Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Espodossolo'
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CARVALHO, Vânia Soares de. "Caracterização e classificação de Espodossolos nos Estados de Pernambuco e Paraíba." Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 2011. http://www.tede2.ufrpe.br:8080/tede2/handle/tede2/5390.
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Studies on Brazilian Spodosols in marine terraces and in the low coastal tablelands are still scarce. The objective of this work was to characterize Spodosols in these environments, in the states of Pernambuco and Paraiba, getting information that could support possible changes and / or additions in the taxonomy of these soils, at suborder level in the Brazilian System of Soil Classification.The study included the examination of the contribution of iron and aluminum in the process of podzolization, the characterization of the organic matter functional groups and their relations with the spodic B horizon. Fourteen Spodosol profiles were morphologically described in selected areas of the marine terraces and costal tablelands. Samples were collected and submitted to physical, chemical and mineralogical routine analysis, selective extractions for aluminum and iron with dithionite citrate bicarbonate, ammonium oxalate and sodium pyrophosphate, in addition to the chemical fractionation of humic substances. The results showed that although some horizons, identified as Bs, due to the presence of vivid colors, not indicative of organic matter presence, presented sometimes higher organic matter content than some darker horizons classified as Bhs suggesting that the color criterion is not enough for identification of spodic B horizons. With respect to physical and chemical routine analysis, there were no differences between Spodosols developed in marine sands and low coastal tablelands. Soil mineralogy was also similar in both environments, with a predominance of kaolinite and quartz in the clay fraction and small amounts of illite, gibbsite, feldspar and anatase. In the terciary tablelands, goethite was also observed. In the silt fraction there was a predominance of quartz and kaolinite in all soils, with smaller peaks of anatase, feldspar, goethite and gibbsite. Quartz was the predominant mineral in the sand fraction of all soil profiles, with traces of feldspar. The chemical fractionation of organic matter showed that the carbon of the fulvic acid increased in the Spodic horizons of all soils, as well as the carbon fraction of the humic acids, but in smaller quantity, reinforcing the theory of organic matter complexation, verified by high relations Alp + Fep / C. The carbon of the humin fraction generally was lower than the other fractions and decreased with depth, confirming its low solubility, with concentration on the suface layers. The results of the optical density of oxalate extract (ODOE) of Alo +0.5 Feo and pH in water (1:1), showed that the soils met Soil Taxonomy (U.S.) and WRB (FAO) criteria for defining Spodic materials. The results of aluminum and iron selective extractions showed that the levels of iron were lower in comparison with aluminum levels in almost all profiles, suggesting a greater involvement of aluminum in relation to iron in the active forms of Al-humus and poorly crystalline inorganic compounds and consequently in the process of podzolization of these soils. This observation suggests the inconsistency of the terms “ferrilúvico” and “ferrihumilúvico” in the classification of Spodosols suborders in the Brazilian System of Soil Classification. The development of research aiming a new structure for the suborder level, with the classification of the different spodic B horizons types based in colors and in chemical parameters (content of C, Alo+0,5 Feo , DOEO, pH) is suggested in this work.
Os Estudos dos Espodossolos no Brasil, nas áreas de restinga e tabuleiros costeiros ainda são escassos. Este trabalho visou caracterizar os Espodossolos nestes ambientes, com enfâse nos tabuleiros, nos Estados de Pernambuco e Paraíba, levantando informações que possam subsidiar possíveis alterações e/ou complementações na taxonomia destes solos, no nível de subordem do Sistema Brasileiro de Classificação de Solos (SiBCS). O estudo incluiu a verificação da contribuição do ferro e do alumínio no processo de podzolização nos diferentes ambientes; a caracterização dos grupos funcionais da matéria orgânica e suas relações com o B espódico. Foram coletados 14 perfis de Espodossolos distribuídos entre as áreas da baixada litorânea e dos tabuleiros terciários, nos quais foram realizadas análises físicas, químicas e mineralógicas de rotina, extrações seletivas para alumínio e ferro com ditionito citrato bicarbonato, oxalato ácido de amônio e pirofosfato de sódio, além do fracionamento químico das substâncias húmicas. Os resultados mostraram que embora alguns horizontes, classificados como Bs, em virtude das cores claras e vivas, não indicativas da presença de matéria orgânica, apresentaram, algumas vezes, teores de matéria orgânica mais altos que alguns horizontes mais escuros, identificados como Bhs, mostrando que apenas o critério da cor não é suficiente para a identificação dos mesmos. Com relação às características físicas e químicas de rotina, não foram encontradas diferenças entre os Espodossolos dos tabuleiros terciários e o de restinga. A mineralogia dos solos também foi semelhante na área de restinga e nos tabuleiros, com predominância de caulinita e quartzo na fração argila e pequena representação de ilita, gibbsita, feldspato e anatásio. Nos tabuleiros, além destes também ocorreu a goethita. Na fração silte verificou-se a predominância de quartzo e caulinita em todos os solos, com picos mais sutis de anatásio, feldspato, goethita e gibbsita. Na fração areia houve predominância do quartzo em todos os perfis, com traços de feldspato. O fracionamento químico da matéria orgânica mostrou que o carbono da fração ácidos fúlvicos aumentou nos horizontes espódicos em praticamente todos os solos, assim como o carbono da fração dos ácidos húmicos, só que em menores quantitativos, reforçando a teoria da complexação orgânica, verificada pelas altas relações Alp+Fep/C. O carbono da fração humina de forma geral apresentou-se menor que as outras frações e diminuiu em profundidade, atestando sua natureza pouco solúvel, concentrando-se nas camadas superficiais. Os resultados da densidade ótica do extrato em oxalato (DOEA), do Alo+ 0,5 Feo e do pH em água (1:1), de forma geral demonstraram que os solos estudados atendem aos critérios da Soil Taxonomy (EUA) e da WRB (FAO) para materiais espódicos. Nos resultados das extrações seletivas para alumínio e ferro com os três extratores, observou-se que os teores de ferro foram menores em relação aos teores de alumínio, praticamente em todos os perfis, sugerindo uma maior participação do alumínio, em relação ao ferro, no processo de podzolização destes solos, nas formas ativas de Al-húmus e nos compostos inorgânicos pouco cristalinos. Tal observação sugere a inconsistência da priorização dos termos ferrilúvico e ferrihumilúvico na subdivisão das ordens dos Espodossolos no SiBCS. Sugere-se realização de pesquisas visando uma reestruturação das subordens dos Espodossolos, com a redefinição das cores dos diversos tipos de B espódico e a inclusão de parâmetros químicos (teor de C, Alo+0,5 Feo , DOEO, pH) na identificação destes horizontes.
Diniz, Alisson Duarte. "Origem e dinâmica do mercúrio em sistemas de transformação latossolo-espodossolo na bacia do Rio Negro, Amazonas /." Rio Claro : [s.n.], 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/104388.
Full textCoorientador: Emmanuel Fritsch
Banca: Cristiane Valéria de Oliveira
Banca: Marcelo de Oliveira Lima
Banca: Daniel Marcos Bonotto
Banca: Célia Regina Montes
Resumo: A bacia do Rio Negro é um ecossistema que, independentemente de atividade antrópica, possui regiões com quantidades expressivas de mercúrio (Hg) no solo e na água. Alguns estudos demonstraram que elevadas concentrações desse elemento químico ocorrem principalmente nos solos podzolizados. Assim, esse trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a origem e a dinâmica do Hg em dois diferentes sistemas de alteração e pedogênese - Latossolo-Espodossolo - em regiões isentas de impactos da bacia do Rio Negro, Amazonas. Pesquisas de campo e laboratório forneceram dados morfológicos, químicos, físicos e mineralógicos dos sítios estudados. O Hg foi quantificado por frações granulométricas e na fração total do solo (HgT), além de ser analisado por termodessorção. O metilmercúrio e o Hg potencialmente móvel e tóxico foram determinados em amostras representativas dos perfis estudados. Os resultados mostraram que o processo de hidratação mineral ao longo dos Latossolos, que é seguido por um empobrecimento em elementos finos (minerais de argila e óxidos bem cristalizados), contribuiu para uma importante concentração de HgT nos horizontes B dos perfis lateríticos empobrecidos. Além disso, esses perfis possuem a maior quantidade de Hg potencialmente móvel e tóxico (biodisponível), porém menor quantidade relativa de metilmercúrio. Nos Espodossolos, a tendência observada foi de alta concentração do Hg nos perfis da frente de podzolização (transição entre Latossolos e Espodossolos), nos horizontes Bhs e, principalmente, nos horizontes Bh. Nesses horizontes, o mercúrio se apresenta essencialmente na forma semi-móvel e/ou imóvel e o metilmercúrio sofre significativa diminuição. O cálculo do fator do balanço de massa apresentou valores muito superiores a 1, apontando para um alto ganho relativo de HgT no solum das coberturas lateríticas empobrecidas e nos horizontes Bhs e Bh dos Espodossolos
Abstract: The Negro River Basin is an ecosystem that has regions with very expressively quantities of mercury in soil and water, even in natural systems. Some studies showed that high concentrations of chemical element occur mainly in podzolized soils. Therefore, the aim of this work was to study the origin and the dynamics of Hg in two differents Oxisol - Spodosol systems in the Negro River Basin. Field work and laboratory provided chemical, physical and mineralogical data of the studied sites. The total mercury (HgT) in soil was measured and further examined by thermodesorption. The methylmercury and the potentially mobile and toxic mercury were determined in representative samples. The results showed that the hydration process over Oxisols, which is followed by an impoverishment of the fine elements (clay minerals and well crystallised oxides), contributes to an important concentration of HgT in the B horizons of lateritics profiles. In addition, these profiles have the greatest amount of potentially mobile and toxic mercury, but less amount of methylmercury. In Spodosols, the trend is the high concentration of Hg in the profiles of the podzolization front, in the Bhs horizons and, mainly, in the Bh horizons. In these horizons, the mercury is essentially semi-mobile and/or non mobile and the methylmercury has significant decrease. The mass balance factor presents values higher than 1 and point to a high gain of the HgT in the solum of lateritics soils impoverished, as well in Bhs and Bh horizons of the Spodosols
Doutor
Diniz, Alisson Duarte [UNESP]. "Origem e dinâmica do mercúrio em sistemas de transformação latossolo-espodossolo na bacia do Rio Negro, Amazonas." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/104388.
Full textCoordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
A bacia do Rio Negro é um ecossistema que, independentemente de atividade antrópica, possui regiões com quantidades expressivas de mercúrio (Hg) no solo e na água. Alguns estudos demonstraram que elevadas concentrações desse elemento químico ocorrem principalmente nos solos podzolizados. Assim, esse trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a origem e a dinâmica do Hg em dois diferentes sistemas de alteração e pedogênese - Latossolo-Espodossolo - em regiões isentas de impactos da bacia do Rio Negro, Amazonas. Pesquisas de campo e laboratório forneceram dados morfológicos, químicos, físicos e mineralógicos dos sítios estudados. O Hg foi quantificado por frações granulométricas e na fração total do solo (HgT), além de ser analisado por termodessorção. O metilmercúrio e o Hg potencialmente móvel e tóxico foram determinados em amostras representativas dos perfis estudados. Os resultados mostraram que o processo de hidratação mineral ao longo dos Latossolos, que é seguido por um empobrecimento em elementos finos (minerais de argila e óxidos bem cristalizados), contribuiu para uma importante concentração de HgT nos horizontes B dos perfis lateríticos empobrecidos. Além disso, esses perfis possuem a maior quantidade de Hg potencialmente móvel e tóxico (biodisponível), porém menor quantidade relativa de metilmercúrio. Nos Espodossolos, a tendência observada foi de alta concentração do Hg nos perfis da frente de podzolização (transição entre Latossolos e Espodossolos), nos horizontes Bhs e, principalmente, nos horizontes Bh. Nesses horizontes, o mercúrio se apresenta essencialmente na forma semi-móvel e/ou imóvel e o metilmercúrio sofre significativa diminuição. O cálculo do fator do balanço de massa apresentou valores muito superiores a 1, apontando para um alto ganho relativo de HgT no solum das coberturas lateríticas empobrecidas e nos horizontes Bhs e Bh dos Espodossolos
The Negro River Basin is an ecosystem that has regions with very expressively quantities of mercury in soil and water, even in natural systems. Some studies showed that high concentrations of chemical element occur mainly in podzolized soils. Therefore, the aim of this work was to study the origin and the dynamics of Hg in two differents Oxisol – Spodosol systems in the Negro River Basin. Field work and laboratory provided chemical, physical and mineralogical data of the studied sites. The total mercury (HgT) in soil was measured and further examined by thermodesorption. The methylmercury and the potentially mobile and toxic mercury were determined in representative samples. The results showed that the hydration process over Oxisols, which is followed by an impoverishment of the fine elements (clay minerals and well crystallised oxides), contributes to an important concentration of HgT in the B horizons of lateritics profiles. In addition, these profiles have the greatest amount of potentially mobile and toxic mercury, but less amount of methylmercury. In Spodosols, the trend is the high concentration of Hg in the profiles of the podzolization front, in the Bhs horizons and, mainly, in the Bh horizons. In these horizons, the mercury is essentially semi-mobile and/or non mobile and the methylmercury has significant decrease. The mass balance factor presents values higher than 1 and point to a high gain of the HgT in the solum of lateritics soils impoverished, as well in Bhs and Bh horizons of the Spodosols
Junior, Antonio Alvaro Buso. "Dinâmica dos Espodossolos, da vegetação e do clima durante o Quaternário tardio na região nordeste do estado do Espírito Santo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/64/64134/tde-24082015-142743/.
Full textThis study was carried out at the northeastern region of the Espírito Santo State, Brazil. It is organized in two main parts. The first one is related to the characterization of the modern pollen rain of the \"tabuleiros\" forest vegetation and of two distinct physiognomies of mussununga vegetation. The second part consists of the late Quaternary paleoenvironment reconstruction, based on interdisciplinary study applied in Spodosols and lake sediment. The modern pollen rain of the \"tabuleiros\" forest is characterized by the highest pollen accumulation rates, highest frequencies of Urticaceae/Moraceae, and the presence of less frequent and rare taxa as Glycydendron, Rinorea, Hydrogaster, Virola, and others. The wooded mussununga vegetation is characterized by intermediate pollen accumulation rates, high frequencies of Byrsonima, and high frequencies of Araliaceae, Doliocarpus and Lundia when compared with the other vegetation types. The grassland mussununga vegetation is characterized by the lowest pollen accumulation rates, and the highest frequencies of Poaceae, Cyperaceae and Asteraceae. The comparison of these results with the pollen assemblage from lake sediment surface sample shows that in sediment samples the \"tabuleiros\" forest signal may be masked by high frequencies of semi aquatic herbs, mainly Poaceae and Cyperaceae, and pioneer species, especially Cecropia. The paleoenvironment reconstruction study allowed the development of a model for the evolution of Spodosol spots in the region, which sustain the distinct physiognomies of the mussununga vegetation. According to this model, these Spodosol spots originate from the transformation of the Ultisol due to factors related to the relief and more humid paleoclimate events. However, some of these Spodosol spots may have evolved on intrinsically sandy Post-Barreiras sediments. The paleoenvironment study also allowed some inferences about late Quaternary climate fluctuations. Based on the beginning of the podsolization process and on the evolution of some Spodosol spots, the climate during the interval from ~31,000-23,000 cal yr BP may have been humid, without dry period along the year. The next interval, from ~23,000 to 8000 cal yr BP is inferred less humid than the previous one, based on the spatially restricted expansion of C4 plants, observed in the soil organic matter, and on the absence of the \"tabuleiros\" forest pollen signal, from ~11,000 to 8000 cal yr BP, in the lake sediment. The climate of the last interval, from ~7000 yr cal BP to the present, is inferred more humid than the previous one, based on the beginning of the pollen record in a flooded Spodosol site, and on the expansion of the \"tabuleiros\" forest in the pollen record of the lake sediment. Geographically disjunct taxa between Amazonia and Atlantic Forest biomes are present in the pollen record from the lake sediment since ~8500 cal yr BP to the present. Pollen records, and sediment and soil organic matter do not show the expansion of grasslands or savannas dominated by C4 plants during the last 17,000 cal yr BP, which may indicate that the region probably was a forest refuge during the less humid intervals of late Pleistocene and Holocene
Souza, Ligia Carla de. "Dinâmica de nutrientes na precipitaçao, em soluçao de solo e lençol freático em tres tipologias florestais sobre espodossolo, no litoral do Paraná." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFPR, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1884/16289.
Full textIshida, Débora Ayumi. "Caracterização e gênese de solos e de depósito de caulim associado, São Gabriel da Cachoeira - AM." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/44/44142/tde-08012011-011714/.
Full textIn São Gabriel da Cachoeira, Amazonas state, was studied by a topsequence, a system Oxisols to Spodosols with kaolin associated, developed from granitic-gneiss rocks of the crys-talline basement. In the topsequence, from upstream to downstream, were described and sam-pled four soil profiles: Spodosols (P1) at the top, two Oxisols Yellow (P2 e P3) on the hillside e Gleysols (P4) at the base. The main aims were to study the operation of this transforming system from their morphology characterization, chemical, physical and mineralogical and get information about the crystallographic characteristics of kaolinites from the study of degree of structural order. Characterization and genesis of soils and kaolin were studied by retention curve of water in the soil, x-ray diffraction, differential thermal and gravimetric analysis, dif-fuse reflectance spectroscopy, total chemical analysis and microscopic analysis. The structural order of kaolinite was evaluated from calculations of the Hinckley index (HI), Stoch (IK), Aparicio-Galán-Ferrell (IAGF) Liètard (R2), Amigó (001 and 002), Hughes-Brown (IHB) and Plançon-Zacharie (IPZ) and the temperatures of dehydroxylation of kaolinite and mullite nuc-leation. These study conclude that: (i) the soil system in topsequence is operating and leading to formation of Spodosols over lateritic coverage, causing changes in vegetation coverage with campinarana replacing the forest; (ii) the system Oxisols-Spodosols, influenced by the high acidity of the solutions and waterlogging, is characterized in P1, by decomposing organic matter, dissolution of minerals more changeable (action of organic acids), residual accumula-tion of quartz in surfaces horizons, albic and spodic and translocation of aluminum and iron in the form of organic complexes for the spodic horizons, where they accumulate, influenced by lifting and lowering of levels of the aquifer suspended, forming the spodic horizons Bh and Bhs. In the profiles P2 and P3, despite belonging to the same soil class (Oxisols Yellow), P2 is more influence by acid solutions than the P3, for exemple the P1. These profiles (P1, P2 and P3) interchange of environments (reducing and oxidizing) led to whitenning of kaolin developed at the base. The genesis of P4 is related to waterlogging active in the most part of the year, which promotes the reduction of iron, beyond not be conducive to the formation of kaolinite, (iii) the results of application of the indexes shown inconsistent in profiles P1, P2 and P4, probably because of more aggressive conditions of P1 and P2 and waterlogging of P4. P3, the least influenced by the solutions acidity, showed consistent results, (iv) the Plançon-Zacharie index, because of its calculation to be done detaileded, presented results to be consi-dered consistent in all profiles. We identified two kaolinites phases in most of horizons stu-died, where acidic conditions are high (P1 and P2) dominated the phase with low kaolinite structural order. Where the pH is slightly higher (profile P3), the orderly phase predominated. The results suggest that pedogenetic process active in transformation Oxisols-Spodosol limit the application of methods for structural order used here.
Pereira, Osvaldo José Ribeiro. "Distribuição dos depósitos de argilas cauliníticas brancas associadas à sistemas pedológicos Latossolo/Espodossolo na região amazônica: análise de imagens orbitais e estudos de campo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/64/64135/tde-28022012-163720/.
Full textThis study had the mainly objective to determine the spatial distribution of white kaolinitic clay deposits in São Gabriel da Cachoeira region, Amazonas State, in field studies and by satellite images analysis. The study was carried out in two different spatial scales. At field study (detailed area) was sampled 50 points to describe an area of 0.3 km², with equidistant sampling points of 50 m. The extrapolation was made through a regional scale study in an area of 65km², adopting vegetation and soil features similar to those observed in field study scale. The select pedologic variables (soil texture and color, concentration of iron oxides and oxidroxides), topographic and vegetation features related to the possible white kaolinitic clay deposits occurrence were selected for analyses. Through the field study area, it was determined the texture, color and iron oxides and oxidroxides concentration for the first 100 cm of soil depth. The results were spacialized and thereafter correlated to topographic aspect, soil unit and local vegetation. In the field scale study it was showed that soil texture and oxides and oxidroxides concentrations have an expressive variability in the first 100 cm of soil depth, considering the transition between Oxisols and Spodosols. It was observed, through the soil attributes maps and correlation with vegetation and the local topography features, that the white kaolinitic clay deposits are limited to sites with specific soil conditions, which allows indirect identification by studying the spectral patterns of vegetation and terrain morphology. Based on remote sensing and GIS techniques, it was made the regional vegetation and geomorphology maps, and the association of these attributes with the maps made at field scale study showed the determination of white kaolinitic clay deposits on a regional scale. On this scale, the results showed that the occurrence of such deposits is limited to geo-environmental conditions, closely associated with the water system and the topography of the region, allowing their formation and disappearance due to hydromorphic processes and geochemistry erosion, what causes the flattening of residual hills. The white kaolinitic clay deposits occur in specific geo-environmental conditions associated with residual hill tops between the boundary transition of the Oxisol/Spodosol pedologic system associated with transitional vegetation units between the Dense Rain Forest and Campinarana
Santos, Cleber Hilario dos. "Estudo da matéria orgânica e composição elementar de solos arenosos de regiões próximas a São Gabriel da Cachoeira no Amazonas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/75/75135/tde-04072014-105024/.
Full textThe Amazon represents the world\'s biggest biodiversity, comprehending a large and dynamic carbon pool, considering its biomass and soil, as well. The carbon cycle in this biome is very important, especially in questions regarding climatic changes. To evaluate and to understand the carbon and other elements cycles in Amazonian soil can help scientists to improve models and foresee scenarios. New methods, allowing carbon measurements on site, are a crucial approach for this kind of region, due to the financial costs to collect and ship soil samples from forest to laboratory, and the time spent in this activity. In the present study, it was analyzed a topsequence of an Oxisol-Spodosol system with kaolin associated, generated from granitic-gneiss rocks of crystalline basement. The soil samples were collected in São Gabriel da Cachoeira, Amazonas state, Brazil, considering two different soil profiles: Spodosols (P1), at the top layer, and yellow Oxisols (P2) at the topsequence hillside, representing a total of eighteen samples. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate and characterize the organic matter content and elemental composition by chemical and spectroscopic methods using elemental analysis (CHNS), laserinduced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES), laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy (LIFS), fluorescence spectroscopy and UV-Visible spectroscopy. The CHNS results showed differences in the carbon content for the Spodosol (P1) samples; however, it was not observed any differences for the Oxisol (P2) samples, once the carbon content data obtained for these samples were lower than the equipment detection limit (0.3%). The excitation-emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy was more sensitive for detecting humic acids (HA) than the two-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy, showing interesting information, structural variations and large difference among chromophores that emit fluorescence in fulvic acid extracts 2 (EAF2) and HA. The EAF2 were qualitatively characterized by combining the EEM spectra with parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC), which allowed to identify clearly the three fluorophores obtained and their respective components, fulvic acids (simple and complex groups of fluorophores) and protein, with core consistency diagnostic (CORCONDIA) of 85.8%. These data also allowed to quantify the HA, identifying contributions of intensities from two fluorophores associated with HA, complex groups and simple fluorophores, presenting CORCONDIA of 84.2%. Regarding the carbon and aluminum content results for the Spodosol samples, a strong correlation was found between the LIBS values and the standard techniques (CHNS and ICP OES). The Pearson\'s coefficients obtained by logarithmic fit were R = 0.98 and R = 0.99 for carbon and aluminum, respectively. It was not observed any differences for the iron contents from the analyzed samples, probably due to the low content observed regarding the detection limit this element presents. The LIFS technique indicated that the transition horizon (Tr) would be acting as a \"molecular sieve\" in the Spodosol soil (P1), accumulating less humified organic matter, and allowing passage to kaolin horizons (K1 and K2) of compounds with more humified, more complex, difficult to degrade (recalcitrant) structures, but with lower molecular size, such as condensed aromatic rings and/or combination of simple aromatic rings. These results were in accordance to the HA extraction efficiency. For the yellow Oxisol (P2) samples, it was observed a humification degree increase in the surface horizon BA compared to the A2 horizon. This way, the data obtained contribute to a better understanding regarding carbon quantification, humification degree and organic matter structural alterations on sandy soils in São Gabriel da Cachoeira, at the Amazonian region.
Brito, Carolina Ramalho. "Mapeamento de Muçunungas no sul da Bahia e norte do Espírito Santo utilizando técnicas de sensoriamento remoto." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2013. http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/5509.
Full textIn areas of the field of Training Barriers in southern Bahia and northern Espírito Santo is a kind of distinctive environment in terms of vegetation and soil characteristics, known regionally Muçununga. They are mainly found on Spodosols, ecologically unique adaptations depending on the conditions of nutritional poverty of the soil, with species tolerant to extremes of excess and lack of water, and still represent an ecosystem associated with the Atlantic Forest. This study aimed to: 1) evaluate the performance of the Maximum Likelihood classifiers and Support Vector Machine and the contribution of different compositions of multispectral bands, the vegetation index (NDVI), and principal component analysis of sensor images TM/Landsat5 for separating features of muçunungas. 2) Assess the supervised classifications for separating features of muçununga, with reference to the visual classification. 3) evaluate the distribution pattern, size, frequency and density of muçunungas in the region. We acquired nine scenes from the satellite / sensor Sensor TM/Landsat5-TM (Thematic Mapper) orbit 215, paragraphs 71, 72 and 73 days 29/05/2006; orbit 216, paragraphs 71, 72 and 73 on 19 / 07/2007 and orbit 215, paragraphs 71, 72 and 73 day 27/08/2007 with spatial resolution of 30 meters, which range from the municipality of Linhares-up Prado ES-BA divided into three areas: the coastal region of Spirit Santo, Bahia coastal region and the interior region of both states. Moreover, were provided by the company Fibria Cellulose three mosaics of RapidEye satellite images with radiometric and geometric corrections. The classes of land use were established according to the prior knowledge of the area. We collected 75 samples for each training class studied and validation samples were obtained from the database of land use provided by Fibria Cellulose. We performed a combination of ten bands, six bands of the sensor TM/Landsat5 (lanes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7), one index vegatação NDVI and the first three principal components. For supervised classification algorithm MaxVer, the bands were grouped in combinations of one to 10 bands for a total of 1023 combinations processed using ArcGIS10.1. A supervised classification algorithm of Support Vector Machine was held at Envi software, testing the ten best combinations MaxVer generated in each of the three areas studied. The evaluation of the accuracy of the classifications was performed from the confusion matrices that were obtained by crossing thematic maps derived classification. The region was divided into ranges of 10 km long from the coast towards the interior of the states of Bahia and Espírito Santo. In these bands, and analyzed the percentage area muçunungas. Were also analyzed four indentations in the region east / west, aiming to analyze the distribution, frequency and density of muçunungas in the region. From the results of ratings, performance classifier Support Vector Machine (SVM) can be considered satisfactory. However, MaxVer classifier obtained better results for the three regions analyzed. The areas classified as Muçununga merged with other classes such as pasture, eucalypt forest, body of water due to the spectral characteristics of vegetation enclave. The thematic map produced by supervised classification of the best combination in each region, using the algorithm Maxver reached Kappa index of 0.91 in the Holy Spirit, 0.90 and 0.81 in the Bahia region of the interior. The combination of one or two bands inferior results obtained while the best results were combinations with 6-8 bands. The use of normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) has promoted improvement in Kappa, but the increase is most notable in the classification obtained from the combination of these with the visible bands. The use of principal components representative did not represent an increase in the accuracy of the ratings except for those who had only the visible bands. The distribution of muçunungas presented a heterogeneous pattern, it increases its occurrence as it departed from the coast up to 40 km. From kilometer 50 to 80 there was a decrease explained by the approach of Crystalline Basement. 2254 were mapped areas muçunungas across the region, from the RapidEye satellite image. So are approximately 1.08% of the mapped region with presence of muçunungas. Despite the low percentage of muçunungas, the amount of which is representative of the region and most of them are smaller than five hectares. So do efforts are required to know the space of distruibuição muçunungas in order to generate information for the conservation of the remnants.
Em áreas de domínio da Formação Barreiras na região sul da Bahia e norte do Espírito Santo ocorre um tipo de ambiente diferenciado em termos de vegetação e características edáficas, denominado regionalmente de Muçununga. São encontradas principalmente sobre Espodossolos, ecologicamente únicas em função das adaptações às condições de pobreza nutricional do solo, com espécies tolerantes a extremos de excessos e falta de água, e ainda representam um dos ecossistemas associados à Mata Atlântica. Esse trabalho teve como objetivos: 1) avaliar o desempenho dos classificadores da Máxima Verossimilhança e Support Vector Machine e a contribuição de diferentes composições de bandas multiespectrais, do índice de vegetação da diferença normalizada (NDVI), e da análise de componentes principais das imagens do sensor TM/Landsat5 para a separação de feições das muçunungas. 2) Avaliar as classificações supervisionadas para a separação de feições de muçununga, tendo como referência a classificação visual. 3) Avaliar o padrão de distribuição, o tamanho, frequência e densidade das muçunungas na região. Foram adquiridas nove cenas do satélite/sensor Sensor TM/Landsat5-TM (Thematic Mapper) da órbita 215, pontos 71, 72 e 73 do dia 29/05/2006; da órbita 216, pontos 71, 72 e 73 do dia 19/07/2007 e da órbita 215, pontos 71, 72 e 73 do dia 27/08/2007 com resolução espacial de 30 metros, que englobam desde o município de Linhares- ES até Prado-BA divididas em três áreas: região litorânea do Espírito Santo, região litorânea da Bahia e região do interior de ambos os estados. Além disso, foram disponibilizados pela empresa Fibria Celulose três mosaicos de imagens do satélite Rapideye com as devidas correções radiométricas e geométricas. As classes de uso do solo foram estabelecidas de acordo com o conhecimento prévio da área. Foram coletadas 75 amostras de treinamento para cada classe estudada e as amostras de validação foram obtidas a partir de base de dados de uso do solo fornecida pela Fibria Celulose. Foi realizada a combinação de dez bandas: seis bandas do Sensor TM/Landsat5 (bandas 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 e 7), uma do índice de vegatação NDVI e as três primeiras componentes principais. Para a classificação supervisionada do algoritmo MaxVer, as bandas foram agrupadas em combinações de uma até 10 bandas perfazendo um total de 1023 combinações, processadas no software ArcGIS10.1. A classificação supervisionada do algoritimo Support Vector Machine foi realizada no software Envi, testando as dez melhores combinações geradas no MaxVer de cada uma das três áreas estudadas. A avaliação da exatidão das classificações foi realizada a partir das matrizes de confusão que foram obtidas pelo cruzamento dos mapas temáticos, resultantes da classificação. A região foi dividida em faixas de 10 km de extensão a partir do litoral em direção ao interior dos estados da Bahia e do Espírito Santo. Nestas faixas, analisaram a percentagem e a área de muçunungas. Também foram analisados quatro recortes da região na direção leste/oeste, com objetivo de analisar a distribuição, a frequência e a densidade das muçunungas na região. A partir dos resultados das classificações, o desempenho do classificador Support Vector Machine (SVM) pode ser considerado satisfatório. Entretanto, classificador MaxVer obteve melhores resultados para as três regiões analisadas. As áreas classificadas como Muçununga confundiram-se com outras classes tais como pastagem, eucalipto, mata, corpo d agua devido às características espectrais desse enclave vegetacional. O mapa temático produzido pela classificação supervisionada da melhor combinação em cada região, utilizando o algoritmo Maxver, atingiu índice Kappa de 0,91 no Espírito Santo; 0,90 na Bahia e 0,81 na região do interior. A combinação de uma e duas bandas obtiveram resultados inferiores enquanto que os melhores resultados foram com combinações de 6 a 8 bandas. O uso do índice de vegetação normalizada (NDVI) promoveu melhora no índice Kappa, mas o incremento é mais notável na classificação obtida a partir da combinação destes com as bandas do visível. A utilização das componentes principais não representou aumento representativo na acurácia das classificações, exceto para aquelas que só apresentavam bandas do visível. A distribuição das muçunungas apresentou um padrão heterogêneo, pois aumenta sua ocorrência à medida que se distanciava do litoral até 40 km. A partir do kilometro 50 até aos 80 houve um decréscimo explicado pela aproximação do Embasamento Cristalino. Foram mapeadas 2254 áreas de muçunungas em toda a região, a partir da imagem satélite Rapideye. Assim, são cerca de 9,08% da região mapeada com presença de muçunungas. Apesar da percentagem baixa de muçunungas, a quantidade delas é representativa na região e a maioria delas são menores que cinco hectares. Assim, fazem-se necessários esforços para se conhecer a distruibuição espacial das muçunungas, no sentido de gerar subsídios para a conservação dos remanescentes.
Sousa, Leonardo Teixeira. "Estudo da gênese e características de solos hidromórficos com horizontes endurecidos em topos na Serra do Timbó, Bahia." Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto de Geociências, 2015. http://repositorio.ufba.br/ri/handle/ri/19760.
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RESUMO Neste trabalho foi realizado o estudo da gênese e a caracterização morfológica, física e química dos solos que são afetados pelo processo de hidromorfismo no topo da Serra do Timbó. Esses solos possuem características específicas que afetam intensamente o comportamento dos solos nessa área, a exemplo da presença de horizontes endurecidos. A ocorrência de horizontes endurecidos reduz drasticamente a permeabilidade dos solos, restringindo o movimento descendente da água e impedindo o crescimento vertical das raízes, prejudicando dessa forma, o desenvolvimento da vegetação natural. Foram selecionados ao longo de topossequência, sete perfis de solo que tem a sua gênese ligada à ocorrência do processo de hidromorfismo para que fosse feita a caracterização morfológica, física e química dos solos. Os principais tipos de horizontes diagnósticos encontrados na região são: litoplíntico, concrecionário e B espódico. No Timbó foi observado o hidromorfismo em uma área de topo de serra que é um ambiente atípico para a formação dos solos hidromórficos, normalmente encontrados em baixadas planas. A principal razão da ocorrência desses solos na área pode ser explicada pela presença de abaciados nos topos mais amplos da região que possuem altitude acima de 800m, associados com uma drenagem interna lenta (por meio da existência de fraturas na rocha cristalina), mantendo assim o nível do lençol freático elevado. No topo estudado os solos mais afetados pelo hidromorfismo são os Espodossolos que estão localizados no centro do abaciado. Dentre os perfis selecionados foi observado que o processo de podzolização torna-se mais expressivo na medida em que se aproxima do centro abaciado, tendo como principais evidências o aumento em profundidade do teor de carbono orgânico, a formação do horizonte E álbico e a presença de horizontes ortstein. A forte restrição ao crescimento da vegetação em razão do encharcamento e da presença de horizontes endurecidos nesses solos afeta a diversidade de espécies, já que poucas conseguem se adaptar a baixa disponibilidade de oxigênio no solo. Diante da ocorrência de características ambientais muito peculiares, que reforçam a necessidade do estudo dos recursos naturais para orientar o manejo adequado dessa área, o estudo da natureza dos solos e o conhecimento de suas principais características constituem tarefas básicas que resultarão no fornecimento de informações relevantes para a gestão da Unidade de Conservação presente na região.
ABSTRACT In this present work it was made the study of the genesis and a chemical, physical, morphological characterization of soils that are affected by hydromorphism process on the top of Timbó Hill. These soils have specific characteristics that strongly affect their behavior in this area, such as the occurrence of the cemented horizons. The occurrence of the cemented horizons strongly decrease the permeability of the soils, limiting the infiltration and blocking the vertical growing of the roots, hindering the development of the natural vegetation. Seven soil profiles whose genesis is linked to hydromorphism occurrence, were selected with the objective to proceed chemical, physical, morphological characterization. The main types of the diagnostic horizons found in the region are litoplinthic, concretionary and B spodic. In Timbó it was observed the hydromorphism on the elevated area which is an atypical environment for the formation of hydromorphic soils, normally found in lowlands. The main reason for occurrence these soils in the area can be explained by the presence of the depressions on the larger tops of the region that have height upper than 800m, associated with slow internal drainage (by the existence of fractures in the crystalline rocks), thus maintaining the high level of groundwater. In the studied area the most affected soils by hydromorphism process are the Spodosols that are localized on the center of the depression. Among the selected profiles it was observed that the podzolization process becomes more intense with the approximation of the depression center, this was demonstrated by increasing in depth of the organic carbon content, the formation of albic E horizon and the occurrence of ortstein horizons. The strong restriction to the growth vegetation by the waterlogged and the occurrence of cemented horizons in these soils affect the diversity of species, since few can adapt to the low oxygen availability in the soil. From the occurrence of singular environmental characteristics that reinforce the necessity of study of natural resources to guide the appropriate management of this area, the study of soils nature and the knowledge of their main characteristics consist in basic tasks that will result in providing important information for the management of the Conservation Unit that exists in the region.
Coelho, Maurício Rizzato. "Caracterização e gênese de Espodossolos da planície costeira do Estado de São Paulo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11140/tde-11032009-094418/.
Full textThe genesis, chemistry and macro and micromorphology of soils developed on the sandy coastal plain of the São Paulo State were investigated. In these environments, often designated restinga, podzolization is the main pedogenetic process, being Spodosols and Quartzipsamments the soils most commonly found. Cananéia, Ilha Comprida and Bertioga cities were selected for the development of this research due to the representativeness of this environmental condition in the São Paulo State. In these environments 31 soil profiles were described and sampled, mainly in chronosequences. Age of sediments and of organic matter of cemented horizons (ortstein) were investigated as well. These data associated to the chemical analysis, including Fe and Al selective dissolution procedures (dithionite-citrate, oxalate and pyrophosphate for Fe and Al; NaOH, KCl, LaCl3 and CuCl2 for Al) and micromorphological analysis allowed the following conclusions: (a) the most developed Spodosols have ortstein horizons and can be considered indicators of sediments of Pleistocene age from the Cananéia Formation of the studied quaternary coastal plain and possibly are paleosols; (b) time and relief were the main soil formation factors responsible for differentiation of Spodosols on the landscape; (c) the oldest and well drained soils due to relief conditions and sedimentary dynamics (Cananéia and Bertioga) showed great variability and diversity of their horizons and morphological properties, differing from the youngest, poorly drained and more homogeneous Spodosols usually without Bs horizon (Bertioga). The youngest and well drained Spodosols (Ilha Comprida) showed an advanced degree of degradation; (d) the chemical properties of the studied soils are similar to other soils already described in the restinga: low in exchangeable bases, low in base saturation, strongly acidic, organic-matter dependent and Al-saturated CEC, increase in organic carbon with depth; (e) Al is main metal related to the podzolization process. The reactive forms of this element are Al-humus complexes and inorganic poorly crystalline compounds. Alhumus complexes predominate in the superficial and spodic, poorly drained horizons; the Alinorganic forms occur in some well drained spodic horizons (Bs, Bh, Bhs and Bsm) situated at the bottom of the well-drained soil profiles; (f) Al inorganic, poorly crystalline forms were extracted by pyrophosphate and CuCl2 reagents, usually used to determinate Al bound to organic matter; unlike, LaCl3 only extracted the reactive forms of Al-humus interaction, whereas KCl did not include these reactive forms; (g) Al-humus formation and mobilization were the main pedogenetic processes, but roots decomposition were observed in some horizons; (h) different mechanisms are related to Al-humus complexes immobilization: physical-mechanical filtering effect on soil pores, precipitation as pH increases with depth, precipitation with the decrease of C-to-metal ratio during organic matter complexation and roots selective absorption effect. In the latter, there is selective absorption of water and nutrients with segregation and precipitation of Al-humus complexes around roots. These Al-humus complexes are either mobilized from the superficial horizons or already dissolved in the draining water.
Silva, Kelly Justin da. "Diversidade de Bacteria e Archaea em Espodossolos do litoral do Estado de São Paulo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11138/tde-03082010-081106/.
Full textPodzolic soil formation involves the migration of organometallic complexes along the soil profile, the so called podzolization process. In Brazil, podzols are observed mainly in the coastal plains and north Amazonia. Well-drained podzols often show organic matter depleted bleached mottles in deeper horizons, and it has been suggested that development of these mottles is due to the selective degradation of the organic matter by soil microorganisms. However, the microorganisms involved in this process are not known. The goal of the present study is to compare the Bacteria and Archaea community structures and diversity in bleached mottles and their immediate vicinity in different podzolic soil profiles. Three podzolic soil profiles, located in Bertioga (BT) and Ilha Comprida (IC1 and IC2), São Paulo State, were studied. In each profile, samples were taken from the characteristic horizons, and from bleached mottles (M) and their immediate vicinity (S) in the deeper horizons. Chemical attributes of the soil samples, as well as Bacteria and Archaea community structure using PCR-DGGE and partial sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene were evaluated. The Podzols were characterized as very acidic and distrophic. The analysis of the prokaryotic communities using PCR-DGGE showed distinct communities of Bacteria and Archaea along the soil profiles studied. However, only the bacterial community structures in the bleached mottles showed statistically significant differences from the communities in their immediate vicinity. Based on the analyses of 16S rRNA gene clone libraries, the bacterial communities from the three soil profiles evaluated showed lower levels of diversity in the bleached mottles, as compared to their immediate vicinities, suggesting the occurrence of selection of specific microorganisms. In the bleached mottles of the BT profile, OTUs assigned to Proteobacteria were the most abundant, with predominance of OTUs phylogenetically associated with Pseudomonas, whereas in the IC profiles, OTUs phylogenetically related to Acidobacteria predominate in the bleached mottles. Pseudomonas and Acidobacteria are known for their high metabolic capabilities and may be involved in the selective degradation of the organic matter during the development of the bleached mottles. Archaeal clone library sequencing showed the predominance of Crenarchaeota in the bleached mottles as well as in their immediate vicinity. No statistically significant differences between the archaeal community structure in the bleached mottles and their vicinities were observed in the soil profiles studied. However, the archaeal communities in BT and IC were significantly different. In conclusion, this study showed that Pseudomonas and Acidobacteria may be involved in the development of bleached mottles in Podzols, and that the selection of specific bacterial groups in the bleached mottles may depend on specific edaphic conditions.
Nogueira, Carla Luciane Bentes. "Ecologia funcional de Campinaranas." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2014. http://www.locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/6578.
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Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas
A ecologia funcional tem sido usada como base para planejar e responder questões sobre manejo, conservação e restauração de ecossistemas. Reconhecer grupos funcionais de plantas em Campinaranas é importante para entender como a diversidade e a morfologia dessa vegetação responde aos fatores ambientais e como esses traços podem ser usados na conservação e manejo desses ecossistemas. Nosso estudo foi conduzido em uma Campinarana da Amazônia Central sobre Espodossolo e o objetivo foi detectar grupos funcionais entre as espécies nas diferentes fitofisionomias desse ecossistema. Por meio de um modelo linear generalizado (GLM) confirmamos a hipótese de que a maioria das espécies de plantas de Campinarana pertence a grupos funcionais definidos por formas de vida que respondem à proporção de areia fina no solo (proxy do status de água). Confirmou-se que o status de água, cuja proxy é a proporção de areia fina sobre areia grossa (AF/AG), influencia a distribuição espacial de grupos funcionais no gradiente, influenciando a diversidade e a fisionomia da vegetação. O funcionamento nas Campinaranas é determinado pelo estresse, com o grupo funcional mésico beneficiado nos locais de menor estresse e o grupo funcional tolerante ao estresse por alagamento beneficiado pelo maior estresse. Espécies mésicas são fanerófitas e lianas enquanto as espécies tolerantes ao estresse por alagamento são as caméfitas, hemicriptófitas e terófitas. A hipótese de que a Campinarana estudada tem funcionamento semelhante ao de Mussunungas não foi confirmada. O estresse em Campinarana é de alagamento nos solos com maiores valores de AF/AG. O inverso ocorre em Mussununga com estresse de seca nos solos de menores valores de AF/AG. Os padrões observados neste estudo são importantes para fortalecer a inserção das Campinaranas dentro do conceito de Áreas Úmidas do Brasil. Isso beneficiaria esse ecossistema, uma vez que, receberia um tratamento específico na forma da lei, permitindo a conservação e o uso adequado desses ambientes.
Functional ecology has long been used as a basis to plan and answer questions about management, conservation and restoration of ecosystems. Recognize functional groups of plants in Campinaranas is important to understand how the diversity and morphology of this vegetation responds to environmental factors and how these traits can be used in the conservation and management of these ecosystems. This study was conducted at white Campinarana vegetation in the Central Amazon. The aim of this study was to assess the proportion of fine to coarse sand (FS/CS) in different physiognomies of Campinarana to detect functional groups. By a generalized linear model (GLM) we confirmed the hypothesis that most plant species from the Campinarana ecosystem belong to functional groups defined by life forms that respond to the fine sand proportion in the soil (a proxy of water status). It was confirmed that FS/CS affects the spatial distribution of functional groups in the gradient and influences the diversity and morphological complexity of this vegetation. However, the hypothesis that the functioning of Campinaranas is similar to the Mussunungas was not confirmed. The patterns observed in this study are important to achieve inclusion of Campinaranas as wetlands within the concept of Brazilian wetlands. As such, these endangered ecosystems would receive special treatment by law, allowing the preservation and proper use of these environments.
Tadini, Amanda Maria. "Gênesis de espodossolos amazônicos: um estudo sobre a estrutura e a mobilidade da matéria orgânica." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/75/75135/tde-25012018-165500/.
Full textSoils play an important role in most of the activities that occur on the planet. It participation in the main biogeochemical cycles can be highlighted. Soil organic matter (SOM) plays a key role in environmental sustainability, since it is related to carbon and nutrient cycling, being essential for studies related to global climate change and agronomy. One of the major SOM fluorophore is the humic substances (HS), which is fractionated according to their solubility in humic acids (HA), fulvic acids (FA) and humin (HU). The study of the optical properties of the organic matter is an important tool for structural and molecular understanding of humic fractions. Based on that, this work aimed the study of the Amazonian Spodosols genesis through the evaluation of organic matter structural characteristics and its properties of metal complexation using different spectroscopic techniques. The main results of this research showed large carbon accumulations in depth. Furthermore, it was possible to infer how the Amazonian Spodosols organic matter is divided: - more recalcitrant, humified and old; - labile and young; - recalcitrant, little humified and old; - humified and young. The study demonstrated clearly that the humification process has no direct relationship with the organic material dating, and that factors such as texture, presence of water and microorganisms have influenced the formation and humification of that organic material. The FA fraction of the soil has a contribution from groundwater and its chemical structure varies little in depth. Additionally, FA showed selective interaction with soil metals. However, the HA fraction has been shown less selective, associate with various metal types, such as K, Fe, Mg, Zn and Al. Moreover, its chemical structure varies greatly in the soil depth. Due to the diversity of metals that the HA has affinity, it should be the main responsible of the soil fertility. After all, the results showed that all the three humic fractions are involved in the process of soil podzolization. Furthermore, the FA has a predominant role in Al transport as the HA is the responsable of Fe transport.
Oliveira, Aline Pacobahyba de. "Pedogênese de espodossolos em ambientes da formação Barreiras e de restinga do sul da Bahia." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2007. http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/5544.
Full textConselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
In areas of the Barreiras and sandbank on southern Bahia, the occurrence of Spodosols that are much differentiated morphologically is common. In the sediment domains of the Barreiras formation in this region, it is common to observe an edaphologically differentiate environment and locally co-called "muçununga" which occurs in depressed areas of the Tabuleiros Costeiros and flood in the rainy season. In those muçunungas, one may observe the Spodosols with horizon E (white muçunungas) and without this horizon (black muçunungas), that show characteristics differing among each other and in relation to those found in the sandbank. Because the shortage of studies on Spodosols in Brazil, there is a need for knowing their physiochemical characteristics in order to get a better understanding of its genesis in those environments. So, this study was carried out to accomplish the chemical, physical and mineralogical characterization of those soils and to evaluate the possible differences in the Spodosol formation processes of both Barreiras and sandbank on extreme southern Bahia. Eight soil profiles with spodic materials were described and collected. Then, the following procedures were performed under laboratory conditions: selective extractions of either iron and aluminum by sodium dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate (DCB) and the ammonium oxalate and sodium pyrophosphate, characterization and fractioning of the organic matter and extraction of the low molecular weight organic acids, mineralogical by x-ray diffractometry in the clay, silt and sand fractions of the spodic horizons in the soils under study, and physical analyses for textural characterization. The analysis for visualization and obtainment of the photographs by optical microscopy were also performed in the coarse sand fraction. In Barreiras environment, the Spodosols showed fragipan below the spodic horizons. The white muçunungas showed a cemented spodic B horizon, whereas the black ones show small granular structure with dark coloration from the surface. Besides presenting sandy texture and increased clay contents in the spodic horizons, those are acid, distrophic and alic soils. So-called H + Al, the CTC is basically represented by the organic matter. The results obtained by the sulfuric attack to TFSA show relatively higher silica contents in the fragipans of the profiles, but low Fe and Al contents, so suggesting destructed clay in the cohesive Yellow Ultisols that occur surrounding the Spodosols in Barreiras areas. The soils show accumulation of organic matter, mainly both fulvic and humic acids and the Al and Fe oxides in the spodic B horizons B. The participation of Al is more accentuated in relation to Fe in the podzolization process, as well as that of the poorly crystallized forms in relation to those with better crystallinity. So, the brown and dark coloration found in those soils seems to be more related to the organic compounds than to the iron oxides. In the analysis for determination of the organic acids with low molecular weight, the occurrence of the acids (acetic, butyric, succinic, malic, malonic, tartaric, and oxalic) were verified, and the acetic, butyric and succinic acids showed the more expressive values, therefore they are probably contributing to the Spodosol formation process, when together with other organic materials they promote the solubilization and translocation of the ions along the profile, therefore favoring the accumulation of the organometallic complexes as a function of depth, consequently the formation and development of the spodic B horizons. The main components at the mineral phase of the clay fraction in the spodic horizons are the minerals caulinite and probably the vermiculite with inter layers hydroxy (VHE), as being the last one at very low amounts. Quartz, mica and caulinite traces were observed in the silt fraction, but only quartz in the sand fraction. Chemical physical, morphological and mineralogical differences were found in the Spodosols of both Barreiras Formation and sandbank. The white and black muçunungas showed only morphologic and chemical differences among each other.
Em áreas do Barreiras e de restinga do sul da Bahia é comum a ocorrência de Espodossolos muito diferenciados morfologicamente. No domínio dos sedimentos da Formação Barreiras dessa região é comum a observação de um ambiente edafologicamente diferenciado, localmente chamado de muçununga , o qual ocorre em áreas deprimidas dos Tabuleiros Costeiros, e que alagam no período chuvoso. Nessas muçunungas observam-se Espodossolos com horizonte E (muçunungas brancas) e sem este horizonte (muçunungas pretas) que apresentam características diferenciadas entre si e em relação àqueles encontrados na restinga. Em razão da pequena quantidade de trabalhos realizados sobre os Espodossolos do Brasil existe a necessidade de conhecer suas características físico-químicas para melhor compreensão de sua gênese nestes ambientes. Assim, com o objetivo de caracterizar química, física e mineralogicamente e avaliar as possíveis diferenças nos processos de formação dos Espodossolos do Barreiras e da restinga no extremo sul da Bahia, foram descritos e coletados oito perfis de solos com materiais espódicos e realizadas análises químicas como extrações seletivas de ferro e alumínio pelo ditionito-citrato-bicarbonato de sódio (DCB), oxalato de amônio e pirofosfato de sódio, caracterização e fracionamento da matéria orgânica e extração de ácidos orgânicos de baixa massa molecular, mineralógicas, através da difratometria de raios-x nas frações argila, silte e areia dos horizontes espódicos dos solos estudados, e física para caracterização textural. Foi feita, também na fração areia grossa, a análise de visualização e obtenção de fotografias por microscopia ótica. No ambiente Barreiras, os Espodossolos apresentaram fragipã abaixo dos horizontes espódicos. As muçunungas brancas apresentaram horizonte B espódico cimentado, enquanto as pretas possuem estrutura pequena granular e coloração escura desde a superfície. Os solos apresentam textura arenosa e aumento dos teores de argila nos horizontes espódicos. São solos ácidos, distróficos e álicos. A CTC, dominada por H + Al, é representada basicamente pela matéria orgânica. Os resultados obtidos pelo ataque sulfúrico à TFSA mostram teores de sílica relativamente mais elevados nos fragipãs dos perfis e baixos teores de Fe e Al sugerindo destruição de argila dos Argissolos Amarelos coesos que ocorrem circundando os Espodossolos em áreas do Barreiras. Os solos apresentam acúmulo de matéria orgânica, principalmente ácidos fúlvicos e ácidos húmicos, e óxidos de Al e Fe nos horizontes B espódicos. A participação do Al é mais marcante em relação ao Fe no processo de podzolização, bem como a de formas mal cristalizadas em relação àquelas de melhor cristalinidade. Assim, A coloração parda e escura verificada nesses solos parece estar mais relacionada aos compostos orgânicos do que aos óxidos de ferro. Na análise de determinação de ácidos orgânicos de baixa massa molecular constatou-se a ocorrência dos ácidos acético, butírico, succínico, málico, malônico, tartárico, oxálico e cítrico, sendo o acético, butírico e succínico os de valores mais expressivos, que podem estar contribuindo para o processo de formação dos Espodossolos ao promover, junto à outros materiais orgânicos, a solubilização e translocação de íons ao longo do perfil, favorecendo o acúmulo de complexos organometálicos em profundidade e, assim, a formação e o desenvolvimento dos horizontes B espódicos. Os principais componentes da fase mineral da fração argila dos horizontes espódicos são os minerais caulinita e, possivelmente, vermiculita com hidróxi entre camadas (VHE), este último em quantidades muito pequenas. Quartzo, mica e traços de caulinita foram observados na fração silte e apenas quartzo na fração areia. Foram constatadas diferenças químicas, físicas, morfológicas e mineralógicas entre os Espodossolos da Formação Barreiras e os da restinga. As muçunungas pretas e brancas apresentaram apenas diferenças morfológicas e químicas entre si.
Tadini, Amanda Maria. "Gêneses de espodossolos amazônico : um estudo sobre a estrutura e a mobilidade da matéria orgânica." Thesis, Toulon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOUL0023.
Full textSoils play an important role in the most of the activities that occur on the planet. It participation in the main biogeochemical cyles can be highlighted. Soil organic matter (SOM) plays a key role in environmental sustainability, since it is related tocabon and nutrient cycling, being essential for studies related to global climate change and agronomy. One of the major SOM fluorophore is the humic substances (HS), which is fractionated according to their solubility in humic acids (HA), fulvic acids (FA) and humin (HU). The study of the optical properties of the organic matter is an important tool for structural and molecular understanding of humic fractions. Based on that, this work aimed the study of the Amazonian Spodosols genesis through the evaluation of organic matter structural characteristics and its properties of metal complexation using different spoectroscopic techniques. The main results of this research showed large carbon accumulations in depth. Futhermore, is was possible to infer how the Amazonian Spodosols organic matter is divided : - more recalcitrant, humified and old ; -labile and young ; -recalcitrant, little humified and old ; -humified and young. The study demonstrated clearly tha the humification process has no direct relationship with the organic material dating, and that factors such as texture, presence of water and micro-organisms have influenced the formation and humification of that organic material. The FA fraction of the soil has a contribution from groundwater and its chemical structure varies little in depth. Additionaly, FA showed selective interaction with soil metals. However, the HA fraction has been shown less selective, associate with various meta types , such as K, Fe, Mg, Zn and Al. Moreover, its chemical structure varies greatly in the soil depth. Due to the diversity of metals that the HA has affinity, it should be the main responsible of the soil fertility. After all, the results showed that all the three humic fractions are involved in the process of soil podzolization. Furthermore, the FA has a predominant role in Al transport as the HA is the protagonist of Fe transport
Matos, Elisa Rabelo. "Variações das estruturas das comunidades de bactérias e fungos em Espodossolos sob diferentes regimes de drenagem." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11138/tde-05052015-113117/.
Full textPodzols are highly frequent soils in the coastal plains of the São Paulo State, and are characterized by the presence of a spodic horizon (Bh or Bhm). Studies on the pedogenetic processes in Podzols of tropical regions are scarce, as well as studies on the molecular characterization of their organic matter (OM) and on the microorganisms involved in their genesis. It is possible that microorganisms involved in the selective degradation of the soil OM are important for the genesis of Podzols, as previously observed in Podzols of Bertioga and Ilha Comprida. The aim of the first study was to evaluate the spatial variation of the community structure and abundance of bacterial and fungi in the different horizons, bleached mottles and their immediate vicinity of three Podzol profiles under intermediary drainage regime, using PCR-DGGE and qPCR of the bacterial rRNA 16S gene and fungal ITS region. The aim of the second study was to determine the spatial variability of the bacterial communities in the horizons and bleached mottles of Podzols under three drainage regimes, and whether the bacterial genetic diversity and community structure were associated to the molecular OM composition, using high-throughput sequencing of the V4 region of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene and analyses of organic compounds by pyrolysis GC/MS. The structure of bacterial communities, determined by PCRDGGE, in the different horizons of each soil profile were more similar to each other than in the same horizons of different soil profiles. The fungal community structures did not show significant differences, independent of the soil profile location and horizons depth. Abundance of copies of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene and fungal ITS region, determined by qPCR, was higher in the A horizon than in the Bh horizon, for the three Podzol profiles studied. Even though there were no significant differences in community structures, specific groups of bacteria and fungi may be involved in the selective degradation of organic matter in different horizons, bleached mottles and their immediate vicinity. The bacterial community structures, determined by highthroughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene, in the surface horizons (A and AE) were distinct of that in the deeper horizons (EB, BE and Bh). However, the bacterial community structures in the bleached mottles and their immediate vicinity were more similar to each other than to the community structures in the horizons, in all profiles studied, regardless of the drainage regime. Acidobacteria, Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria were the most abundant phyla in the soils studied. Actinobacteria and Alphaproteobacteria showed a positive relationship organic compounds derived from lignin degradation, which were more abundant in the surface horizons (A and AE), whereas Acidobacteria showed a positive relationship with more recalcitrant compounds detected in deeper horizons (Bh), suggesting a specific and distinct roles of each bacterial group in the degradation of specific organic compounds. The results of these studies suggest that specific bacterial groups may be involved in the genesis of Podzols by degrading specific organic compounds in different horizons.
Martinez, Pedro Henrique Rodrigues de Moraes. "Relações sedimentologia-geomorfologia-hidrologia e seus efeitos na gênese de Espodossolos sob Restinga na Ilha Comprida-SP." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11140/tde-16062015-164829/.
Full textFormed since the late Quaternary period, the Ilha Comprida is made up by a set of geomorphological units depicted whether by rough or smooth surfaces, where both have Spodosols with a range of morphology and development stages. Multiscale approach has been applies through the spatial representation of topochronossequences, soil profiles, soil horizons and soil thin sections. Cartography survey of the south Ilha Comprida has been aided by aerial photos, allowed to mapping geomorphological features: beach ridge and swales; plan surfaces; coves with mangrove recesses; and edge of terrains. The study was based on two transversal profiles (east-west) with nearly 3 km of width, located at southernmost of Ilha Comprida, where there are several growth units. There transections A-B and C-D are located inland and at the cliffs, respectively. The soils from these transections show the role play by drainage conditions on formation and degradation of spodic horizon. The degradation of spodic horizons through transection C-D is linked to the preferential flow channels created by roots growth, plus by the decomposition activities of Acidbacterias. Traditional topography survey and lateral configuration of soils has been draw to depict these transections, where 14 wells were deployed for water table monitoring (transection A-B).The relief, soil, and water table information allowed the delimiting of five morphopedologic compartments. The compartments I, II and IV has rough surfaces (higher and close beach ridges) with Spodosol well developed provided with ortstein at oscillation zone of water table, while compartment III is a flat surface with Hydromorphic Spodosol and Histosols. Compartment V is the youngest surface and has incipient podsolization. Statistic of sand grain size and micromorphology analysis indicates that granulometry and spatial sand arrangement of some sedimentary package, deal with Dissolved Organic Matter (DOM) accumulation through high hydraulic conductivity gradient or capillarity breaks. It results in formation of bands and commentated horizons (Bhm) at some stratigraphic boundaries. The presence of beach ridges and swales alignments convergent towards southwest of Ilha Comprida, plus the directions of local hydrography flows, implies that the swales are channels of DOM, which contribute to ortstein formation at Ponta da Trincheira. The slow decreasing of sea level along the Holocene, in addition to the edge effect upon erosion of the south sandy cliff, also played a role to ortstein genesis. Gley horizon (2Cg) with mineralogical assemblage similar to the soils found in the mangrove, suggest that some mangroves has been buried by the costal dynamics typical in infra-tidal environment. Currently, these buried horizons occur locally and plays a impediments for drainage, which is expressed in accumulation and cementation by organic matter (Bhm horizon). Some roots and Callichirus major fossils entail bioturbation that also enable accumulation and cementation of DOM. This icnofossils might have been preserved through pedofossilization by the podsolization process itself.
Gomes, Felipe Haenel. "Caracterização de solos de manguezais e de restinga no município de Ilhéus-Bahia." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2002. http://www.locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/10767.
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Os manguezais e as restingas são ecossistemas localizados na interface dos meios terrestre, fluvial e marinho. Estão presentes em praticamente todo o litoral brasileiro. Apesar da grande importância ecológica destes ecossistemas, são ainda escassos os estudos mais pormenorizados das características dos solos que os sustentam. O presente trabalho teve como objetivos caracterizar química, física e mineralogicamente solos de restingas e manguezais localizados em Ilhéus-Bahia; caracterizar quimicamente plantas de espécies típicas ou associadas a estes manguezais; e avaliar a relação homem-mangue na região, através de entrevistas com famílias que exploram e/ou residem em manguezais. Para tanto, foram selecionados cinco solos de manguezais, ao longo do Rio Almada, norte de Ilhéus, e para as restingas, três solos sob diferentes coberturas vegetais. Os solos sob manguezal apresentaram no geral textura franco-arenosa ou mais grosseira. A coloração predominante nos solos de manguezais estudados é a cinza-escuro, com baixos valores de croma e matiz, reflexo do acúmulo de matéria orgânica. Devido à constituição predominantemente arenosa, não apresentaram plasticidade ou pegajosidade. Os valores de CTC e carbono orgânico dos solos de manguezais foram elevados, evidenciando a participação da matéria orgânica na CTC, bem como a presença de argilominerais 2:1 expansíveis. Eles apresentam, em algumas camadas (tiomórficas), elevados teores de alumínio juntamente com elevados teores de bases trocáveis, especialmente o magnésio, reflexo da influência da água do mar. O tiomorfismo foi confirmado, além do abaixamento do pH, pela presença de enxofre no extrato de sais solúveis. De um modo geral, a salinidade foi maior quanto mais próximo à foz do rio e aumentou em profundidade. Os teores de ferro obtidos pela extração com oxalato ácido de amônio e ditionito-citrato- bicarbonato (DCB) foram muito próximos, indicando a pequena presença de óxidos de ferro cristalinos nestes solos. O ataque sulfúrico evidenciou a pobreza em ferro dos solos de manguezais estudados, excetuando-se um solo, que é influenciado pelo material de origem de rochas do complexo cristalino, dada sua posição mais próxima à encosta. O fracionamento das substâncias húmicas demonstrou a riqueza deste ambiente em humina, sugerindo alguma relação com o tanino, composto encontrado em quantidade apreciável na vegetação deste ecossistema . A mineralogia da fração argila dos solos de manguezais em questão é composta de caulinita, micas, argilominerais 2:1 expansíveis e pirita. Na fração silte estão presentes, além de mica, caulinita e pirita, o quartzo, feldspatos e apenas em um solo, influenciado pelas rochas do complexo cristalino, goethita e ilmenita. Este solo possui características distintas dos outros solos de manguezais estudados apresentando maiores teores de ferro, alumínio, sílica e fósforo pelo ataque sulfúrico, além da baixa salinidade, que permite o desenvolvimento de uma vegetação diferenciada, composta de aninga (Montrichardia arborescens). Os solos sob restinga apresentaram textura arenosa, reflexo do material de origem, sendo que o um deles apresenta dominantemente areia grossa. Apresentam cores brunadas em profundidade, correspondendo ao horizonte espódico. A CTC é baixa e são solos álicos, à exceção do horizonte O de um dos solos, coletado sob uma restinga arbórea e densa. A extração de ferro com oxalato e DCB demonstrou a menor cristalinidade dos horizontes espódicos. O fracionamento de substâncias húmicas mostra o enriquecimento da fração ácidos fúlvicos, indicando iluviação. As plantas de manguezais apresentaram predominância, principalmente nas folhas, de sódio, atribuído a mecanismos de exclusão de sais presente nestas plantas adaptadas. Não apresentaram concentração significativa de elementos traços. As entrevistas mostraram a precária condição de vida experimentada pelos moradores dos manguezais, especialmente os da comunidade de São Domingos, na zona urbana de Ilhéus. Em Acuípe, ao sul da cidade de Ilhéus, apesar das condições de miserabilidade, os moradores parecem conhecer e usufruir melhor a riqueza do ecossistema.
The mangrove and restingas (coastal reefs) are ecosystems that occur in the interface between terrestrial, fluvial and marine environments, and are present along practically all the Brazilian coast side. Despite the great ecological importance of these ecosystems, there are few detailed studies about the soils that occur in these areas. The objective of this work was to characterize the soils of mangrove and restinga areas located in Ilhéus-Bahia with reference to their chemical, physical and mineralogical attributes and to proceed a chemical characterization of typical plant species. The relationship between the families that explore or live in the mangrove and their environment was also evaluated by means of interviews. Five mangrove soils were studied along the Almada River, north of Ilhéus, as well as three restinga soils, each under different vegetation. The mangrove soils presented coarse texture, low chrome and matiz, high cation exchange capacity (CEC) and high organic carbon levels, evidencing the participation of organic matter and expansible minerals in the CEC. These soils presented in some layers (acid sulfate soils), high Al levels and high exchangeable cation levels, specially magnesium, ixreflecting the influence of seawater. The presence of sulfur in the extract of soluble salts, as well as the pH reduction, confirmed the acid sulfate aspect of these soils. In general, salinity increased towards the mouth of the river and with depth. The iron levels obtained with acid ammonium oxalate and dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate (DCB) were very similar, indicating small amounts of crystalline iron oxides in these soils. The sulfuric digestion evidenced the low iron content of the studied mangrove soils, except for one, which is influenced by crystalline rocks. The fractionation of humic substances revealed high levels of humin in the mangrove environment, which may be related with tanine compounds, widely present in mangrove vegetation. The clay mineralogy is composed of kaolinite, micas, 2:1 expansible minerals and pirite while quartz and feldspars also occur in the silt fraction. The soil affected by crystalline rocks presented also goethite and ilmenite. This soil also presented higher iron, aluminium, silicium and phosphorous levels after sulfuric digestion, as well as low salinity, which accounts for the presence of different vegetation, composed by Montrichardia arborescens. The soils under restinga presented sandy texture, bruned coloring with depth indicating the presence of a spodic horizon, low CEC and high aluminium saturation, except for an organic horizon collected under dense arboreous restinga. The iron extraction with ammonium oxalate and DCB evidenced the less crystalline mineralogy of spodic horizons. The fractionation of humic substances showed an enrichment of fulvic acids, indicating illuviation. The mangrove vegetation presented a dominance of sodium, specially in the leaves, which is attributed to the salt exclusion mechanisms verified in these adapted species and no significant concentration of trace elements was detected. Interviews with mangrove inhabitants evidenced the extremely miserable life conditions, specially in the São Domingos community, urban part of Ilhéus. In Açuípe, south of Ilhéus, locals seem to better utilize the natural resources offered by the mangrove.
Santin, Roberta Clemente. "Avaliação da sensibilidade à mineralização e estudo detalhado da matéria orgânica em Espodossolos da alta bacia do Rio Negro, Amazonas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/64/64135/tde-07082018-104323/.
Full textIn the upper and middle Rio Negro basin, in the Amazon region, Spodosols are soils with significant spatial representation. These soils have their genesis linked to two different processes: a system of Latosol-Spodosol transformation, developed on rocks of the crystalline basement and another formed directly from sedimentary rocks. Spodosols store large amounts of carbon in their deep spodic horizons. The climate models predict changes in precipitation patterns, with a higher frequency of dry periods in the Amazon, resulting in lowering the water table, which would lead to an increase in porosity, and thus increase the mineralization of the organic matter stored in these horizons. Several factors may influence carbon mineralization rates, such as pedogenetic processes, soil source materials, present vegetation and organic matter characteristics in different soil horizons. In this context, the objective was to characterize the organic matter, in its physicochemical aspects and to evaluate its vulnerability to pedoclimatic changes. For this, it was necessary to evaluate the particle size distribution and the mineralogical composition of the soils, determine the isotopic and carbon and nitrogen composition and concentrations of soil samples, verify the organic matter characteristic and quantify soil carbon mineralization in different horizons. The results showed that the organic matter presented in the spodic horizons is more humid, and this recalcitrance leads to lower rates of CO2 emission into the atmosphere. Soil mineralogy as well as particle size distribution contributed to greater protection of organic matter, increasing its stability and reducing susceptibility to mineralization in these horizons. The distribution of particle size and amount of different particle sizes in the two areas reflected the influence of the source material, which associated with vegetation influenced the concentrations and carbon emission. In the spodic horizons, the emissions and fluxes of C to the atmosphere were smaller than in the superficial horizons due to the greater humification of the organic matter and, probably, the nitrogen deficiency. The deep spodic horizons, considering the areas of Barcelos and São Gabriel da Cachoeira, are responsible for the release to atmosphere of 8 x 1013 g C year-1, a value that corresponds approximately to 1% of what returns to the atmosphere annually through the respiration of the soil. This amount cannot be neglected when developing forecast models of climate change
Souza, Cristiano Marcelo Pereira de. "Análise dos parâmetros sedimentológicos e caracterização de solos desenvolvidos de sedimentos Pós-Barreiras, Ilhéus-BA." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2014. http://www.locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/6830.
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais
Ao longo do litoral de Ilhéus é verificada a ocorrência de sedimentos Pós- Barreiras que cobrem a unidade geomorfológica tabuleiros costeiros. Embora haja alguns trabalhos pioneiros a partir da década de 80 com enfoque para estes sedimentos em outras regiões do Brasil, todavia, alguns assuntos relacionados a Pós-Barreiras ainda não foram suficientemente estudados. Assim, este estudo objetiva realizar a análise de sedimentos Pós-Barreiras baseado no enfoque para dinâmica sedimentar e pedologia. No primeiro caso, foram analisados os parâmetros sedimentológicos nos sedimentos Pós-Barreiras para fração areia, com a finalidade de obter diâmetro médio dos grãos, mediana, desvio-padrão, assimetria, e curtose gráfica. Na fração areia média, foi analisada a morfologia dos grãos com uso de microscópio ótico.Foram também coletadas três amostras nas camadas dos sedimentos com uso de tubos de PVC, para realizar procedimento de datação com uso do método de Luminescência Opticamente Estimulada(LOE), seguindo-se o protocolo SAR (Single Aliquot Regeneration). Foi observada a paisagem de ocorrência dos sedimentos Pós-Barreiras,por meio da elaboração do mapa geomorfológico e análise de variáveis geomorfométricas. Para o enfoque pedológico foram coletadas amostras de solos, descrição de perfis e reconhecimento da paisagem. Para as amostras coletadas foram realizadas análises físicas e químicas, como a determinação do pH em H2O e em KCl, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+, Al3+, H+Al, P, C-orgânico, fracionamento de matéria orgânica, análise de textura do solo e fusão alcalina para determinaçãodos teores totais de Si, Al, Fe, Ti, e Zr. Realizou-se também análise mineralógica para as frações areia, silte+argila e argila.Foi observado que a paisagem de ocorrência dos sedimentos Pós-Barreiras é restrita ao litoral, ao máximo de 5 km distante de linha de costa e altitude máxima de 139 m. Os resultados dos parâmetros sedimentológicos, com base principalmente nos valores obtidos de curtose, assimetria e seleção, revelaram que a maioria dos sedimentos coletados tem padrões de sedimentos transportados por processos marinhos, aliado ao fato da morfologia dos grãos que apresentaram baixo grau de arredondamento, típico de sedimentos de origem marinha, todavia estes dados não são conclusivos, são necessários estudosmais específicos. As áreas de ocorrência destes sedimentos foram submetidas a soerguimentos pela ação da neotectônica e encontravam-se na época de deposição sedimentar em cotas altimétricas mais baixas. A época de deposição das amostras dos sedimentos Pós-Barreiras foi do Pleistoceno tardio até o Holoceno, sendo que as idades variaram de 6.000 a 85.000 AP. Os solos desenvolvidos do Pós-Barreiras, são os Neossolos Quartzarênicos,com baixa saturação por bases e CTC. Foram também registrados cinco solos com morfologia de Espodossolos, porém os resultados dos teoresdos elementos Ti, Zrbem como as suas relações (Zr/Ti), valor de uniformidade, e fracionamento de MO revelaram a presença de descontinuidade para alguns perfis com morfologia espódica, sendo classificado como Neossolos. Os principais componentes minerais identificados nos perfis de solos são o quartzo e feldspato na fração areia; e na fração silte+argila principalmente caulinita e quartzo. A gênese dos solos dos sedimentos Pós- Barreiras está relacionado a processos pedogenéticos e processos de deposição sedimentar gerando,por vezes,solos alóctones.
In the municipality of Ilhéus is verified the occurrence Post-Barreiras, overlying the coastal tablelands on the coastline. Although there is some pioneering work from the 80s, with a focus on these sediments in other regions of Brazil, nevertheless, some lines of study have not yet been sufficiently studied. This study aims to conduct the analysis of sediment Post-Barreiras, based on geological and pedological approach. In the first case the sedimentological parameters was analyzed for the sand fraction in order to obtain average grain diameter, median, standard deviation, skewness, and graphic kurtosis. From average sand fraction was analyzed grain morphology using optical microscope. Three samples collected in tubes of polyvinyl chloride, to perform the dating method using Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) following the protocol SAR (Single Aliquot Regeneration). Was observed the landscape of occurrence of sediment, based on the elaboration of geomorphological map and analysis geomorphometric aspects. For pedological approach soil samples were collected, with description of pedons and reconnaissance of the landscape. Physical characteristics determined were texture, water dispersed clay, and flocculation. The chemical analysis carried out were the following: pH in H2O and in KCl, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+, Al3+, H + Al, P, organic C, fractionation of organic matter, and alkaline fusion to determine the total concentration of the elements (Si, Al, Fe, Ti, e Zr). Analyses were carried out by X-ray diffraction for fractions silt / clay and clay. As a result, it was observed that the landscape of occurrence of sediment Post-barriers is restricted to the coast, to a maximum of 5 km far from the coastline and maximum altitude of 139 m. Analyses of sedimentologicalparameters, based primarily on values of kurtosis, skewness and selection, revealed that the majority of the collected sediments have patterns of sediment transported by marine processes, associated with the fact that the morphology of the grains showed a low degree of rounding, typical of sediments of marine origin, however these data are not conclusive, more specific and detailed further studies are necessary and aeolian processes are to have their share of contribution to the deposit of sands. It is noteworthy that the current locations of these sediments were subjected to the action of neotectonic uplift and were at the time of sediment deposition in lower altitudes. The time of deposition of sediments Post-Barreiras was the late Pleistocene to Holocene, with the ages ranging 6000-85000 AP. With regard to soil, it was observed that the soils developed sediment are Arenosols presenting low base saturation and CEC. Were also recorded five soils with morphology of Podzols, However the results of the levels and relationships of the elements Ti and Zr, value of uniformity, MO fractionation, revealed the presence of discontinuity for some pedons. The main mineral components identified in soils are quartz and feldspar in the sand fraction, and for fraction silt / clay and clay fraction principally kaolinite and quartz. The genesis of soils the sediment Post-Barreiras is linked to pedogenic processes and sediment deposition processes generating soil with discontinuities.
Filho, José Coêlho de Araújo. "Horizontes cimentados em Argissolos e Espodossolos dos tabuleiros costeiros e em Neossolos Regolíticos e Planossolos da depressão sertaneja no Nordeste do Brasil." Universidade de São Paulo, 2004. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/44/44134/tde-20022004-143700/.
Full textThe present study was carried out in cemented horizons in Ultisols and Spodosols from the coastal tablelands, and in Inceptisols and Alfisols from the sertaneja depression of Northeast Brazil. The emphasis was concentrated on the cemented horizons developed in smooth depressions in the coastal tablelands. The main objective was to identify the cementing agents and to characterize horizons considered to be duripan and fragipan, and to infer the pedogenic processes involved in their formation. The morphological, micromorphological, physical, chemical, and mineralogical features of the cemented horizons were described. The identification of the cementing agents was achieved with selective extractions of the amorphous phases using ammonium oxalate, Tiron and sodium pyrophosphate. Detailed studies were carried out with an electron microscope. In the coastal tablelands region, the results indicated that the principal cementing agents are aluminum compounds, found to be amorphous hydrated aluminosilicates, and secondarily, organo-metallic complexes. The significant contents of amorphous iron compounds associated with organo-metallic complexes were found to cement thin ferruginous layers (placic horizon). The overall geochemical mass balance indicated the accumulation of aluminum in the cemented horizons composed mainly of quartz and kaolinite. Weakly cemented horizons were classified as fragipans. The more strongly cemented horizons were separated into duric, ortstein and placic horizons, according to their principal cementing agents. The traditional use of the term duripan seems to be inappropriate in the case of horizons in which the principal cementing agents are aluminous, such as those occurring in this region. In the smooth depression domain, the main mechanisms of the formation of these horizons are moderate podzolization, clay translocation, and the development of hydromorphic conditions, although temporary. In contrast, the main cementing agents in the sertaneja depression region are silicon compounds, always accompanied by aluminum. Strongly cemented horizons developed in Inceptisols have the characteristics of duripan. The weakly cemented horizon thicker than 10 cm within an Alfisol profile was classified as fragipan. The geochemical mass balance showed no silica accumulation in the cemented horizons. The mineralogical composition of these horizons includes kaolinite, quartz, feldspar and small amounts of 2:1 clay minerals. The investigations indicated that the relative proportions of fine fractions and cementing agents were the main factors in determining the degree of cementation. However, it was only possible to study these proportions in more detail in the cemented horizons of the soils formed on the coastal tablelands.
Lopes, Josiane Millani. "Caracterização e evolução das substâncias húmicas de horizontes espódicos na planície costeira do estado de São Paulo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11140/tde-10022011-100856/.
Full textThe evolution of the coastal plain of São Paulo State was influenced by transgressions and regressions events of the sea during the Quaternary and their characteristics result from the interaction of the dynamics of geologicalgeomorphological processes that acted continuously during these events. The soils of higher occurrence in this environment, generically called restinga, are Espodossolos, have characterized by the presence of spodic horizon (Bh or Bhm). Few scientific studies related to the genesis of these soils in tropical regions, as there are few detailed studies assessing the characteristics and chemical composition of organic matter (OM) present in these soils and their relations with the transcurrent time and conditions drainage. The municipalities of Cananéia and Bertioga were selected for this research due to the presence of different sedimentary units and the remaining vegetation. The characterization of humic acids (HA) extracted from different horizons of Espodossolos profiles with the use of spectroscopic techniques as Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) of 13C spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Fluorescence, as well as the quantitative fractionation humic substance (HS) were conducted with the aim of achieving a greater detail of organic matter (OM) present in these soils and, thereafter, to relate the results with the stable carbon and the mean residence time (MRT) of OM. The main hypothesis tested was that the profiles with the OM with higher MRT would have the higher content of recalcitrant compounds and the drainage of the profiles could influence the concentrations and characteristics of these compounds. In this context, the main results related to the aims were: (a) regardless of the profile, the 13C NMR spectra of the HA showed a tendency to decrease the percentage of alkyl C and O-aliphatic and increased aromatic, carboxyl and carbonyl in depth; (b) older profiles showed the highest concentrations of the more recalcitrant compounds, especially in the subsurface horizons (Bh and Bhm), this inference may indicate that with the transcurrent time the OM tends to change in its composition and becomes more recalcitrant; (c) the drainage and the presence or absence of cemented horizon (Bhm) can somehow make a difference in the distribution of humic fractions along the profiles.
Martins, Vanda Moreira. "Relação solo-relevo-substrato geológico na planíce costeira de Bertioga (SP)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11140/tde-24062009-093115/.
Full textKnowledge of the chronology, relief, geology and soils in sedimentary coastal environments is relevant for their interpretation, reconstitution and conservation. In Bertioga, São Paulo State Brazil, several sections of the Pleistocene and Holocene morphostratigraphic costal plain units are preserved in the landscape. This thesis seeks the perception of the relationships between soils, geomorphology, relief and the chronology of Bertiogas coastal sand deposits as well as to study Podzols developed on them. Soils and the different sedimentary environments where these soils develop were thus identified and characterized. Photointerpretation, field work, chemical, physical and chronological (luminescence and radiocarbon dating) analysis supported the identification, spatial delimitation as well as the development of genesis theories of soils over continental, fluvial and marine deposits. Previous data additionally allowed the evaluation of the influence of relief forms and water table depth on the evolutionary dynamics of soils and on their spatial distribution pattern. The main identified orders of soils included Podzols, Arenosols, Fluvisols, Histosols, Gleysols and Cambisols. The topographic, geomorphologic and geologic differences of the environments had conditioned the amount of water, the vegetation features and the organic matter content of the following geomorphologic units: (a) lagoonal terrace depressions, characterized by organo-pelitic-psammitic sediments under Histosols and Gleysols; (b) marine terraces formed by fine to very fine sand under Podzols with and without hardpans (ortstein); (c) fine sandy beach ridges with a dominance of Arenosols and, on a secondary level, Podzols without hardpans (ortstein) and placic horizons; (d) psammitic colluvial slope deposits with Cambisols; (e) fluvial plains with varied texture and with Gleysols and Fluvisols and (f) psammitic and pelitic tidal flats, where Histosols and Gleysols predominate. Besides these units, modern beaches and sections dominated by non-differentiated colluvial-alluvial continental deposits were also analyzed as individual geomorphological units. Topography of geomorphological units from marine origin indicates the chronological sequence of deposits, in addition to influencing the development of different of Podzols, the physical, chemical and morphological properties of which allowed the chronological differentiation of modern Quaternary deposits (Holocene). The mapped area of the Pleistocene marine terraces occurrence was found to be larger than the one indicated on cartographic documents published up to the moment. In the well-drained sections of remnant soils from high Pleistocene marine terraces, the influence of the relief forms on pedogenesis is shown through the formation of Arenosols originated from the destruction of spodic horizons, whereas Arenosols in Holocene marine terrace tends to evolve into Podzols.
Paula, Bruno Santos de. "Caracterização do carbono associado a horizontes espódicos profundos de solos da floresta amazônica, visando sua estabilidade." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/75/75135/tde-18082015-101731/.
Full textThis project was born inserted in a context of increasing research towards building knowledge about environmental science that treat and study the dynamics of carbon reservoirs and their contribution to the greenhouse. Extrapolation of new digital soil maps suggests that Amazonian hydromorphic Spodosols may be with a carbon accounting underestimated by up to 12.3 Pg of C and previous work show that the carbon fixed in this profile may suffer mineralization due to the cut in the drainage network or lowering of the water level and can contribute largely to the increased emission of greenhouse gas. In this circumstance, it was instructed to this work, the spectroscopic characterization, of the stored organic matter in depth at 9 soil profiles of São Gabriel da Cachoeira - AM, in the Amazon rainforest. 127 samples were analyzed for amount of carbon and laser-induced fluorescence (LIF). From these preliminary analyzes, it was possible to select 12 samples of 2 profiles for humic substances extraction and further detailed analysis. Analyzes were conducted to obtain the texture of these profiles, analysis of humic acids as C/N ratio, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), solid state 13C NMR, two and three dimensional fluorescence with applying of the Parallel factors analysis (PARAFAC) statistical method and also fulvic acid analysis as Total Organic Carbon (TOC), ultra-violet and visible region spectroscopy and 3D fluorescence associated with PARAFAC. In general, the samples were divided into 3 different groups, wherein the surface organic matter evinced labile and recent. The B humic horizons organic matter proved recalcitrant characteristics and organic matter contained in horizons which had free water (groundwater), showed different characteristic, indicating they are not so young as the surface, but younger than stored in Bh, because of possible migration by lateral movements of the water table. The correlation between the results showed that soil texture is important for the accumulation of organic matter and therefore its humification. The fluorescence results confirmed the interpretation of the NMR, FTIR and texture datas, indicating that the profile 4 (closest to the river), presenting major C2 in intermediate horizons, contains larger amount of fresh microbial exudates. To profile 5, which is a Spodosol spot within a Ferrasol and is thither from the river, the most representative fluorophores came from older aromatic rings and therefore is more humified, due to higher intensities C1 and C3. It is noteworthy that this interpretation is in accord with the results of 14C dating of samples from this region. It was clear that the humification occurs from the beginning of the Bh horizon and their accumulation can occur both in the intermediate horizons (Bh) and in deeper (wet). Thus, it can be concluded that excessive drainage of the edges of rivers in this region that collects carbon in depth, may expose the OM stored for long time, contributing to increase the overall temperature and therefore catalyzing an imbalance in the climate of the biggest regulatory of it in the world: the Amazon rainforest.
""Horizontes cimentados em Argissolos e Espodossolos dos tabuleiros costeiros e em Neossolos Regolíticos e Planossolos da depressão sertaneja no Nordeste do Brasil"." Tese, Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da USP, 2004. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/44/44134/tde-20022004-143700/.
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