Academic literature on the topic 'Essentialism beliefs'

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Journal articles on the topic "Essentialism beliefs"

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Mandalaywala, Tara M., David M. Amodio, and Marjorie Rhodes. "Essentialism Promotes Racial Prejudice by Increasing Endorsement of Social Hierarchies." Social Psychological and Personality Science 9, no. 4 (2017): 461–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1948550617707020.

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Why do essentialist beliefs promote prejudice? We proposed that essentialist beliefs increase prejudice toward Black people because they imply that existing social hierarchies reflect a naturally occurring structure. We tested this hypothesis in three studies ( N = 621). Study 1 revealed that racial essentialism was associated with increased prejudice toward Blacks among both White and Black adult participants, suggesting that essentialism relates to prejudice according to social hierarchy rather than only to group membership. Studies 2 and 3 experimentally demonstrated that increasing essentialist beliefs induced stronger endorsement of social hierarchies in both Black and White participants, which in turn mediated the effect of essentialism on negative attitudes toward Black people. Together, these findings suggest that essentialism increases prejudice toward low-status groups by increasing endorsement of social hierarchies and existing inequality.
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Noyes, Alexander, and Frank C. Keil. "Generics designate kinds but not always essences." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 41 (2019): 20354–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1900105116.

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People believe that some categories are kinds with reliable causal structure and high inductive potential (e.g., tigers). Widely endorsed theories propose that people are biased to assume kinds are essential, and so naturally determined by internal causal properties. Generic language (e.g., “men like sports”) is 1 mechanism thought to evoke this bias. We propose instead that generics principally designate that categories are kinds. Participants can entertain diverse causal structures in the presence of generics: Hearing that biological properties generalize to a category (e.g., “men grow beards”) prompts participants to infer essential structure, but hearing neutral or social properties (“women are underpaid”) generalized prompts other causal beliefs. Thus, generics induce essentialism only in interaction with cues that reasonably prompt essentialist explanation. We tested our model with adult participants (n = 739 total), using measures that disentangle essentialist beliefs from kind beliefs. In study 1, we replicate prior methods with our new measures, and find that generics influence kind beliefs more than essentialism. In study 2, we vary property content (biological vs. cultural properties), and show that generics only increase essentialism when paired with biological properties. In study 3, we show that generics designate kinds but not essentialism when neutral properties are used across animals, tools, and people. In study 4, we show that believing a category is a kind increases the spontaneous production of generic statements, regardless of whether the kind is essential or socially constructed. Generics do not necessitate essentialist beliefs. Participants were flexible in their reasoning about kinds.
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O'Connor, Cliodhna, and Helene Joffe. "The social aetiology of essentialist beliefs." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 37, no. 5 (2014): 498–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x1300383x.

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AbstractThis commentary highlights the importance of attending to the sociocultural contexts that foster essentialist ideas. It contends that Cimpian & Salomon's (C&S's) model undervalues the extent to which the development of essentialist beliefs is contingent on social experience. The result is a restriction of the model's applicability to real-world instances of essentialism-fuelled prejudice and discrimination.
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Dennehy, Tara C. "Inherence is an aspect of psychological essentialism." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 37, no. 5 (2014): 486–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x13003695.

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AbstractInherence is not a distinct construct from psychological essentialism; it is one of several underlying beliefs. I propose that inherence is only one entry point to the perception of an essence and posit that context may influence which aspects of essentialist reasoning precede inferring an essence. I also discuss how psychological essentialism can uniquely account for violations of category-based expectancies.
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Pereira, Marcos Emanoel, José Luis Álvaro Estramiana, and Inge Schweiger Gallo. "Essentialism and the Expression of Social Stereotypes: A Comparative Study of Spain, Brasil and England." Spanish journal of psychology 13, no. 2 (2010): 808–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1138741600002468.

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Over the past few years, one of the most productive directions in the study of the activation and application of stereotypes has been provided by the essentialist concept of categorization. The research presented here studied the impact of two dimensions of essentialist beliefs - naturalism and entitativity-by using data collected from Brazil, Spain and England. The aim was to test whether there was a greater degree of essentialization among the naturalizable categories (sex, age and race) than among the entitative categories (economic condition, religion, political orientation, nationality and social condition). The results not only showed that participants hold more essentialist beliefs with regard to naturalistic categories but also showed the differences in the degree of essentialization across the three cultures. A discussion is conducted on the implications of the present findings, and on the heuristic value of the theoretical model (of the bidimensional nature of essentialism) adopted by this research.
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Tawa, John, and Amanda K. Montoya. "Construals of self and group: How racial nominalism can promote adaptive intergroup outcomes for interdependent selves." Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 22, no. 7 (2018): 1002–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1368430218784652.

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Previous research has found that interdependent self-construals are related to poorer intergroup outcomes. Here we examine interdependent self-construal specifically in relation to comfort in contexts in which people are a numeric minority (i.e., outgroup comfort), and also examine the moderating roles of racial nominalism and racial essentialism. Among a racially diverse sample ( N = 577), interdependent self-construals were related to more outgroup comfort. Two dimensions of racial nominalism—humanist and sociopolitical—were established with exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Humanist, sociopolitical, and essentialist beliefs about race were examined as moderators of the interdependent self-construal and outgroup comfort relationship. Among participants of color with higher sociopolitical beliefs, and unexpectedly among participants with higher essentialist beliefs, interdependent self-construal was more positively related to outgroup comfort. Findings are discussed in relation to theory on self- and group-level construals, and in relation to the role of multicultural education for fostering sociopolitical beliefs about race.
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Schomerus, G., H. Matschinger, and M. C. Angermeyer. "Causal beliefs of the public and social acceptance of persons with mental illness: a comparative analysis of schizophrenia, depression and alcohol dependence." Psychological Medicine 44, no. 2 (2013): 303–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003329171300072x.

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BackgroundThere is an ongoing debate whether biological illness explanations improve tolerance towards persons with mental illness or not. Several theoretical models have been proposed to predict the relationship between causal beliefs and social acceptance. This study uses path models to compare different theoretical predictions regarding attitudes towards persons with schizophrenia, depression and alcohol dependence.MethodIn a representative population survey in Germany (n = 3642), we elicited agreement with belief in biogenetic causes, current stress and childhood adversities as causes of either disorder as described in an unlabelled case vignette. We further elicited potentially mediating attitudes related to different theories about the consequences of biogenetic causal beliefs (attribution theory: onset responsibility, offset responsibility; genetic essentialism: differentness, dangerousness; genetic optimism: treatability) and social acceptance. For each vignette condition, we calculated a multiple mediator path model containing all variables.ResultsBiogenetic beliefs were associated with lower social acceptance in schizophrenia and depression, and with higher acceptance in alcohol dependence. In schizophrenia and depression, perceived differentness and dangerousness mediated the largest indirect effects, the consequences of biogenetic causal explanations thus being in accordance with the predictions of genetic essentialism. Psychosocial causal beliefs had differential effects: belief in current stress as a cause was associated with higher acceptance in schizophrenia, while belief in childhood adversities resulted in lower acceptance of a person with depression.ConclusionsBiological causal explanations seem beneficial in alcohol dependence, but harmful in schizophrenia and depression. The negative correlates of believing in childhood adversities as a cause of depression merit further exploration.
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Dar-Nimrod, Ilan. "Postgenomics and genetic essentialism." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 35, no. 5 (2012): 362–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x12000982.

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AbstractTraditional lay perceptions of genetics are plagued with essentialist biases leading to some unfortunate consequences. Changes in the scientific understanding of heredity in general, and in genotype–phenotype relationships more specifically, provide a vital basis for shifting public understanding of genetics. Facilitating postgenomic literacy among the public has the potential to have translational implications in diminishing deleterious attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors.
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Zemp, Annika, and Ulf Liebe. "Exploring the relationship between holistic spirituality and gender essentialism among Swiss university students." Social Compass 66, no. 2 (2019): 238–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0037768619833314.

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Do women and men with stronger spiritual beliefs, experiences, and practices tend toward more or less ambivalent sexism and self-stereotyping? To shed more light on this issue at the intersection of religion and gender, we will analyze a survey of 379 Swiss university students, both women and men, to establish whether a positive or negative relationship between holistic spirituality and gender essentialism is empirically more plausible. Our data show a gender gap: women express stronger spiritual beliefs and they report on more spiritual experiences and practices than men. We also find, inter alia, associations between religious orientation and holistic spirituality as well as spiritual beliefs and ambivalent sexism for both women and men; yet, stronger spiritual beliefs are correlated with less self-stereotyping for men but with more self-stereotyping for women. In sum, our results tend to support a positive relationship between holistic spiritualty and gender essentialism.
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Pauker, Kristin, Colleen Carpinella, Chanel Meyers, Danielle M. Young, and Diana T. Sanchez. "The Role of Diversity Exposure in Whites’ Reduction in Race Essentialism Over Time." Social Psychological and Personality Science 9, no. 8 (2017): 944–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1948550617731496.

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Despite multidisciplinary theorizing on the consequences of the changing racial demographics in the United States, few studies have systematically examined how exposure to racial diversity may impact White individuals’ lay beliefs about race. In a longitudinal study, we explored whether living in a racially diverse environment with a high multiracial population was related to White individuals’ endorsement of race essentialism and its downstream consequences. Endorsement of race essentialism decreased over time, and greater diversity of acquaintances over time was associated with this decrease. Race essentialism reduction also corresponded with a decrease in modern racism and social dominance orientation, and an increase in cognitive flexibility, over time. These findings are consistent with the idea that a racially diverse social context can shape endorsement of race essentialism and lead to social and cognitive benefits for White individuals.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Essentialism beliefs"

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Porter, Keshia. "The Relationship Between Essentialism, Religious Beliefs, and Views of Change." TopSCHOLAR®, 2012. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1172.

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In this study, the relationship between essentialism, religious beliefs, and views of change was investigated. Participants were given surveys containing three sets of items and a demographic questionnaire. Item sets included the Intrinsic/Extrinsic-Revised Scale of Religiosity, the Essentialist Belief Scales, and the Change Vignettes. Results indicated those with gradualist religious views were not more likely to endorse essentialist views when compared to those with conversionist views. Those who essentialized at high levels were not less likely to endorse the possibility of change in comparison to those who essentialized at lower levels. Participants with high levels of extrinsic religiosity were not more likely to demonstrate essentialist beliefs as compared to those with low levels of extrinsic religiosity. In addition, individuals did not view change as more plausible as they were determined to be more intrinsically religious. No relationship was found between religious affiliation and views of change or measures of essentialist thought. Those belonging to Fundamentalists and Liberalist denominational groups were found to be similar in regard to beliefs about change, and essentialism, as well as intrinsic and extrinsic religiosity. Those classified as Others were significantly different from Fundamentalist and Liberalists, excluding ratings of the importance of good deeds.
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Raley, Kristin Nicole Blashfield Roger K. "Essentialist beliefs about homosexuality structure and implications for prejudice ; a replication of Haslam and Levy, 2006 /." Auburn, Ala., 2008. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/EtdRoot/2008/SUMMER/Psychology/Thesis/Raley_Kristin_2.pdf.

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Miller, Kevin P. "Essentialist beliefs about homosexuality, attitudes toward gay men and lesbians, and religiosity change within a structure of interconnected beliefs /." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1211408615.

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Hettinger, Vanessa. "Reconceptualizing the Role of Essentialism in Attitudes Toward Gays and Lesbians: The Intersection of Gender and Sexual Orientation." Scholar Commons, 2014. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5040.

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Social psychology researchers have become increasingly interested in the role of essentialist beliefs in predicting attitudes toward social groups. However, there is little agreement about what the term actually means, whether it means different things for different groups, what endorsement of essentialism (or its sub-components) means for attitudes, and how much this varies depending on the relevant social context. This underlying lack of clarity helps to explain some of the difficulty in understanding the relationships between essentialist beliefs about sexual orientation and attitudes toward gay men and lesbians. In the current project, I suggest a fundamental shift in the approach to this issue. Specifically, I examine the effects of essentialist beliefs related to gender (rather than essentialist beliefs related to sexual orientation) on heterosexist attitudes. In study one, I explore the interrelationships among gender- and sexual orientation-related beliefs and attitudes toward gays, revealing that essentialist beliefs about gender are more consistent and unitary in their relationship to heterosexism than the sexual-orientation related analogues. In my second study, I demonstrate a causal link by manipulating essentialist beliefs about gender. Increasing the salience of gender essentialist beliefs produced higher heterosexism scores relative to decreasing the salience of such beliefs. Taken together, these studies demonstrate the interconnectedness of sexism and the gender hierarchy with heterosexism and discrimination against gays. More importantly, study two forecasts a possible intervention strategy for reducing anti-gay prejudice.
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Almeida, Juliana Barbosa Lins de. "Crenças Sociais acerca das diferenças entre homens e mulheres e suas relações com a Percepção da Violência do homem contra a mulher." Universidade Federal da Paraí­ba, 2007. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/6953.

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Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T13:16:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 757027 bytes, checksum: f4690d288624826e16745419176d7a6c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-03-21<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES<br>Violence against women is a complex social phenomenon due to the multiplicity of its forms of expression and its realization comes from several perceptual dimensions. Because it is inherently a phenomenon engendered in the heart of patriarchal culture, many of our beliefs are already spread by force of habit. The social permissiveness of violence of man against the woman provides a kind of "free pass" for men committing various expressions of violence, without it being perceived and treated as such. You can see this in our everyday relations by double talk and double standards when assessing violence. Thus, the present study had as main objective to analyze the phenomenon of violence against women as a social and gender analysis of the proposed relationship between essentialist beliefs and social constructivists on the differences between men and women and the perception of violence of man against the woman. The program was held in the city of João Pessoa, Paraíba in a sample of 449 students between high school and college. The instruments were used, as well as socio demographic questionnaire, a range of social beliefs about the differences between men and women and a questionnaire of social perceptions of violence of man against the woman, who, from stories that reported cases of violence, assessed the perception from the dimensions of the community, categorization, and the justification of punishment. The results were analyzed using SPSS 13.0. After descriptive analysis of the evaluative dimensions of the perception of violence, it was noted that, in general, the types of violence of men against women salient perception are physical violence and sexual violence. The data also showed that both the relative position of the subjects in the social context of violence and their commitment to an essentialist position naturalizing or a social constructivist position affect the perception and the social construction of the meanings of violence of men against women.<br>A violência contra a mulher é um fenômeno social complexo devido à multiplicidade de suas formas de expressão e sua percepção se dá a partir de várias dimensões perceptiva. Por se tratar de um fenômeno intrinsecamente engendrado no âmago da cultura patriarcal, muitas de nossas crenças já se encontram disseminadas pela força do hábito. A permissividade social à violência do homem contra a mulher fornece uma espécie de passe livre para os homens cometerem várias expressões da violência, sem que estas sejam percebidas e consideradas como tal. Pode-se observar isso no quotidiano de nossas relações pelo duplo discurso e pela dupla moral ao avaliarmos a violência. Sendo assim, o presente trabalho teve como principal objetivo analisar o fenômeno da violência contra a mulher como um problema social e de gênero, propondo a análise das relações existentes entre as crenças sociais essencialistas e construtivistas acerca das diferenças entre homens e mulheres e a percepção da violência do homem contra a mulher. O mesmo foi realizado na cidade de João Pessoa, Paraíba numa amostra composta por 449 estudantes, entre secundaristas e universitários. Como instrumentos foram utilizados, além do questionário sócio demográfico, uma escala de crenças sociais acerca das diferenças entre homens e mulheres e um questionário de percepção social da violência do homem contra a mulher, que, a partir de histórias que relatavam situações de violência, avaliou a percepção a partir das dimensões da comunidade, da categorização, da justificação e da punição. Os resultados foram analisados através do SPSS 13.0. Após análise descritiva das dimensões avaliativas da percepção da violência, percebeu-se que, em geral, os tipos de violência do homem contra a mulher mais salientes a percepção são a violência física e a violência sexual. Os resultados demonstraram ainda que tanto a posição relativa dos sujeitos no contexto social da violência quanto a sua adesão a uma posição essencialista naturalizadora ou a uma posição construtivista social afetam a percepção e a construção social dos significados da violência do homem contra a mulher.
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Santos, Adriana Pereira dos. "Percepções sociais do aborto provocado: uma explicação em termos de crenças sociais e familiaridade." Universidade Federal da Paraí­ba, 2008. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/6995.

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Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T13:16:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 817356 bytes, checksum: 3d92ee05ca1ae8120a03a662176e093b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-08-28<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES<br>For appearing in a question of public health, the induced abortion has been the subject of the social debate. Nevertheless, the discussion is around the speeches that evaluate this behavior not only as a morally inacceptable fact, but also as an action passive of punishment inside the Brazilian legislation. From this reflection, this work analyzed the social perception of induced abortion and its relationship with a whole series of psychosocial factors that make this perception possible. The perception is understood inside three evaluative dimensions: community (how much the action of induced abortion is common), justice (how much the action of induced abortion is fair) and punishment (how much the action of induced abortion must be punished). They were presented stories of abortion in the conditions allowed by law (normalized) and in the not allowed conditions (non-normalized), and also participants who were requested to evaluate them as fair, ordinary and passive of punishment behavior. The considered psychosocial factors were social beliefs that support the social position facing the induced abortion, essentialist beliefs in the differences among men and women, religiosity and familiarity with the induced abortion. For this, it was realized a study correlated to the application of a questionnaire to 614 university students from both male and female sexes from a public university in Paraíba. The results found indicated, for the studied sample, that the induced abortion is perceived as a common behavior, for both situations, normalized (allowed by law) and non-normalized (illegal abortion). The normalized abortion was considered as fairer and less passive of punishment, while the participants considered the non-normalized abortion as less fair and more passive of punishment. As to the position, there was an adhesion to the arguments against the abortion practice, except the arguments linked to the autonomy and individual freedom of the woman to decide about her own body. The sample admitted a small familiarity with the phenomenon of abortion. In the perception of the abortion community (normalized and non-normalized), the explained variations were the position and the familiarity. But for the perception of the justice (normalized and nonnormalized) and the perception of the normalized punishment, the explained variations were the position and the religiosity. And for the perception of the non-normalized punishment, only the position appeared as an explained variation. It was observed that the essentialism does not appear as an explained variation of any perception. The results point to the fact that the more familiarity with the phenomenon of abortion the more is the attribution of the community, it is, there is the recognition of the raised occurrence of abortions for those who admit some type of proximity with the question. It makes sense then to strengthen the institutional role as promotional of the visibility of the abortion, to go beyond the perspective of the morality, but for the social problematic that it is involved with, while behavior daily practiced to the default of the moral judgments made by it.<br>Por configurar-se numa questão de saúde pública, o aborto provocado tem sido pauta do debate social. No entanto, a discussão se faz atravessada dos discursos que avaliam esse comportamento como um ato tanto moralmente inaceitável, como também passível de punição dentro da legislação brasileira. Partindo dessa reflexão, o presente trabalho analisou a percepção social do aborto provocado e sua relação com uma série de fatores psicossociais que fundamentariam essa percepção. A percepção é entendida dentro de três dimensões avaliativas: comunidade (o quanto a prática do aborto provocado é comum), justiça (o quanto a prática do aborto provocado é justa) e punição (o quanto a prática do aborto provocado deve ser punida). Foram apresentadas historias de abortamento dentro das condições permitidas em lei (normatizadas) e das condições não permitidas (não-normatizadas) e os participantes solicitados a avaliá-las como comportamento comum, justo e passível de punição. Os fatores psicossociais considerados foram crenças sociais que fundamentam o posicionamento social frente ao aborto provocado, crenças essencialistas nas diferenças entre homens e mulheres, religiosidade e familiaridade com o aborto provocado. Para tanto, realizou-se um estudo correlacional com a aplicação de questionário a 614 estudantes universitários de ambos os sexos de uma universidade pública da Paraíba. Os resultados encontrados indicaram que, para a amostra estudada, o aborto provocado é percebido como um comportamento comum, tanto nas situações normatizadas (permitidas em lei) e não-normatizadas (aborto ilegal). O aborto normatizado foi percebido como mais justo e menos passível de punição, enquanto que os participantes perceberam o aborto não-normatizado como menos justo e mais passível de punição. Quanto ao posicionamento houve uma adesão aos argumentos contrários á prática do aborto, com exceção dos argumentos que vinculam-se a autonomia e liberdade individual da mulher para decidir sobre o próprio corpo. A amostra admitiu uma baixa familiaridade com o fenômeno do abortamento. Na percepção da comunidade do aborto (normatizado e não-normatizado), as variáveis explicativas foram o posicionamento e a familiaridade. Já para a percepção da justiça (normatizado e não-normatizado) e a percepção da punição normatizada, as variáveis explicativas foram o posicionamento e a religiosidade. E para a percepção da punição não-normatizada, apenas o posicionamento apareceu como variável explicativa. Observou-se que o essencialismo não aparece como variável explicativa de nenhuma das percepções. Os resultados encontrados apontam para o fato de que quanto mais familiaridade com o fenômeno do abortamento maior é atribuição de comunidade, ou seja, há o reconhecimento da elevada ocorrência de abortos por aqueles que admitem algum tipo de proximidade com a questão. Faz sentido então reforçar o papel institucional como promotor da visibilidade do abortamento, para além da perspectiva da moralidade, mas sim da problemática social que o envolve, enquanto comportamento cotidianamente praticado à revelia dos julgamentos morais a ele feito.
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Alfaia, André João Belacorça. "Homofobia no futebol." Master's thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/7105.

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Este trabalho analisa a relação entre as crenças sobre a natureza da homossexualidade e a homofobia no futebol. Trata-se de um estudo correlacional no qual participaram 184 desportistas, praticantes de modalidades com vertente futebolística (103 futebol, 48 futsal e 33 outros). O questionário analisa a relação entre as crenças (Lacerda, Pereira e Camino, 2002) e a rejeição à aproximação (Lacerda et al., 2002, ver também Pereira, Torres e Pereira, 2004) e emoções aos homossexuais (Pereira, Monteiro e Camino, 2009, ver também Lacerda et al., 2002). Os resultados demonstram que os participantes do sexo feminino apresentam-se com menos atitudes preconceituosas do que os do sexo masculino e os mais novos predizem maior homofobia do que os participantes mais velhos. Relativamente às crenças, os desportistas com maior adesão às crenças de natureza ético-moral da homossexualidade exprimem mais atitudes homofóbicas. Já os desportistas com maior adesão à crença sobre a natureza da homossexualidade baseada em justificativas culturais são aqueles com atitudes menos homofóbicas.<br>This study analyzes the relationship between beliefs about the nature of homosexuality and homophobia in football. This is a correlational study in which participated 184 sportsmen, practitioners of modalities with shed football (103 football, 48 futsal and 33 others). The questionnaire analyzes the relationship between beliefs (Lacerda, Pereira and Camino , 2002) and rejecting to the approximation ( Lacerda et al . , 2002 , see also Pereira , Pereira and Torres , 2004) and emotions against homosexuals ( Pereira , Monteiro and Camino , 2009, see also Lacerda et al. 2002). Results showed that female participants are presented with less prejudiced attitudes than males and younger predict greater homophobia than older participants. Relatively beliefs athletes with greater adherence to the beliefs of ethical and moral nature of homosexuality expressed more homophobic attitudes. Already sportsmen with greater adherence to the belief about the nature of homosexuality based on cultural justifications are those with less homophobic attitudes.
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Books on the topic "Essentialism beliefs"

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Cottrell, Jack. Faith's fundamentals: Seven essentials of Christian belief. Standard Pub., 1995.

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Gelman, Susan A. Mother-child conversations about gender: Understanding the acquisition of essentialist beliefs. Blackwell Publishing, 2004.

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Gelman, Susan A. Mother-child conversations about gender: Understanding the acquisition of essentialist beliefs. Blackwell Publishing, 2004.

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Gelman, Susan A. Mother-child conversations about gender: Understanding the acquisition of essentialist beliefs. Blackwell Pub., 2004.

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Gelman, Susan A. Mother-child conversations about gender: Understanding the acquisition of essentialist beliefs. Blackwell Pub., 2004.

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Gelman, Susan A. Mother-child conversations about gender: Understanding the acquisition of essentialist beliefs. Blackwell Publishing, 2004.

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Gelman, Susan A. Mother-child conversations about gender: Understanding the acquisition of essentialist beliefs. Blackwell Publishing, 2004.

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Gelman, Susan A. Mother-child conversations about gender: Understanding the acquisition of essentialist beliefs. Blackwell, 2004.

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Gelman, Susan A. Mother-child conversations about gender: Understanding the acquisition of essentialist beliefs. Blackwell Pub., 2004.

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Gelman, Susan A. Mother-child conversations about gender: Understanding the acquisition of essentialist beliefs. Blackwell Publishing, 2004.

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Book chapters on the topic "Essentialism beliefs"

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Haslam, Nick. "The Origins of Lay Theories: The Case of Essentialist Beliefs." In The Science of Lay Theories. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57306-9_1.

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Salciuviene, Laura, and Ahmad Daryanto. "Linking Initial Beliefs, Trust, Perceived Value and Purchase Intentions in the Context of Second-Hand Goods Sold by Unknown Online Retailers." In Rediscovering the Essentiality of Marketing. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-29877-1_145.

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Rochat, Philippe. "Essentialism and Prejudice." In Moral Acrobatics. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190057657.003.0018.

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Humans can’t help but generalize in ways that are rarely, if ever, dictated by reason and prudence. We jump quickly to confirmatory and reassuring conclusions with a propensity to invent things in reference to worlds that only exist in our minds. Rather than being just games of the imagination, these inventions actually influence, often unbeknownst to us (subliminally), our attitudes and actions in the real world, in particular our discriminatory attitudes and actions toward people. Our innate propensity to chunk, cluster, and categorize things corresponds with our propensity to reproduce patterns of reality that are constructed based on ready-made or default implicit beliefs (i.e., stereotyping). Furthermore, the built-in default assumption that things and people have essential, nonobvious characteristics (definition of essentialism) allows for the immediate experience of favorable or unfavorable feelings toward people or things prior to, or not based on, actual experience (i.e. the definition of prejudice).
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Berent, Iris. "Land of the Free." In The Blind Storyteller. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190061920.003.0015.

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Having seen how Dualism and Essentialism toy with our understanding of our beginning and end, health and disease, Chapter 15 turns to examine how these colored lenses distort our view of our free will and the self. Whether free will truly exists is not a matter I will decide here, but whether we think it does is entirely within this chapter’s purview. When I believe I have freely chosen to lift my finger, I essentially believe in three things: first, that I can tell whether I did it; second, that I can tell whether I consciously willed the act; and third, that there is a single, unitary, willing ”me.” All three beliefs are demonstrably wrong. Dualism and Essentialism are again to blame.
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Berent, Iris. "Once We’re No More." In The Blind Storyteller. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190061920.003.0014.

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Woody Allen has famously said he is not afraid of dying; he just doesn’t want to be there when it happens. It’s no wonder his words struck a chord—“not being” is a scary proposition. Yet many Americans believe that their psyches will persist after the demise of their bodies. And it’s not only religious devotees who believe in the afterlife; young children say the same, and so do adults and children in other societies, including even those who are self-described “extinctivists.” Our afterlife beliefs, however, are remarkably inconsistent. On the one hand, we state that some aspects of our minds are immaterial, inasmuch as they survive our bodies. But on the other hand, we believe that some of these seemingly immaterial properties of the dead act like matter; for example, they are contagious, much like germs or excrement. Chapter 14 considers our views of what happens once we are no more. We will see that the collision between Dualism and Essentialism—the twin forces that stir up our misconceptions about our origins—are also responsible for these mistaken beliefs about our demise.
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Sankey, Howard. "Induction and Natural Kinds Revisited." In Reconsidering Causal Powers. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198869528.003.0013.

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Howard Sankey reconsiders a special issue closely connected with causal powers—the problem of induction. He addresses a deep version of problem of circularity originally raised by Psillos, and argues that the circularity can be avoided. The key is recognizing certain epistemically externalist results of the Megaric consequences of the commitment to dispositional essentialism. Circularity can be avoided, Sankey argues, because it is the way the world is, rather than the inductive inference itself, that grounds the reliability of the inductive inference in his previous account. What are doing the work for Sankey here are the Megaric consequences of his adoption of Ellis’s dispositional essentialism. The uniformity in question is one that stretches across possible worlds: nature is uniform in the precise sense that there are natural kinds whose members all possess a shared set of essential properties. The significance of this commitment lies in how the possible and the temporal intersect through restrictions placed on the accessibility relation between the actual and the possible. Ipso facto, when considering questions about the future behaviours of objects, which is how Sankey understands the problem of induction to be, the uniformity of nature can ground the reliability of beliefs about those future behaviours precisely because the domain of possibility is restricted to those worlds accessible to the actual world, which is fixed by the commitments of dispositional essentialism.
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Smith, David Livingstone. "Which Lives Matter?" In On Inhumanity. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190923006.003.0011.

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This chapter puzzles out why the conviction that there are “higher” and “lower” kinds of beings is so stubbornly rooted in the human way of life. It traces the origins of such a way of thinking. The chapter reveals that racial supremacist beliefs are part of a much larger framework, within which the relationship between race and dehumanization becomes much clearer. Racial thinking and dehumanizing thinking both rely on psychological essentialism, but both also rely on hierarchical thinking. Racialized people are typically thought of as lesser human beings. Because they possess an inferior racial essence, they are thought to be by their very nature at a lower level within the rank of the human. But dehumanized people are thought of as possessing the essence of a subhuman animal. That is what makes them less than human rather than lesser humans.
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Henold, Mary J. "Complementarity and Intimate Life." In The Laywoman Project. University of North Carolina Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469654492.003.0005.

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This chapter focuses on the community of lay Catholic women who wrote for the magazine Marriage, a magazine for Catholic couples. Transitioning gender roles were a major preoccupation in the magazine in the years during and following Vatican II. Catholics debated issues of vital importance to the identity of Catholic laywomen, including complementarity, gender essentialism, working women, male headship in the family and feminism. The chapter also examines Catholic attitudes toward marital sexuality after the Rhythm Method was largely abandoned by American Catholics as a means of contraception. Although the magazine remained moderate in its responses to the women’s movement, analysis suggests that attitudes about Catholic women’s role in the church, home, and the workplace shifted significantly. Acceptance of complementarity was waning by the mid-1970s as increasing numbers of Catholic laywomen challenged cultural beliefs about Catholic womanhood.
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Vidal, Fernando, and Francisco Ortega. "Genealogy of the Cerebral Subject." In Being Brains. Fordham University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5422/fordham/9780823276073.003.0002.

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The first chapter proposes to trace the distant roots of the cerebral subject to the late seventeenth century, and particularly to debates about the seat of the soul, the corpuscularian theory of matter, and John Locke’s philosophy of personal identity. In the wake of Locke, eighteenth century authors began to assert that the brain is the only part of the body we need to be ourselves. In the nineteenth century, this form of deterministic essentialism contributed to motivate research into brain structure and function, and in turn confirmed the brain-personhood nexus. Since then, from phrenology to functional neuroimaging, neuroscientific knowledge and representations have constituted a powerful support for prescriptive outlooks on the individual and society. “Neuroascesis,” as we call the business that sells programs of cerebral self-discipline, is a case in point, which this chapter also examines. It appeals to the brain and neuroscience as bases for its self-help recipes to enhance memory and reasoning, fight depression, anxiety and compulsions, improve sexual performance, achieve happiness, and even establish a direct contact with God. Yet underneath the neuro surface lie beliefs and even concrete instructions that can be traced to nineteenth-century hygiene manuals.
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Berent, Iris. "Our Big Hearts." In The Blind Storyteller. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190061920.003.0010.

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Can you tell what a stranger feels just by looking at their face? Could you distinguish fear from anger even in a person from an entirely unfamiliar culture (without having the opportunity to learn about it from experience)? Laypeople assume they can, because they believe that emotions are inborn, and they are universally imprinted on the body, both externally, on the face, and internally (I sense anxiety in the rumbling of my gut). In fact, people believe that emotions are innate precisely because they believe that emotions are “in the body.” So strong is their conviction that they will insist on their belief even when told that the emotions in question are in fact acquired. Our tendency to view “warm” feelings as embodied and innate is the exact mirror image of our tendency to view “cold” concepts as ephemeral and disembodied. A review of the scientific literature reveals that similar presumptions also plague the debate on universal emotions in affective science. Chapter 10 shows how Essentialism (a principle invoked to explain our aversion to innate ideas) also promotes the promiscuous presumption of innate emotions by laypeople and scientists alike.
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