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1
Catholic Church. United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. Essential norms for diocesan/eparchial policies dealing with allegations of sexual abuse of minors by priests or deacons: Comparative text. Washington, DC: United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, 2002.
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2
Catholic Church. United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. Ad Hoc Committee for Sexual Abuse. Promise to protect, pledge to heal: Charter for the protection of children and young people : essential norms : statement of Episcopal commitment. 2nd ed. Washington, D.C: U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops, 2006.
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3
Catholic Church. United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. Promise to protect, pledge to heal: Charter for the protection of children and young people : Essential norms : Statement of episcopal commitment. Washington, D.C: U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops, 2003.
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4
Chevanne, Marta, and Riccardo Caldini. Immagini di Istopatologia. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-023-8.
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This collection of images of Histopathology is the fruit of the authors' thirty years' experience in the performance of practical exercises in General Pathology. It is aimed at students attending lessons of General Pathology on the Degree Courses in Medical Surgery and Biological Sciences. It does not aspire either to be complete from the point of view of the various organic pathologies, or to replace direct and personal observation of the histological preparations through the microscope, but is rather intended as an aid to students preparing for the exam. It does not include the rudiments of cytology and microscopic anatomy, which it is assumed have already been mastered by those approaching General Histopathology, nor are histopathological phenomena systematically addressed, for which the reader is referred to textbooks on General Pathology. The 44 preparations presented here have been grouped in line with the main arguments of General Pathology: Cellular Degeneration, Inflammation, Neoplasia both benign and malign, and Vascular Pathology. They have been selected for their didactic significance and the simplicity and clarity of the lesions present, without taking into account the information to be derived from the clinical case history. The images of the preparations, in which the best possible quality of reproduction has been sought, are presented in progressive enlargements and are accompanied by brief descriptions comprising the explanations essential for identification of the characteristic aspects of the elementary lesion, as well as any eventual defects in the preparations themselves. Effectively, the objective of the work is to enable the student to exercise his understanding of the images. For this reason the casuistics included is as essential as possible, and the method of presentation utilised is designed to avoid mere visual memorisation, stimulating first analysis and then synthesis, and the development of individual logical skills so as to indicate whether aspects of cellular pathology, inflammation or neoplasia are present.
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Wall, David. Desiderative Inconsistency, Moore’s Paradox, and Norms of Desire. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199370962.003.0011.
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What is wrong with desiderative inconsistency, having essentially conflicting desires that cannot possibly be satisfied at the same time? It was recently argued that attempts to explain this in terms of logical inconsistency, preventing action, or a failure of rationality are unsuccessful and having such desires is no worse than having desires that merely contingently conflict, if it is bad at all. But in fact having either essentially or contingently conflicting desires involves violating norms of desire, particularly, a norm of avoiding frustration. Appealing to a counterpart of Moore’s Paradox for desire shows this is a genuine norm, and violating it is a mistake of sorts. Furthermore, having essentially conflicting desires violates this norm, makes this mistake, necessarily. This helps explain why having essentially conflicting desires is especially bad, and explaining it in terms of the norms of desire helps us understand the nature of that type of mental state.
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Owen, Stephen. Periodization and Major Inflection Points. Edited by Wiebke Denecke, Wai-Yee Li, and Xiaofei Tian. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199356591.013.2.
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Periodization is a function of a virtual literary historical story, organizing selective evidence to support a particular narrative of change. In the Chinese case, the contested variable is the degree to which literary history has autonomy or is one kind of document in a unified narrative of political and cultural history. For macroperiods, technological change is essential, namely, the gradual spread of paper during the second and third centuries ce and the larger adoption of an already existing technology of printing in the tenth century. Large decline and revival narratives were popular, and interpreting literary history in the context of the dynastic cycle became the norm.
7
Alexander, J. Risk Evaluation of Essential Trace Elements - Essential Versus Toxic Levels of Intake (Nord: 1995:18). Stationery Office Books, 1995.
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8
Essential Norn Irish: Yer Man's a to Z Guide to Everyday Banter. O'Brien Press, Limited, The, 2016.
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9
Bussel, Robert. Epilogue. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039492.003.0013.
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This epilogue reflects on the legacy of Harold Gibbons and Ernest Calloway. It begins with a discussion of some valuable insights that the two men's experience provides. As far back as the 1960s, Gibbons and Calloway lamented the stagnation of union organizing amid structural changes in the economy that were diluting labor's strength. They thought creatively about how the Teamsters could exercise decisive economic leverage, and their concept of treating workers as total persons might find new political resonance in tackling the work–family divide that has arisen as dual earner families have become a social norm. The epilogue also considers several sobering aspects of Gibbons and Calloway's careers, including the short-lived successes of total person unionism as well as its limited reach, both within St. Louis and elsewhere. Finally, it suggests that Gibbons and Calloway's most powerful legacy was their insistence on the essential interrelationships between work, citizenship, and democracy.
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Madland, David. Re-Union. Cornell University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501755378.001.0001.
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This book explores how labor unions are essential to all workers. Yet, union systems are badly flawed and in need of rapid changes for reform. The book's multilayered analysis presents a solution — a model to replace the existing firm-based collective bargaining with a larger, industry-scale bargaining method coupled with powerful incentives for union membership. These changes would represent a remarkable shift from the norm, but would be based on lessons from other countries, US history and current policy in several cities and states. In outlining the shift, the book details how these proposals might mend the broken economic and political systems in the United States. It also uses three examples from Britain, Canada, and Australia to explore what there is yet to learn about this new system in other developed nations. The book's practical advice extends to a proposal for how to implement the changes necessary to shift the current paradigm. This powerful call to action speaks directly to the workers affected by these policies — the very people seeking to have their voices recognized in a system that attempts to silence them.
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Gabel, Tim. The Essential Role of Language in Survey Research. Edited by Mandy Sha. RTI Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.bk.0023.2004.
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Language users, such as survey respondents and interviewers, must speak the same language literally and figuratively to interact with each other. As diversity grows in the United States and globally, interviewers and respondents may speak a different language or speak the same language differently that reflects their own cultural norms of communication. This book discusses the role of language in survey research when comparisons across groups, cultures, and countries are of interest. Language use in surveys is dynamic, including words, symbols (e.g., arrows), and even emojis. The entire survey life cycle is carried out through language. Researchers write or translate questions and instructions that will address research questions and then pretest them using various techniques, including qualitative inquiry that focuses on context beyond just “the numbers.” Human or virtual data collectors use persuasive messages to communicate with survey respondents and encourage their survey participation. Respondents must comprehend and interpret survey questions and instructions to provide a response. All of these survey processes and products contribute to data quality, and the role of language is essential.
12
VAUGHN, STECK. AMES Adult Measure of Essential Skills Norms Book Levels B-E A Guide to Interpreting Scores. Steck-Vaughn Company, 1999.
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13
Anderson, Kristin J. Enraged, Rattled, and Wronged. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197578438.001.0001.
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The political context producing the Donald Trump presidency put into stark relief the confusion, feelings of victimization, and rage of some constituencies that voted for him. Enraged, Rattled, and Wronged: Entitlement’s Response to Social Progress explores the role of entitlement in fostering inequality in the United States. Scholars and activists in recent decades have correctly incorporated the topic of privilege into discussions of prejudice and discrimination. White privilege, male privilege, heterosexual privilege, and class privilege exemplify the unearned advantages given to socially preferred groups—advantages not enjoyed by marginalized groups. As a result, activists and scholars of prejudice integrate an examination of discrimination against target groups, alongside the corresponding benefits that come to those viewed as the societal norm and ideal (e.g., Whites, heterosexuals, and men). Enraged, Rattled, and Wronged examines psychological entitlement as an overlooked but essential feature of persistent inequality. Psychological entitlement refers to one’s sense of deservingness. In understanding resistance to social progress we must understand how members of advantaged groups come to understand their belief in their own worthiness relative to those in disadvantaged groups. The task of this project is an urgent inquiry given our current political context: What happens to entitled people when they feel pushed aside? What are they willing to tear down as they scramble to keep their grip on relative status and power? This book explores the predictable and unpredictable ways in which entitlement preserves and perpetuates inequality.
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William A, Schabas. Part 1 Establishment of the Court: Institution de la Cour, Art.2 Relationship of the Court with the United Nations/Lien de la Cour avec les Nations Unies. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198739777.003.0004.
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This chapter comments on Article 2 of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, which sets out the general principle of the Negotiated Relationship Agreement between the Court and the United Nations. Article 2 is itself essentially exhortatory. While it declares that the two bodies ‘shall’ enter into an agreement, it should be obvious that one organization cannot oblige another to a meeting of minds. Nor does the provision in the Statute specify the content of the Agreement, except that it shall provide for a ‘relationship’ between the organizations. Despite the word ‘shall’, article 2 does not seem to be essential for the operation of the Court nor was the existence of an Agreement with the United Nations necessary for the entry into force of the Rome Statute. The Agreement was only finalized and entered into force in late 2004, more than two years after the Court had begun to operate.
15
Beer, Yishai. Military Professionalism and Humanitarian Law. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190881146.001.0001.
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This book seeks to revitalize the humanitarian mission of the international law governing armed conflict, which is being frustrated due to states’ actual practice. In order to achieve its two aims—creating an environment in which full abidance by the law becomes an attainable norm, thus facilitating the second and more important aim of reducing human suffering—it calls for the acknowledgment of realpolitik considerations that dictate states’ and militaries’ behavior. This requires recognition of the core interests of law-abiding states, fighting in their own self-defense—those that, from their militaries’ professional perspective, are essential in order to exercise their defense. Internalizing the importance of existential security interests, when drawing the contours of the law, should not automatically come at the expense of the core values of the humanitarian agenda—for example, the distinction rule. Rather, it allows more room for the humanitarian arena. The suggested tool to allow for such an improved dialogue is the standards and principles of military professionalism. Militaries function in a professional manner; they respect their respective doctrines, operational principles, fighting techniques, and values. Their performances are not random or incidental. The suggested paradigm surfaces and leverages the constraining elements hidden in military professionalism. It suggests a new paradigm in balancing the principles of military necessity and humanity, it deals with the legality of a preemptive strike and the leveraging of military strategy as a constraining tool, and it offers a normative framework for introducing deterrence within the current contours of the law.
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Charles T, Kotuby, and Sobota Luke A. Ch.3 Modern Applications of the Principles of International Due Process. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780190642709.003.0003.
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This chapter examines the general principles of international due process common to all systems of law. A party must have notice of the proceeding and an opportunity to be heard. The court or tribunal deciding the case must have jurisdiction, be independent and impartial, and treat the parties equally. It may not decide the case based on bribery or other external factors, nor may it countenance fraudulent conduct before it. Each party has the burden of proving its own proffered facts during the case, and the decision at the end of the process should be final (res judicata). These are the essential norms that govern the work of every adjudicative body. They ensure the fundamental promise of all judicial proceedings: the settlement of a dispute by an independent authority in a manner that is fair to the parties and premised on impartial application of the law to the facts.
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Singer, Abraham A. Corporate Justice within Efficiency Horizons. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190698348.003.0009.
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This chapter expands on the idea of norm-governed productivity. Because this approach opens the door for a more straightforwardly political assessment of corporate hierarchy, this chapter considers how theories of workplace democracy stack up against this view of corporate efficiency. It argues that radical and participatory democrats are prone to error by essentially doing the mirror image of what the Chicago school does: where Chicago school scholars conflate firms for markets and obscure their cooperative nature, radical democrats often mistake firms for purposive communities and obscure their economic nature. While democratic theorists are right that undefended authority exists within firms and is a problem, they are often in danger of utterly discounting efficiency. It concludes with a more exact enunciation of norm-governed productivity, which emphasizes the manner in which efficiency concerns necessitate a bounded application of noneconomic values.
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du Toit, Fanie. The Forgiving Embrace. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190881856.003.0006.
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Moving beyond South Africa into a broader theoretical discussion, this chapter discusses the first of three typologies of reconciliation theory: reconciliation as forgiving embrace. The chapter, like previous ones, develops around three reconciliation-related questions: of inception, transition, and transformation. Those who view reconciliation as largely identical with forgiveness view its inception as a call to moral community; its unfolding as a series of steps toward restorative justice, including repentance, acknowledgment, forgiveness, and redress; and its promise as that of healing of broken relationships. I raise some difficulties with this approach: in many contexts, restorative justice does not seem appropriate, not least when perpetrators remain powerful or unrepentant, and victims vulnerable and traumatized. Moreover, I argue that one can neither prescribe nor “programmatize” forgiveness insofar as it is essentially a gift that may or may not occur. It is therefore essential to imagine reconciliation processes in the absence or not-yet-presence of forgiveness.
19
Canon Law Society of America. Guide to the Implementation of the U.S. Bishops' Essential Norms for Diocesan/Eparchial Policies Dealing with Allegations of Sexual Abuse of Minors by. Canon Law Society of America, 2003.
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20
Manby, Bronwen. Citizenship Law in Africa. African Minds, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.47622/9781928331087.
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Few African countries provide for an explicit right to a nationality. Laws and practices governing citizenship effectively leave hundreds of thousands of people in Africa without a country. These stateless Africans can neither vote nor stand for office; they cannot enrol their children in school, travel freely, or own property; they cannot work for the government; they are exposed to human rights abuses. Statelessness exacerbates and underlies tensions in many regions of the continent. Citizenship Law in Africa, a comparative study by two programs of the Open Society Foundations, describes the often arbitrary, discriminatory, and contradictory citizenship laws that exist from state to state and recommends ways that African countries can bring their citizenship laws in line with international rights norms. The report covers topics such as citizenship by descent, citizenship by naturalisation, gender discrimination in citizenship law, dual citizenship, and the right to identity documents and passports. It is essential reading for policymakers, attorneys, and activists. This second edition includes updates on developments in Kenya, Libya, Namibia, South Africa, Sudan and Zimbabwe, as well as minor corrections to the tables and other additions throughout.
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Karl, Zemanek. Part V Jus Cogens beyond the Vienna Convention, 23 The Metamorphosis of Jus Cogens: From an Institution of Treaty Law to the Bedrock of the International Legal Order? Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199588916.003.0023.
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When the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties confirmed the existence of peremptory norms of international law (jus cogens) they were conceived, like Roman jus publicum, as absolute law that could not be altered by the will of individual States. Scholars then transformed the concept into the manifestation of public policy (ordre public). They also argued for widening the scope of its application to unilateral legal acts and customary international law. A recent trend in academic theory assigns jus cogens an essential role in the constitutionalization of international law, postulating it either as hierarchically higher order or as embodying the constitutional principles. In view of the rashness of scholars in proclaiming the peremptory character of norms and also of the inexpertness of the European and national courts in applying supposedly peremptory international norms in their decisions, it seems better to keep jus cogens at its original task.
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Bratman, Michael E. Planning, Time, and Self-Governance. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190867850.001.0001.
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Our human capacity for planning agency plays central roles in the cross-temporal organization of our agency, in our acting and thinking together, and in our self-governance. Intentions can be understood as states in such a planning system. The practical thinking essential to this planning capacity is guided by norms that enjoin synchronic plan consistency and coherence as well as forms of plan stability over time. This book’s essays aim to deepen our understanding of these norms and defend their status as norms of practical rationality for planning agents. General guidance by these planning norms has many pragmatic benefits, especially given our cognitive and epistemic limits. But appeal to these pragmatic benefits does not fully explain the normative force of these norms in application to the particular case. In response, some think these norms are norms of theoretical rationality on belief; or are constitutive of agency; or are just a myth. These essays chart an alternative path, which sees these planning norms as tracking conditions of a planning agent’s self-governance, both at a time and over time. This path articulates associated models of self-governance; it appeals to the agent’s end of her self-governance over time; and it argues that this end is rationally self-sustaining. This end is thereby in a position to play a role in our planning framework that is analogous to the role of a concern with quality of will within the framework of the reactive attitudes, as understood by Peter Strawson.
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Bratman, Michael E. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190867850.003.0001.
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This introduction explains the background for present concerns with a deeper understanding and defense of basic norms of plan rationality, both synchronic and diachronic. It gives an overview of the defense adumbrated in these essays: one that involves but goes beyond appeal to pragmatic benefits of general forms of practical thinking involved in our planning agency. A central idea is that these planning norms track conditions of a planning agent’s self-governance, both synchronic and diachronic. The reflective significance of this tracking thesis depends on an end of one’s self-governance over time. While this end is not essential to agency, it is a rationally self-sustaining keystone of a stable reflective equilibrium involving basic planning norms. It is thereby in a position to play a role in our planning framework that is analogous to the role of concern with quality of will in the framework of reactive attitudes, as understood by Peter Strawson.
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Bratman, Michael E. Rational Planning Agency. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190867850.003.0010.
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This essay appeals to self-governance to explain why basic planning norms—both synchronic and diachronic—are norms of practical rationality. The best rationale of her own plan-infused practical thinking that is available to a reflective planning agent who has the capacity for self-governance involves a tight connection between plan rationality and conditions of self-governance, both synchronic and diachronic. This leads to the idea that there is rational pressure not only in the direction of forms of coherence involved in a planning agent’s self-governance, both at a time and over time, but also in the direction of an end of one’s diachronic (and so, synchronic) self-governance. This is because that end is central to a planning agent’s diachronic self-governance, given the role of that end in willpower that coheres with such diachronic self-governance. While this end is not essential to agency per se, it is a rationally self-sustaining element of a stable reflective equilibrium that involves basic planning norms.
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Canon Law Society of America., ed. Guide to the implementation of the U.S. bishops' essential norms for diocesan/eparchial policies dealing with allegations of sexual abuse of minors by priests or deacons. Washington, DC: Canon Law Society of America, 2003.
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26
Gostin, Lawrence O., and Benjamin Mason Meier, eds. Foundations of Global Health & Human Rights. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197528297.001.0001.
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Human rights are essential to global health, yet rising threats in an increasingly divided world are challenging the progressive evolution of health-related human rights. It is necessary to empower a new generation of scholars, advocates, and practitioners to sustain the global commitment to universal rights in public health. Looking to the next generation to face the struggles ahead, this book provides a detailed understanding of the evolving relationship between global health and human rights, laying a human rights foundation for the advancement of transformative health policies, programs, and practices. In bringing together leading academics in the field of health and human rights, this volume: (1) explains the norms and principles that define the field, (2) examines the methods and tools for implementing human rights to promote health, (3) applies essential human rights to leading public health threats, and (4) analyzes rising human rights challenges in a rapidly globalizing world. This foundational text shows why interdisciplinary scholarship and action are essential for health-related human rights, placing human rights at the center of public health and securing a future of global health with justice.
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Cox, Rory. The Ethics of War up to Thomas Aquinas. Edited by Seth Lazar and Helen Frowe. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199943418.013.19.
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This chapter explores major developments in concepts of justified warfare and norms of military conduct over nearly 2,000 years. From at least the first millennium BC, ideas about the justice of war and customary norms regulating combat were developed by Western societies. Throughout the ancient and medieval worlds, war was subjected to varying degrees of ethical analysis, as well as being influenced by social pragmatism. Examining a variety of evidence, this chapter argues that the two branches of just war doctrine, jus ad bellum and jus in bello, developed hand-in-hand and should be seen as an integrated whole. This intermingling of jus ad bellum and jus in bello concerns produced a sophisticated and complex body of ethical thought about war—embodied in the systematic analysis of medieval canon lawyers and theologians—and ultimately provided the essential building blocks for modern just war doctrine.
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Roughley, Neil, and Kurt Bayertz, eds. The Normative Animal? Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190846466.001.0001.
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Humans, it is often claimed, are rational, linguistic, cultural, or moral creatures. What these characterizations may all have in common is the more fundamental claim that humans are normative animals, in the sense that they are creatures whose lives are structured at a fundamental level by their relationships to norms. The various capacities singled out by talk of rational, linguistic, cultural, or moral animals might then all essentially involve an orientation to obligations, permissions, and prohibitions. And, if this is so, then perhaps it is a basic susceptibility or proclivity to normative or deontic regulation of thought and behaviour that enables humans to develop the various specific features of their life form. This volume of new essays investigates the claim that humans are essentially normative animals in this sense. The contributors do so by looking at the nature and relations of three types of norms, or putative norms—social, moral, and linguistic—and asking whether they might all be different expressions of one basic structure unique to humankind. These questions are posed by philosophers, primatologists, behavioural biologists, psychologists, linguists, and cultural anthropologists, who have collaborated on this topic for many years. The contributors are committed to the idea that understanding normativity is a two-way process, involving a close interaction between conceptual clarification and empirical research.
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Addison, Tony, and Alan Roe. Conclusions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198817369.003.0033.
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The extractive industries have invariably occupied a somewhat uncomfortable position in development debate and practice. The very word ‘extraction’ conjures up images of forceful (and painful) removal. The media image is frequently one of despoiling nature, sometimes abusing and destroying the environment, including the resources (water, forests, soils etc.) essential to human life. Nor does mining infrastructure offer the same attractive photo opportunities for local politicians or for visiting ministers from aid-donor countries. In some cases there can be an imbalance of power between large extractives companies and host governments, and corruption and non-transparency are still to be found. This chapter lays out the framework of a book which certainly does not seek to present a rose-tinted view of the development benefits of extractives. Nor does it subscribe to the most negative manifestations of the resource curse thesis.
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Minett, Mark. Robert Altman and the Elaboration of Hollywood Storytelling. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197523827.001.0001.
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Robert Altman and the Elaboration of Hollywood Storytelling reveals an Altman barely glimpsed in previous critical accounts of the filmmaker. This re-examination of his seminal work during the “Hollywood Renaissance” or “New Hollywood” period of the early 1970s (including M*A*S*H, Brewster McCloud, McCabe & Mrs. Miller, Images, The Long Goodbye, Thieves Like Us, California Split, and Nashville) sheds new light on both the films and the filmmaker, reframing Altman as a complex, pragmatic innovator whose work exceeds, but is also grounded in, the norms of classical Hollywood storytelling rather than someone who rejected those norms in favor of modernist art cinema. Its findings and approach hold important implications for the study of cinematic authorship. Largely avoiding thematic exegesis, it employs a historical poetics approach, robust functionalist frameworks, archival research, and formal and statistical analysis to demystify the essential features of the standard account of Altman’s filmmaking history and profile—lax narrative form, heavy reliance on the zoom, sound design replete with overlapping dialogue, improvisational infidelity to the screenplay, and a desire to subvert based in his time in the training grounds of industrial filmmaking and filmed television. The book provides a clear example of how a filmmaker might work collaboratively and pragmatically within and across media institutions to elaborate on their sanctioned practices and aims. We misunderstand Altman’s work, and the creative work of Hollywood filmmakers in general, when we insist on describing innovation as opposition to institutional norms and on describing those norms as simply assimilating innovation.
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Luraghi, Nino. The Discourse of Tyranny and the Greek Roots of the Bad King. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199394852.003.0002.
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This chapter provides a systematic discussion of the essential attributes of the tyrant in ancient Greece, whence both the term and the concept spread throughout the West. Seen against the background of Greek cultural and moral values, the tyrant emerges as a radically marginal character, a violator of the accepted norms of sociability, a monstrous aberration. Thus, tyranny was perceived and depicted not as a bad political alternative but as a primordial sort of evil: a taboo that cannot be rationalized. Yet, the discourse of tyranny, this chapter argues, underpinned the whole concept of monarchy in Greek culture, to the point that the typical virtues of the ideal ruler were nothing more than a reversal of the negative traits of the tyrant.
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William A, Schabas. Part 2 Jurisdiction, Admissibility, and Applicable Law: Compétence, Recevabilité, Et Droit Applicable, Art.11 Jurisdiction ratione temporis /Compétence ratione temporis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198739777.003.0014.
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This chapter comments on Article 11 of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. Article 11 states that the Court only has jurisdiction over crimes committed since its entry into force, that is, since July 1, 2002. Article 11(1) is related to articles 22 and 24, both of which also contemplate the temporal application of the Statute. In particular article 24(1), which specifies that ‘No person shall be criminally responsible under this Statute for conduct prior to the entry into force of the Statute’, essentially restates the norm expressed in article 11(1), although from the standpoint of individual criminal responsibility rather than jurisdiction ratione temporis. In the case of States that become party to the Statute subsequent to July 1, 2002, the Court may only exercise jurisdiction with respect to crimes committed since the date of entry into force for that State.
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DeSombre, Elizabeth R. Why Good People Do Bad Environmental Things. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190636272.001.0001.
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We all behave in ways that cause environmental harm whether we intend to or not. This book looks at how social structures, incentives, information, habits, attitudes, norms, and the inherent characteristics of environmental resources explain and influence how we behave, and how those causes influence what we can do to change behavior. It is essential to understand why bad environmental behavior makes sense, especially from an individual perspective, in order to figure out how to change that behavior. Environmental activists often focus on providing information or raising concern about environmental problems; these approaches are ultimately less effective than systematic and institutional approaches. We should restructure incentives to reward good behavior and penalize action that causes environmental harm, change social norms so that environmental behavior is seen as a community expectation, and develop habits, defaults, and business routines so that people engage in better environmental behavior without having to make active decisions to do so. Environmental problems are serious, and we need to change our collective behavior to prevent or address them. Because this action is important, it is worthwhile to figure out what works, or doesn’t work, to change behavior. To do that, we have to understand why even good people do bad environmental things.
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Jefferson, Michael. 8. Variation, breach, and termination of employment. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198815167.003.0008.
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Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter discusses variations of terms and conditions of employment. Theoretically, neither employer nor employee can unilaterally alter the terms and conditions of employment. A unilateral variation that is not accepted will constitute a breach and, if serious, could amount to a repudiation of the contract. A repudiation does not automatically terminate a contract of employment. In order to justify summary dismissal the employee must be in breach of an important express or implied term of the contract.
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Jefferson, Michael. 8. Variation, breach, and termination of employment. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198759157.003.0008.
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Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter discusses variations of terms and conditions of employment. Theoretically, neither employer nor employee can unilaterally alter the terms and conditions of employment. A unilateral variation that is not accepted will constitute a breach and, if serious, could amount to a repudiation of the contract. A repudiation does not automatically terminate a contract of employment. In order to justify summary dismissal the employee must be in breach of an important express or implied term of the contract.
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Prah Ruger, Jennifer. Contrasting Theories of Global Justice. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199694631.003.0003.
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Theories of global justice fall into four main perspectives: realism, particularism, social contractarianism (society of states), and cosmopolitanism. But health justice remains largely unheeded in these justice theories. More recently, some theorists have turned to health; the perspective most frequently used to ground health obligations is the human rights view. Yet all these frameworks fall short of providing the necessary normative foundation for global health justice. Nor does global bioethics as a discipline address global health justice adequately. Health-sphere actors—global, state, and non-state—need to understand their interests more comprehensively. A more fully developed moral framework and ethical guidelines are essential if health-sphere actors are to tackle global health problems effectively.
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Helm, Bennett W. Persons in the First-Person Plural. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198801863.003.0008.
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Individualist conceptions of persons, grounded in individualist understandings of responsibility, rationality, and identity, must be rejected. Preceding chapters developed an account of communities of respect via an essentially interpersonal type of practical rationality in terms of which we can understand responsibility to be essentially social. In addition, there are two senses in which individuals are identified with the communities of respect of which they are members. First, norms of character are, in effect, communal values, defining a (partial) form of life members jointly find worthwhile. In doing so, they form an element of the identities of community members, albeit an element that can conflict with the personal values of each. Second, members identify with each other through their recognition respect, which amounts to a kind of non-intimate love. Taken together, this means that persons are to be understood in terms of communities of respect—from a first-person plural perspective.
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Smith, Gary, and Jay Cordes. The Phantom Pattern Problem. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198864165.001.0001.
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Pattern recognition prowess served our ancestors well. However, today we are confronted by a deluge of data that are far more abstract, complicated, and difficult to interpret than were annual seasons and the sounds of predators. The number of possible patterns that can be identified relative to the number that are genuinely useful has grown exponentially—which means that the chances that a discovered pattern is useful is rapidly approaching zero. Coincidental streaks, clusters, and correlations are the norm—not the exception. Our challenge is to overcome our inherited inclination to think that all patterns are meaningful.Computer algorithms can easily identify an essentially unlimited number of phantom patterns and relationships that vanish when confronted with fresh data. The paradox of big data is that the more data we ransack for patterns, the more likely it is that what we find will be worthless. Our challenge is to overcome our inherited inclination to think that all patterns are meaningful.
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Helm, Bennett W. Communities of Respect. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198801863.001.0001.
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Communities of respect are communities of people sharing common practices or a (partial) way of life; they include families, clubs, religious groups, and political parties. This book develops a detailed account of such communities in terms of the rational structure of their members’ reactive attitudes, arguing that they are fundamental in three interrelated ways to understanding what it is to be a person. First, it is only by being a member of a community of respect that one can be a responsible agent having dignity; such an agent therefore has certain rights as well as the authority to demand that fellow members recognize her dignity and follow the norms of the community, norms compliance with which they likewise have the authority to demand from her. Second, by prescribing or proscribing both actions and values, communities of respect can shape the identities of its members in ways that others have the authority to enforce, thereby revealing an important interpersonal dimension of the identities of persons. Finally, all of this is grounded in a distinctively interpersonal form of practical rationality in virtue of which we jointly have reasons to recognize the dignity and authority of fellow members and so to comply with their authoritative demands, as well as to respect (and so comply with) the norms of the community. Hence we persons are essentially social creatures.
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Blee, Kathleen M., and Elizabeth A. Yates. Women in the White Supremacist Movement. Edited by Holly J. McCammon, Verta Taylor, Jo Reger, and Rachel L. Einwohner. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190204204.013.37.
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A small but growing body of literature highlights the roles of women in White supremacist movements in the United States. This chapter reviews the diverse findings of this work by showing when, why, and how women participate in White supremacist movements. It begins by analyzing the interlocking ideologies of race and gender that shape women’s participation. Most White supremacist movements glorify stereotypical gender norms for both men and women, and place strict boundaries on white women’s sexual partners as an essential part of guaranteeing White power and status, though a few groups promote less strictly subordinate roles for White women. The chapter also focuses on the various paths by which women are recruited to White supremacism, largely through social networks and racist messaging. Finally, it discusses how internal and external factors in White supremacist movements influence the various roles that women play.
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Beste, Jennifer. Creating a Sexually Just Campus Culture. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190268503.003.0012.
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Drawing on the theology of Johann Metz, students’ reflections concerning sexual assault, and social scientific research, this final chapter identifies three essential commitments needed to create a sexually just culture. Those three commitments are: endorsing an affirmative sexual consent standard, embracing a culture of zero tolerance for sexual violence, and forming a conscious, collective commitment among undergraduates to free one another from the constrictive sexual, gender, and social norms of typical party and hookup culture. Citing recent changes in federal regulation on sexual assault and recent social movements by undergraduate activists nationwide, the author suggests that the possibility of cultural transformation and sexual justice on college campuses has never been more within our reach than at the present moment. As the author explains, such transformation will require the collaboration of a wide range of constituents on local, state, and federal levels.
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Jenkins, Scott. Self-Consciousness in the Phenomenology. Edited by Dean Moyar. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199355228.013.5.
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This chapter argues that the wide range of topics that Hegel considers in the chapter of the Phenomenology of Spirit titled “Self-Consciousness”—including desire, recognition, death, work, and spirit—are all components of a non-genetic account of the self-conscious experience enjoyed by all persons. For Hegel, self-consciousness is essentially practical insofar as it involves a desiring relation to objects, and it is essentially social insofar as that relation becomes self-consciousness only through the recognition of other subjects whose ends constrain one’s own desiring activity. Hegel presents this position on self-consciousness through the figure of the bondsman that relates to itself as a subject only by recognizing the authority of others. This chapter concludes by considering how Hegel’s rethinking of the norms of self-conscious thought and action as ‘spirit’ both grounds his position on the unboundedness of cognitive capacities and makes necessary an examination of the historical development of spirit.
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Dresser, Rebecca. Participants as Partners in Genetic Research. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190459277.003.0005.
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This chapter focuses on subject-centered developments in genetic research. Modern genetic research requires scientists to collect, store, and study DNA samples and health information from thousands of people. In the past, researchers have been allowed to use DNA samples and information without consent. Researchers have not been required to explain study results to subjects, nor have they been required to compensate people who contribute samples and health information to genetic studies. Experts developed these practices without input from the people whose contributions are essential to the genetic research enterprise. A growing amount of evidence shows that many research subjects and prospective subjects disagree with these traditional approaches. For ethical and practical reasons, subjects should have a greater role in determining how genetic research is conducted.
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Prickett, Stephen. Literary Legacy. Edited by Frederick D. Aquino and Benjamin J. King. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198718284.013.29.
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Neither Anglicans nor Catholics ever seemed to grasp how inseparable literature and theology were for Newman. His prose fiction, like his poetry, involved complex images and symbols in a network of interconnected references, some obtrusive, some slight and allusive. Though declaring the Catholic Church essentially ‘poetic’ inverted his earlier idealized vision of Anglicanism, this remained a Catholicism with a peculiarly Anglican aesthetic. But if, for those whose interest in Newman is primarily theological, the idea of him as an essentially literary figure seems strange, for those whose knowledge of him is through choral concert performances of ‘The Dream of Gerontius’, the reality is equally strange. Writers are by nature solitary, but Newman was peculiarly solitary. Though he constantly sought community—in Oxford, and later among his fellow Catholics—whether in poetry or prose, his themes concern loneliness.
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Trout, J. D. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190686802.003.0001.
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Chapter 1 makes a spirited case that professional philosophy, despite its claims to usefulness, has become detached from the ordinary pursuits and achievements of more worldly disciplines, like the sciences. It provides structural reasons to explain why philosophers neglect or discountevidence from science and policy. The plausibility of naturalism rests on the balance of inductive evidence, not on the deductive consequences of a prematurely accepted dogmatic conviction. The successful reliance on evidence in the study of good reasoning, explanation, and policy reflected in these chapters provides confirmation for the naturalistic perspective. The hope is also that this book will suggest valuable lessons to philosophers, lessons about how philosophy can recruit science in the crafting of norms. Foundational or “philosophical” reflection should be an essential part of every discipline. The four chapters of this book provide lively examples of this kind of naturalism in action.
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Gray, Barbara, and Jill Purdy. The Rise of Partnerships: From Local to Global. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198782841.003.0001.
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Multistakeholder partnerships (MSPs) are formed to tackle knotty societal problems, promote innovation, provide public services, expand governance capabilities, set standards for a field, or resolve conflicts that impede progress on critical issues. Partnerships are viewed as collaboration among four types of stakeholders: businesses, governments, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and civic society. The objective of collaboration is to create a richer, more comprehensive appreciation of the iss/problem than any of the partners could construct alone by viewing it from the perspectives of all the stakeholders and designing robust solutions. Such partnerships are necessary because few organizations contain sufficient knowledge and resources to fully analyze issues and take action on them unilaterally. Five essential components of a rigorous definition of collaboration are presented: interdependence among partners, emergence of shared norms, wrestling with differences, respect for different competencies, and assuming joint responsibility for outcomes. Several examples of MSPs are provided.
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Kaveny, Cathleen. Compassionate Respect and Victims’ Voices. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190612290.003.0005.
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This chapter inaugurates a dialogue between the writings of feminist ethicist Margaret Farley on love and justice and the debate surrounding the use of victim impact statements in criminal sentencing. That debate instantiates the tension between love’s call for particularized justice, on the one hand, and the demands of fairness expressed in the application of general norms. The debate also raises the question how far justice (or love) can depart from equal regard. Victim impact statements regularly include moving accounts of grief, anger, and loss. Yet their widespread use in sentencing can have troublesome consequences. Such use risks suggesting, for example, that the murder of a much beloved pillar of the city should be punished more severely than the murder of a homeless person. An essential question is whether it is possible to take into account the particularities of victims’ lives without valuing the lives of some victims more than others.
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Sked, Alan. Belle Époque. Edited by Nicholas Doumanis. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199695669.013.2.
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Did Europe’s ‘age of catastrophe’ (1914–1945) represent a break with the past or did it amplify the tensions of the preceding era? Was it a ‘parenthesis’ or a ‘revelation’? Historians have usually taken the latter view and have dismissed popular nostalgia for the period before 1914 as mere hindsight. Yet Europeans had good reason to be nostalgic. The period 1900–1914 had its moments of crisis and ominous trends (e.g. anti-Semitism), but it was essentially defined by stability, democratization, and significant improvements in social conditions. Nor should one exaggerate the desire for war in society or among Europe’s political elites. Prior to the July Crisis, a great Continental war seemed neither inevitable nor likely, all of which has implications for our understanding of Europe’s later descent into barbarism. Simply put, the dynamics of violence and instability that characterized the ‘age of catastrophe’ were largely generated during that period.
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Nissinen, Martti. Prophecy and Ecstasy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808558.003.0005.
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The prophetic performance is typically associated with a specific state of mind variously called ecstasy, trance, or possession. This chapter demonstrates that an altered state of consciousness appears as a prerequisite of the prophetic performance in ancient Near Eastern, Greek, and biblical texts. One of the designations of Mesopotamian prophets, muḫḫûm/maḫḫû, implies an ecstatic performance, and many biblical prophets engage in ecstatic behavior, seeing visions, and making spirit journeys. In Greek sources, the divine possession of the Delphic Pythia is taken for granted, and also the prophets of Didyma, Dodona, and Claros are believed to have been influenced by the divine spirit. Neither the Greek nor the Near Eastern sources specify how the altered state of consciousness was reached. The essential thing was that they were divinely inspired, not how the inspiration manifested itself.
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Maree, Claire. queerqueen. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190869618.001.0001.
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Queerqueen examines the editing and writing of queer excess into Japanese popular culture through mediatization of queerqueen styles. The book illustrates how a diversity of gender identifications, sexual orientations, and discursive styles are packaged together as if to form a homogenous character—the queerqueen. In a range of genres from conversational dialogue books to lifestyle television and animations, queerqueen styles are configured as crossing into popular media via the body of the authentically “queer male,” whose “authentic” speech is produced spontaneously without scripting. Editorial interventions enacted through the collaborative language labor of stenographers and record makers, graphic designers and illustrators, and editorial teams (re)trace the sonic qualities of the queerqueen. Through visual mimesis, contemporaneous citational practices, and the mobilization of nostalgia, queerqueen styles are enregistered as talk that is inherently excessive and in need of containment. Editorial acts of containment such as self-censorship simultaneously expose the sexualized nature of gendered norms of talk in Japanese. It is also here that possible spaces for dissent open up through contestation of the limits to excess. The visual and sonic crossings of gender norms unsettle heteronormative mapping of speech styles onto statically gendered bodies. Strategic use of a variety of linguistic resources such as hyper-masculine forms and hyper-politeness exposes the veneers of technologies that seek to regiment excess. Analysis of the inscription of queerqueen styles reveals metapragmatic stereotypes of gender, sexuality, and desire that are essential to the business of mainstream entertainment.