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Journal articles on the topic 'Essai de traction biaxial'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Kobeissi, A., P. Rahme, L. Leotoing, and D. Guines. "Strength characterization of glass/epoxy plain weave composite under different biaxial loading ratios." Journal of Composite Materials 54, no. 19 (January 14, 2020): 2549–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998319899135.

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Over the past years, various studies have been investigated in order to characterize the behavior of composite materials under different multi-axial loading conditions. One of the most used biaxial techniques is the in-plane biaxial test on cruciform specimens. To achieve reliable biaxial failure results, the design of the cruciform specimen presents a crucial part. Previous studies show that there is no well-adapted cruciform geometry for the composite biaxial tests. In this paper, an optimal cruciform specimen has been defined numerically for the composite characterization test. The specimen is composed of two aluminum tabs glued on top and bottom side of the plain-weave glass/epoxy composite. Finite element simulations have been carried out in order to study the influence of the aluminum grade and thickness on the stress distribution in the composite. An experimental validation confirms the failure of the specimen in the central zone under three different biaxial tensile ratios. The experimental strains were evaluated using the digital image correlation method. The traction/traction quadrant of the failure envelop was obtained and compared with different failure criteria. The maximum strain criterion shows a good agreement with the experimental results.

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2

Vignali, Emanuele, Emanuele Gasparotti, Luigi Landini, and Simona Celi. "Development and Realization of an Experimental Bench Test for Synchronized Small Angle Light Scattering and Biaxial Traction Analysis of Tissues." Electronics 10, no. 4 (February 4, 2021): 386. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10040386.

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Insights into the mechanical and microstructural status of biological soft tissues are fundamental in analyzing diseases. Biaxial traction is the gold standard approach for mechanical characterization. The state of the art methods for microstructural assessment have different advantages and drawbacks. Small angle light scattering (SALS) represents a valuable low energy technique for soft tissue assessment. The objective of the current work was to develop a bench test integrating mechanical and microstructural characterization capabilities for tissue specimens. The setup’s principle is based on the integration of biaxial traction and SALS analysis. A dedicated control application was developed with the objective of managing the test procedure. The different components of the setup are described and discussed, both in terms of hardware and software. The realization of the system and the corresponding performances are then presented.

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3

Kosmodamianskiy, A. S., V. I. Vorob’ev, M. Yu Kapustin, O. V. Izmerov, and D. N. Shevchenko. "Problems of creating a promising biaxial bogie of a shunting diesel locomotive." Vestnik of the Railway Research Institute 79, no. 3 (July 8, 2020): 161–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.21780/2223-9731-2020-79-3-161-170.

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Recently, in domestic and foreign practice, shunting and industrial diesel locomotives with hydraulic transmission are replaced by diesel locomotives with electric transmission and the number of axles from 2 to 4, which allows reducing the cost of fuel and repair. Accordingly, the problem arises of creating a biaxial bogie of a shunting diesel locomotive with power transmission, as much as possible unified with a triaxial non-pedestal bogie with a wheel diameter of 1050 mm. The analysis of a possible version of a biaxial shunting diesel locomotive revealed the insufficiency of the existing scientific backlog for a rational choice of design solutions. The need has been established to conduct research on irregularities of access tracks of industrial enterprises to determine the effect of dynamic unloading of diesel locomotive axles on coupling properties and to study its horizontal dynamics by modeling methods with experimental verification of the result on diesel locomotives already produced in order to determine typical options for cross-link nodes between the bogie and the body. For a traction drive with a rigid gear wheel, when assessing the load of nodes under the action of a dynamic moment in the drive, it is impossible to accept the assumption of the shockless nature of the processes in the traction drive and neglect the wheel slippage along the rail, which makes it impossible to correctly model dynamic processes in the drive, and to use previously known empirical regularities for the design of suspension devices for traction electric motors fail according to the layout of the nodes. In order to reduce possible errors in the design of a new individual traction drive for shunting diesel locomotives in conditions of insufficient scientific reserve, it is proposed to choose the option with an elastic gear wheel and suspension with articulated movable links already tested on mainline diesel locomotives that do not have special shock-absorbing elements. Variants of such a suspension are proposed, in which the traction motors are moved relative to the bogie frame with a short length between the axes of the upper and lower hinges, as well as the possibility of its unification with pendulum and spring traverse suspensions. A patent for an invention and two patents for a utility model were obtained for the proposed solutions.

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4

Luong, M. P. "Un nouvel essai pour la mesure de la résistance à la traction." Revue Française de Géotechnique, no. 34 (1986): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/geotech/1986034069.

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5

Bouzina, A. "IV - Évolution de l’état mécanique dans un matériau lors d’un essai de traction lente." Matériaux & Techniques 83 (1995): 25–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/mattech/199583120025s.

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6

Sulym, Heorgij, Viktor Opanasovych, Mykola Slobodian, and Yevhen Yarema. "Biaxial Loading of a Plate Containing a Hole and Two Co-Axial Through Cracks." Acta Mechanica et Automatica 12, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 237–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ama-2018-0037.

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Abstract The paper presents the solution linear elasticity problem for an isotropic plate weakened by a hole and two co-axial cracks. The plate is exerted by uniform traction at infinity. The corresponding 2D problem is solved by the method of Kolosova-Muskhelishvili complex potentials. The method implies reduction of the problem to simultaneous singular integral equations (SIE) for the functions defined the region of the cracks and hole. For particular case the solution the SIE is obtained analytically in a closed form. A thorough analysis of the stress intensity factors (SIF) is carried out for various cases of the hole shape: penny-shaped, elliptical and rectangular.

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7

Назаров, V. Nazarov, Назаров, I. Nazarov, Назаров, and A. Nazarov. "LOWER MARGINAL BRAKING DISTANCE BIAXIAL USE OF MOTOR VEHICLES CONDITIONS AS A WAY TO IMPROVE SAFETY ROAD." Alternative energy sources in the transport-technological complex: problems and prospects of rational use of 2, no. 2 (December 17, 2015): 678–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/19531.

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The paper offered the option to increase safety two-axle vehicles in operational conditions through the use of dynamic brake control systems. It was found that for improving road safety of cars not equipped with ABS, the laws of the sound management of braking forces at the wheels of a single vehicle must take into account not only changes in weight status and the coefficient of traction, but the dynamic change of normal reactions in an operational environment that is possible with the introduction of the braking system board or combined circuit switching circuits.

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8

Najjar, D., and T. Magnin. "Essai de traction lente et mécanismes de C.S.C. : cas d’un alliage d’aluminium 7150 Al-Zn-Mg-Cu." Revue de Métallurgie 90, no. 9 (September 1993): 1168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/199390091168.

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9

Zimmerman, R. W. "Compressibility of Two-Dimensional Cavities of Various Shapes." Journal of Applied Mechanics 53, no. 3 (September 1, 1986): 500–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3171802.

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Muskhelishvili-Kolosov complex stress functions are used to find the stresses and displacements around two-dimensional cavities under plane strain or plane stress. The boundary conditions considered are either uniform pressure at the cavity surface with vanishing stresses at infinity, or a traction-free cavity surface with uniform biaxial compression at infinity. A closed-form solution is obtained for the case where the mapping function from the interior of the unit circle to the region outside of the cavity has a finite number of terms. The area change of the cavity due to hydrostatic compression at infinity is examined for a variety of shapes, and is found to correlate closely with the square of the perimeter of the hole.

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10

Serna Moreno, M. C., and J. L. Martínez Vicente. "In-plane shear failure properties of a chopped glass-reinforced polyester by means of traction–compression biaxial testing." Composite Structures 122 (April 2015): 440–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2014.12.018.

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11

Holenstein, Claude N., Aron Horvath, Barbara Schär, Angelina D. Schoenenberger, Maja Bollhalder, Nils Goedecke, Guido Bartalena, et al. "The relationship between metastatic potential and in vitro mechanical properties of osteosarcoma cells." Molecular Biology of the Cell 30, no. 7 (March 21, 2019): 887–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e18-08-0545.

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Osteosarcoma is the most frequent primary tumor of bone and is characterized by its high tendency to metastasize in lungs. Although treatment in cases of early diagnosis results in a 5-yr survival rate of nearly 60%, the prognosis for patients with secondary lesions at diagnosis is poor, and their 5-yr survival rate remains below 30%. In the present work, we have used a number of analytical methods to investigate the impact of increased metastatic potential on the biophysical properties and force generation of osteosarcoma cells. With that aim, we used two paired osteosarcoma cell lines, with each one comprising a parental line with low metastatic potential and its experimentally selected, highly metastatic form. Mechanical characterization was performed by means of atomic force microscopy, tensile biaxial deformation, and real-time deformability, and cell traction was measured using two-dimensional and micropost-based traction force microscopy. Our results reveal that the low metastatic osteosarcoma cells display larger spreading sizes and generate higher forces than the experimentally selected, highly malignant variants. In turn, the outcome of cell stiffness measurements strongly depends on the method used and the state of the probed cell, indicating that only a set of phenotyping methods provides the full picture of cell mechanics.

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12

Mello, Alberto W., and Kenneth M. Liechti. "The Effect of Self-Assembled Monolayers on Interfacial Fracture." Journal of Applied Mechanics 73, no. 5 (October 8, 2004): 860–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1940662.

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This paper describes a series of experiments and analyses that were used to examine crack growth near sapphire/epoxy interfaces. Adhesion of the epoxy to the sapphire was enhanced by coating the sapphire with mixtures of two silane coupling agents that form self-assembled monolayers. A new biaxial loading device was used to conduct a series of mixed-mode fracture experiments. Crack opening interferometry, atomic force microscopy, and angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy allowed cohesive zone sizes, fracture surface topographies, and loci of fracture to be established. The experiments were complemented by finite element analyses that accounted for the rate- and pressure-dependent yielding of the epoxy. The analyses also made use of traction-separation laws to represent the various interphases that were produced by the mixed monolayers. The intrinsic toughness (defined as the area underneath the traction-separation curve) of the bare sapphire interfaces was independent of mode-mix and lower than values from previous experiments with glass/epoxy and quartz/epoxy specimens. The increase in overall toughness with mode-mix was completely accounted for by viscoplastic dissipation in the epoxy outside the cohesive zone. The minimum toughness of the coated sapphire interfaces was about five times higher than the mode-mix independent intrinsic toughness of the uncoated specimens. The increase in overall toughness with mode-mix was almost completely accounted for by increases in the intrinsic toughness as the traction-separation law varied with mode-mix. As a result, viscoplastic dissipation outside the cohesive zone was minimal. Atomic force fractography and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicated that the crack growth mechanisms and the loci of fracture in the coated and uncoated specimens were quite different.

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13

Louche, H., P. Vacher, and R. Arrieux. "Observations cinématiques et acoustiques, du phénomène de Portevin Le Châtelier lors d'un essai de traction sur une éprouvette d'alliage d'aluminium." Journal de Physique IV (Proceedings) 12, no. 11 (December 2002): 317–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jp4:20020508.

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14

Morel, Jean-Claude, Abalo P'kla, and Hervé di Benedetto. "Essai in situ sur blocs de terre comprimée Interprétation en compression ou traction de l'essai de flexion en trois points ?" Revue française de génie civil 7, no. 2 (February 28, 2003): 221–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3166/rfgc.7.221-237.

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15

Chanvillard, G. "Caractérisation des performances d'un béton renforcé de fibres à partir d'un essai de flexion. Partie 2: Identification d'une loi de comportement intrinsèque en traction." Materials and Structures 32, no. 8 (October 1999): 601–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02480495.

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16

Serna Moreno, M. C., and J. L. Martínez Vicente. "Corrigendum to: “In-plane shear failure properties of a chopped glass-reinforced polyester by means of traction–compression biaxial testing” [Compos. Struct. 122 (2015) 440–444]." Composite Structures 142 (May 2016): 346. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2016.01.102.

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17

Soon, Chin Fhong, Zai Peng Goh, Lee Chin Ku, Ten Ten Lee, and Kian Sek Tee. "A Squeegee Coating Apparatus for Producing a Liquid Crystal Based Bio-Transducer." Applied Mechanics and Materials 465-466 (December 2013): 759–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.465-466.759.

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Cholesteryl ester liquid crystals were discovered with a new application in sensing traction forces of single cells. The liquid crystal bio-transducer is produced by manual scraping of liquid crystals onto the petri dish, in which the technique is highly subjective to the skill of the user to produce homogeneously spread liquid crystal substrates. This paper describes the development of an apparatus used to produce a liquid crystal substrate using squeegee coating technique. It consists of a biaxial mechatronic system which is synchronously controlled in vertical and horizontal directions scraping the liquid crystal substrates evenly on the surface of a petri dish. The thickness of the liquid crystal was profiled using laser diffraction technique and the homogeneity of the liquid crystal films produced was examined in a crossed-polarizing microscope. At an angular speed of 1500 rpm and under a shear stress of 1.46 ± 0.72 kPa, the squeegee coating was found producing liquid crystal films at a thickness of 132 ± 23 μm on the surface of petri dishes. With the application of this apparatus, evenly spread liquid crystal coatings with control thickness in petri dishes were consistently produced. This has overcome the major problem of manually coating the liquid crystal substrates using a cell scraper.

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18

Zhang, Will, Yuan Feng, Chung-Hao Lee, Kristen L. Billiar, and Michael S. Sacks. "A Generalized Method for the Analysis of Planar Biaxial Mechanical Data Using Tethered Testing Configurations." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 137, no. 6 (June 1, 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4029266.

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Simulation of the mechanical behavior of soft tissues is critical for many physiological and medical device applications. Accurate mechanical test data is crucial for both obtaining the form and robust parameter determination of the constitutive model. For incompressible soft tissues that are either membranes or thin sections, planar biaxial mechanical testing configurations can provide much information about the anisotropic stress–strain behavior. However, the analysis of soft biological tissue planar biaxial mechanical test data can be complicated by in-plane shear, tissue heterogeneities, and inelastic changes in specimen geometry that commonly occur during testing. These inelastic effects, without appropriate corrections, alter the stress-traction mapping and violates equilibrium so that the stress tensor is incorrectly determined. To overcome these problems, we presented an analytical method to determine the Cauchy stress tensor from the experimentally derived tractions for tethered testing configurations. We accounted for the measured testing geometry and compensate for run-time inelastic effects by enforcing equilibrium using small rigid body rotations. To evaluate the effectiveness of our method, we simulated complete planar biaxial test configurations that incorporated actual device mechanisms, specimen geometry, and heterogeneous tissue fibrous structure using a finite element (FE) model. We determined that our method corrected the errors in the equilibrium of momentum and correctly estimated the Cauchy stress tensor. We also noted that since stress is applied primarily over a subregion bounded by the tethers, an adjustment to the effective specimen dimensions is required to correct the magnitude of the stresses. Simulations of various tether placements demonstrated that typical tether placements used in the current experimental setups will produce accurate stress tensor estimates. Overall, our method provides an improved and relatively straightforward method of calculating the resulting stresses for planar biaxial experiments for tethered configurations, which is especially useful for specimens that undergo large shear and exhibit substantial inelastic effects.

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19

Szczesny, Spencer E., John M. Peloquin, Daniel H. Cortes, Jennifer A. Kadlowec, Louis J. Soslowsky, and Dawn M. Elliott. "Biaxial Tensile Testing and Constitutive Modeling of Human Supraspinatus Tendon." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 134, no. 2 (February 1, 2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4005852.

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The heterogeneous composition and mechanical properties of the supraspinatus tendon offer an opportunity for studying the structure-function relationships of fibrous musculoskeletal connective tissues. Previous uniaxial testing has demonstrated a correlation between the collagen fiber angle distribution and tendon mechanics in response to tensile loading both parallel and transverse to the tendon longitudinal axis. However, the planar mechanics of the supraspinatus tendon may be more appropriately characterized through biaxial tensile testing, which avoids the limitation of nonphysiologic traction-free boundary conditions present during uniaxial testing. Combined with a structural constitutive model, biaxial testing can help identify the specific structural mechanisms underlying the tendon’s two-dimensional mechanical behavior. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the contribution of collagen fiber organization to the planar tensile mechanics of the human supraspinatus tendon by fitting biaxial tensile data with a structural constitutive model that incorporates a sample-specific angular distribution of nonlinear fibers. Regional samples were tested under several biaxial boundary conditions while simultaneously measuring the collagen fiber orientations via polarized light imaging. The histograms of fiber angles were fit with a von Mises probability distribution and input into a hyperelastic constitutive model incorporating the contributions of the uncrimped fibers. Samples with a wide fiber angle distribution produced greater transverse stresses than more highly aligned samples. The structural model fit the longitudinal stresses well (median R2 ≥ 0.96) and was validated by successfully predicting the stress response to a mechanical protocol not used for parameter estimation. The transverse stresses were fit less well with greater errors observed for less aligned samples. Sensitivity analyses and relatively affine fiber kinematics suggest that these errors are not due to inaccuracies in measuring the collagen fiber organization. More likely, additional strain energy terms representing fiber-fiber interactions are necessary to provide a closer approximation of the transverse stresses. Nevertheless, this approach demonstrated that the longitudinal tensile mechanics of the supraspinatus tendon are primarily dependent on the moduli, crimp, and angular distribution of its collagen fibers. These results add to the existing knowledge of structure-function relationships in fibrous musculoskeletal tissue, which is valuable for understanding the etiology of degenerative disease, developing effective tissue engineering design strategies, and predicting outcomes of tissue repair.

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20

Chu, H. J., E. Pan, J. Wang, and I. J. Beyerlein. "Elastic Displacement and Stress Fields Induced by a Dislocation of Polygonal Shape in an Anisotropic Elastic Half-Space." Journal of Applied Mechanics 79, no. 2 (February 24, 2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4005554.

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The elastic displacement and stress fields due to a polygonal dislocation within an anisotropic homogeneous half-space are studied in this paper. Simple line integrals from 0 to π for the elastic fields are derived by applying the point-force Green’s functions in the corresponding half-space. Notably, the geometry of the polygonal dislocation is included entirely in the integrand easing integration for any arbitrarily shaped dislocation. We apply the proposed method to a hexagonal shaped dislocation loop with Burgers vector along [1¯ 1 0] lying on the crystallographic (1 1 1) slip plane within a half-space of a copper crystal. It is demonstrated numerically that the displacement jump condition on the dislocation loop surface and the traction-free condition on the surface of the half-space are both satisfied. On the free surface of the half-space, it is shown that the distributions of the hydrostatic stress (σ11 + σ22)/2 and pseudohydrostatic displacement (u1 + u2)/2 are both anti-symmetric, while the biaxial stress (σ11 − σ22)/2 and pseudobiaxial displacement (u1 − u2)/2 are both symmetric.

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21

Bracamonte, Johane H., John S. Wilson, and Joao S. Soares. "Assessing Patient-Specific Mechanical Properties of Aortic Wall and Peri-Aortic Structures From In Vivo DENSE Magnetic Resonance Imaging Using an Inverse Finite Element Method and Elastic Foundation Boundary Conditions." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 142, no. 12 (September 8, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4047721.

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Abstract The establishment of in vivo, noninvasive patient-specific, and regionally resolved techniques to quantify aortic properties is key to improving clinical risk assessment and scientific understanding of vascular growth and remodeling. A promising and novel technique to reach this goal is an inverse finite element method (FEM) approach that utilizes magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-derived displacement fields from displacement encoding with stimulated echoes (DENSE). Previous studies using DENSE MRI suggested that the infrarenal abdominal aorta (IAA) deforms heterogeneously during the cardiac cycle. We hypothesize that this heterogeneity is driven in healthy aortas by regional adventitial tethering and interaction with perivascular tissues, which can be modeled with elastic foundation boundary conditions (EFBCs) using a collection of radially oriented springs with varying stiffness with circumferential distribution. Nine healthy IAAs were modeled using previously acquired patient-specific imaging and displacement fields from steady-state free procession (SSFP) and DENSE MRI, followed by assessment of aortic wall properties and heterogeneous EFBC parameters using inverse FEM. In contrast to traction-free boundary condition, prescription of EFBC reduced the nodal displacement error by 60% and reproduced the DENSE-derived heterogeneous strain distribution. Estimated aortic wall properties were in reasonable agreement with previously reported experimental biaxial testing data. The distribution of normalized EFBC stiffness was consistent among all patients and spatially correlated to standard peri-aortic anatomical features, suggesting that EFBC could be generalized for human adults with normal anatomy. This approach is computationally inexpensive, making it ideal for clinical research and future incorporation into cardiovascular fluid–structure analyses.

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22

Chen, Shaohua, and Yin Yao. "Elastic Theory of Nanomaterials Based on Surface-Energy Density." Journal of Applied Mechanics 81, no. 12 (October 20, 2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4028780.

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Recent investigations into surface-energy density of nanomaterials lead to a ripe chance to propose, within the framework of continuum mechanics, a new theory for nanomaterials based on surface-energy density. In contrast to the previous theories, the linearly elastic constitutive relationship that is usually adopted to describe the surface layer of nanomaterials is not invoked and the surface elastic constants are no longer needed in the new theory. Instead, a surface-induced traction to characterize the surface effect in nanomaterials is derived, which depends only on the Eulerian surface-energy density. By considering sample-size effects, residual surface strain, and external loading, an explicit expression for the Lagrangian surface-energy density is achieved and the relationship between the Eulerian surface-energy density and the Lagrangian surface-energy density yields a conclusion that only two material constants—the bulk surface-energy density and the surface-relaxation parameter—are needed in the new elastic theory. The new theory is further used to characterize the elastic properties of several fcc metallic nanofilms under biaxial tension, and the theoretical results agree very well with existing numerical results. Due to the nonlinear surface effect, nanomaterials may exhibit a nonlinearly elastic property though the inside of nanomaterials or the corresponding bulk one is linearly elastic. Moreover, it is found that externally applied loading should be responsible for the softening of the elastic modulus of a nanofilm. In contrast to the surface elastic constants required by existing theories, the bulk surface-energy density and the surface-relaxation parameter are much easy to obtain, which makes the new theory more convenient for practical applications.

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