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1

ARRAS, GIOVANNI, and MARIANNA USAI. "Fungitoxic Activity of 12 Essential Oils against Four Postharvest Citrus Pathogens: Chemical Analysis of Thymus capitatus Oil and its Effect in Subatmospheric Pressure Conditions." Journal of Food Protection 64, no. 7 (July 1, 2001): 1025–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-64.7.1025.

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The fungitoxic activity against Penicillium digitatum, Penicillium italicum, Botrytis cinerea, and Alternaria citri of 12 essential oils (EOs) distilled from medicinal plants is reported. The results of the in vitro trials show strong fungitoxic activity of Thymus capitatus (L.) Hofmgg EOs, which inhibited the growth of the four fungi at a concentration of 250 ppm (vol/vol). The other 11 essences reduced the development of the fungi from 95 to 9% at 250 ppm (vol/vol). The fungitoxic activity of T. capitatus EOs (75, 150, and 250 ppm) on healthy orange fruits, inoculated with P. digitatum (108 conidia ml−1) by spraying and placed in 10-liter desiccators, was weak at atmospheric pressure (3 to 10% inhibition at all three concentrations), while in vacuum conditions (0.5 bar), conidial mortality on the exocarp was high (90 to 97% at all three concentrations).These data proved not to be statistically different from treatments with thiabendazole-TBZ (2,000 ppm). Scanning electron microscope observations showed that T. capitatus EO vapors altered the morphology of P. digitatum hyphae and conidia. The gas-chromatographic analyses of thyme EO indicated that carvacrol was present at 81 to 83%, p-cymene at 4.5 to 5%, γ-terpinene at 2.6 to 3.3%, caryophyllene at 1.5 to 1.6%, β-myrcene at 1.6%, and linalool at 1.1 to 1.2%. Carvacrol proved to be the most important fungitoxic compound among the thyme EO constituents, but, unlike thyme EO, it caused alterations to the fruit at the concentration of 75 ppm.
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2

Chaiyasut, Chaiyavat, Bhagavathi Sundaram Sivamaruthi, Jakkrit Wongwan, Kanyarat Thiwan, Wandee Rungseevijitprapa, Areewan Klunklin, and Wipada Kunaviktikul. "Effects of Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Persoon Essential Oil Aromatherapy on Mood States and Salivary Cortisol Levels in Healthy Volunteers." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2020 (July 26, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/4389239.

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Aromatherapy is one of the complementary therapies to improve health. The aromatic essential oils have been used in the treatment procedure through inhalation of essential oil vapor, massage, and herbal bathing. Litsea species are generally used in traditional medicine, and Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Persoon is a potent fumigant plant, used in cosmetics and foods as essence. The chemical composition of the essential oil of different parts of L. cubeba has been found to be varied. L. cubeba essential oil (LEO) is known for the treatment of cognition-associated discomforts. The current study assessed the impact of inhalation of LEO on mood states and salivary cortisol levels of healthy people. Fifteen healthy volunteers were involved in the study. The Profile of Mood States (POMS) Questionnaire and ELISA methods were employed to determine the mood states and salivary cortisol level, respectively. (-)-β-pinene, β-citral, cis- and trans-citral, citronellal, limonene, linalool, and 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one were detected in LEO by GC-MS analysis. The heart rate and blood pressure were not affected significantly during LEO exposure. The inhalation of LEO significantly improved the total mood disturbance and reduced the confusion among the healthy human subjects. LEO inhalation reduced the salivary cortisol level at a notable level. The results of the current study warrant further studies on the beneficial effect of LEO aromatherapy in healthy and diseased subjects to uncover the therapeutic nature of the L. cubeba plant.
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3

Smith-Palmer, Stewart, and Fyfe. "Antimicrobial properties of plant essential oils and essences against five important food-borne pathogens." Letters in Applied Microbiology 26, no. 2 (February 1998): 118–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1472-765x.1998.00303.x.

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4

Stea, Susanna, Alina Beraudi, and Dalila De Pasquale. "Essential Oils for Complementary Treatment of Surgical Patients: State of the Art." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/726341.

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Aromatherapy is the controlled use of plant essences for therapeutic purposes. Its applications are numerous (i.e., wellbeing, labour, infections, dementia, and anxiety treatment) but often they have not been scientifically validated. The aim of the present study is to review the available literature to determine if there is evidence for effectiveness of aromatherapy in surgical patients to treat anxiety and insomnia, to control pain and nausea, and to dress wound. Efficacy studies of lavender or orange and peppermint essential oils, to treat anxiety and nausea, respectively, have shown positive results. For other aspects, such as pain control, essential oils therapy has shown uncertain results. Finally, there are encouraging data for the treatment of infections, especially for tea tree oil, although current results are still inconclusive. It should also be considered that although they are, allergic reactions and toxicity can occur after oral ingestion. Therefore, while rigorous studies are being carried out, it is important that the therapeutic use of essential oils be performed in compliance with clinical safety standards.
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5

Ismaili, Rachid, Sara Houbairi, Lanouari Sanâa, Moustaid Khadija, and Lamiri Abdeslam. "Etude De L’Activité Antioxydante Des Huiles Essentielles De Plantes Aromatiques Et Médicinales Marocaines." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 13, no. 12 (April 30, 2017): 323. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2017.v13n12p323.

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Morocco is a traditional supplier of medicinal and aromatic plants to the world. This activity has resulted to the exploitation of wild plants than dried plants for herbal needs and food flavors. Many species are used for the production of plant extracts and other aromatic essences mainly for the pharmaceutical and cosmetics industry. Among these metabolites, there are essential oils that are mixtures of aromatic substances present in the form of tiny droplets in the leaves, fruit peel, resin, branches, and wood. These oils, however, is endowed with antioxidant properties. This study aims to evaluate the antioxidant activity of essential oils of three moroccan aromatic and medicinal plants: Thymus vulgaris, Mentha spicata, and Citrus limonum. The oil extraction was performed by steam distillation in a Clevenger type apparatus. Also, the antioxidant activity of these oils was evaluated by the method of DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), in comparison with the antioxidant synthetic, ascorbic acid. In the present work, the results showed that the antioxidant activity of three essential oils studied by the trapping method of free radical is moderate. Also, the oil of Thymus vulgaris has a strong activity which exceeds that of ascorbic acid. This was followed by the oil of Mentha spicata, while the lowest activity was observed in Citrus limonum.
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6

Smelcerovic, Andrija, Aleksandra Djordjevic, Jelena Lazarevic, and Gordana Stojanovic. "Recent Advances in Analysis of Essential Oils." Current Analytical Chemistry 9, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/157341113804486464.

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7

Barba, Carmen, Guillermo Santa-María, Marta Herraiz, and Rosa M. Martínez. "Direct enantiomeric analysis of Mentha essential oils." Food Chemistry 141, no. 1 (November 2013): 542–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.03.013.

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8

Huong, Le T., Do N. Dai, Le T. M. Chau, and Isiaka A. Ogunwande. "Analysis of Essential Oils from Alpinia napoensis." Chemistry of Natural Compounds 54, no. 5 (September 2018): 992–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10600-018-2532-7.

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9

Argentieri, Maria Pia, Barbara De Lucia, Giuseppe Cristiano, and Pinarosa Avato. "Compositional Analysis of Lavandula pinnata Essential Oils." Natural Product Communications 11, no. 3 (March 2016): 1934578X1601100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1601100305.

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The genus Lavandula includes about thirty species plus a number of intraspecific taxa and hybrids, which are distributed in the Mediterranean area. The traditional use of lavender both as perfume or medicinal plant is known since antiquity. Nowadays several species are extensively cultivated for the extraction of their essential oils (EOs) which are used in manufactured products like cosmetics and perfumes or in phytotherapy. Lavandula pinnata L. f. (syn L. pinnata Lundmark) is a rare species native to the Canary Islands used in folk medicine as relaxant and also a valuable remedy against bites. To the best of our knowledge, EOs from L. pinnata have been very little studied. The present paper reports on the quali- and quantitative compositional profile of the EOs distilled (by a Spring type apparatus) from the aerial parts (flowers and leaves) of this species cultivated in soilless conditions. Chemical analyses by means of GC and GC-MS techniques have indicated that oxygenated monoterpenes are the main constituents of both the flowers (68.30%) and the leaves (83.65%). Carvacrol is the main compound which characterizes the EOs of this species. In addition, discrete amounts of spathulenol (12.22%) and caryophyllene oxide (14.62%) have been detected in flowers EOs, while leaves EOs contained small amounts of carvacrol methyl ether (2.52%).
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10

Zwaving, J., and R. Bos. "Analysis of the Essential Oils of FiveCurcumaSpecies." Planta Medica 56, no. 06 (December 1990): 529–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-961090.

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11

Oprean, R., M. Tamas, R. Sandulescu, and L. Roman. "Essential oils analysis. I. Evaluation of essential oils composition using both GC and MS fingerprints." Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 18, no. 4-5 (December 1998): 651–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0731-7085(98)00283-0.

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12

O’Shea, Stephen K., Daniel D. Von Riesen, and Lauren L. Rossi. "Isolation and Analysis of Essential Oils from Spices." Journal of Chemical Education 89, no. 5 (January 25, 2012): 665–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ed101141w.

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13

Sritharan, R., V. J. Jacob, and S. Balasubramaniam. "Thin Layer Chromatographic Analysis of Essential Oils fromCinnamomumSpecies." Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants 2, no. 2 (June 28, 1994): 49–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j044v02n02_07.

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14

Bicchi, Carlo, Erica Liberto, Maura Matteodo, Barbara Sgorbini, Luigi Mondello, Barbara d'Acampora Zellner, Rosaria Costa, and Patrizia Rubiolo. "Quantitative analysis of essential oils: a complex task." Flavour and Fragrance Journal 23, no. 6 (November 2008): 382–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1905.

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15

Skrzypulec, Błażej, and Paweł Rojek. "Dynamic Essences: Absolute, Prospective, Retrospective, and Relative Modalities." Studia Humana 7, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 3–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sh-2018-0001.

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Abstract Essential properties are usually thought as properties that things must always possess, whereas accidental properties are considered as changeable. In this paper, we challenge this traditional view. We argue that in some important cases, such as social or biological development, we face not only the change of accidents, but also the change of essences. To analyze this kind of change we propose an alternative view on the relations between the modalities and time. Some properties might be necessary or possible for a thing in a classical sense throughout its existence, whereas others might be necessary or possible only for some restricted periods. We distinguish therefore absolute, prospective, retrospective, and relative modalities. As we argue, these non-classical concepts of modality are useful in analysis of some puzzling case of seemingly changing essences.
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16

Zlatev, Zlatin, and Galya Shivacheva. "YIELD ANALYSIS OF ESSENTIAL OILS EXTRACTED BY STEAM DISTILLATION." Applied Researches in Technics, Technologies and Education 6, no. 4 (2018): 300–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.15547/artte.2018.04.003.

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A comparative analysis of models describing the change in yield of essential oil over time is presented in the article. Nonlinear models, third-order polynomial and second exponential model describe with sufficient precision the change of experimental data over time. These models can be used to predict the extraction time of essential oils. The results can be useful in planning and managing the production of essential oils. For this purpose, further research is needed to determine the diffusion coefficient and to analyze the impact of the individual elements of the process on the production of essential oils.
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17

Háznagy-Radnai, Erzsébet, Szilvia Czigle, and Imre Máthé. "TLC and GC analysis of the essential oils ofStachysspecies." Journal of Planar Chromatography – Modern TLC 20, no. 3 (June 2007): 189–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/jpc.20.2007.3.5.

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18

Harborne, Jeffrey B. "Essential Oils and Waxes. (Modern methods of plant analysis." Journal of Arid Environments 23, no. 4 (November 1992): 455a—456. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-1963(18)30625-6.

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19

Park, Mi Eun. "A Meta-analysis of aroma therapy using essential oils." Journal of Health and Beauty 12, no. 2 (November 30, 2018): 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.35131/ishb.2018.12.2.4.

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20

Anioł, Mirosław, Ewa Huszcza, Agnieszka Bartmańska, Anna Żołnierczyk, Wanda Mączka, and Czesław Wawrzeńczyk. "Trace Analysis of Hop Essential Oils in Spent Hop." Journal of the American Society of Brewing Chemists 65, no. 4 (September 2007): 214–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/asbcj-2007-0820-01.

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21

Marriott, Philip J., Robert Shellie, and Charles Cornwell. "Gas chromatographic technologies for the analysis of essential oils." Journal of Chromatography A 936, no. 1-2 (November 2001): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9673(01)01314-0.

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22

Zwaving, J. H., and R. Bos. "Analysis of the Essential Oils of Five Curcuma Species." Flavour and Fragrance Journal 7, no. 1 (January 1992): 19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ffj.2730070105.

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23

Bicchi, C., C. Frattini, G. M. Nano, and A. D'Amato. "On column injection-dual channel analysis of essential oils." Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 11, no. 1 (January 1988): 56–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240110115.

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24

Krechun, A. V., O. A. Mykhailenko, and V. N. Kovalev. "ANALYSIS OF ESSENTIAL OILS FROM SEVERAL HYBRID IRIS VARIETIES." Chemistry of Natural Compounds 56, no. 2 (March 2020): 361–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10600-020-03033-y.

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25

Son, Le C., Do N. Dai, Tran D. Thang, Duong D. Huyen, and Isiaka A. Ogunwande. "Analysis of the Essential Oils from Five VietnameseLitseaSpecies (Lauraceae)." Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants 17, no. 5 (September 3, 2014): 960–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0972060x.2014.935068.

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26

Campisi, Barbara, Giovanni Dugo, Antonella Cotroneo, and Luciano Favretto. "Chemometric analysis and extraction processes of mandarin essential oils." Analytica Chimica Acta 312, no. 2 (August 1995): 199–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-2670(95)00227-q.

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27

Jowkar, Abolfazl, and Akbar Karami. "Analysis of Leaf Essential Oils of Iranian Rosa iberica." Chemistry of Natural Compounds 52, no. 4 (June 22, 2016): 737–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10600-016-1760-y.

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28

Buiarelli, F., G. P. Cartoni, F. Coccioli, and E. Ravazzi. "Analysis of orange and mandarin essential oils by HPLC." Chromatographia 31, no. 9-10 (May 1991): 489–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02262394.

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29

Salleh, Wan Mohd Nuzul Hakimi Wan, and Shazlyn Milleana Shaharudin. "Multivariate statistical analysis of the essential oils of five Beilschmiediaspecies from Peninsular Malaysia." Boletin Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromaticas 20, no. 1 (2021): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.37360/blacpma.21.20.1.5.

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Identification of the chemical compositionof essential oils is very important for ensuring the quality of finished herbal products. The objective of the study was to analyze the chemical components present in the essential oils of five Beilschmiediaspecies (i.e. B. kunstleri, B. maingayi, B. penangiana, B. madang, and B. glabra) by multivariate data analysis using principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) methods. The essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation and fully characterized by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of 108 chemical components were successfully identified from the essential oils of five Beilschmiediaspecies. The essential oils were characterized by high proportions of β-caryophyllene (B.kunstleri), δ-cadinene (B. penangianaand B. madang), and β-eudesmol (B. maingayiand B. glabra). Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) revealed that chemical similarity was highest for all samples, except for B. madang. The multivariate data analysis may be used for the identification and characterization of essential oils from different Beilschmiediaspecies that are to be used as raw materials of traditional herbal products.
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Wajs-Bonikowska, Anna, Karol Olejnik, Radosław Bonikowski, and Piotr Banaszczak. "Analysis of Volatile Components, Fatty Acids, and Phytosterols of Abies Koreana growing in Poland." Natural Product Communications 8, no. 9 (September 2013): 1934578X1300800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1300800928.

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Extracts and essential oils from seeds as well as essential oils from cone scales and needles with twigs of the Abies koreana population were studied. An analysis of Korean fir essential oils allowed us to determine 147 volatile compounds. The identified compounds constituted 97–99% of the seed, cone and needle oils. The main volatile in the seed and needle oils was limonene (56.6% and 23.4%, respectively), while the predominant volatile in cone oils was α-pinene (51.2%). Korean fir seeds provided a rich source of both essential oil (3.8–8.5%) and extract, which was isolated with a 24.5% yield and contained numerous groups of fatty acids and phytosterols (414 μg/100g extract). The most prominent fatty acids were unsaturated, among which linoleic (41.2%) and oleic (31.2%) fatty acid were the main ones while the dominant sterols were isomers of ergostadienol and β-sitosterol. A. koreana seeds, cones and needles are a source of many volatile bioactive compounds while the seed extract, with a pleasant scent, contained not only volatiles, but also fractions rich in fatty acids and phytosterols. These facts make A. koreana essential oils and especially the seed extract potential components of cosmetics.
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Lyu, Jianhua, Junqi Zhao, Jiulong Xie, Xianwei Li, and Ming Chen. "Distribution and composition analysis of essential oils extracted from different parts of Cupressus funebris and Juniperus chinensis." BioResources 13, no. 3 (June 11, 2018): 5778–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.13.3.5778-5792.

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The quantitative comparison of essential oils extracted from various parts of Cupressus funebris and Juniperus chinensis was studied. With increased height, the content of essential oils from branches decreased, while the content of essential oils from leaves increased for both species. A maximum amount of essential oils were found in the west and a minimum in the east of branches and leaves for the two species. Moreover, the content of essential oils in trees with a knot was higher than in those without a knot. The order of essential oil content was as follows: leaf > fine root > coarse root > bark > bough > branch > trunk in C. funebris, and leaf > fine root > bark > coarse root > bough > trunk > branch in J. chinensis. The essential oils extracted from various parts of C. funebris and J. chinensis were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. A total of 67, 33, 69, 65, and 69 components were identified from the roots, trunks, barks, branches, and leaves of C. funebris, respectively. A total of 72, 46, 79, 55, and 82 components were identified from the roots, trunk, bark, branches, and leaves of J. chinensis, respectively.
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32

Bouyahyaoui, Ahmed, Fouad Bahri, Abderrahmane Romane, Martina Höferl, Juergen Wanner, Erich Schmidt, and Leopold Jirovetz. "Antimicrobial Activity and Chemical Analysis of the Essential Oil of Algerian Juniperus phoenicea." Natural Product Communications 11, no. 4 (April 2016): 1934578X1601100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1601100426.

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The essential oils of Juniperus phoenicea L. from Algeria were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS. Concerning their chemical composition, 74, 61 and 72 volatile compounds were identified from fresh leaves, dried leaves and berries, representing 88.8%, 91.3% and 94.7% of the total composition, respectively. The main monoterpene in the oils of fresh leaves, dried leaves and berries was α-pinene (29.6% / 55.9% / 56.6%), accompanied by lesser amounts of the sesquiterpenes β-caryophyllene (2.6% / 1.6% /1.2%) and germacrene D (2.01% / 1.7% / 1.5%), respectively. Antibacterial activity of J. phoenicea essential oils was tested against one Gram-negative and four Gram-positive bacterial strains and the yeast Candida albicans, responsible for nosocomial infections. As references, 14 antibiotics and 5 antifungal agents were evaluated. The berry essential oil was ineffective against all but two of the strains tested, whereas the essential oil of dried leaves significantly inhibited all strains but Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which turned out to be the most resistant strain overall. However, Escherichia coli was the most susceptible to the essential oils tested. The essential oil of dry leaves was highly active against Candida albicans, outclassing even the standard antifungal substances. These promising results could substantiate the use of essential oils in the treatment of hospital-acquired infections.
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Pecarski, Danijela, Zorica Knezevic-Jugovic, Suzana Dimitrijevic-Brankovic, Katarina Mihajilovski, and Slobodan Jankovic. "Comparative analysis of the chemical composition and antimicrobal activities of some of Lamiaceae family species and Eucaliptus (Eucaliptus globules M)." Acta Periodica Technologica, no. 45 (2014): 201–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/apt1445201p.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the antimicrobial activity of four essential oils that belong to Lamiaceae family (sage, oregano, thyme) and eucalyptus oil. Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) revealed that the highest percent of essential oils 98.93% include three classes of compounds - monoterpene hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons and oxidized monoterpenes. The main components are oxidized monoterpenes: carvacrol (59.03%); thymol (36.12%), eucalyptol (20.66%), hydrocarbon monoterpenes: limonene (30.96%) and ?-pinene (12.21%) and aromatic monoterpene, p-cymene (22.25%) All essential oils showed great potential of antimicrobial activity against several bacteria and yeast C. albicans, using the agar diffusion method with wells. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for the essential oils has been determined by the broth dilution method and valued in the range from 1 to 5 ?L/m, depending on the essential oil and bacteria tested, and up to 100 ?L/ml for C. albicans. The essential oils of Lamiaceae family exhibited a strong antibacterial activity for tested microorganisms, while the essential oils of thyme were especially recognized.
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34

Chyc, Marek. "Pre-assessment of the essential oils adulteration." Science, Technology and Innovation 11, no. 4 (January 31, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.7527.

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The paper presents the results of investigation on the assessment of the possibility of adulteration of essential oils available on the Polish market. The research was carried out by means of an infrared (FTIR) analysis on samples of the following oils: tea tree, eucalyptus, ylang-ylang and patchouli. The obtained FTIR spectra were compared with that of vegetable oil (fat). Based on the analysis, it was found that the patchouli oil was adulterated. ATR-FTIR is not very useful method sufficiently reliable method to confirm adulteration of ylang-ylang oil.
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35

김유정, SanghyunLee, and HyeJin Kwon. "Analysis of Geraniol Content in Geranium Essential Oils for Aromatherapy." Journal of Investigative Cosmetology 6, no. 3 (September 2010): 227–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15810/jic.2010.6.3.001.

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36

Cotroneo, A., Giovanni Dugo, L. Favretto, and L. Gabrielli Favretto. "Gas chromatographic separation and chemometric analysis of mandarin essential oils." Journal of Chromatography A 449 (January 1988): 183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9673(00)94378-4.

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37

SVOBODA, Zdeněk, Renata MIKULÍKOVÁ, Helena PLUHÁČKOVÁ, Sylvie BĚLÁKOVÁ, and Karolína BENEŠOVÁ. "Analysis of Essential Oils Usable for Fortification of Food Products." Kvasny Prumysl 62, no. 5 (May 26, 2016): 157–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.18832/kp2016021.

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38

Bogo, Carlos Alberto, Murilo Holtz Andrade, Josiane Padilha Paula, Paulo Vitor Farago, Patrícia Mathias Döll-Boscardin, and Jane Manfron Budel. "Comparative analysis of essential oils of Baccharis L.: a review." Revista Stricto Sensu 1, no. 2 (December 31, 2016): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.24222/2525-3395.2016v1n2p001.

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39

Torras, Josep, M. Dolors Grau, Jordi F. López, and F. Xavier C. de las Heras. "Analysis of essential oils from chemotypes ofThymus vulgaris in Catalonia." Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 87, no. 12 (2007): 2327–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.2995.

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Shaltout, Abdallah A., El‐Sayed S. Abdel‐Hameed, Fabjola Bilo, Laura Borgese, and Laura E. Depero. "Direct analysis of essential oils by means of TXRF spectrometry." X-Ray Spectrometry 49, no. 2 (December 10, 2019): 322–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/xrs.3131.

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41

Rubiolo, P., B. Sgorbini, E. Liberto, C. Cordero, and C. Bicchi. "Essential oils and volatiles: sample preparation and analysis. A review." Flavour and Fragrance Journal 25, no. 5 (August 19, 2010): 282–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1984.

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42

Ravid, Uzi, Eli Putievsky, Irena Katzir, and Raphael Ikan. "Chiral gc analysis of enantiomerically pure fenchone in essential oils." Flavour and Fragrance Journal 7, no. 3 (June 1992): 169–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ffj.2730070314.

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43

Schmidt, Erich, Le T. Huong, Do N. Dai, Tran D. Thang, Juergen Wanner, and Leopold Jirovetz. "Analysis and Olfactory Description of Four Essential Oils from Vietnam." Natural Product Communications 11, no. 10 (October 2016): 1934578X1601101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1601101032.

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The present study evaluates the chemical composition and olfactory description of the essential oils of Asarum glabrum Merr., Calocedrus macrolepis Kurz, Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook. and Glyptostrobus pensilis (Stainton ex D. Don) K. Koch. The essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation in a Clevenger-type apparatus and analyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS. Concerning their chemical composition, 66, 42, 57 and 21 volatile compounds were identified from dried leaves in the case of Asarum glabrum Merr. and wood for the other three, representing 98.7%, 67.2%, 92.0% and 87.5 % of the total composition, respectively. The main compounds of Asarum glabrum oil were safrole (38.1%), apiole (10.8%) and myristicin (8.0%); of Calocedrus macrolepis verbenone (9.3%), piperitone (8.6 %), α-terpineol (6.0%) and ( Z)-β-terpineol (5.3%); of Cunninghamia lanceolata oil cedrol (26.3%), α-terpineol (24.1%) and camphor (7.0%); and of Glyptostrobus pensilis oil dihydro-eudesmol isomer (assumed) (18.3%), cedrol (16.4%), occidentalol (13.2%) and elemol (9.0%).
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44

Adamiec, Janusz, and Danuta Kalemba. "Analysis of Microencapsulation Ability of Essential Oils during Spray Drying." Drying Technology 24, no. 9 (September 2006): 1127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07373930600778288.

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45

Wagner, Susanne, Polona Vreca, Albrecht Leis, and Herbert Boechzelt. "Carbon Isotope Ratio Analysis of Authentic and Commercial Essential Oils of Lemon Balm." Natural Product Communications 3, no. 7 (July 2008): 1934578X0800300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x0800300725.

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Several commercial and authentic essential oils of lemon balm ( Melissa officinalis L.) were investigated for the carbon isotope ratio of their main compounds (citral as its enantiomers geranial and neral, citronellal, β-caryophyllene, germacrene D and caryophyllene oxide) by GC-C(ombustion)-IRMS. Authentic samples of lemon balm were distilled in 2003, 2004 and 2007. In addition, commercially available samples of the individual main compounds of the oil with proclaimed synthetic and natural origins were investigated for their carbon isotopic composition by GC-C-IRMS and EA-C-IRMS in order to compare the investigated carbon isotopic values. All oils were analyzed via GC-MS and GC-FID to enable the identification of the compounds in the GC-C-IRMS chromatograms and to investigate the quantity of the single essential oil compounds. Data were interpreted regarding suitability for authenticity assessment of the analyzed essential oil samples. Synthetic citral showed δ13CPDB values of −28.68 and −29.00±, whereas the natural labelled standard showed a value of −26.89±. For the authentic oils, δ13CPDB values between −29.36 and −24.54± were determined. The commercial lemon balm oil samples indicated δ13CPDB values between −27.72 to −24.04± for citral. The synthetic citronellal standard showed a δ13CPDB value of −28.77 and the natural standard −12.91±. The value of −12.91± of the natural citronellal standard indicates, that it was possibly produced by the distillation of a C4 plant (e.g. citronella), because the δ13CPDB value is more positive than usual for C3 plants (lemon balm). The same applies to four commercial lemon balm oils with δ13CPDB values for citronellal of −15.04 to −12.24±. Authentic samples of lemon balm oils presented δ13CPDB values of −32.15 and −30.59± for citronellal. For the three minor compounds, β-caryophyllene, germacrene D and caryophyllene oxide, no clear differentiation could be made due to the lack of standards and the minor concentration of the compounds. The determination of the isotopic ratio of the stable carbon isotopes by GC-C-IRMS is a very powerful tool in authenticity assessment of essential oils for differentiation between C3 and C4 plants. Four of the investigated 19 lemon balm oils could be identified as oils of C4 plants (e.g. citronella oils), although they were labelled as lemon balm oils.
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Zhou, Xiaoying, Qian Yu, Haiyan Gong, and Shuge Tian. "GC-MS Analysis of Ziziphora clinopodioides Essential Oil from North Xinjiang, China." Natural Product Communications 7, no. 1 (January 2012): 1934578X1200700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1200700128.

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The essential oils of Ziziphora clinopodioide Lam. from four different production areas (Banfang ditch; Altay mountains; Tuoli; Terks) were investigated. The oils were extracted by hydro-distillation and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Seventeen constituents were identified in the essential oil from Banfang ditch, 20 in that from the Altay mountains, 12 in the Tuoli essential oil, and 9 in the Terks sample. The major components of the oils were pulegone (67.6%, 32.5%, 86.4%, and 82.1%) and p-menthanone (14.8%, 43.7%, 3.2%, and 8.2% from the Banfang ditch, Tuoli, Altay mountains, and Terks samples, respectively).
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Girek, Beata, Małgorzata Deska, and Tomasz Girek. "Essential oils and safety of their use." International Journal of Engineering and Safety Sciences 1 (2020): 17–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.16926/ijess.2020.01.02.

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Currently, many herbal substances are used in everyday life products and in many industry such as food, cosmetics and others. Essential oils are mixtures of volatile organic compounds separated from plants or parts of them. They are characterized by an intense fragrance, but they have a diverse composition. Depending on the source, there are one or several dominant components. History acquisition of essential oils dates back to ancient times. Due to the unique fragrance qualities, the oils accompany humanity all the time. More perfect methods of analysis of the composition of essential oils used in cosmetics, food (spices) and aromatherapy, prompts us to consider the safety of their use. In addition to health-promoting substances, oils can also contain many organic compounds with an allergic or even toxic effect. Getting to know the essential oils composition and thorough acquaintance of consumers with possible risks of using essential oils is currently a priority for the producers of essential oils.
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Peng, Yaoyao, Karen Suzanne Bishop, and Siew Young Quek. "Compositional Analysis and Aroma Evaluation of Feijoa Essential Oils from New Zealand Grown Cultivars." Molecules 24, no. 11 (May 29, 2019): 2053. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24112053.

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Feijoa is an aromatic fruit and the essential oil from feijoa peel could be a valuable by-product in the juicing industry. An initial comparison of the essential oil extraction methods, steam-distillation and hydro-distillation, was conducted. The volatile compounds in the essential oils from four feijoa cultivars were identified and semi-quantified by GC-MS and the aroma active compounds in each essential oil were characterized using SPME-GC-O-MS. Hydro-distillation, with a material to water ratio of 1:4 and an extraction time of 90 min, was the optimized extraction method for feijoa essential oil. The Wiki Tu cultivar produced the highest essential oil yield among the four selected cultivars. A total of 160 compounds were detected, among which 90 compounds were reported for the first time in feijoa essential oils. Terpenes and esters were dominant compounds in feijoa essential oil composition and were also major contributors to feijoa essential oil aroma. Key aroma active compounds in feijoa essential oils were α-terpineol, ethyl benzoate, (Z)-3-hexenyl hexanoate, linalool, (E)-geraniol, 2-undecanone, 3-octanone, α-cubebene, and germacrene D. This is the first report on the optimization of the extraction method and the establishment of the aroma profile of feijoa essential oils, with a comparison of four New Zealand grown cultivars.
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Maes, Chloë, Jeroen Meersmans, Laurence Lins, Sandrine Bouquillon, and Marie-Laure Fauconnier. "Essential Oil-Based Bioherbicides: Human Health Risks Analysis." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 17 (August 30, 2021): 9396. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22179396.

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In recent years, the development of new bio-based products for biocontrol has been gaining importance as it contributes to reducing the use of synthetic herbicides in agriculture. Conventional herbicides (i.e., the ones with synthetic molecules) can lead to adverse effects such as human diseases (cancers, neurodegenerative diseases, reproductive perturbations, etc.) but also to disturbing the environment because of their drift in the air, transport throughout aquatic systems and persistence across different environments. The use of natural molecules seems to be a very good alternative for maintaining productive agriculture but without the negative side effects of synthetic herbicides. In this context, essential oils and their components are increasingly studied in order to produce several categories of biopesticides thanks to their well-known biocidal activities. However, these molecules can also be potentially hazardous to humans and the environment. This article reviews the state of the literature and regulations with regard to the potential risks related to the use of essential oils as bioherbicides in agricultural and horticultural applications.
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50

Powers, Chelsea N., Prabodh Satyal, John A. Mayo, Hana McFeeters, and Robert L. McFeeters. "Bigger Data Approach to Analysis of Essential Oils and Their Antifungal Activity against Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans, and Cryptococcus neoformans." Molecules 24, no. 16 (August 7, 2019): 2868. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24162868.

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With increasing drug resistance and the poor state of current antifungals, the need for new antifungals is urgent and growing. Therefore, we tested a variety of essential oils for antifungal activity. We report the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) values for a common set of 82 essential oils against Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans, and Cryptococcus neoformans. Generally, narrow-spectrum activity was found. However, C. neoformans was much more susceptible to inhibition by essential oils with over one-third of those tested having MIC values below 160 ppm. GC-MS analysis showed the essential oils to be chemically diverse, yet, the potentially active major constituents typically fell into a few general categories (i.e., terpenes, terpenoids, terpenols). While essential oils remain a rich source of potential antifungals, focus should shift to prioritizing activity from novel compounds outside the commonalities reported here, instead of simply identifying antifungal activity. Further, capitalizing on bigger data approaches can provide significant returns in expediting the identification of active components.
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