Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Espèces réactives de l'oxygène'
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Brerro-Saby, Christelle. "Espèces réactives de l'oxygène et contrôle sensorimoteur musculaire." Aix-Marseille 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX20691.
Full textMouret, Jean-François. "Oxydations de l'ADN par des espèces réactives de l'oxygène." Grenoble 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990GRE10130.
Full textBoufraqech, Myriem. "Implication des espèces réactives de l'oxygène (ROS) dans la radiocarcinogenèse thyroïdienne." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00747797.
Full textSt-Louis, Ronald. "Implication des espèces réactives de l'oxygène dans le contrôle central de l'osmorégulation." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00636859.
Full textDoyen, Denis. "Régulation de l'échangeur Na[+]/[H+] 1 par les espèces réactives de l'oxygène." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023COAZ6007.
Full textThe NHE1 Na[+]/H[+] exchanger plays a key role in regulating pH and intracellular volume. Its role is paradoxical during ischemia-reperfusion where its activation causes an overload in sodium and indirectly in calcium which can cause disorders during reperfusion, particularly in excitable tissues such as the heart. This exchanger is regulated by intracellular pH, cell volume and by a multitude of signaling pathways. Several studies and preliminary results have indicated a possible regulation by reactive oxygen species that are produced during ischemia-reperfusion. The objective of this study is to analyze by which mechanisms these reactive oxygen species and in particular the superoxide anion O2.- regulate the activity of NHE1 and to understand which regions and which amino acids of NHE1 are important for this regulation.The activity of NHE1 wild type was measured in the presence of O2.- donors (Menadione) or in inhibition of O2.- production (Diphenyliodonium (DPI) NaDPH oxidase inhibitor). NHE1 activity was quantified by lithium flux as a function of intracellular pH. Menadione thus caused an activation of NHE1 while DPI decreased the activity of NHE1, demonstrating that NHE1 is therefore regulated by O2.-. This activation by Menadione and inhibition by DPI are lost in the Cysless mutant of NHE1 deprived of all its cysteines. Cysteines therefore play a key role in the regulation of NHE1 by O2.-. We then tested the inhibition by DPI on mutants of NHE1 on each of its cysteines, which made it possible to identify more precisely 3 key cysteines in this mechanism.In order to deepen the structural groups of cysteines potentially involved in this regulation, an analysis of possible covalent modifications was carried out including the search for nitrosylation by biotin switch, the search for disulfide bridges by exposure to iodoacetamide, and glutathionylation. This showed the presence of nitrosylation of the cysteines, but no disulphide bridges.At the same time, we observed a very different adhesion and migration profile of cells depending on the type of NHE1 cysteine mutant expressed. We therefore analyzed the expression of adhesion proteins and the binding of NHE1 to the cytoskeleton. By coimmunoprecipitation of NHE1 with the ERM complex (Ezrin/Radixin/Moesin) we showed that the cysteines of this transporter are crucial for its binding to the ERM complex and therefore to cortical actin.This thesis has therefore made it possible to show that the activity of NHE1 is regulated by the superoxide anion O2.- and that this regulation involves certain cysteines of NHE1 that we have identified. We also showed that some of the cysteines of NHE1 are crucial for the interaction with the actin cytoskeleton and play a key role in cell adhesion and migration. All of this work identifies a key connection between the production of reactive oxygen species, the regulation of intracellular pH and motility and adhesion
Sjöberg, Béatrice. "Oxydation des protéines par les espèces réactives de l'oxygène : l'importance de l'environnement protéique." Phd thesis, Université de Franche-Comté, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01024104.
Full textHoarau, Emmanuelle. "Etude du rôle des espèces réactives de l'oxygène dans le développement du pancréas." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA05T007.
Full textThe pancreas is an heterogenous gland composed by exocrine tissue, responsible for digestive enzyme secretions, and endocrine tissue, essential for glucose homeostasis. In particular β cells secrete insulin which controls glycemia. Moreover, β cell failure is one of the primary causes of diabetes and this pathology is nowadays considered as the first non infectious worldwide outbreak. There is unfortunately no cure for this disease. Many laboratories are currently improving β cell generation protocols in order to inject those cells into patients. This is the reason why it appears mandatory to be able to identify factors that govern each step of β cell development. The aim of my work was to study the role of the Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) during pancreatic development. First we found out that the expression of genes coding for antioxidant enzymes was extremely low in embryonic pancreas compared to adult pancreas. This suggested that progenitors could be sensitive to ROS variations. We then showed in vivo using an antioxidant component (NAC) that decreasing ROS level diminishes β cell development. Analysis in vitro allowed us to better describe the role of ROS. Indeed, hydrogen peroxyde favors β cell differentiation by increasing the pro-endocrine marker NGN3 expression in the progenitors. In this process, ROS activate the ERK1/2 signaling pathway. On the contrary, lowering ROS level using both pharmacologic and genetic approaches, decreases β cell differentiation. Our results also point out a role of the mitochondria in this process. Altogether, our data define the effects of ROS on β cell differentiation and open new perspectives to improve protocols of β cell generation
Tulard, Anne. "Implication des espèces réactives de l'oxygène dans la réponse cellulaire à une irradiation." Paris 11, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA11TO26.
Full textBoufraqech, Myriem. "Implication des espèces réactives de l’oxygène (ROS) dans la radiocarcinogenèse thyroïdienne." Thesis, Paris 11, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA11T069/document.
Full textRadiotherapy is used alone or in combination with chemotherapy to treat over 50% of cancers. Despite much progress in order to improve the benefit / risk ratio, the radiation causes many side effects. One of the known origins of thyroid cancer is exposure during childhood to ionizing radiation, either accidentally or as a result of external radiation therapy for another disease. The mechanisms by which ionizing radiation causes the appearance of thyroid cancer are numerous and not yet fully known. Ionizing radiations are genotoxic agents that induce DNA damage such as breaks and chromosomal aberrations. Although the mechanisms underlying these effects are not completely understood, it is generally accepted that ionizing radiations induce DNA damage either directly or indirectly by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS). During my PhD, we studied the role of ROS produced during irradiation in the generation of DNA damage in thyroid cells. Our results show that ROS produced after irradiation participate in the formation of RET/PTC1 rearrangements found in 70% of radiation-induced papillary cancers. ROS generated by radiolysis of water have a very short lifetime that limits their diffusion. However, by redox mechanisms, they cause changes at the cellular level, which in turn lead to the activation of ROS generating systems, which include the NADPH oxidases. Our results show that irradiation induces the expression of NADPH oxidase DUOX1 via the secretion of IL-13, several days after exposure to ionizing radiation. Inactivation of DUOX1 by interfering RNAs significantly reduces the DNA damage observed several days after irradiation. These results suggest a role DUOX1 in chronic oxidative stress that contributes to genetic instability
Ramon, Olivier. "Activité du facteur de transcription Sp1 et équilibre glucidique : implication des espèces réactives de l'oxygène." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000GRE18010.
Full textTabellion, Aurore. "Effets vasculaires des espèces réactives de l'oxygène et de l'azote dans différents modèles physiopathologiques murins." Nancy 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006NAN10232.
Full textTabellion, Aurore. "Effets vasculaires des espèces réactives de l'oxygène et de l'azote dans différents modèles physiopathologiques murins." Nancy, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006NAN12509.
Full textHanot, Maïté. "Irradiation par microfaisceau de particules alpha : Implication des espèces réactives de l'oxygène dans l'effet de voisinage." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00429902.
Full textHoude, Martin. "Rôles des espèces réactives de l'oxygène et de l'apolipoprotéine E dans la réactivité plaquettaire chez la souris." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2010. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/4027.
Full textCouasnon, Thais. "Rôle des espèces réactives de l'oxygène et substances exopolymeriques des bactéries dans le processus de biominéralisation du manganèse." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019USPCC038.
Full textThe aim of this PhD work was to determine what are the local physico-chemical factors that trigger the precipitation of manganese in biofilms using three mutants of Escherichia coli MG1655 and two of E. coli 1094 that produce different types of EPS. This work has shown that E. coli MG1655 is able to oxidize MnII by a yet unknown mechanism. We propose that this process is driven by superoxide anions produced by the bacteria and released in the biofilm porosity. We have shown that the strains of E. coli studied here produced superoxide anions and that globally biofilms were scavenging these reactive oxygen species. More specifically, we propose that in the biofilm porosity, superoxyde is produced by bacteria in their log phase, and scavenged in their late stationary phase. In a biofilm form, superoxides are also locally sequestrated in the porosity providing microen- vironments with distinct superoxide concentrations. The oxidative activity is enhanced under light exposure, confirming the role of ROS in the mechanism. Spatial distribution of the formed oxidized Mn-rich nanoparticles is dependent on the exopolymer secreted and therefore suggests that the location of mineralization is governed by the nature of EPS. Such results are further confirmed using in situ experiments by transmission electron mi- croscopy in a liquid cell highlighting the role of the density of charged functionalized sites on mineral localization, morphology and formation kinetics. These latter results bring new perspectives towards the identification of transient species that can direct mineralization on organic polymers and cell surface
Floc'h, Nicolas. "Les propriétés oncogéniques des facteurs Twist sont régulées grâce à ses propriétés antioxydantes." Montpellier 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON20219.
Full textTumorigenesis results from a series of genetic and epigenetic alterations that promote the malignant transformation of the cell by disrupting key processes involved in normal growth control and tissue homeostasis. These alterations, often identified as DNA lesions can provoke the activation of proto-oncogenes and the inactivation of tumor suppressor genes. This leads to the inhibition of cellular safeguard programs such as apoptosis or senescence which is a general prerequisite for malignant conversion. The goal of my PhD thesis was to understand how the embryonic genes of the Twist family regulate such process. This family comprises two members, Twist-1 and Twist-2. Similarly to other genes controlling embryonic development, TWIST-1 and -2 are also involved in tumorigenesis and have been reported to display multiple pro-oncogenic activities such as invasion, inhibition of apoptosis and senescence. How Twist-1 &-2 control these different activities is not fully understood. Through a functionnal study of both members, I made a serie of unexpected observations that led me to identify a new function of Twist. I found indeed that Twist displays an antioxidant activity. I've demonstrated that these factors are able to inhibit the accumulation of reactive oxygen species. Moreover, I've shown that this activity is involved in inhibition of both apoptosis and senescence and that Twist protects cells from oncogene and oxydative stress induced DNA damage through this new function. This discovery should better help understanding the function of Twist and more generally how oncogenes regulate tumor progression
Amérand, Aline. "Approche in vitro des intéractions métabolisme énergétique-espèces réactives dérivées de l'oxygène dans le muscle de poissons : influence d'un facteur environnemental, la pression hydrostatique." Brest, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BRES3204.
Full textThe respiratory chain functioning makes mitochondrion the main production site for reactive oxygen species (ROS). If a positive relationship between ROS production and metabolic rate is known in endotherms, it is less studied in ecotherms especially in fish. A comparative study between rat, trout and eel demonstrates the existence of a positive ROS production/metabolic rate relationship in fish muscle, but different from what is observed in endotherms. Dynamic and comparative exploration of ROS metabolism shows that, among the studied antioxidant mechanisms, proton leak is little used by the eel probably because it requires many energy. This strategy must be considered in the global view of energy budget, preventing the eel from a waste of energy which can be used for vital activities like swimming and/or reproduction which occur during the migration. This latter takes place at depth, so hydrostatic pressure (HP) effects on ROS production and metabolic rate have been studied. In HP acclimatized yellow eel (non-migrating eel); pressure effects are similar to those observed during metamorphosis in silver migrating-eel at atmospheric pressure i. E. Optimization of energy metabolism by the way of a ROS production decrease. At the silver stage, HP has no or few effects on ROS metabolism but the relationship between ROS production and the metabolic rate is reversed according to the animal sex
Sharif, Tanveer. "Étude des effets anticancéreux de polyphénols d'origine naturelle : rôle essentiel des espèces réactives de l'oxygène et des gènes suppresseurs de tumeurs." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012STRAJ103.
Full textThis research work shows that different sources of polyphenols (RWPs, AMJ and blackcurrant) have strong chemotherapeutic and chemopreventive effects on several cancer cells lines (acute lymphoblastic leukemia and cancer stem cells) and also in vivo in a model of tumorigenesis in mouse. These polyphenols inhibit the proliferation of various cancer cells by inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. The anti-cancer effect is dependent on the induction of oxidative stress involving superoxide anions and hydrogen peroxide which, in turn, activate the signaling pathways leading to the re-expression of tumor suppressor genes such as p73 and p53 and executor of apoptosis such as caspase 3. This study also shows that polyphenols control the proliferation of cancer cells at epigenetic level by decreasing the expression of UHRF1 (an epigenetic integrator of proliferation). Moreover, the anticancer effect of these polyphenols is selective towards cancer cells and not in normal cells. Fractionation of these rich sources of polyphenols and studies on the commercially available pure products shows that anti-cancer effects of these polyphenols involve several different compounds. This study leads to the identification of cyaniding-3-O-glucoside and cyaniding-3-O-rutinoside as active anticancer compounds
Ragu, Sandrine. "Instabilité génomique et mort cellulaire induites par stress oxydatif et implication de la régulation redox chez la levure Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Paris 11, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA112283.
Full textMaintaining genome stability is crucial for cell growth and cell survival. One type of genomic instability observed frequently in many cancers is gross chromosomal rearrangements (GCRs). The absence of Tsa1, a key peroxiredoxin, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae caused the accumulation of a broad spectrum of mutations including GCRs, and synthetic lethality when combined with mutations in recombination repair pathway. Tsa1-associated GCRs were independent of the activity of the translesion DNA polymerases, but anaerobic growth conditions greatly reduced GCR rates of wild-type and tsa1 mutants, and restored the cellular viability of tsa1 rad51, tsa1 mre11 and tsa1 rad6 double mutants. Therefore oxygen metabolism and reactive oxygen species are important sources of DNA damages. However, the effect of oxygen tension on the GCR formation of different mutants depended on the genetic defect underlying the increased GCR rate. We identified that the mutation of gene TRR1 is the suppressor of tsa1 rad51. One hypothesis is that the absence of Trr1 induces nuclear accumulation of the oxidized and active form of Yap1 (transcription factor regulating the majority of the anti-oxidants in response to H2O2), resulting in increased intracellular antioxidant activities, which compensate for the absence of Tsa1. Consequently, triple mutant tsa1 rad51 trr1 becomes viable in aerobe. We further performed genetic and molecular biology experiments to verify this hypothesis. Our results show the importance of a fine redox regulation and the different facets of ROS
Kouoh, Elombo Ferdinand. "Modèles physiopathologiques de stress oxydatif et d'évaluation des propriétés anti-oxydantes ou anti-élastases de médicaments." Lille 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003LIL2P006.
Full textChedid, Pia. "L'adiponectine, médiateur émergent de l'inflammation : régulation de la NADPH oxydase phagocytaire." Paris 7, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA077021.
Full textThe anti-microbial fonction of phagocytes is based on the production of reactive oxygene species (ROS) by the enzymatic complex NADPH oxidase. Adiponectin Acrp30 is an adipokine found in synovial fluids of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. Adiponectin contains structural homologies with thé Clq complement protein and tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a). Hyperactivation of phagocytic NADPH oxidase is associated with inflammatory joint diseases. Our aim was to identify the effect of Acrp30 and gAcrp30 on phagocytic NADPH oxidase activity. Our results show that gAcrp30 (the minest form in the plasma), represents 25% of total adiponectin in synovial fluid. GAcrp30 potentiates (priming agent) NADPH oxidase activation induced by the bacterial N-formyl peptide flVILF via a mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) p38 MAPK and ERKl/2-dependant pathway. These kinases converge to phosphorylate the regulatory sub-unit p47phox on residue Ser345. On the other hand, full length adiponectin oligomers inhibit fMLF-induced ROS production and gAcrp30 or TNF-a-induced priming of NADPH oxidase. Acrp30 has no effect on p38 MAPK and ERK1/2 phosphorylation but induces phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a negative regulator of NADPH oxidase. Our data establish adiponectin as a novel NADPH oxidase regulator and suggests that an imbalance between pro- and anti-inflammatory adiponectin isoforms participates in the pathophysiology of RA
Larue, Ludivine. "Développement de nouvelles plateformes pour l’amélioration du traitement du glioblastome par thérapie photodynamique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LORR0045.
Full textThe treatment of malignant brain tumors, of which glioblastoma multiform is the most aggressive form, is a major challenge in oncology. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) appears to be a promising technique in this context. PDT destroys cancer cells by the action of three elements: a photosensitizer (PS), light and oxygen. After photoexcitation under visible light, PS generates, in the presence of oxygen, the formation of reactive oxygen species including singlet oxygen (1O2), toxic, which will destroy surrounding tissues. Unfortunately, PDT suffers from two major drawbacks which are the lack of selectivity of many PSs currently used clinically as well as the need for oxygen to be effective. To overcome the lack of selectivity, targeting tumor neovessels is a promising approach. The affinity of KDKPPR peptide for the overexpressed NRP–1 receptor on endothelial cells has already been demonstrated by our team. Regarding the lack of oxygen, we were interested in alkoxyamines able of generating toxic alkyl radicals by light activation, even in hypoxic environment. These photoactivatable alkoxyamines are described in the literature but never used in tumor treatment. In this thesis, we developed a trimodal platform combining a PS and a photoactivatable alkoxyamine for PDT in normoxic and hypoxic medium, respectively, and a peptide to target NRP–1. The synthesis of this platform was successfully performed. The platform study confirmed the conservation of the ability to form 1O2 and the NRP–1 affinity. The detection of the photogenerated radicals from alkoxyamine is detected by EPR spectroscopy. Although promising, this platform is not applicable in PDT due to the use of an unsuitable UV wavelength for photoactivation of alkoxyamine. The second part of this thesis was devoted to the platform optimization. We focused on three avenues: 1) Design of a new alkoxyamine absorbing at higher wavelengths, 2) Improvement of the platform solubility by grafting a cyclodextrin and 3) Development of a new NRP–1–targeted peptide which can be internalized in cells
Moulet, Hélène. "Mort cellulaire initiée par l'oxygène singulet : mise en évidence d'effets à longue portée." Thesis, Lille 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIL1R004/document.
Full textSinglet oxygen (1O2) is the first excited state of molecular oxygen. It is the major cytotoxic agent in photo-dynamic therapy. We use direct optical excitation of oxygen to quantitatively estimate 1O2 production rate in cells and to study its cytotoxic effects.In multicellular tumor spheroids, which mimic tumor geometry in vitro, we highlight long-range cell death that cannot be explained by singlet oxygen alone. This death is caused by 1O2 generated within spheroids but outside of the cells. We set up an experiment enabling spatial control of extra-cellular 1O2 production. The measured long-range cell death in these experiments implies the presence of secondary reactive oxygen species. Lastly, some cell death modalities are preferred from a treatment perspective, in order, for example, to limit inflammatory response. We set up an in vitro experiment that enabled us to observe different cell death modalities according to 1O2 production rates and exposure times
Ponderand, Léa. "Caractérisation de la réponse immunitaire innée cytosolique antibactérienne en réponse à l'infection par Francisella tularensis; comparaison avec Francisella novicida." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Grenoble Alpes, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024GRALV009.
Full textDeciphering the antibacterial cytosolic innate immunity: from a model strain to clinical and virulent Francisella tularensis strainsFrancisella tularensis is a facultative intracellular bacterium, responsible for Tularemia, which preferentially invades and replicates within phagocytic immune cells such as macrophages. After phagocytosis, Francisella escapes the phagolysosome and replicates in the cell’s cytosol, causing cell death by pyroptosis and bacterial dissemination.The interest of IFNγ stimulation of macrophages leading Francisella replication restriction have been described since 1992, nevertheless the specific mechanisms are not fully understood. Different effectors have been identified to explain the IFNγ restriction effect: reactive oxygen or nitrogen species production, phagosomal escape prevention or the involvement of GBPs (Guanylate Binding Protein). However, these studies were mainly performed with non-virulent Francisella strains such as Francisella novicida, whereas virulent strains of F. tularensis escape IFNy-mediated restriction.Preliminary results performed on Francisella tularensis ssp holarctica strains from the National reference Centre collection have shown that restriction of intracellular Francisella replication is not only dependant on stimulation by IFNy, but also on the cells culture medium.The objective of this work was to explore the restriction mechanisms of both IFNγ and culture media dependent. More precisely, the aim was to determine the IFNy and medium-dependant macrophagic effectors involved in the intracellular replication restriction of F. tularensis subsp holarctica and the bacterial virulence factors allowing Francisella to resist to the IFNγ effect.In a first part, a phenotypic approach was realized, based on analysis of the mechanism and/or effectors described in the literature. Intracellular Francisella replication and macrophage cell death were measured in an infection model of “wild type” BMDMs (Bone Marrow Derived Macrophages) or GBP-deleted BMDMs under different experimental conditions. These elements highlighted the implication of reactive nitrogen and oxygen species in the IFNγ dependent response, and the partial role of GBPs. The observation of the bacterial colocalization with phagosomal protein using immunofluorescence assays allowed us to explore Francisella phagosomal escape mechanisms. However, the impact of the IFNγ stimulation on the bacterial escape could not be assessed in this work.In a second part, a genotypic approach was developed, based on the transcriptome analysis of murine macrophage after infection with Francisella. These results confirmed the existence of a specific gene expression pattern dependant of the culture medium used, and independent of IFNγ stimulation. Overexpression of genes encoding proteins involved in the reactive nitrogen and oxygen species generation was observed.This work has validated the fact that the restriction of intracellular Francisella replication mechanisms are variable depending on the bacterial species, and demonstrates the role of immunometabolic conditions in the control of infection. Thus, IFNγ mediated macrophages innate immunity against virulent F. tularensis ssp holarctica strains appears to involve the nitrogen and oxygen radical species, before the GBPs or blocking phagosomal escape
Farhat, Firas. "Fonction mitochondriale et espèces réactives dérivées de l'oxygène : effets du genre et de l'entraînement en endurance chez le rat Wistar et l'anguille européenne." Thesis, Brest, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BRES0018/document.
Full textMitochondrion is the main site of aerobic energy (ATP) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) productions. Mitochondrial function is closely linked to ROS, which, according their rate, can alter or optimize energy efficiency. Structural and functional plasticity of mitochondria is essential to maintain homeostasis in any situation that requires metabolic adjustments as physical exercise. The adaptive mechanisms of mitochondrial function and ROS during training and the impact of gender on these responses are still far from being solved. In this perspective, two animal models (Wistar rat and European eel) were chosen.The effects of endurance training of the same intensity (70% of maximal aerobic speed running or swimming) were studied in Wistar rat and silver European eel. The latter is an enduring species capable of performing a spawning migration of 6000 km and characterized by sexual dimorphism in size. In vitro measurements of oxygen consumption, free radical and ATP productions were carried out simultaneously from heart and skeletal muscle permeabilized fibers. The vulnerability or resistance of the mitochondrial function to a ROS generating system exposure (mimicking oxidative stress) was also studied.Before training, in rat, female has a mitochondrial function energetically more efficient and more resistant to ROS, whereas in eel, this metabolic and radical profile is observed rather in male. After training, whatever the species, the improved physical performance observed is associated with various metabolic and radical changes which depending on gender and species. In rats, the improving of mitochondrial function translates differently according to gender. In male, training induces improvement in energy efficiency through a better coupling between oxidation and phosphorylation and/or better use of electrons at the respiratory chain level. In female, increasing in ATP production may be related to the increase in mitochondrial oxygen consumption. As in rats, training induces globally in eel an improvement in energy efficiency and resistance of mitochondrial function to ROS, but only in male. All these results show metabolic and radical responses depending on gender. Whatever the species, training seems to be most beneficial in males than in females in terms of mitochondrial energy efficiency and resistance of mitochondrial function to oxidative stress. In the context of eel migration, these adaptations allow to male, largely smaller than female, a higher swim efficiency, allowing their synchronization on breeding site. Interspecific similarities in training response by gender confirm the interest of fish model’s using in the field of exercise physiology
Guillerey, Camille. "Etude de l'initiation des réponses immunitaires innées et adaptatives par les cellules dendritiques plasmacytoïdes." Paris 7, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA077250.
Full textPlasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are well known for their ability to secrete huge amounts of type I interferons. We generated a new mouse model lacking pDCs : the IK L/L Rag -/- mice. This model is based on an hypomorphic mutation of the Ikaros gene on a Rag 2 deficient background, leading to the absence of pDCs, B and T cells. Using the IK L/L Rag -/- mice, we established that pDCs are essential for NK cell responses to a TLR-9 stimulation by CpG. We also demonstrated that pDCs are crucial for the systemic production of chemokines required for innate cell recruitment following TLR-9 triggering. Moreover, by injecting pDC-depleted splenocytes to IK L/L Rag -/- mice, we were able to reconstitute both B and T cell compartments. Thus, these mice can be used to study adaptive immune responses in the absence of pDCs. Finally, we studied the activation- induced mechanisms that allow antigen cross-presentation by pDCs. Finally, we studied the activation-induced mechanisms that allow antigen cross-presentation by pDCs. We showed that a TLR-7 stimulation allows the protection of internalized antigens by regulating pDC phagosomal pH. In addition, we found that reactive oxygen species participate to the up-regulation of co--stimulatory molecule and to T cell activation by pDCs. Altogether, these results contribute to a better understanding of how pDCs initiate innate and adaptive immune responses
Poncelet, Louise. "Développement et caractérisation d'un nouveau modèle cellulaire permettant l'étude de la maturation de la NADPH oxydase Duox en association avec son activateur DuoxA." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2019. https://dipot.ulb.ac.be/dspace/bitstream/2013/288456/3/Manuscrit.pdf.
Full textDoctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques (Médecine)
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Roumieux, Marie. "Homéostasie des espèces oxygénées réactives et physiopathologie de l'hypertrophie/insuffisance cardiaque : focus sur l'isoforme Nox4 de la NADPH oxydase : comparaison d'un inhibiteur synthétique sélectif GKT137831 avec PROVINOLS tm concentré polyphénolique de vin rouge." Paris 7, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA077105.
Full textLeft Ventricular Hypertrophy (LVH) and most importantly heart failure are major causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) such as anion superoxide (O2-) and H2O2 play an important role in regulating growth and death of cardiac myocytes and the hypertrophic process is mediated, in part, by oxidative stress-modulated signaling pathways. NADPH Oxidases (Nox) isoforms are a major source of ROS and play an important role in cardiovascular pathophysiology. Here, we demonstrate that NADPH Oxidase activity is augmented by hypertrophic stimuli, in vitro and in vivo. The latter is characterized by an increased Nox-dependent ROS production that may potentiate the development of LVH and its progression towards heart failure. Indeed, we suppose that a daily oral administration of Provinols tm, a mix of red wine polyphenols compounds, by limitating ROS production from NADPH Oxidase system, maintains an adaptative LVH and prevents cardiac dysfunction, in a model of pressure- overload induced by Thoracic Aortic Constriction (TAC) in rats. NADPH Oxidase 4 (Nox4) protein is overexpressed and produce more ROS in neonatal cardiomyocytes stimulated by PE, in vitro. Thus, its overactivation significantly enhanced PE-induced hypertrophy in cardiomyocytes, as evaluated by protein neosynthesis and cell area analysis. We have validated the effect of a new pharmacological selective inhibitor of Nox4 activity, GKT137831, on cultured cardiomyocytes. We have also investigated the impact of a daily oral administration of GKT137831 on cardiac remodeling and dysfunction occurred following TAC, in rats and further in mice. However, further investigation is still needed to understand whether Nox4 is beneficial or detrimental for myocardial adaptation to a chronic mechanical stress
Bos, Julia. "Etude des Méthionines sulfoxydes réductases chez Escherichia coli : rôle dans l'assimilation de la Méthionine sulfoxyde et régulation de l'expression du gène msrB." Aix-Marseille 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AIX22064.
Full textFournier, Carole. "Le strontium comme inhibiteur de l'adipogenèse et modulateur du statut redox des cellules souches mésenchymateuses." Thesis, Saint-Etienne, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011STET004T.
Full textAge-related osteoporosis is associated with both an increased marrow adiposity while bone mass decreased and an increased oxidative stress. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) differentiate into osteoblasts or adipocytes and their capacity of self-renewal and differentiation is influenced by cell redox status. Strontium (Sr) have an anti-fracture effect in vivo however, it doesn’t clearly modulate markers of mature bone cell activities. Starting from this observation, we hypothesized that MSCs could be a cellular target of Sr, and particularly the inhibition of their adipocyte differentiation could reduce the marrow lipotoxicity which is deleterious for the osteoblast survival during aging. Our study showed that Sr-treated mice presented a lower medullary adiposity and a higher trabecular bone volume as compared to control animals. It was demonstrated that Sr rapidly inhibited adipogenesis of multipotent mesenchymal cells (MMCs) C3H10T1/2 by repressing PPARγ2 and droplet lipid formation in a partially ERK-dependant pathway. This mechanism was linked to its proliferative effect since in presence of Sr the higher Cyclin D1 gene expression; the lower was that of PPARγ2. Moreover, Sr prevented the establishment of processes involved in the cell redox status and necessary for the adipocyte maturation such as mitochondrial biogenesis, Rac1 protein accumulation (a NADPH oxidase regulatory subunit) and increase of the antioxidant enzyme expression. Sr also induced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) decrease that could explain its anti-adipogenic action. Indeed, ROS are essential for the CSM commitment toward adipogenesis and they oxidize lipids which could in turn activate PPAR. Taken together, these data showed that Sr by modulating the intracellular ROS production maintained a redox status supporting the MMCs proliferation and preventing adipocyte differentiation. Thus, the antioxidant and anti-adipogenic capacities of future molecules could define new therapeutic approaches for osteoporosis treatment
Isabelle, Marc. "Etude expérimentale de la dysfonction cardiaque induite par la cocaïne : mise en évidence des espèces réactives de l'oxygène et des enzymes impliquées dans leur production." Rouen, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006ROUE05NR.
Full textProlonged use of cocaine induces hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and left ventricular dysfunction. Oxidative stress appears to be involved in the initiation and the development of this cardiac dysfunction. Nvertheless, the enzymes involved in reactive oxygen species production are not clearly defined. In the present work, we show that in rat cocaine induces NADPH oxidase by alpha1-adrenoreceptor stimulation. The overproduction of superoxide and peroxynitrite due to the increase in NADPH oxidase activity contributes to the xanthine oxidase activation, an other major pro-oxydant enzyme in cardiovascular system and catalase inactivation, an anti-oxydant enzyme. Finally, we show that blockade of alpha1-adrenoreceptor as NADPH oxidase or xanthine oxidase inhibition prevents the cardiac dysfunction induced by cocaine
Camont, Laurent. "Etude radiolytique du trans-resvératrol et d'un dérivé hydroxylé, le picéatannol : action des espèces réactives de l'oxygène en solution aqueuse et dans différents modèles lipidiques." Paris 5, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA05P635.
Full textResveratrol (3,5-4’-trihydroxystilbene) has been studied for a long time to explain the « French paradox » associated with a low incidence of cardiovascular diseases in the South of France, despite a diet relatively rich in saturated fats and cholesterol. Resveratrol occurs in both trans and cis isoforms, which may have different physico-chemical and biological effects. The trans- isoform seems to exhibit a greater activity. Trans-resveratrol was shown to be especially able to scavenge hydroxyl radicals produced by a Fenton reaction but it is difficult to distinguish between a chelating effect towards transition metals and a direct scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Furthermore, resveratrol seems also able to scavenge peroxyl radicals involved in lipid peroxidation. In order to find molecules with higher antioxidant effects, one derivative has been studied, called piceatannol (trans-3,5,3’,4’-tetrahydroxystilbene). The first part of our work was the development of a simple and reliable UV-visible spectrophotometric method to assess the trans-/cis-resveratrol ratio in aqueous solutions. Thus, we proposed formulae to calculate this ratio, which allowed us for our later studies to make sure that trans-resveratrol, our studied molecule, was the only molecule present in aqueous solutions. Next, we have studied the antioxidant properties of trans-resveratrol and piceatannol, in vitro, towards HO·, O2·- and RO2· radicals that contribute to oxidative stress phenomena. This has been achieved by using water gamma radiolysis (or ethanol gamma radiolysis) which allows to selectively and quantitatively produce these radical species. The second part of our work aimed at studying the reactivity of HO·and/or O2·- radicals on trans-resveratrol. It has been shown that HO· radicals initiate trans-resveratrol oxidation, whereas O2·- radicals react weakly with trans-resveratrol. We have characterized and identified the oxidation products by high performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS). It has been shown that the major oxidation product of trans-resveratrol is the 3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, whereas piceatannol, 3,5-dihydroxybenzaldehyde and 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde were produced in lower amounts. The mechanisms of the one-oxidation electron oxidation of trans-resveratrol by HO· radicals have been discussed. Piceatannol seems to exhibit a similar reactivity as that of trans-resveratrol towards HO·and O2·- radicals. The third part of our work has focused on the study of peroxyl radicals (RO2·) by means of three different models, i. E. , ethanol gamma radiolysis, peroxidation of linoleic acid micelles and peroxidation of low density human lipoproteins (LDL). We have demonstrated in micelles of linoleic acid and in LDL that piceatannol showed a higher ability to inhibit radiation-induced lipid peroxidation as compared to resveratrol, partly due to the presence of an additional hydroxyl group. These results could be explained by competitive reactions with peroxyl radicals
Castier, Yves. "Remodelage vasculaire associé à une augmentation chronique du flux sanguin." Paris 7, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA077051.
Full textAll change in haemodynamic conditions (blood flow or pressure), in hormonal or metabolic status, and ail traumatism or external constriction of the vessel can lead to vascular remodeling. We have studied the vascular remodeling associated with chronic changes in blood flow. We developed a mouse model of peripheral arteriovenous fistula, Connecting the common carotid artery with the jugular vein, which does not modify the blood pressure. Using transgenic animals and different strains of the mouse available we studied two different aspects of the vascular remodeling associated with a chronic increase in blood flow. We demonstrated that reactive oxygen species play a fundamental role in flow-induced vascular enlargement. Moreover, we showed that NADPH oxidase comprising p47phox subunit is the major generator of shear stress-induced reactive oxygen species in the vascular wall. Together with NO derived from eNOS activation, reactive oxygen species produce peroxynitrite, which in ail probability accounts for MMP activation and enlargement of flow-loaded vessels. We characterized the neointimal hyperplasia at the site of the anastomosis that evolves after the creation of an arteriovenous in our mouse model and we investigated the role of progenitor cells in the neointima formation. We showed that smooth muscle cells of the neointima lesion do not originale from bone marrow stem cells. Conversely, the lesion contains microvessels of which a significant number of endothelial cells are derived from bone marrow stem cells
Diallo, Devy. "Protéomique des lipoprotéines de haute densité (HDL) : biomarqueurs et applications thérapeutiques." Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCC131.
Full textDuring this thesis, we aimed of identifying biomarkers and particularly changes in high-density lipoproteins (HDL) in a situation of proteolytic, oxidative and bacterial aggression. In the first study, we identified soluble markers resulting from the proteolysis of hemoglobin in carotid atherothrombosis and abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA). A peptide with a mass of 3327 Da was characterized by proteomics predominantly in the luminal layer of the AAA thrombus, and in the hemorrhagic area of carotid plaques. This peptide is issued from the proteolysis of the alpha chain of hemoglobin by the action of leukocyte elastase. In the second study, we have shown that the neutrophil activation observed in AAA patients largely contributes to the pro-oxidant state of this pathology and that this environment plays an active role in HDL modification and dysfunction in AAA. Indeed, we have shown the loss of their protective effect on LDL oxidation and on production of reactive oxygen species by smooth muscle cells. A decrease in circulating small HDL fractions (anti-atherogenic) was also observed in AAA patients. In AAA, the chronic neutrophil activation could be linked to the entry of periodontal bacteria in the bloodstream. In the last study, we analyzed modifications of HDL in the pathological context of severe infection: the septic shock. We have shown that besides having very low circulating levels of HDL, small HDL were decreased in favor of large HDL. We also observed in vitro that this phenomenon could result from the binding of bacterial compounds to HDL particles
Moné, Yves. "Bases moléculaires du polymorphisme de compatibilité dans l’interaction Schistosoma mansoni – Biomphalaria glabrata." Perpignan, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PERP1059.
Full textThe coevolutionary dynamic playing in the host-parasite interaction leads to an arms race between host and parasite. In certain models, this arms race results in a compatibility polymorphism for which the molecular bases remain largely unknown. The aim of this PhD thesis was to identify the molecular determinants of the compatibility polymorphism that exists in the Biomphalaria glabrata/Schistosoma mansoni interaction. First, we developed a comparative proteomics approach between compatible and incompatible strains of the parasite. This approach allows us to identify molecules that could play a key role in this interaction. They consist in highly polymorphic mucin-like proteins, the « Schistosoma mansoni Polymorphic Mucin » (SmPoMucs), and scavengers of reactive oxygen species (ROS scavengers). In order to study more completely the arms race that takes place in the B. Glabrata/S. Mansoni interaction, we investigate the molluscan counterparts of these molecules. Co-precipitation approaches allow us to show that SmPoMucs interact with diversified immune receptors from the mollusk, the Fibrinogen-related Proteins (FREPs). This is the first evidence of the interaction between an individual repertoire of polymorphic potential parasite antigens (SmPoMucs) and an individual repertoire of diversified potential immune receptors (FREPs) from an invertebrate host. We found a third partner associated with FREPs and SmPoMucs, a thioester-containing Protein (TEP). TEP belongs to a class of molecules involved in the phagocytosis or in encapsulation. The presence of TEP in this immune complex argues in favor of the involvement of the formed complex in parasite immune recognition and elimination. We are also interested in the effector mechanisms responsible for the destruction of the parasite, in B. Glabrata they rely essentially on the production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). We show that a phenotypic concordance exists between the levels of host ROS production and parasite ROS scavengers’ production. The compatibility polymorphism in the B. Glabrata/S. Mansoni interaction seems to be based on the confrontation of polymorphic and/or diversified molecules concerning immune recognition mechanisms and on quantitative reciprocal adaptations concerning immune effector mechanisms
Ben, Rejeb Kilani. "Implication des espèces réactives de l'oxygène (ero) dans la régulation de la capacité antioxydante et du métabolisme de la proline chez Arabidopsis Thaliana sous contraintes hydriques." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066307/document.
Full textCharacterization of salt stress response in A. thaliana p5cs1-4 mutant defective in proline biosynthesis showed that no significant difference was observed in the leaf water status and Na+/K+ ratio between salt-treated WT and p5cs1-4 seedlings, suggesting that the salt hypersensitivity of the mutant was not due to the disruption of water uptake or Na+/K+ homeostasis. Foliar application of proline under salt stress increased the antioxidant activity in the p5cs1-4 mutant and restored its photosynthetic activity. The analysis of the relationship between the early production of H2O2 by the NADPH oxidase and the antioxidant defense in A. thaliana subjected to salinity showed that short-term salt exposure led to a transient and significant increase of H2O2 concentration, followed by a marked increase in Catalase, Ascorbate peroxidase and Glutathion reductase activities, pre-treatment with either dimethylthiourea, a chemical trap for H2O2, or two NADPH oxidase inhibitors such as imidazol and diphenylene iodonium, significantly decreased the above-mentioned enzyme activities under salinity. atrbohd/f double mutant plants failed to induce the antioxidant response under the culture conditions. The better performance of the WT was related to the plant ability to deal with the salt-induced oxidative stress as compared to atrbohd/f. In addition NaCl or mannitol stress resulted in a transient increase in H2O2 content followed by an accumulation of proline upon stress. In contrast DMTU and DPI were found to significantly inhibit proline accumulation. Expression level of the key enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of proline was observed to be diminished by DPI and in atrboh mutants
Santini, Jérémie. "Caractérisation physiologique et biochimique de la tolérance au stress photooxydatif chez les espèces ancestrales d'agrumes." Corte, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012CORT0005.
Full textThe "true citrus" group is composed of three main genera:Poncirus, Fortunella and Citrus. The latter consists of a multitude of species. Only three of them are responsible for this important diversity: citron, mandarin and pummelo. Each of these species originates from Southeastern Asia in a large area with various climates. The aim of this study is to evaluate the behaviour of a genotype belonging to each of the three fundamental species and that of a genotype from Fortunella genus (kumquat) in response to two kinds of hotooxidative stress. The former is caused by a natural chilling period and the latter by a change in light intensity. These genotypes were first compared at the physiological level by determining net photosynthesis (Pnet), stomatal conductance (Gs) and chlorophyll luorescence (Fv/Fm) and then at the biochemical level by assessing the activities of the main antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase. . . ) and the concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialdehyde (MDA), ascorbate and glutathione. According to our results, citron is sensitive to both types of stress with a marked decrease in photosynthetic performances, a large accumulation of H2O2 and MDA and insufficient activation of the antioxidant system. Conversely, pummelo is tolerant to both types of stress, showing the lowest down-regulation of physiological parameters and the lowest accumulation of H2O2 and MDA associated with efficiency of its antioxidant system. Mandarin exhibits a behaviour equivalent to pummelo atlow temperatures and a behaviour similar to citron under light stress. Finally, kumquat shows intermediate response between citron and mandarin/pummelo under chilling stress while its behaviour is close to pummelo under excess light
Fresquet, Fleur. "Rôle du monoxyde d'azote endothélial et des espèces réactives dérivées de l'oxygène dans la régulation de la vasomotricité des artères pulmonaires des souris normoxiques et hypoxiques." Bordeaux 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BOR21332.
Full textThe role of NO and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in endothelial function of pulmonary arteries is investigated in mice. In addition to NO, ROS participate as mediator of relaxation to acetylcholine in extrapulmonary arteries, bu not intrapulmonary arteries. In pulmonary arterial hypertension induced by chronic hypoxia, an increase in ROS and an endothelial dysfunction to acetylcholine are observed. In extrapulmonary arteries, the ROS component of acetylcholine-induced relaxation is preserved following chronix hypoxia, whereas the NO-dependent component is abolished. In intrapulmonary arteries, the gp91phox subunit of NADPH oxidase is responsible for endothelial dysfunction to acetylcholine induced by chronic hypoxia. Finally, a β2-adrenergic relaxation is demonstrated in pulmonary arteries, which is completely dependent of endothelial NO, and which is preserved following chronic hypoxia
Ben, Rejeb Kilani. "Implication des espèces réactives de l'oxygène (ero) dans la régulation de la capacité antioxydante et du métabolisme de la proline chez Arabidopsis Thaliana sous contraintes hydriques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2015. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2015PA066307.pdf.
Full textCharacterization of salt stress response in A. thaliana p5cs1-4 mutant defective in proline biosynthesis showed that no significant difference was observed in the leaf water status and Na+/K+ ratio between salt-treated WT and p5cs1-4 seedlings, suggesting that the salt hypersensitivity of the mutant was not due to the disruption of water uptake or Na+/K+ homeostasis. Foliar application of proline under salt stress increased the antioxidant activity in the p5cs1-4 mutant and restored its photosynthetic activity. The analysis of the relationship between the early production of H2O2 by the NADPH oxidase and the antioxidant defense in A. thaliana subjected to salinity showed that short-term salt exposure led to a transient and significant increase of H2O2 concentration, followed by a marked increase in Catalase, Ascorbate peroxidase and Glutathion reductase activities, pre-treatment with either dimethylthiourea, a chemical trap for H2O2, or two NADPH oxidase inhibitors such as imidazol and diphenylene iodonium, significantly decreased the above-mentioned enzyme activities under salinity. atrbohd/f double mutant plants failed to induce the antioxidant response under the culture conditions. The better performance of the WT was related to the plant ability to deal with the salt-induced oxidative stress as compared to atrbohd/f. In addition NaCl or mannitol stress resulted in a transient increase in H2O2 content followed by an accumulation of proline upon stress. In contrast DMTU and DPI were found to significantly inhibit proline accumulation. Expression level of the key enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of proline was observed to be diminished by DPI and in atrboh mutants
Cabou, di Baradat Cendrine. "Détermination des mécanismes moléculaires impliqués dans la régulation coordonnée de la sensibilité à l'insuline et du flux artériel fémoral par l'insuline et le GLP-1 cérébral chez la souris diabétique." Toulouse 3, 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/237/.
Full textThe arterial blood flow is tightly controlled by neural and endocrine mechanisms. We here show that insulin and GLP-1, secreted during a meal, trigger the brain to regulate the local production of NO and reactive oxygen species. This mechanism regulates arterial femoral blood flow and is altered in diabetic mice. It is reversed by the mean of a brain infusion of a GLP-1 receptor antagonist which involves PKC activity. Such effect could account for insulin resistance and vasoconstriction in type 2 diabetic patients. Hence, hormones controlling muscle glucose utilization depend on the vasodilator role of insulin and the vasoconstrictor role of GLP-1. Any impairment of this balance could lead to insulin resistance and hypertension
Wang, Ying. "Electrochemical sensor as a tool for the investigation of reactive oxygen species and antioxidants." Perpignan, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PERP1022.
Full textThe reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been suggested to play an important role in many pathological processes. A simple and sensitive electrochemical sensor for the determination of antioxidant capacity toward ×OH radicals has been studied chapter 2. This work was based on the inhibition oxidation of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (4-HBA) by the antioxidant and therefore, the antioxidants scavenging ability was correlated to the decrease of the oxidation product 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (3,4-DHBA) peak current. In chapter 3, a sensitive H2O2 biosensor based on the direct electron transfer of cytochrome c immobilized on macroporous ordered silica foam (MOSF) was developed. The proposed biosensor exhibited fats amperometric reponse, wide linear range, low detection limit, good reproducibility and stability. Finally, we also investigated a mesoporous materials-based sensor for electrocatalytic oxidation of b-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), an important coenzyme involved in many metabolic processes. Due to the large surface area and electro-catalytic properties of CMM, the overpotential of the electrodes toward the oxidation of NADH in decreased by 595 mV in aqueous solution at neutral pH. The results enable NADH to be sensed at a low potential and are promising with respect to the design of dehydrogenasebased amperometric biosensors
Savall, Mathilde. "Etude de la réponse au stress oxydant de hépatocarcinomes présentant une hyperactivation de la voie β-caténine." Thesis, Université de Paris (2019-....), 2020. https://theses.md.univ-paris-diderot.fr/SAVALL_Mathilde_va2.pdf.
Full textHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the 2nd leading cause of cancer related death worldwide. For many years, our team has been interested in β-catenin activated HCC which represent 30 to 40% of all HCCs. With murine models mimicking carcinogenesis, we were able to show that these tumors present an increase in fatty acid oxidation. We also showed that this β-oxidation is essential for β-catenin activated tumorigenesis and tumor progression and that they present an increased activity of the mitochondrial respiration chain.β-catenin activated cells also have an increased expression of P450 cytochromes which, with the increase of mitochondrial respiration chain, are known to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS accumulation can create an oxidative stress which is deleterious for the cell if not taken in charge by an anti-oxidantdefense (AOD). Cancer cells are known to have a high level of ROS that requires the establishment of an AOD in order to survive and proliferate. By changing the AOD, it is possible to modify the redox balance and hence reach a toxic threshold leading to cell death without compromising normal cells.The aims of my PhD were to 1) characterize the redox status of these tumors, 2) to identify the protection mechanisms again oxidative stress and 3) to see if it could be used as a therapeutic approach. My results show that pre-neoplasic β-catenin activated cells generate a bigger amount of ROS but that they are better protected against oxidative stress thanks to the activation of the Nrf2 pathway. This should explain the tumoral growth seen in this deleterious context. We also showed that the inhibition of the Nrf2 program with a pharmacological inhibitor (Halofuginone) is deleterious for these cells. Moreover, after having shown that β-catenin activated tumors are also protected thanks to the Nrf2 pathway, we also demonstrate that Halofuginone treatments lead to a decrease in tumor growth rate. Interestingly, thanks to the analyses of the TCGA data, we were able to show that an Nrf2 signature is associated with CTNNB1-mutated HCCs and that this program worsen the prognosis of CTNNB1 mutated patients. Hence, the inhibition of the Nrf2 program could be an anti-cancer strategy to target β-catenin activated HCCs. My results also showed that the Nrf2 program participate in the metabolic phenotype of pre-neoplasic β-catenin activated hepatocytes. Indeed, the oncogenic activation of the β-catenin lead the an increased β-oxydation in which Nrf2 rewire acetyl coA towards the Krebs cycle at the expense of ketogenesis. Moreover, our studie showed that β-catenin activated cells are sensible to Acetaminophen (APAP) because of the increased expression of cytochromes P450. APAP treatments lead to the death of β-catenin activated tumoral cells and to the decrease of the tumoral growth. In conclusion, this study shows to possible anti-cancer strategies by using the redox balance
Bana, Émilie. "Inhibition des phosphatases CDC 25 dans le cadre d'une thérapie anticancéreuse : étude mécanistique de nouveaux inhibiteurs." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LORR0105/document.
Full textWithin the context of research for new targets for cancer therapy, Cdc25 phosphatases are interesting candidates, the inhibition of which being able to slow down tumor growth and eventually improve the cancer treatments currently in use. The objectives of this PhD project are to design and synthesize new compounds able to inhibit CDC25 and to determine efficiency of identified compounds in breast cancer cell lines. In vitro evaluation of inhibitory potential of compound is realized through a high sensitivity fluorometric method (3-OMFP substrate). Cellular effects were evaluated in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines. Effects on cell viability are assessed through MTT assays, and cytotoxicity is evaluated through trypan blue assays and microscopic observations with Incucyte videomicroscopy system. Cell death was characterized by detection of apoptotic markers (caspases) and DNA damages markers (PARP Histone H.2AX) by Western Blotting. The analyses of mechanisms underlying cell death were explored through cytometric detection of reactive oxygen species (ROS) with H2DCFDA and Redox Sensor Red probes. Inhibition of CDC25 in cells was indirectly evaluated through detection of phosphorylated forms of CDK by Western Blotting. In vitro evaluation of 93 synthesized compounds allowed us to find new active compound in various chemical families including steroid, thiophene, coumarinic, imidazole and quinone derivatives. The coumarinic derivatives showed potent CDC25 inhibition. A new coumarin-sulfurquinone combined structure, named SV37, was designed to optimize efficiency of inhibition. In vitro tests on this compound, showed a strong CDC25 inhibitory potential (IC50 under 5µM for CDC25 A and C). Effect of SV37 on cell growth was evaluated on various cell lines (MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, hTERT-HME1 and HepG2). Results indicate inhibition of cell growth (IC50 values from 9 to 18 µM). Analysis of cell viability indicates no remarkable cell death in MCF7 at IC50 value whereas in MDA-MB-231 the cell growth decrease was characterized by an increase of cell death. For deeper investigations on the cell death and on the underlying mechanisms, we focused the study on the triple negative model MDA-MB-231. The morphological changes of MDA-MB-231 cells during the treatment were characterized by the appearance of cellular alterations compatible with a cellular demise and culminating with a disruption of cells after 20h. Caspase-3 and 7 cleavages were observed 16h after beginning of the treatment, suggesting an apoptotic cell death. A ROS induction was observed 15 min after the beginning of the treatment and was totally prevented by Nacetylcysteine (NAC) pretreatment. DNA damage markers were detected between 16 and 28 hours after beginning of treatment, a timing falling with caspase activation and with the appearance of cell demise observed by video microscopy. Accumulation of pCDK in cells was observed after 4 and 8 hr of treatment by SV37 at IC50 suggesting an inhibition of CDC25 activity, and cells pretreated with NAC showed no accumulation of pCDK after SV37 treatment. This strongly suggests a direct link between ROS generation by the compound SV37 and the accumulation of pCDK. This project increased knowledge on inhibitors of CDC25 phosphatases and allowed the identification of coumarine compound as new CDC25 inhibitors. This work will enable the development of ever more efficient inhibitors, leading to efficient inhibition of CDC25 and inhibition of tumor development
Xu, Dongdong. "The roles of specific Monodehydroascorbate Reductases in the Arabidopsis thaliana antioxidative system." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASB071.
Full textHydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) is an important signalling molecule in plants, and contents are controlled by various systems, notably catalases (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidases (APX). Continued function of APX requires regeneration of ascorbate, for which several possibilities exist. One type of ascorbate-regenerating enzyme is monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR), an NAD(P)H-dependent protein which is encoded by five MDAR genes in Arabidopsis. This work aimed to examine the importance of these genes using specific loss-of-function mutants allied to other techniques. Transcript analysis showed that knockout mutants could be obtained for all the genes. Assays of MDHAR activity in leaf extracts revealed that the peroxisomal MDAR1 encoded most of the NADH-dependent activity while NADPH-dependent activity was chiefly encoded by MDAR1 alongside cytosolic MDAR2. Apart from mdar4, which required sugar for germination and early post-germinative growth, all mutants showed a wild-type phenotype when grown in standard conditions. To explore whether the lack of phenotypic impact of the mutations was caused by gene redundancy, two approaches were undertaken. In the first, mutants were crossed with the cat2 mutant, which has greatly decreased leaf catalase activity, to test for interactions between different H₂O₂-removing systems. In the second, we sought to examine redundancy between the two MDAR genes encoding peroxisomal isoforms by producing double mdar1 mdar4 mutants. Based on molecular and biochemical analysis of all these lines, it can be concluded that expression of at least one peroxisomal isoform might be required for plant viability and that the cytosolic MDAR2 seems to encode the most important MDHAR in oxidative stress conditions. Intriguingly, introduction of mdar2 into the cat2 background weakened rather than enforced some responses to oxidative stress, pointing to novel signalling mechanisms related to MDHAR activity
Ristic, Marko. "ROS/SUMO relationship in the chemotherapeutic treatment of Acute Myeloid Leukemia." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTT047.
Full textAcute Myeloid Leukemias (AML) are a group a severe hematological malignancies, which treatment is generally composed of two genotoxics: Cytarabine (Ara-C) and Daunorubicin (DNR). We have shown that these drugs induce the rapid deconjugation of the Small Ubiquitin-related Modifier (SUMO) from its target protein. This is due to the inactivation of SUMO E1 and E2 enzymes by Reactive oxygen species (ROS). This deSUMOylation participated in the activation of specific genes and is involved the induction of apoptosis. In addition, this ROS/SUMO axis is anergized in chemoresistant AMLs. However, it can be reactivated by pro-oxidants or inhibition of the SUMO pathway with anacardic acid, an inhibitor of the SUMO E1. To identify which proteins are regulated by this ROS/SUMO axis, we performed a quantitative mass spectrometry approach. Among the 1000 identified SUMO targets, most of the 114 proteins, which SUMOylation decrease upon treatment, are involved in the regulation of gene expression. In addition, we showed by ChIP-Seq with SUMO-2 antibodies that genotoxics, in particular DNR, induce a massive decrease of the presence of SUMOylated proteins on the chromatin. Motif search analysis of the SUMO binding sequences in these genes identified CTCF binding motif. Interestingly, CTCF was found in the SILAC as deSUMOylated by the drugs. Using publicly available ChIP-Seq data for CTCF, we found 55 genes which are occupied by both SUMO-2 and CTCF and which expression is regulated by the drugs. In the last part of this work, we got interested in the 19 proteins that get up-SUMOylated upon treatment. Among them, we found centromeric proteins, including CENP-B and CENP-C. Using Proximity Ligation Assay, we could show that CENP-B and CENP-C colocalize with both SUMO and yH2AX upon DNR treatment. Altogether, this suggests that centromeric protein up-SUMOylation occurs at sites of DNA damage and might play a role in DNA damage repair
Owusu, Stephenson Boakye. "Effects of gamma irradiation-induced reactive oxygen species on phagocytes NADPH oxidase." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UPASF006.
Full textNeutrophils play a very key role in the human immune defence against pathogenic infections. The predominant players in this role during activation of neutrophils are the release of cytotoxic agents stored in the granules and secretory vesicles, and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) initiated by an enzyme NADPH oxidase. NADPH oxidase is organized as a complex of membrane and cytosolic proteins in the active state. It constitutes a membrane-bound flavocytochrome b₅₅₈ (cytb₅₅₈) which comprises two subunit, gp91phox and p22phox; and four cytosolic components: p47phox, p67phox, p40phox and Rac. Dysfunction in any of NADPH oxidase components leads to chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), a condition which makes patients susceptible to infections. Hyper-activation of NADPH oxidase leads to oxidative stress which implicates in degenerative and cardiovascular disease. Thus, NADPH oxidase activity must be tightly regulated. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the impact of oxidative stress on human neutrophils. The major focus was on NADPH oxidase at the molecular and cellular levels. In this work, oxidative stress on neutrophils, isolated from human blood, was mimicked using ⁶⁰Co gamma irradiation (leading to O₂•⁻, OH• and H₂O₂ in water solution) and the effects were studied. The results showed that oxidative stress, mimicked by 25 Gy (8.5 µM O₂•⁻ and 6.75 µM OH•) and 50 Gy (17 µM O₂•⁻ and 13.5 OH•), of gamma irradiation pre-activated neutrophil NADPH oxidase. This pre-activation comprised i) increased cytb₅₅₈ localization at the plasma membrane, ii) partial phosphorylation of p47 phox (on serine 345) iii) recruitment of NADPH oxidase cytosolic proteins (except RAC) to the membrane, which resulted in iv) small but detectable increased ROS production. Furthermore, low level of oxidative stress mimicked by 0.2 Gy (0.07 µM O₂•⁻ and 0.06 µM of OH•) and 2 Gy (0.68 µM O₂•⁻ and 0.56 µM of OH•) of irradiation on PLB-cell lines differentiated into neutrophils also revealed an increased cytb₅₅₈ at the plasma membrane. In general, our analysis showed a strong correlation between the pre-activation of NADPH oxidase and an increase in the level of oxidative stress. Finally, a test on a very high level of oxidative stress mimicked by 135 Gy (45.9 µM and 37.8 µM of OH•) revealed a strong presence of cytochrome c in association with the plasma membrane in disfavour of cytb₅₅₈. This result was surprising since cytochrome c is almost completely absent in human neutrophils. Believed to be one of the principal apoptotic players, cytochrome c is released from mitochondria upon an apoptotic insult. This discovery highlights the importance of mitochondria in the death mechanism of neutrophil cells, role that as in the past misleading. Our results suggest that oxidative stress is likely a potential activator of neutrophil NADPH oxidase and may play a role in therapeutics and in pathogenesis of related diseases
Lakhal, Raja. "Etude de l'effet de l'oxygène sur la physiologie et le métabolisme de la bactérie hyperthermophile anaérobie thermotoga maritima." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX10052/document.
Full textBatch cultures of the hyperthermophilic bacterium Thermotoga maritima were performed in a bioreactor where O2 concentrations in the gas phase were strictly controlled. At 80°C and pH 7, we demonstrated that T. maritima survived despite being exposed to oxygen at different times and that it consumed it. O2 uptake rate was estimated at 73.6 µmoles O2 min-1g proteins-1 during a short exposure to O2 (30 minutes). A long time exposure of T. maritima cultures to oxygen (20h) led to a drastic reduction in growth, together with a shift in glucose metabolism towards lactate instead of acetate production and a stop in H2 production. Under these conditions, it has been observed that 73% of glucose was partially oxidised by using both Embden-Meyerhof and Entner-Doudoroff glycolytic payhways. Uncomplete oxidation of glucose is correlated to a reduction of O2 to H2O. Transcription analyses revealed that this reductive process of O2 involved enzymes like peroxidases [activation of alkyl hydroperoxide reductase (ahp), bcp1 and thioredoxin-dependent thiol peroxidase (bcp 2)]. Moreover, genes encoding reactive oxygen species (ROS)-scavenging systems (neelaredoxin and rubrerythrin), were found to be upregulated during oxygen exposure. The oxygen reductase FprA, which expression was shown to depend on the redox level of the culture medium, is proposed as a primary consumer of O2. All these enzymes are essential for T. maritima to consume O2 consumption and to fight against the toxic effects of ROS in cells
Delaval, Mathilde. "Effets des nanoparticules d'oxyde de cerium sur l'epithelium respiratoire in vitro." Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCC204.
Full textConsidering the increased use of Ce02 NPs, which induces indoor and outdoor airborne emissions, there is a need to assess potential pulmonary responses to Ce02 NPs. Therefore, our objective was to examine the ability of Ce02 NPs to induce short and long-term effects on in vitro bronchial models with increasing complexity. Physicochemical properties of Ce02 NPs, positive controls (Mn203 and Ti02) and negative control (BaSO4) were characterized, especially by developing a high throughput assay to assess the intrinsic oxidative potential of NPs. An in vitro toxicological strategy based on their ability to induce cytotoxicity, pro-inflammatory response and antioxidant defense in human bronchial epithelial cells was used. In vitro models were treated with one single dose of Ce02 NPs for up to 48 hours or 28 days, or with repeated doses of Ce02 NPs for 1 or 4 weeks. Our study revealed an intermediate toxicological potential of Ce02 NPs in comparison to other NPs. Ce02 NPs induced antioxidant mRNA expressions and release of pro¬inflammatory cytokines. Our study also demonstrated that primary cells are less sensitive than the bronchial cell line but the development of differentiated mucociliary primary cultures treated at air-Iiquid interface allowed the detection of a delayed pro-inflammatory response. Ce02 NPs induced persistent cellular effects for up to 4 weeks of repeated exposure and surprisingly also after one single exposure at high dose. In conclusion, our study emphasized the necessity to use more complex in vitro models allowing long-term and repeated exposures, in order to reveal the adverse effects of Ce0, NPs
Tanguy, Stéphane. "Etude de l'implication des espèces réactives dérivées de l'oxygène dans les manifestations du syndrome de reperfusion du myocarde ischémique au cours du vieillissement : effet d'une supplémentation alimentaire en sélénium." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999GRE10025.
Full textZang, Lili. "Deciphering the nitrate signaling pathway leading to a reduction of primary root growth in Medicago truncatula Nitrate inhibits primary root growth by reducing accumulation of reactive oxygen species in the root tip in Medicago truncatula." Thesis, Angers, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020ANGE0007.
Full textIn Medicago truncatula, nitrate, acting as a signal perceived by MtNPF6.8, inhibits primary root growth through a reduction of root cell elongation. We evaluated here whether reactive oxygen species (ROS) could mediate the nitrate signal since ROS produced and converted (O2•−→ H2O2 → •OH) in the root tip have been reported to control cell elongation. We found that nitrate reduces the content in ROS of the primary root tip in three wild type genotypes (including R108) sensitive to nitrate, but not in the npf6.8 mutants (in the R108 genetic background), insensitive to nitrate. The decrease in ROS content observed in R108 in response to nitrate is orchestrated by cell wall peroxidases (PODs) that eliminate H2O2 and impair its conversion in •OH, the species responsible for cell wall loosening and cell elongation. These results demonstrate that ROS and PODs are downstream mediators of the nitrate signal. We further identified a NADPH oxidase (MtRBOHF), as another mediator in the nitrate signaling pathway, the primary root growth of rbohF mutants being insensitive to nitrate. We finally performed a coupled transcriptomic and proteomic analysis with R108 and npf6.8 grown in absence or presence of nitrate to uncover novel aspects of legume primary root tip response to nitrate. We found that the sensitivity of the primary root is strongly linked to the functionality of MtNPF6.8 and many nitrate responsive genes encompass genes involved in ROS homeostasis and cell wall organization, or encode transcription factors