn.org. For the most recent version of the guidelines, please visit NCCN.org
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2

Daigo, Yataro, Atsushi Takano, and Yusuke Nakamura. "Cancer genomics-based screening of new therapeutic targets and biomarkers for esophageal cancer." Journal of Clinical Oncology 38, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2020): e16514-e16514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2020.38.15_suppl.e16514.

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e16514 Background: Since the number of esophageal cancer patients who show objective response to standard therapies is still small, development of new anti-cancer agents with minimum risk of adverse events and highly precise molecular biomarkers is eagerly awaited. Methods: We have been screening novel therapeutic targets and their companion diagnostics for esophageal cancers as follows; i) To identify up-regulated genes in esophageal cancers by the gene expression profile analysis, ii) To verify the candidate genes for their low expression in normal tissues, iii) To validate the clinicopathological significance of their protein expression by tissue microarray covering 265 esophageal cancers, and iv) To verify their function for the growth of the esophageal cancer cells by siRNAs and gene transfection assays. Results: We identified dozens of candidate oncoproteins and selected a metyltransferase ESOC1 (esophageal cancer-associated oncoprotein 1). Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that ESOC1 positivity was observed in 68.5% of esophageal cancers and associated with tumor size. Moreover ESOC1 expression was an independent prognostic factor for esophageal cancer patients. Suppression of ESOC1 expression by its siRNAs inhibited growth of esophageal cancer cell lines. Introduction of ESOC1 increased the growth activity of mammalian cells, suggesting that ESOC1 is likely to be a prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for esophageal cancers. Conclusions: Cancer genomics-based approach could be useful for the development of new cancer biomarkers as well as therapeutic targets for small molecules, antibodies, nucleic acid drugs, and immunotherapies.
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3

Boku, N. "Esophageal Cancer: Esophageal Cancer Drug Therapy." Annals of Oncology 23 (October 2012): xi67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0923-7534(20)32119-0.

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4

Pih, Gyu Young, and Do Hoon Kim. "Metachronous Cancer Occurring after Endoscopic Resection of Superficial Esophageal Cancer." Korean Journal of Helicobacter and Upper Gastrointestinal Research 20, no. 4 (December 10, 2020): 288–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.7704/kjhugr.2020.0046.

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Esophageal cancer has a relatively high prevalence of local recurrence, which is associated with a poor prognosis. Superficial esophageal cancer has shown a metachronous recurrence rate of 2.6~35.8% with the cumulative overall 3-year and 5-year metachronous cancer incidence being 9.9~15.5% and 20.6~24.5%, respectively. In addition to recurrences in the remnant esophagus, second metachronous primary tumors have been reported to arise in 4.0~37.4% of esophageal cancer survivors. The second primary cancers arising after a diagnosis of esophageal cancer are most commonly detected in the head and neck area, followed by the lungs and stomach. The field cancerization theory explains the high prevalence of head and neck cancer among esophageal cancer patients. The reported risk factors for metachronous esophageal recurrences include scattered-type Lugol staining, circumferential endoscopic resection of the primary lesion, heavy alcohol use, smoking, inactive aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 genes, alcohol dehydrogenase-1B genes, and young age at diagnosis of the primary cancer. The risk factors for metachronous second primary tumors include heavy alcohol use, smoking, and a previous history of radiation therapy. Consequently, periodic follow-up endoscopy using narrow-band imaging is essential for the screening of metachronous esophageal cancers and second primary tumors after endoscopic resection for superficial esophageal cancer.
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5

Tétreault, Marie-Pier. "Esophageal Cancer: Insights from Mouse Models." Cancer Growth and Metastasis 8s1 (January 2015): CGM.S21218. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/cgm.s21218.

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Esophageal cancer is the eighth leading cause of cancer and the sixth most common cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Despite recent advances in the development of surgical techniques in combination with the use of radiotherapy and chemotherapy, the prognosis for esophageal cancer remains poor. The cellular and molecular mechanisms that drive the pathogenesis of esophageal cancer are still poorly understood. Hence, understanding these mechanisms is crucial to improving outcomes for patients with esophageal cancer. Mouse models constitute valuable tools for modeling human cancers and for the preclinical testing of therapeutic strategies in a manner not possible in human subjects. Mice are excellent models for studying human cancers because they are similar to humans at the physiological and molecular levels and because they have a shorter gestation time and life cycle. Moreover, a wide range of well-developed technologies for introducing genetic modifications into mice are currently available. In this review, we describe how different mouse models are used to study esophageal cancer.
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6

Flashner, Samuel, Kelley S. Yan, and Hiroshi Nakagawa. "3D Organoids: An Untapped Platform for Studying Host–Microbiome Interactions in Esophageal Cancers." Microorganisms 9, no. 11 (October 20, 2021): 2182. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9112182.

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The microbiome is an emerging key co-factor in the development of esophageal cancer, the sixth leading cause of cancer death worldwide. However, there is a paucity of data delineating how the microbiome contributes to the pathobiology of the two histological subtypes of esophageal cancer: esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and esophageal adenocarcinoma. This critical knowledge gap is partially due to inadequate modeling of host–microbiome interactions in the etiology of esophageal cancers. Recent advances have enabled progress in this field. Three dimensional (3D) organoids faithfully recapitulate the structure and function of the normal, preneoplastic, and neoplastic epithelia of the esophagus ex vivo and serve as a platform translatable for applications in precision medicine. Elsewhere in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, the co-culture of 3D organoids with the bacterial microbiome has fostered insight into the pathogenic role of the microbiome in other GI cancers. Herein, we will summarize our current understanding of the relationship between the microbiome and esophageal cancer, discuss 3D organoid models of esophageal homeostasis, review analogous models of host–microbiome interactions in other GI cancers, and advocate for the application of these models to esophageal cancers. Together, we present a promising, novel approach with the potential to ameliorate the burden of esophageal cancer-related morbidity and mortality via improved prevention and therapeutic interventions.
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7

Betancourt-Cuellar, Sonia L., Marcelo F. K. Benveniste, Diana P. Palacio, and Wayne L. Hofstetter. "Esophageal Cancer." Radiologic Clinics of North America 59, no. 2 (March 2021): 219–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rcl.2020.11.008.

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8

Harris, Christopher, Beth Croce, and Stine Munkholm-Larsen. "Esophageal cancer." Annals of Cardiothoracic Surgery 6, no. 2 (March 2017): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/acs.2017.03.01.

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9

Levine, Marc S. "ESOPHAGEAL CANCER." Radiologic Clinics of North America 35, no. 2 (March 1997): 265–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0033-8389(22)00707-2.

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10

Saunders, H. Stuart, Neil T. Wolfman, and David J. Ott. "ESOPHAGEAL CANCER." Radiologic Clinics of North America 35, no. 2 (March 1997): 281–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0033-8389(22)00708-4.

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11

Gore, Richard M. "ESOPHAGEAL CANCER." Radiologic Clinics of North America 35, no. 2 (March 1997): 243–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0033-8389(22)00706-0.

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12

Yeung, Jonathan C., and Elena Elimova. "Esophageal Cancer." Thoracic Surgery Clinics 32, no. 4 (November 2022): i. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1547-4127(22)00080-9.

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13

Enzinger, Peter C., and Robert J. Mayer. "Esophageal Cancer." New England Journal of Medicine 349, no. 23 (December 4, 2003): 2241–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejmra035010.

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14

Laino, Charlene. "Esophageal Cancer." Oncology Times 34, no. 21 (November 2012): 31–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.cot.0000422986.41956.f5.

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15

Tuma, Rabiya S. "Esophageal Cancer." Oncology Times 35, no. 4 (February 2013): 24–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.cot.0000427830.75958.2d.

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16

Susman, Ed. "Esophageal Cancer." Oncology Times 36, no. 22 (November 2014): 35–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.cot.0000457365.66451.9e.

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17

Nierengarten, Mary Beth. "Esophageal Cancer." Oncology Times 27, no. 21 (November 2005): 20–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.cot.0000291279.16528.34.

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18

Susman, Ed. "Esophageal Cancer." Oncology Times 26, no. 5 (March 2004): 40–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.cot.0000291498.47601.7a.

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19

Pfeiffer, Naomi. "Esophageal Cancer." Oncology Times 26, no. 19 (October 2004): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.cot.0000292365.10675.d4.

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20

Tuma, Rabiya S. "Esophageal Cancer." Oncology Times 28, no. 5 (March 2006): 18–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.cot.0000294744.01128.d0.

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21

Fromer, Margot J. "Esophageal Cancer." Oncology Times 28, no. 5 (March 2006): 19–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.cot.0000294745.08751.5d.

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22

Flood, William A., and Arlene A. Forastiere. "Esophageal cancer." Current Opinion in Oncology 7, no. 4 (July 1995): 381–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001622-199507000-00016.

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23

Tytgat, G. N. J. "Esophageal cancer." Current Opinion in Gastroenterology 10, no. 4 (July 1994): 455–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001574-199407000-00014.

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24

Lerut, T., and G. Decker. "Esophageal cancer." Current Opinion in Gastroenterology 15, no. 4 (July 1999): 364. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001574-199907000-00016.

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25

Law, Simon, and John Wong. "Esophageal cancer." Current Opinion in Gastroenterology 16, no. 4 (July 2000): 386–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001574-200007000-00016.

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26

Law, Simon, and John Wong. "Esophageal cancer." Current Opinion in Gastroenterology 17, no. 4 (July 2001): 393–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001574-200107000-00016.

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27

Vakil, Nimish, and Aboud Affi. "Esophageal cancer." Current Opinion in Gastroenterology 18, no. 4 (July 2002): 486–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001574-200207000-00014.

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28

Gregoire, Ann Smith, and Eleanor R. Fitzpatrick. "Esophageal Cancer." Dimensions of Critical Care Nursing 17, no. 1 (January 1998): 28–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003465-199801000-00004.

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29

Rice, Thomas W., Hemant Ishwaran, Wayne L. Hofstetter, Paul H. Schipper, Kenneth A. Kesler, Simon Law, Toni Lerut, et al. "Esophageal Cancer." Annals of Surgery 265, no. 1 (January 2017): 122–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/sla.0000000000001594.

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30

Lowenfels, Albert B., and Patrick Maisonneuve. "Esophageal Cancer." Annals of Surgery 267, no. 2 (February 2018): e26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/sla.0000000000001955.

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31

Boyce, H. Worth. "Esophageal Cancer." Cancer Control 5, no. 3_suppl (May 1998): 37–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107327489800503s14.

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32

Victorian, Brande. "Esophageal Cancer." Oncology Times 30, no. 10 (May 2008): 40–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.cot.0000320580.89022.0e.

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33

LAINO, CHARLENE. "Esophageal Cancer." Oncology Times 30, no. 17 (September 2008): 18–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.cot.0000337618.36130.e7.

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34

Lightdale, Charles J. "Esophageal cancer." American Journal of Gastroenterology 94, no. 1 (January 1999): 20–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1572-0241.1999.00767.x.

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35

Blackstock, A. William. "Esophageal Cancer." Seminars in Radiation Oncology 17, no. 1 (January 2007): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.semradonc.2006.11.001.

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36

Akiyama, Hiroshi, Masahiko Tsurumaru, Harushi Udagawa, and Yoshiaki Kajiyama. "Esophageal cancer." Current Problems in Surgery 34, no. 10 (October 1997): 765–834. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0011-3840(97)80015-9.

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37

Hinrichs, Christian S., and Charles W. van Way. "Esophageal Cancer." Current Surgery 59, no. 1 (January 2002): 12–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0149-7944(01)00559-1.

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38

Coia, Lawrence R. "Esophageal cancer." International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics 27 (1993): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0360-3016(93)90581-f.

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39

Sabbagh, Luis Carlos. "Esophageal cancer." Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 69, no. 2 (February 2009): S93—S96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gie.2008.12.009.

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40

Coia, Lawrence R., and Edward R. Sauter. "Esophageal cancer." Current Problems in Cancer 18, no. 4 (July 1994): 194–247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0147-0272(94)90007-8.

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41

Elton, Eric. "Esophageal Cancer." Disease-a-Month 51, no. 12 (December 2005): 664–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.disamonth.2005.11.001.

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42

Siersema, Peter D. "Esophageal Cancer." Gastroenterology Clinics of North America 37, no. 4 (December 2008): 943–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gtc.2008.09.012.

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43

Alsop, Benjamin R., and Prateek Sharma. "Esophageal Cancer." Gastroenterology Clinics of North America 45, no. 3 (September 2016): 399–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gtc.2016.04.001.

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44

Swanson, Scott J. "Esophageal Cancer." Chest 112, no. 4 (October 1997): 182S—183S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.112.4_supplement.182s.

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45

Glenn, Tammy F. "Esophageal Cancer." Gastroenterology Nursing 24, no. 6 (November 2001): 271–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001610-200111000-00002.

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46

Ginsberg, Robert J. "Esophageal Cancer." Chest 106, no. 6 (December 1994): 397S—398S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.106.6_supplement.397s.

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47

Brunner, Thomas B., Andreas Rupp, Winfrid Melzner, Gerhard G. Grabenbauer, and Rolf Sauer. "Esophageal Cancer." Strahlentherapie und Onkologie 184, no. 1 (January 2008): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00066-008-1787-5.

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48

Torpy, Janet M., Alison E. Burke, and Richard M. Glass. "Esophageal Cancer." JAMA 304, no. 6 (August 11, 2010): 704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.304.6.704.

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49

Dollar, Krista, Albina Tyker, Matthew Simpson, Eric Adjei Boakye, John J. Dombrowski, Mark A. Varvares, and Nosayaba Osazuwa-Peters. "Incidence of esophageal and head and neck cancers among breast cancer survivors in the United States." Journal of Clinical Oncology 35, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2017): e12054-e12054. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2017.35.15_suppl.e12054.

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e12054 Background: Late sequelae of breast cancer therapies potentially impact morbidity and mortality with increasing numbers of survivors. Radiation exposure has been linked to increased incidence of second primary cancers (SPC). However, to date, there is limited literature describing incidence of head and neck (HN) and esophageal cancers in patients with an index breast cancer (BC). This study aimed to describe the incidence of esophageal and HN cancers following breast cancer diagnosis. Methods: Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) were calculated using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) 9 database for BC patients diagnosed from 1973-2013. SIRs compared incidence of HN and esophageal cancer after an initial BC diagnosis to the general population. HN included oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx. BC patients were grouped into those who received radiotherapy for their breast cancer (n = 216,045) and those who did not (n = 289,596). SIRs were calculated in 5-year intervals. SEER does not contain information on chemotherapy. Results: Less than 1% of BC patients developed HN (0.3%) or esophageal cancers (0.1%), irrespective of radiation treatment. However, among patients with an index BC who received radiation therapy, there was significant but small increased incidence of HN and esophageal cancers five to nine years following treatment (HN SIR: 1.22; 95% CI, 1.04-1.43 and esophagus SIR: 1.44; 95% CI, 1.09-1.87). Esophageal cancer incidence continued to increase through 15 years of follow-up, however incidence of HN was not significant beyond ten years after the index BC diagnosis and radiation treatment. Conclusions: Compared to the general population, breast cancer patients have elevated incidence of HN and esophageal cancers detected five to nine years after receiving radiation treatment, but only the incidence of second primary esophageal cancer remains elevated at 15 years. These findings warrant further investigations of breast cancer radiation and future malignancies.
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50

Liu, Yang, and Michael K. Gibson. "Esophageal Cancer—An Update Review." Oncology & Hematology Review (US) 09, no. 01 (2013): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.17925/ohr.2013.09.1.6.

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With the decrease of cancer incidences in a few major cancers, such as breast cancer and lung cancer, the incidence of esophageal cancer has still been climbing up steadily for the past decades, especially adenocarcinoma. Our views on esophageal cancer have been evolving as well. Modifications of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging has been implemented in its recent edition in 2010. Diagnostic and follow-up standards are changing with more and more physicians and hospitals considering endoscopic ultrasound-guided biopsy as a minimal requirement for definitive diagnosis and accurate staging. In some large centers and by some physicians, laproscopic/ thorascopic biopsy are attempted to diagnose esophageal cancer with more accurate definitive staging. The widespread use of imaging studies, such as computed tomography and/or positon emission tomography, has improved the diagnosis in guiding the therapeutic options. In early stage esophageal cancer management, the acceptable modalities are still radiofrequency ablation, endoscopic mucosal resection, and photodynamic therapy. The advantages and disadvantages are discussed in this article. Surgical resection of early esophageal cancer of T2 or greater staging or N1 is still considered standard with potential to ‘cure’ while minimal invasive laproscopic surgery showed acceptable improved effects and quality of life but are still limited to some tertiary centers. Multi-modality therapies of esophageal cancer in locally advanced stage, both resectable and unresectable, are discussed in this review. For operable diseases, neoadjuvant therapy, peri-surgery therapy, adjuvant therapy, chemotherapy, and/or radiation therapy are discussed. Unresectable esophageal cancer of both adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma as well as cancer with Her2/neu expression are also considered. The attached table listed the major landmark phase III clinical trials involving esophageal carcinoma. Metastatic cancer management, including the importance of quality of life management among the survivors is also examined.
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