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Journal articles on the topic 'Essential amino acid'
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1
de Almeida Bicudo, Alvaro Jose, and Jose Eurico Possebon Cyrino. "Evaluation of methods to estimate the essential amino acids requirements of fish bfrom the muscle amino acid profile." Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research 42, no. 1 (March 10, 2014): 271–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3856/vol42-issue1-fulltext-23.
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Fussell, Maya, Allison Contillo, Heidi Druehl, and Nancy R. Rodriguez. "Essential Amino Acid Density." Nutrition Today 56, no. 2 (March 2021): 70–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/nt.0000000000000466.
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Yoshimura, N. N. "Intravenous Essential Amino Acid Therapy." Nephron 67, no. 1 (1994): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000187909.
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FITZGERALD, Lisa M., and Alina M. SZMANT. "Biosynthesis of ‘essential’ amino acids by scleractinian corals." Biochemical Journal 322, no. 1 (February 15, 1997): 213–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3220213.
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Animals rely on their diet for amino acids that they are incapable either of synthesizing or of synthesizing in sufficient quantities to meet metabolic needs. These are the so-called ‘essential amino acids’. This set of amino acids is similar among the vertebrates and many of the invertebrates. Previously, no information was available for amino acid synthesis by the most primitive invertebrates, the Cnidaria. The purpose of this study was to examine amino acid synthesis by representative cnidarians within the Order Scleractinia. Three species of zooxanthellate reef coral, Montastraea faveolata, Acropora cervicornis and Porites divaricata, and two species of non-zooxanthellate coral, Tubastrea coccinea and Astrangia poculata, were incubated with 14C-labelled glucose or with the 14C-labelled amino acids glutamic acid, lysine or valine. Radiolabel tracer was followed into protein amino acids. A total of 17 amino acids, including hydroxyproline, were distinguishable by the techniques used. Of these, only threonine was not found radiolabelled in any of the samples. We could not detect tryptophan or cysteine, nor distinguish between the amino acid pairs glutamic acid and glutamine, or aspartic acid and asparagine. Eight amino acids normally considered essential for animals were made by the five corals tested, although some of them were made only in small quantities. These eight amino acids are valine, isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine histidine, methionine and lysine. The ability of cnidarians to synthesize these amino acids could be yet another indicator of a separate evolutionary history of the cnidarians from the rest of the Metazoa.
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Islary, Anuck, Jatin Sarmah, and Sanjay Basumatary. "Amino Acid Composition of Five Wild Edible Fruits of Assam, North-East India." Asian Journal of Chemistry 31, no. 4 (February 27, 2019): 825–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2019.21749.
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In this study, amino acids profiles of 5 wild edible fruits viz. Grewia sapida, Ottelia alismoides, Aporosa dioica, Antidesma bunius and Eugenia operculata found in Assam of North-East India were investigated by RP-HPLC equipped with C18 column. A total of 17 amino acids in varying compositions were identified and 8 of these are essential amino acids and 9 of these are non-essential amino acids. In all of the 5 wild fruits, 6 different amino acids were identified and these were aspartic acid (1.151-3.837 %), glutamic acid (2.283-9.667 %), arginine (0.904-7.187 %), valine (0.142-1.029 %), leucine (1.849-19.665 %), and histidine (0.467-12.986 %). A. bunius fruit showed the highest non-essential amino acid content whereas O. alismoides fruit displayed the highest essential amino acid content. Leucine was found to be the most abundant essential amino acid whereas glutamic acid was detected to be the most abundant non-essential amino acid.
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Lošák, T., J. Hlušek, R. Filipčík, L. Pospíšilová, J. Maňásek, K. Prokeš, F. Buňka, S. Kráčmar, A. Martensson, and F. Orosz. "Effect of nitrogen fertilization on metabolisms of essential and non-essential amino acids in field-grown grain maize (Zea mays L.)." Plant, Soil and Environment 56, No. 12 (December 16, 2010): 574–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/288/2010-pse.
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In two-year field experiments, nitrogen (N) in the form of urea (0, 120 and 240 kg N/ha) was applied to grain maize (Zea mays L.) hybrid KWS 2376. The two-year mean content of total grain N at harvest was 1.54%. The highest N dose reduced most of the 17 amino acids (AA) analysed in the grain compared with the other treatments. Possible reasons for this could be an adverse effect on the tricarboxylic acid cycle or deficiency of carbon skeletons for the assimilation of NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> into amides and amino acids. The content of the limiting amino acid lysine was not influenced by N fertilisation, with a mean two-year content of 2.02 mg/g DM. Taking into account the differences in fertilisation, the effect of the year was seen in the maximal accumulation of amino acids serine, proline, methionine, threonine, arginine and lysine. Increasing rates of nitrogen reduced the accumulation of asparagine and glycine, and, on the contrary, increased the accumulation of tyrosine. Nitrogen rates have a significant effect on the maximal accumulation of valine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, histidine, cysteine and alanine and appeared as early as after the first increased rate of nitrogen (120 kg N/ha).
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Adeyeye, Emmanuel Ilesanmi. "Turkey-Hen Amino Acid Composition of Brain and Eyes." Biological Sciences - PJSIR 58, no. 1 (April 27, 2015): 30–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.52763/pjsir.biol.sci.58.1.2015.30.39.
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The amino acids composition of the brain and eyes of the mature Turkey-hen (Meleagris gallopavo L.), were determined on dry weight basis. Total essential amino acids ranged from 35.1-36.0 g/100 g as 49.5-49.8% of the total amino acids. The amino acid score showed that lysine ranged from 0.76-0.91 (on whole hens egg comparison), 0.85-1.03 (on provisional essential amino acid scoring pattern), and 0.81-0.98 (on suggested requirement of the essential amino acid of a preschool child). The predicted protein efficiency ratio was 1.94-2.41, whilst essential amino acid index range was 1.06-1.08 and the calculated isoelectric point range was 3.97-4.18. The correlation coefficient (rxy) was positively high and significant at r = 0.01 for the total amino acids, amino acid scores (on the whole hens egg comparisons made) and the isoelectric point. On the whole, the eyes were better in 12/18 or 66.7% parameters of the amino acids than the brain of Turkey-Hen.
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Manulang, Benny, Sri Purwaningsih, and Azrifitria Azrifitria. "Characteristics of Amino Acid, Fatty Acid and Mineral of Sea Hare." Jurnal Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia 19, no. 2 (August 30, 2016): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.17844/jphpi.v19i2.13224.
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Dolabella auricularia are found in the waters of Indo - Pacific and has active compound in health, which until now is still limited information about nutritional content from sea hare. The aim of this research were to determine morphometric and chemical characteristic D. auricularia which includes the proximate, amino acids, fatty acids and minerals. The composition of fatty acid were measured by gas chromatography (GC), amino acids were measured by high performanced liquid chromatography (HPLC), and mineral was measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). The sea hare contained 9 essential amino acids and 6 non essential amino acids. The highest essential amino acid was arginine (1.61%) while the highest non essential amino acids was glycine (3.02%). Sea hare contained 26 fatty acids such as saturated fatty acids 5.33%, monounsaturated fatty acids 2.11% and polyunsaturated fatty acids 4.10%. The high mineral was calcium 68100 mg/kg.
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Bröer, Stefan, and Angelika Bröer. "Amino acid homeostasis and signalling in mammalian cells and organisms." Biochemical Journal 474, no. 12 (May 25, 2017): 1935–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bcj20160822.
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Cells have a constant turnover of proteins that recycle most amino acids over time. Net loss is mainly due to amino acid oxidation. Homeostasis is achieved through exchange of essential amino acids with non-essential amino acids and the transfer of amino groups from oxidised amino acids to amino acid biosynthesis. This homeostatic condition is maintained through an active mTORC1 complex. Under amino acid depletion, mTORC1 is inactivated. This increases the breakdown of cellular proteins through autophagy and reduces protein biosynthesis. The general control non-derepressable 2/ATF4 pathway may be activated in addition, resulting in transcription of genes involved in amino acid transport and biosynthesis of non-essential amino acids. Metabolism is autoregulated to minimise oxidation of amino acids. Systemic amino acid levels are also tightly regulated. Food intake briefly increases plasma amino acid levels, which stimulates insulin release and mTOR-dependent protein synthesis in muscle. Excess amino acids are oxidised, resulting in increased urea production. Short-term fasting does not result in depletion of plasma amino acids due to reduced protein synthesis and the onset of autophagy. Owing to the fact that half of all amino acids are essential, reduction in protein synthesis and amino acid oxidation are the only two measures to reduce amino acid demand. Long-term malnutrition causes depletion of plasma amino acids. The CNS appears to generate a protein-specific response upon amino acid depletion, resulting in avoidance of an inadequate diet. High protein levels, in contrast, contribute together with other nutrients to a reduction in food intake.
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Rasyid, Abdullah. "Amino Acid and Fatty Acid Compositions of Sea Cucumber Stichopus Vastus from Salemo Island Waters, Indonesia." Squalen Bulletin of Marine and Fisheries Postharvest and Biotechnology 13, no. 1 (May 31, 2018): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/squalen.v13i1.285.
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Coastal waters of Indonesia have considerable biodiversity of sea cucumbers. In the present study the amino acid and fatty acid contents in sea cucumber Stichopus vastus collected from Salemo Island waters Indonesia were determined. Results showed that all essential and non-essential amino acids were found in S. vastus. The major essential amino acid content was arginine (28651.62 mg/Kg). Whereas the major non-essential amino acid content was glycine (60907.24 mg/Kg). The total fatty acids were determined in which finding suggested that saturated fatty acid was more than polyunsaturated fatty acid and monounsaturated fatty acid. The higher saturated fatty acid, polyunsaturated fatty acid and monounsaturated fatty acid were palmitic acid (0.07%), arachidonic acid (0.13%) and palmitoleic acid (0.03%) respectively.
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Beavan-Athfield, Nancy, and Rodger J. Sparks. "Bomb Carbon as a Tracer of Dietary Carbon Sources in Omnivorous Mammals." Radiocarbon 43, no. 2B (2001): 711–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200041370.
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We have isolated amino acid groups from modern bone hydrolysates and compared their relative Δ14C value to assess the carbon contribution of diet to the overall radiocarbon signal in bone. We find that both essential and non-essential amino acids may produce widely varying 14C, relative to other amino acid groups in the hydrolysate and to the original whole bone protein. We hypothesize that the 14C variations in non-essential amino acids may be due to metabolic effects that utilize essential amino acid carbon skeletons in the creation of non-essential amino acids.
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Khromova, L. G., N. V. Bailova, and A. I. Sychev. "BIOLOGICAL VALUE OF PROTEINS OF MILK OF SIMMENTAL COWS PRODUCED UNDER CONDITIONS OF INTENSIVE TECHNOLOGY." Scientific Notes Kazan Bauman State Academy of Veterinary Medicine 247, no. 3 (September 5, 2021): 288–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.31588/2413-4201-1883-247-3-288-292.
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Taking into account modern requirements, the biological value of the protein component of the Simmental breed Krov milk produced under intensive technology has been studied. The amino acid composition of milk proteins was identified by high-performance liquid chromatography. To analyze the biological value of proteins, calculated indicators were used: the amino acid index and the amino acid number (skor) of essential amino acids, taking into account the true digestibility of each of them. As a result of the research, all the essential and interchangeable amino acids and a fairly high concentration of many of them were identified. Among the essential amino acids, the largest amount in the milk samples contained phenylalanine+tyrosine, leucine, lysine, valine, and the smallest-tryptophan, methionine+cysteine. In the aggregate of interchangeable amino acids, the highest saturation was noted for glutamic acid+glutamine, arginine, proline, and the lowest-glycine, alanine. The predominance of interchangeable amino acids was noted in the protein component, which caused a low amino acid index (0.61). The amount of assimilated essential amino acids was higher relative to the reference protein. However, the amino acid score had a wide oscillation amplitude: from 149.6 % for the amino acids phenylalanine + tyrosine to 61.2 and 87.8 %, respectively, for tryptophan and methionine+cysteine, which indicated their imbalance. The essential amino acids tryptophan and methionine+cysteine were limiting, since their amino acid number (skor) is below 100 %.
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Gurieva, K. B., N. A. Khaba, E. A. Tarasova, and S. L. Beletskiy. "Amino acid composition of wheat proteins from different growing areas after long-term storage." Tovaroved prodovolstvennykh tovarov (Commodity specialist of food products), no. 12 (December 1, 2020): 58–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/igt-01-2012-10.
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The results of the research on the assessment of the biological value of wheat after storage by the composition and ratio of amino acids are presented. It is shown that after 6.5 years of storage in elevator silos, the protein content in wheat met the requirements of the standard for class 3 wheat. The sum of all amino acids was from 11.5 to 13.1 g / 100 g, including essential amino acids — 4.0-4.5g/100g and non-essential — 7.8-8.7 g / 100 g. The proportion of essential amino acids was 33.7-35.3% of the total amino acid content. The calculation of the amino acid score demonstrated that the main amino acid limiting the nutritional value of wheat after storage is lysine with an amino acid score of 45-53%. The essential amino acids threonine, valine, isoleucine, and leucine are also classified as deficient, but with a higher value of the amino acid score, close to the complete protein.
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Písaříková, B., S. Kráčmar, and I. Herzig. "Amino acid contents and biological value of protein in various amaranth species." Czech Journal of Animal Science 50, No. 4 (December 6, 2011): 169–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4011-cjas.
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Amino acid content before and after heat treatment was assessed in grain of six selected amaranth varieties and four species: Amaranthus cruentus, A. hypochondriacus, A. caudatus and A. hybridus, cultivated in the Czech Republic. High content of Lys and Arg was detected in both heat treated and untreated grains, as well as satisfactory content of Cys and lower levels of Met, Val, Ile and Leu. The latter three amino acids appear as limiting. Chemical scores of essential amino acids and essential amino acid index (EAAI) were determined. EAAI value of 90.4% shows the favourable nutritional quality of amaranth protein, which is almost comparable with egg protein. Heat treatment by popping at 170 to 190°C for 30 s resulted in decreased EAAI to 85.4%. Of the essential amino acids under study, Val and Leu contents decreased significantly (P < 0.05). The relatively high content of essential amino acids in amaranth grain predetermines its use as a substitution of meat-and-bone meals.
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Mezei, Zoltán, Ágnes Pongrácznl Barancsi, Péter Sipos, Zoltán Győri, and János Csapó. "Connection of protein and amino acid content of forage and medium quality winter wheat varieties." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 36 (November 2, 2009): 101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/36/2799.
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We analysed the crude protein content, amino acid content, amino acid composition of four forage and milling III. quality winter wheat varieties (Magor, Hunor, Róna and Kondor) from their samples from five following years (2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007). We found that quantity of essential and non-essential amino acids rose with increase in crude protein content. On examination of protein amino acid composition in relation to crude protein content we found that the crude protein content increased the quantities of the non-essential amino acids also rose, while those of the essential amino acids decreased as the lysine, the limiting amino acid of wheat. We also established that, as crude protein content increased, the biological value of the protein decreased.
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Mezei, Zoltán, Zoltán Győri, and János Csapó. "Connection of crude protein content and amino acid content of forage and medium quality winter wheat varieties in the relation of quantity and quality." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 32 (December 21, 2008): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/32/3020.
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We analysed the crude protein content, amino acid content, amino acid composition of four forage and milling III. quality winter wheat varieties (Magor, Hunor, Róna and Kondor) from their samples from five following years (2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007). We found that quantity of essential and non-essential amino acids rose with increase in crude protein content. On examination of protein amino acid composition in relation to crude protein content we found that the crude protein content increased the quantities of the non-essential amino acids also rose, while those of the essential amino acids decreased as the lysine, the limiting amino acid of wheat. We also established that, as crude protein content increased, the biological value of the protein decreased.
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Rolinec, Michal, Daniel Biró, Branislav Gálik, Milan Šimko, Miroslav Juráček, and Ondrej Hanušovský. "Essential amino acid index of sow’s colostrum." Journal of Central European Agriculture 19, no. 1 (2018): 95–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.5513/jcea01/19.1.2028.
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Lacey, Janet M., and Douglas W. Wilmore. "Is Glutamine a Conditionally Essential Amino Acid?" Nutrition Reviews 48, no. 8 (April 27, 2009): 297–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.1990.tb02967.x.
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Gathergood, N. "Asymmetric Organocatalysis: Proline an Essential Amino Acid?" Australian Journal of Chemistry 55, no. 9 (2002): 615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch02159.
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Bruhat, Alain, Céline Jousse, and Pierre Fafournoux. "Amino acid limitation regulates gene expression." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 58, no. 3 (August 1999): 625–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665199000828.
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In mammals, the plasma concentration of amino acids is affected by nutritional or pathological conditions. For example, an alteration in the amino acid profile has been reported when there is a deficiency of any one or more of the essential amino acids, a dietary imbalance of amino acids, or an insufficient intake of protein. We examined the role of amino acid limitation in regulating mammalian gene expression. Depletion of arginine, cystine and all essential amino acids leads to induction of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) mRNA and protein expression in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, exposure of HepG2 cells to amino acids at a concentration reproducing the amino acid concentration found in portal blood of rats fed on a low-protein diet leads to a significantly higher (P < 0·0002) expression of IGFBP-1. Using CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) induction by leucine deprivation as a model, we have characterized the molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of gene expression by amino acids. We have shown that leucine limitation leads to induction of CHOP mRNA and protein. Elevated mRNA levels result from both an increase in the rate of CHOP transcription and an increase in mRNA stability. We have characterized two elements of the CHOP gene that are essential to the transcriptional activation produced by an amino acid limitation. These findings demonstrate that an amino acid limitation, as occurs during dietary protein deficiency, can induce gene expression. Thus, amino acids by themselves can play, in concert with hormones, an important role in the control of gene expression.
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Goncharova, Yulia, Svetlana Verechagina, Nikolay Ochkas, and Sergey Goncharov. "Variability Russian Rice Varieties in Essential Amino Acids Composition." E3S Web of Conferences 285 (2021): 02046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128502046.
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Rice contains antioxidants, minerals, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins that make it a functional food. A dozen times higher content of antioxidants was noted in black-grain and red-grain rice varieties as compared to white-grain ones. In terms of protein content, color and white-grain varieties do not differ significantly. The protein composition largely determines the nutritional value and functional properties, as well as the texture and taste of rice. Although rice contains less protein than many cereals, its biological value is highest due to balanced composition of amino acids. Nutritional value of different rice varieties varies greatly due to different amino acid composition. Determination of amino acid composition was carried out on devices Kapel 105 - M. In the work used 50 collection samples of rice. The variability was studied and the sources were identified among domestic rice varieties. To create a new generation varieties with more balanced amino acid composition, it is necessary both to isolate sources with a high content of individual amino acids, and varieties with high characteristics in terms of content complex of amino acids, especially essential ones.
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Furuya, Wilson Massamitu, Mariana Michelato, Ana Lúcia Salaro, Thais Pereira da Cruz, and Valéria Rossetto Barriviera-Furuya. "Estimation of the dietary essential amino acid requirements of colliroja Astyanax fasciatus by using the ideal protein concept." Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research 43, no. 5 (February 28, 2017): 888–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3856/vol43-issue5-fulltext-8.
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Colliroja, Astyanax fasciatus, is a new aquaculture species, and information on its dietary essential amino acid requirements is lacking. The whole body composition of 120 farmed fish (16.2 ± 8.8 g) was determined to estimate the dietary essential amino acid requirement based on the ideal protein concept ((each essential amino acid/lysine) ×100), and the findings were correlated to the whole body essential amino acid content of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. The dietary essential amino acids, including cysteine and tyrosine, accounted for 5.46, 4.62, 1.16, 3.28, 5.63, 2.01, 2.59, 2.84, 4.66, 3.39, 0.65, and 3.51% of the total protein for lysine, arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine, methionine+tyrosine, phenylalanine, phenylalanine+tyrosine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine, respectively. There were positive linear and high correlations (r = 0.971) between the whole body amino acid profiles of colliroja and Nile tilapia. Thus, the whole body amino acid profile of colliroja might be used to estimate accurately the essential amino acid requirement.
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Bob-Chile, Agada Adaeze, and Peter Uchenna Amadi. "Nutritional, phytoconstituents, and free radical scavenging potentials of Cola lepidota K. Schum. and Irvingia gabonensis (Aubry-Lecomte ex O'Rorke) Baill. leaves." Brazilian Journal of Biological Sciences 7, no. 15 (2020): 43–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.21472/bjbs(2020)071505.
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This study was carried out to determine the essential oil components, protein qualities, fatty acid composition, and free radical scavenging potentials of leaves of Cola lepidota K. Schum. (Malvaceae) and Irvingia gabonensis (Aubry-Lecomte ex O'Rorke) Baill. (Irvingiaceae) using chromatographic and spectrophotometric methods. Thirty five bioactive components were isolated from C. lepidota leaves with myrcene, phytol, ephedrine, hexadecanoic acid, and 1,14-tetradecanediol as the main compounds while phytol, 2-furancarboxaldehyde, 5-(hydroxymethyl)-, 1-hexadecyne, carotene, and humulene were the predominant components of the I. gabonensis leaves. Leucine and arginine were the predominant essential amino acids, whereas glutamic acid and serine were the main non-essential amino acids in both leaves. The total amino acid (TAA) (70.92 g/100g), total non-essential amino acid (TNEAA) (45.87 g/100 g), and total acidic amino acid (TAAA) (23.01 g/100 g) of C. lepidota were high whereas I. gabonensis recorded higher Total essential amino acid (TEAA) (28.98 g/100 g), total aromatic amino acid (TArAA) (7.21 g/100 g), total branched chain amino acid (TBCAA) (14.28 g/100g), predicted protein efficiency ratios (P-PERs), and essential amino acid index (EAAI). C. lepidota contained 55.72% of unsaturated fatty acids, with predominance of linolenic and linoleic acids, while I. gabonensis produced 74.46% of saturated fatty acids, having myristic, lauric, and palmitic acid as the main compounds. All the radical scavenging potentials of both leaves were concentration dependent and produced higher DPPH, hydrogen peroxide, and ABTS radical scavenging potentials than the standards. This study has thus provided the scientific backing for the inclusion of both leaves for dietary and therapeutic purposes.
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Ball, Ronald O., James L. Atkinson, and Henry S. Bayley. "Proline as an essential amino acid for the young pig." British Journal of Nutrition 55, no. 3 (May 1986): 659–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19860072.
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1. The catabolism of L-[ l-14C]phenylalanine was used to indicate the effects of single amino acid supplementation of an inadequate protein diet (200 g crude protein (nitrogen x 6.25)/kg) on the utilization of dietary amino acids in pigs of 2.5 kg body-weight reared on an adequate protein diet (240 g crude protein/kg) containing skim milk and a mixture of free amino acids.2. The oxidation of phenylalanine was decreased by the addition of proline or arginine to the inadequate protein diet but not by the addition of threonine, methionine, lysine or a mixture of essential amino acids, indicating that proline and arginine were limiting the utilization of dietary amino acids in the inadequate protein diet.3. Dietary proline concentrations of 13.9 and 14.2 g/kg minimized phenylalanine oxidation in diets containing 200 or 260 g protein/kg. This indicates a dietary proline requirement of 14 g/kg.4. Increasing the dietary arginine concentration in a diet containing 240 g protein/kg showed that an arginine concentration of 5.1 g/kg minimized phenylalanine oxidation. However, increasing the arginine concentration in a diet containing 200 g protein/kg increased phenylalanine oxidation, suggesting an amino acid imbalance involving arginine at this lower level of protein.
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Karasov, W. H., D. H. Solberg, and J. M. Diamond. "Dependence of intestinal amino acid uptake on dietary protein or amino acid levels." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 252, no. 5 (May 1, 1987): G614—G625. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1987.252.5.g614.
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To understand how intestinal amino acid (AA) transport is regulated by dietary substrate levels, we measured uptake of seven AAs and glucose across the jejunal brush-border membrane of mice kept on one of three isocaloric rations differing in nitrogen content. In the high-protein ration, uptake increased by 77-81% for the nonessential, less toxic AAs, proline, and aspartate but only by 32-61% for the more toxic essential AAs tested. In the nitrogen-deficient ration, uptake decreased for the nonessential aspartate and proline but stayed constant or increased for essential AAs and for the nonessential alanine. These patterns imply independent regulation of the intestine's various AA transporters. With decreasing dietary AA (or protein), the imino acid and acidic AA "private" transporters are repressed, while activities of the basic AA transporter and the neutral AA "public" transporter decrease to an asymptote or else go through a minimum. These regulatory patterns can be understood as a compromise among conflicting constraints imposed by protein's multiple roles as a source of calories, nitrogen, and essential AAs and by the toxicity of essential AAs at high concentrations.
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Heger, J., and Z. Frydrych. "Efficiency of utilization of essential amino acids in growing rats at different levels of intake." British Journal of Nutrition 54, no. 2 (September 1985): 499–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19850135.
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1. Nitrogen balance was studied in growing male SPF-rats fed on diets in which each essential amino acid was varied from zero to about 120% of optimum requirement. From the balance results, optimum and maintenance requirements were estimated as well as the efficiency of utilization of amino acids for growth and growth + maintenance.2. N balance increased with increasing dietary level of the deficient amino acid; the response gradually diminished as the content of the amino acid approached optimum. At zero level of intake, negative N balance was found for all amino acids except histidine. The highest loss of body N was found in the sulphur-amino-acid-free diet and the lowest one in the lysine-free diet.3. Maximal utilization of essential amino acids for growth was found at dietary levels corresponding to 30–60% of optimum requirement and ranged from about 0.65 to 0.85 except for S amino acids and histidine. The utilization of S amino acids was about 0.55 while that of histidine exceeded 1.0. The utilization of amino acids for growth-tmaintenance was maximal at the lowest levels of intake and gradually decreased as the dietary concentration of the limiting amino acid increased. At dietary levels near optimum the utilization was about 06–07, except for S amino acids where the utilization was less than 0.5.
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Temesgen, Melese, Negussie Retta, and Etalem Tesfaye. "AMINO ACID AND FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF ETHIOPIAN TARO." American Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition 3, no. 1 (October 5, 2017): 46–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.47672/ajfsn.217.
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The purpose of this study was designed to investigate the amino acid and fatty acid composition of taro leaf and corm samples. An UHPLC and GC-FID method was used for the determination of amino acids and fatty acid composition, respectively. Taro leaf was processed as a powder and pre-curd concentrates while the corm was pre-gelatinized with and without peel prior to the analysis. The amino acid and fatty acid composition (%) of the analyzed samples were quantified with their relative area comparing with respective standards. In the present study, the leaf and corm of taro contained the three essential amino acids leucine, lysine and methionine. For the study, the calculated amino acid values were low in corm samples, but amino acid composition was higher in the leaf samples. Concerning fatty acids, the dominant fatty acid in the leaf and corm was oleic acid (C18:1, n-9) which ranged from 140.697 ± 0.054 to 216.775 ± 0.043 and 101.932 ± 0.023 to 101.950 ± 0. 04 mg/100 g, respectively. In the study, the fatty acid compositions in leaf were higher than the corm. This means that taro leaf would be considered as a good source of essential amino acid and fatty acid than the corm. Finally, from the proportion (mg/100 g) of saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, the unsaturated fatty acids were the predominant fatty acids observed. The presence of high levels of unsaturated fatty acids in the entire investigation of our study taro is nutritionally rich.
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Pyz-Łukasik, Renata, and Waldemar Paszkiewicz. "Species Variations in the Proximate Composition, Amino Acid Profile, and Protein Quality of the Muscle Tissue of Grass Carp, Bighead Carp, Siberian Sturgeon, and Wels Catfish." Journal of Food Quality 2018 (July 24, 2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2625401.
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This study determined the proximate composition, energy value, amino acid profile, and protein quality of the muscle tissue of four food fish species. The fish analyzed contained 78.90–69.89% water, 18.25–15.69% protein, and 2.28–12.57% fat. The energy value of the muscle tissue ranged from 93.50 to 175.83 kcal/100 g. The contents of amino acids in 100 g of protein were 47.64–45.86 g for total essential amino acids (TEAA), 52.36–54.14 g for total neutral amino acids (TNAA), 3.14–2.25 g for total sulphur amino acids (TSAA), and 7.23–7.81 g for total aromatic amino acids (TArAA). The essential amino acid (EAA) composition of the fish was compared with the standard protein, and Chemical Score (CS), Protein Digestibility-Corrected Amino Acid Score (PDCAAS), and Essential Amino Acid Index (EAAI) were calculated. The quality of the muscle tissue proteins of all four fish species was high. These fish can constitute a healthy addition to the human diet.
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Schuhmacher, A., M. Münch, and J. M. Gropp. "Non-essential amino acid sources in crystalline amino acid diets for trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)." Journal of Applied Ichthyology 11, no. 3-4 (December 1995): 317–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.1995.tb00033.x.
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Wang, T. C., and M. F. Fuller. "The optimum dietary amino acid pattern for growing pigs." British Journal of Nutrition 62, no. 1 (July 1989): 77–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19890009.
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A series of four nitrogen-balance experiments was carried out with growing pigs to determine the optimum balance amongst the amino acids in the diet. The reduction in N retention when 20 % of a single amino acid was removed from the diet was used to calculate a dietary amino acid pattern in which each amino acid would he equally limiting. A mixture of amino acids simulating the amino acid pattern of casein was used with the same efficiency as casein. From two successive deletion experiments an optimum balance amongst the essential amino acids was derived. Expressed relative to lysine = 100 this had threonine 72, valine 75, methionine + cystine 63, isoleucine 60, leucine 110, phenylalanine + tryosine 120, tryptophan 18. No estimate was made for histidine. Essential amino acids in this pattern were mixed with non-essential amino acids in ratios of 36:64 up to 57:43. The highest efficiency of N retention was achieved with diets having a ratio of at least 45:55. This included (g/16 g N) lysine 6 5, threonine 4.7, valine 4 9, methionine + cystine 4.1, isoleucine 3 9, leucine 7.2, phenylalanine + tyrosine 7.8, tryptophan 12. The N of diets with this amino acid pattern was utilized significantly better than when the pattern proposed by the Agricultural Research Council (1981) was used. The flow of amino acids past the terminal ileum of pigs given the semi-synthetic diet with this amino acid pattern was no greater than that observed with protein-free diets. The proposed pattern thus describes the intrinsic requirements of the growing pig for absorbed amino acids.
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Salisbury, Travis, and Subha Arthur. "The Regulation and Function of the L-Type Amino Acid Transporter 1 (LAT1) in Cancer." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 8 (August 12, 2018): 2373. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms19082373.
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The progression of cancer is associated with increases in amino acid uptake by cancer cells. Upon their entry into cells through specific transporters, exogenous amino acids are used to synthesize proteins, nucleic acids and lipids and to generate ATP. The essential amino acid leucine is also important for maintaining cancer-associated signaling pathways. By upregulating amino acid transporters, cancer cells gain greater access to exogenous amino acids to support chronic proliferation, maintain metabolic pathways, and to enhance certain signal transduction pathways. Suppressing cancer growth by targeting amino acid transporters will require an in-depth understanding of how cancer cells acquire amino acids, in particular, the transporters involved and which cancer pathways are most sensitive to amino acid deprivation. L-Type Amino Acid Transporter 1 (LAT1) mediates the uptake of essential amino acids and its expression is upregulated during the progression of several cancers. We will review the upstream regulators of LAT1 and the downstream effects caused by the overexpression of LAT1 in cancer cells.
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Jones, H. N., C. J. Ashworth, K. R. Page, and H. J. McArdle. "Expression and adaptive regulation of amino acid transport system A in a placental cell line under amino acid restriction." Reproduction 131, no. 5 (May 2006): 951–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep.1.00808.
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Trans-placental transport of amino acids is vital for the developing fetus. Using the BeWo cell line as a placental model, we investigated the effect of restricting amino acid availability on amino acid transport system type A. BeWo cells were cultured either in amino acid-depleted (without non-essential amino acids) or control media for 1, 3, 5 or 6 h. System A function was analysed using α(methyl-amino)isobutyric acid (MeAIB) transcellular transport studies. Transporter (sodium coupled neutral amino acid transporter (SNAT1/2)) expression was analysed at mRNA and protein level by Northern and Western blotting respectively. Localisation was carried out using immunocytochemistry. MeAIB transcellular transport was significantly (P< 0.05) increased by incubation of the cells in amino acid-depleted medium for 1 h, and longer incubation times caused further increases in the rate of transfer. However, the initial response was not accompanied by an increase in SNAT2 mRNA; this occurred only after 3 h and further increased for the rest of the 6-h incubation. Similarly, it took several hours for a significant increase in SNAT2 protein expression. In contrast, relocalisation of existing SNAT2 transporters occurred within 30 min of amino acid restriction and continued throughout the 6-h incubation. When the cells were incubated in medium with even lower amino acid levels (without non-essential plus 0.5 × essential amino acids), SNAT2 mRNA levels showed further significant (P< 0.0001) up-regulation. However, incubation of cells in depleted medium for 6 h caused a significant (P= 0.014) decrease in the expression of SNAT1 mRNA. System L type amino acid transporter 2 (LAT2) expression was not changed by amino acid restriction, indicating that the responses seen in the system A transporters were not a general cell response. These data have shown that placental cells adaptin vitroto nutritional stress and have identified the physiological, biochemical and genomic mechanisms involved.
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Choi, Bo-Hyun, and Jonathan L. Coloff. "The Diverse Functions of Non-Essential Amino Acids in Cancer." Cancers 11, no. 5 (May 15, 2019): 675. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers11050675.
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Far beyond simply being 11 of the 20 amino acids needed for protein synthesis, non-essential amino acids play numerous important roles in tumor metabolism. These diverse functions include providing precursors for the biosynthesis of macromolecules, controlling redox status and antioxidant systems, and serving as substrates for post-translational and epigenetic modifications. This functional diversity has sparked great interest in targeting non-essential amino acid metabolism for cancer therapy and has motivated the development of several therapies that are either already used in the clinic or are currently in clinical trials. In this review, we will discuss the important roles that each of the 11 non-essential amino acids play in cancer, how their metabolic pathways are linked, and how researchers are working to overcome the unique challenges of targeting non-essential amino acid metabolism for cancer therapy.
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Yilmaz, Semih, Ali İrfan İlbaş, Mikail Akbulut, and Aysun Çetin. "Grain amino acid composition of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars subjected to selenium doses." Turkish Journal of Biochemistry 43, no. 3 (November 14, 2017): 268–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tjb-2017-0027.
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Abstract Background: Selenium (Se34) is an essential micronutrient for humans and animals and has growth promoting and antioxidative effects at low concentrations. Methods: Effects of various sodium selenite (Na2SeO3) doses on grain amino acid content of barley cultivars (Bülbül 89 and Çetin 2000) was investigated using ion exchange liquid chromatography. Results: Majority of the amino acids could be altered with Selenium (Se) fertilization. Grain Se content of Bülbül 89 (0.175 mg kg−1) and Çetin 2000 (0.171 mg kg−1) were similar and both displayed an increase in proteinogenic, essential, and sulfur amino acids. The response of cultivars was more pronounced for Se accumulation and amino acid content at mid dose (12.5 mg ha−1). The quantities of proteinogenic, essential and sulfur amino acids increased considerably at that dose. Se induced increase in nitrogen content might cause an increase in some of the proteins of grain and consequently can alter amino acid composition. An obvious increase in the limiting amino acids (lysine and threonine) were prominent in response to Se fertilization. Conclusion: Se treatment influence amino acid composition of barley grains; especially improve the quantity of limiting amino acids and consequently nutritional value of the grain.
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Bröer, Stefan, and Manuel Palacín. "The role of amino acid transporters in inherited and acquired diseases." Biochemical Journal 436, no. 2 (May 13, 2011): 193–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20101912.
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Amino acids are essential building blocks of all mammalian cells. In addition to their role in protein synthesis, amino acids play an important role as energy fuels, precursors for a variety of metabolites and as signalling molecules. Disorders associated with the malfunction of amino acid transporters reflect the variety of roles that they fulfil in human physiology. Mutations of brain amino acid transporters affect neuronal excitability. Mutations of renal and intestinal amino acid transporters affect whole-body homoeostasis, resulting in malabsorption and renal problems. Amino acid transporters that are integral parts of metabolic pathways reduce the function of these pathways. Finally, amino acid uptake is essential for cell growth, thereby explaining their role in tumour progression. The present review summarizes the involvement of amino acid transporters in these roles as illustrated by diseases resulting from transporter malfunction.
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Oriolowo, O. B., O. J. John, U. B. Mohammed, and D. Joshua. "Amino acids profile of catfish, crayfish and larva of edible dung beetle." Ife Journal of Science 22, no. 1 (May 26, 2020): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijs.v22i1.2.
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Protein is an important nutrient for growth and development of humans and its quality depends on the types and composition of its amino acids. The amino acid profile of dung beetle larva was determined and compared with those of catfish and crayfish by HPLC using Applied PTH Biosystem amino acid analyzer. The data obtained were analyzed with inferential statistics of Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and means separated using LeastSignificance Difference (LSD). The results showed that there were significant differences in the samples for all the set criteria for amino acid quality: total amino acid (F = 219.9), percentage amino acid (F = 1095.4), 2, 6 2, 6 essential amino acid score (F = 2588.4), essential to non-essential amino acid ratio (F = 236.7) and predicted 2, 6 2, 6 protein efficiency ratio (F = 1049.4) all at P < 0.05. About 66.7% of the essential amino acids in dung beetle 2, 6larva satisfy human nutritional requirement while amino acids like tryptophan, histidine and threonine were significantly higher in dung beetle. The amino acid score of this insect was higher as it has the potential of over 100% protein synthesis as against 68.2% and 80.9% respectively for catfish and crayfish. Moreover, a consumption of 46 g of dung beetle larva can effectively satisfy the daily human amino acid requirement. The study concluded that the protein quality of insects especially dung beetle larva compared favorably with commonly consumed human protein diets like catfish and crayfish. Therefore entomophagy should be encouraged in the face of the present dwindling availability of animal protein food sources.
Keywords: Amino acid score, Entomophagy, Protein energy malnutrition, Dung beetle
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Howard, Denise, and Dennis F. Thompson. "Taurine: An Essential Amino Acid to Prevent Cholestasis in Neonates?" Annals of Pharmacotherapy 26, no. 11 (November 1992): 1390–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106002809202601112.
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OBJECTIVE: To review the evidence that taurine can prevent cholestasis in neonates. DATA SOURCES: MEDLINE and EMBASE searches were conducted to identify both animal and human data regarding taurine's role in bile acid conjugation and liver disease (key terms: taurine, children less than two years old). STUDY SELECTION: Emphasis was placed on human data supplemented by relevant animal data. DATA SYNTHESIS: Taurine appears to more effectively conjugate bile acids than glycine, and the end-products of conjugation are more soluble. Taurine deficiency may increase glyco-conjugates of bile acids and result in cholestasis. Although the cause of neonatal cholestasis probably is multifactorial, there are data indicating that adequate taurine may prevent cholestasis in neonates. CONCLUSIONS: Taurine should be considered an essential amino acid for neonates and should be included in total parenteral nutrition solutions for these patients.
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Shanayda, M. I. "Amino acids composition of herb of Lamiaceae family representatives." Farmatsevtychnyi zhurnal, no. 1 (February 12, 2019): 82–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.32352/0367-3057.1.15.06.
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Researching of the amino acids contents in medicinal plant raw materials is an important task of pharmaceutical science and practice, because complexes of amino acids used for the corrections of hepatobiliary disorders, nervous and cardiovascular systems.
The aim of this study was to conduct a qualitative and quantitative analysis of amіno acids composition of these representatives.
The article presents the results of the amino acid composition investigation of the above-ground parts of 10 species belonging to Lamiaceae Juss. Family (Ocimum, Hyssopus, Dracocephalum, Lophanthus, Monarda and Satureja genera). By paper chromatography it was identified several amino acids. HPLC analyzes revealed the content and composition of more than 20 amino acids. The highest total amino acid composition was found in the herb of the genus Ocimum. It was identified 10 essential and non-essential 9 amino acids in each herb, and 3 nonproteinogenic amino acids also. It was established that in all plant materials dominate quantitatively nonessential amino acids (asparagine, proline, glutamic and aspartic acid). Among the essential amino acids arginine and threonine predominate.
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Birlangi, Lata. "Screening of amino acid constituents from date palm fruits." International Journal of Bioassays 5, no. 10 (October 1, 2016): 4972. http://dx.doi.org/10.21746/ijbio.2016.10.0011.
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The date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is one of mankind’s oldest cultivated plants. The fruit of the date palm is an important crop of the hot arid and semi-arid regions of the world. It has always played a genuine economic and social part in the lives of the people of these areas. The present objective in examining the amino acid content of different varieties of date palm fruits from Middle-East region; is to determine whether its protein could effectively supplement the nutritional value and it is also aimed in finding which variety is rich in number of amino acids. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of eight essential amino acids and five non-essential amino acids in the date fruits. Among all the date fruit varieties taken as samples for the study, Dabbas cultivar of United Arab Emirates found to exhibit eight types of amino acids which includes five as non-essential ones. Total of thirteen amino acids were detected in the seven date cultivars. Determination of amino acid can serve as a guide to the possible nutritional value.
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Douglas, A. E., L. B. Minto, and T. L. Wilkinson. "Quantifying nutrient production by the microbial symbionts in an aphid." Journal of Experimental Biology 204, no. 2 (January 15, 2001): 349–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.204.2.349.
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The symbiotic bacteria Buchnera sp. provide aphids with essential amino acids, nutrients in short supply in the aphid diet of plant phloem sap. The contribution of Buchnera-derived amino acids to net protein growth of the aphid Aphis fabae was quantified from the protein growth of aphids reared on chemically defined diets lacking individual amino acids. The amino acid production rates varied among the nine essential amino acids over the range 8–156 pmol microg(−1)protein day(−1) (for tryptophan and leucine, respectively), equivalent to 0.02-0.33 fmol Buchnera(−1)day(−1). In a complementary metabolic analysis, the aphids incorporated radioactivity from dietary [(14)C]glutamic acid into the essential amino acids isoleucine, lysine and threonine. Incorporation into isoleucine was significantly elevated by the omission of dietary isoleucine, indicating that dietary supply may affect the biosynthetic rates of certain amino acids by Buchnera. Aphids experimentally deprived of Buchnera did not synthesize essential amino acids from dietary glutamic acid. The mortality of aposymbionts was high over 7 days on the phenylalanine-free diet, and their assimilation of dietary leucine was depressed on the complete diet, suggesting that both the absence of bacteria-derived amino acids and the low rates of assimilation of certain dietary amino acids may contribute to the poor growth of these insects.
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Van Der Hulst, R. "Glutamine: An Essential Amino Acid for the Gut." Nutrition 12, no. 12 (December 1996): S78—S81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0899-9007(97)85206-9.
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Hsu, H. W., N. F. Butte, M. Thotathuchery, J. Khoury, and K. J. Moise. "Essential amino acid metabolism in gestational diabetes mellitus." American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 176, no. 1 (January 1997): S180. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9378(97)80703-x.
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Pinto, Vanda, Maria João Pinho, and Patrício Soares‐da‐Silva. "Renal amino acid transport systems and essential hypertension." FASEB Journal 27, no. 8 (April 24, 2013): 2927–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1096/fj.12-224998.
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Zandanova, T. N., K. V. Ivanova, and T. P. Myryuanova. "The effect of starter on amino acid composition of fermented milk." Proceedings of the Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies 83, no. 1 (June 3, 2021): 258–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.20914/2310-1202-2021-1-258-262.
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The experimental studies of the amino acid composition of the skimmed cow milk fermented with kefir corns, natural kurunga symbiotic starter and bacterial concentrate of the microbial consortium (BСMC) have been carried out. The bacterial concentrate of the microbial consortium is intended for the preparation of a fermented milk beverage of mixed fermentation – kurunga. The microbial consortium obtained by autoselection of population of kefir corn starter and thermophilic lactobacteriums Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Lactobacillus acidophilum has been used to prepare BCMC. The amino acid analysis of the samples has been carried out by IC method with postcolumn derivatization of amino acids ninhydrin in the acid hydrolyzate of the sample on INGOSAAA-400 amino acid analyzer. The most of essential amino acids has been found in kefir – 434 mg/g of protein. In the samples prepared with natural starter and bacterial concentrate, the total amount of essential amino acids has been 401.84 and 403.8 mg/g of protein, respectively. Exogenous amino acids are essential for the growth of lactics and yeast. The difference in the total amount of the essential amino acids in the samples, probably, caused by the proteolytic activity of the starters and the growth requirements of the microorganisms. The assessment of the bioavailability has been carried out by the method of I.A. Rogov and N.N. Lipatov according to the coefficients of differences between the amino-acid score (CDAS) and bioavailability. The amino-acid scoring studies have shown that the protein in the studied samples is characterized by a complete composition. According to bioavailability, the kurunga samples exceeded kefir by 0.55-0.75%. The obtained results indicate that according to the biochemical activity, the bacterial concentrate of the microbial consortium is practically identical to kurunga prepared with natural starter. It makes possible to obtain a product bioavailably identical to a traditional beverage.
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Moughan, P. J., W. H. Schultze, and W. C. Smith. "Amino acid requirements of the growing meat rabbit 1. The amino acid composition of rabbit whole-body tissue — a theoretical estimate of ideal amino acid balance." Animal Science 47, no. 2 (October 1988): 297–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100003391.
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ABSTRACTWhole-body amino acid composition was determined in six male and six female 53-day-old New Zealand White rabbits. There were no significant sex differences in whole-body amino acid compositition except for arginine and glycine where whole-body concentrations (g/16 g N) were significantly lower in the females (P < 0·05). Overall mean whole-body essential amino acid levels (relative to lysine = 100 units) were methionine = 20; cystine = 41; histidine = 50; phenylalanine = 65; tyrosine = 50; threonine = 64; leucine = 112; isoleucine = 51; valine = 62; arginine = 109. The lysine concentration of rabbit whole-body tissue was 6·12 g/16 g N. There was close agreement between rabbit whole-body amino acid composition and corresponding published values for the rat and pig, although the rabbit whole-body cystine was high and methionine concentration low compared with the rat or pig. The rabbit whole-body amino acid pattern can be regarded as approximating an ideal balance of dietary amino acids and as such indicates discrepancies in current recommendations on the essential amino acid requirements for growth in the meat rabbit.
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Kudełka, Wanda, Małgorzata Kowalska, and Marzena Popis. "Quality of Soybean Products in Terms of Essential Amino Acids Composition." Molecules 26, no. 16 (August 21, 2021): 5071. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26165071.
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The content of protein, moisture content and essential amino acids in conventional and genetically modified soybean grain and selected soybean products (soybean pâté, soybean drink, soybean dessert, tofu) was analyzed in this paper. The following comparative analysis of these products has not yet been carried out. No differences were observed in the amino acid profiles of soybeans and soybean products. The presence of essential amino acids was confirmed except for tryptophan. Its absence, however, may be due not to its absence in the raw material, but to its decomposition as a result of the acid hydrolysis of the sample occurring during its preparation for amino acid determination. Regardless of the type of soybean grain, the content of protein, moisture content and essential amino acids was similar (statistically insignificant difference). Thus, the type of raw material did not determine these parameters. There was a significant imbalance in the quantitative composition of essential amino acids in individual soybean products. Only statistically significant variation was found in genetically modified and conventional soybean pâté. Moreover, in each soy product their amount was lower irrespective of the raw material from which they were manufactured. Therefore, the authors indicate the necessity of enriching soybean products with complete protein to increase their nutritional value.
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Gomi, Kenji. "Jasmonic Acid: An Essential Plant Hormone." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 4 (February 13, 2020): 1261. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21041261.
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The plant hormone jasmonic acid (JA) and its derivative, an amino acid conjugate of JA (jasmonoyl isoleucine: JA-Ile), are signaling compounds involved in the regulation of cellular defense and development in plants [...]
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Vronska, L. V., and A. Ye Demyd. "AMINO ACID PROFILE OF PHASEOLUS VULGARIS PODS AND DRY EXTRACT PREPARED OF THEM." Фармацевтичний часопис, no. 1 (April 3, 2019): 40–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.11603/2312-0967.2019.1.9949.
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The aim of the research was to study the amino acid profile of the phaseolus vulgaris pods and extract prepared of them.
Materials and methods. Five samples of raw material of phaseolus vulgaris pods (erect herbaceous bushes varieties with white seeds) were collected in the Ternopil and Volyn regions, dry extract of phaseolus vulgaris pods was obtained according to previously developed technology. The study of amino acid composition of the raw materials of phaseolus vulgaris pods and extract prepared of them was carried out using a thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
Results and discussion. The better separation of amino acids in TLC-research of the raw material of phaseolus vulgaris pods was observed in the system of solvents isopropanol - formic acid - water (40: 2: 10). As a result of the study, aspartic and glutamic acids, glycine, valine, tyrosine and leucine were identified.
The amino acid profile of the studied samples of raw material is quite homogeneous in composition: 7 essential amino acids (histidine, threonine, valine, methionine, phenylalanine, isoleucine and leucine) and 8 non-essential amino acids (aspartic and glutamic acids, arginine, serine, glycine, alanine, tyrosine and proline); lysine was found among the bound amino acids in the 4th sample of raw material. Proline predominates in all samples of raw materials among free amino acids. Among the bound amino acids the content of glutamic acid, which is the product of the glutamine hydrolysis, is the highest. The content of glycine, serine and alanine is also high. Among the essential amino acids, leucine, phenylalanine, histidine, threonine, isoleucine, valine were determined in content descending order.
The quantitative determination of amino acids in the extract of phaseolus vulgaris pods proved that the content of proline was the highest (12.47 mg / g); the content of some compounds was also high: aspartic (5.41 mg / g) and glutamic (3.41 mg / g) acids, arginine (5.10 mg / g; both in free and bound forms), glycine (1.02 mg / g) and serine (1.04 mg / g). Among the essential amino acids in the extract, the amount of valine (0.80 mg / g), phenylalanine (0.67 mg / g), threonine (0.66 mg / g), leucine (0.63 mg / g) and isoleucine (0.58 mg / g) was a little different. The total content of amino acids in the extract was 3.2%.
Conclusions. 1. The amino acid profile of five samples of phaseolus vulgaris pods was studied by the HPLC method. It has been established that the composition is quite homogeneous, and the total content varies within 0.7-1.1%.
2. In the dry extract of phaseolus vulgaris pods the content of 5 essential and 7 non-essential amino acids has been determined. The content of free amino acids in the extract is 0.52%; the total content of free and bound amino acids is 3.2%.
3. When studying the stability and establishing the shelf life of the dry extract of phaseolus vulgaris pods, it is necessary to take into account the presence of free amino acids and protein substances.
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Gianto, Gianto, Made Suhandana, and R. Marwita Sari Putri. "Komposisi Kandungan Asam Amino Pada Teripang Emas (Stichoupus horens) di Perairan Pulau Bintan, Kepulauan Riau." Jurnal FishtecH 6, no. 2 (July 24, 2018): 186–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.36706/fishtech.v6i2.5850.
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This study aims to analyze the amino acid component contained in the golden sea cucumber so that it can be used as a basis for consideration, management, especially the development of sea cucumbers. Protein in sea cucumbers have complete amino acids, both essential amino acids and non-essential amino acids. The result of the proximate test of golden sea cucumber has high protein content which is 95,14% and fat 0,20% compared to other sea cucumber type while the protein of sea cucumber is very low that is 1.78% and 1.54% ash. The highest content of dried sea cucumber amino acids in golden sea cucumber meat seen in glutamic acid of 6.6049%, 7.1769% glycine, aspartic acid 3.9227% and proline of 3.4189% while the results of wet sea cucumber amino acids have a low amino acid value with glutamic acid 0.2281%, Glycine 0.2308% and Alanin 0.2169%.
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Bergström, J., P. Fürst, and E. Vinnars. "Effect of a Test Meal, without and with Protein, on Muscle and Plasma Free Amino Acids." Clinical Science 79, no. 4 (October 1, 1990): 331–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs0790331.
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1. The effect of a protein-free meal and a protein-rich meal on the concentration of free amino acids in plasma and muscle tissue was studied in eight healthy subjects. The energy content of the protein-free meal was 3800 kJ. The protein-rich meal was identical in composition except that 50 g of bovine serum albumin was added. Plasma and samples from the quadriceps femoris muscle (percutaneous muscle biopsy) for amino acid determination were collection before and at 1, 3, 5 and 7 h after the meal. 2. After the protein-free meal the concentrations of most essential amino acids and of some non-essential amino acids in plasma decreased continuously below basal levels at 5–7 h. The muscle concentration of essential amino acids fell too, reaching its nadir 3–5 h after the meal. The decrease in plasma amino acid concentration was smaller than the decrease in muscle concentration for all essential amino acids except phenylalanine. 3. The concentrations of most amino acids in plasma increased transiently 1 and 3 h after the protein-rich meal; histidine and several non-essential amino acids fell below the basal levels at 5–7 h after the meal. In muscle, threonine, valine, leucine, lysine and alanine were increased at 1 and 3 h after the protein-rich meal; isoleucine, serine and glycine fell below the basal level after 5 and 7 h. For the essential amino acids except threonine and lysine, the increase in plasma concentration was greater than the increase in muscle concentration. 4. Correlations were observed between the relative content of the essential amino acids in the bovine serum albumin and the increase in concentration of these amino acids in plasma and muscle. Methionine and isoleucine, which had the lowest content in bovine serum albumin, fell below basal levels in plasma and (for isoleucine) in muscle 5–7 h after the meal, suggesting that these two amino acids might have been limiting for protein synthesis. 5. Amino acid analysis in plasma and muscle samples taken postprandially should be evaluated with caution considering the strong influence of meal composition on plasma and muscle free amino acid profiles.