Academic literature on the topic 'Established price'
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Journal articles on the topic "Established price"
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Rossini, Peter, and Valerie Kupke. "Understanding the short- and long-run relationship between vacant allotment and established house prices." International Journal of Managerial Finance 10, no. 2 (2014): 200–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijmf-04-2012-0052.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to address a key issue fundamental to the operation of land and housing markets, that is, the relationship between land and house prices. The study identifies possible causation between established house and vacant allotment prices using the metropolitan area of Adelaide, Australia as a case study. Design/methodology/approach – A key outcome of the study is the construction of a Site Adjusted Land Price Index against which a Quality Adjusted House Price Index is compared. Findings – The results show that there is a lagged effect of land prices on house prices and that this is significant at an interval of eight lag periods. The results also imply that the lead lag relationship between established house and vacant allotment prices is not unidirectional. This suggests that, while a change in house prices leads to a change in land prices in the short-run, the long-run position is for increasing land prices to lead to a delayed increase in house prices. Research limitations/implications – Rising house prices do not simply and solely reflect a shortage of land. There are suggested effects both immediate from house to land and delayed from land to house, particularly in a rising market. Originality/value – The lead lag relationships of both indexes are tested using Granger causality estimates to assess whether theoretical Ricardian concepts still hold in a modern urban land market.
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Jankovics, Peter. "LONG -TERM CHANGES OF MAIN INPUT -OUTPUT PRICES IN THE HUNGARIAN BROILER SECTOR." Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XX, no. 1 (2018): 50–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0011.7228.
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The article presents changes of the main input-output prices in the Hungarian broiler industry over a period of 30 years, and associated correlations. For the processing of long-term data, a linear regression function, correlation and regression analysis were used. The cereal prices correlate and their changes also correspond with a change in compound feed prices. A close correlation can be found between cereal price and broiler price, whilst the correlation shown between the compound feed price and broiler price is very close. During the examined period, the feed prices increased at a higher rate than the broiler price. It was also established that the current feed and energy price significantly affect day-old chick prices which corresponds with an increase in price of the broiler. Furthermore, a close relation can be found between energy and feed compound prices.
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Galchynsky, Leonid, and Andriy Svydenko. "Multiagent model of prices dispersion on the retail market of petroleum products." SHS Web of Conferences 65 (2019): 04021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20196504021.
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In this study a multiagent model of behaviour of the dispersion of retail prices for petroleum products has been developed, depending on changes of external factors, in particular, sharp changes in wholesale prices. Therefore, there is a need for a model that would not only have the potential to test the existence of a price dispersion as a consequence of the specifics of competition in the market of petroleum products and consumer search strategies, but would have the ability to quantify the price variance as a consequence of the behaviour of individual market agents. The basis of the behaviour of market agents of this model is algorithms of price oligopolistic competition from traders and user price search strategies. Calibration models and verification of historical data of the Kyiv region, where they were previously established empirical data on the dispersion of prices showed a fairly good correspondence between the model and the actual data. In particular, the existence of a price pattern has been established at jump-like changes of wholesale prices. The presence of price strategy of buyers, which are based on the strategy of the base price, is shown. The coincidence of model and real data still needs to be improved.
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Wackernagel, Rick. "Potential Economic Impacts of the Northeast Interstate Dairy Compact on Vermont Dairy Farms." Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 27, no. 1 (1998): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1068280500001696.
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The Northeast Interstate Dairy Compact has been established to regulate milk prices. Simulation models show impacts on Vermont farms of alternative milk prices and accelerated productivity growth. Enhancing prices (by $0.85/cwt) improves financial performance the most, while impacts of doubling growth in milk production/cow (to 2.6% per year) and setting a price floor (which reduces the standard deviation of the price by 19% and raises prices $0.12/cwt) are substantially smaller. These impacts are inversely related to farm profitability. However, impacts on larger farms are not proportionately larger than those on smaller farms. Reducing price variability has smaller impacts than the $0.12/cwt price increase.
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Xue, Huidan, Chenguang Li, Liming Wang, and Wen-Hao Su. "Spatial Price Transmission and Price Dynamics of Global Butter Export Market under Economic Shocks." Sustainability 13, no. 16 (2021): 9297. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13169297.
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Recently, the world has experienced striking economic and policy changes, and subsequent uncertainties have impacts on dairy trade price fluctuations. The Global Vector Autoregressive (GVAR) methodology was established in this paper to better understand international butter export prices transmission, the feedback between the economic context changes and price fluctuations, and the link between the global butter market, energy market, and other commodity markets. We assessed which key factors are typically associated with butter export price movements with regards to shocks to crude oil price, palm oil price, farm-gate raw milk price, exchange rates, and consumer price index (CPI) for food of the EU, New Zealand, the U.S., and the rest of world (RoW), respectively. Using generalized impulse response functions, this study found that decreases in farm-gate raw milk price could be swiftly transmitted to butter export prices of not only a home country but other foreign countries. However, palm oil price and crude oil price merely affects global butter export prices. We also found that U.S. dollar depreciations against the Euro will cause a decline in U.S. butter export price. It is concluded that butter export markets are not well-integrated, yet butter export prices of New Zealand and the U.S. are highly linked.
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Guerreiro, Reinaldo, and Juliana Ventura Amaral. "Cost-based price and value-based price: are they conflicting approaches?" Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing 33, no. 3 (2018): 390–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jbim-04-2016-0085.
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Purpose While the gap between economic theory and companies’ practice, regarding to the pricing setting, has been extensively explored and explained, the new gap between the marketing normative view and companies’ practice needs further clarification. In this way, the paper aims to investigate whether marketing researchers’ claim that the use of cost-based price approach prevails over the use of value-based price approach is pertinent. Design/methodology/approach The paper is guided by the following research question: “Does price-setting based on cost plus margin go against the value-based price approach?” The answer to this question is grounded in reflections on results of previous research studies and in a case study conducted in an industrial company. Because of the qualitative focus of the present study, hypotheses are not established, but rather the following proposition: certain companies use the mechanics of cost plus margin in the sale price-setting process, but it does not necessarily mean that these companies set prices based on cost. Findings The arguments, propositions and the case study findings provide the logical sequence and the support required to conclude that price-setting based on cost plus margin does not always conflict with the value-based price approach. As a result, it may be claimed that the general proposition established is theoretically valid, i.e. using a price formula that contains the elements cost and margin does not necessarily mean that the company sets prices based on cost. Originality/value The key contribution of this paper is demonstrating that in certain business environments, such as, B2B, using the price formation mechanics based on cost plus margin is the way found by companies to enable the approach adopted. The approach may be cost-based or value-based price. This is the first study that explicitly reveals how B2B companies may set prices based on value while simultaneously preserving the simplicity of cost plus margin formulas. Researchers have significant misconceptions about these formulas: in previous studies, they classified all price-making companies as those adopting the cost-based price approach simply because they used formulas containing the element cost.
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Yang, Dongmei, Yong Sun, Baoju Li, Xiaochen Zhang, Pengfei Li, and Dunnan Liu. "Market clearing model of distribution network-side integrated energy system." E3S Web of Conferences 165 (2020): 01019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016501019.
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In an electric-gas integrated energy system that considers the coupling conditions between systems, there is energy transaction between the systems. So the node energy price setting method and market clearing strategy of the coupled system are worth studying. First of all, this paper establishes a market clearing model for electricity / gas subsystems and a method for solving node energy prices. Then, a market clearing model of the electrical coupling system is established based on this. Finally, an example to verify the effectiveness of the nodal energy price formulation method and the market clearing model is given.
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Singh, Sanjay Kumar, Mukesh Kumar Jain, and Shoeba. "Information Spillover in Indian Agricultural Commodities Market." Asia-Pacific Journal of Management Research and Innovation 16, no. 3 (2020): 179–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2319510x21994048.
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Role of agricultural sector in Indian economy is prominent, as being an agrarian economy and having the second highest population in the world. Thus, the efficiency of this sector is the foremost factor for development and growth of the economy. This article attempts to examine the price discovery relationship of future and spot prices of five agricultural commodities, namely cardamom, crude palm oil, cotton, mentha oil and kapas, during the period 2011–2019. Johansen’s co-integration test, vector error correction model (VECM) and Granger causality block exogeneity test were employed for the study. We found that price discovery process is established for agricultural commodities under consideration. Future prices act as a leader in achieving long-run equilibrium for all commodities except cardamom. Causality was significantly reported for all commodities, as bidirectional causality runs between the prices. The study suggests that Forward Market Commission should be empowered more to control and regulate the market, which will ensure the efficient market situations in these commodities’ market. Attempt was made to evaluate price discovery process in agricultural commodities market during post sub-prime crisis period, which was ignored by majority of researchers.
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Lu, Lin Lin, Xin Ma, Ya Xuan Wang, and Gen Bo Yu. "Lead Price Forecasting Based on ARIMA Model." Advanced Materials Research 488-489 (March 2012): 1582–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.488-489.1582.
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The time series ARIMA (3,1,4) model was established, which is taken into use of price forecasting. Then the forecasted price was applied to mining technical and economic index optimization study. Lead prices could be reliably predicted by time series ARIMA model, which had a high accuracy and the percentage of prediction error was 2.97% on average. It can solve the problems of the price data lag in the study of mine economic index optimization very well.
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Guan, Xiaodong, Haishaerjiang Wushouer, Mingchun Yang, et al. "Influence of government price regulation and deregulation on the price of antineoplastic medications in China: a controlled interrupted time series study." BMJ Open 9, no. 11 (2019): e031658. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-031658.
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BackgroundIn October 2012, the Chinese government established maximum retail prices for specific products, including 30 antineoplastic medications. Three years later, in June 2015, the government abolished price regulation for most medications, including all antineoplastic medications. This study examined the impacts of regulation and subsequent deregulation of prices of antineoplastic medications in China.MethodsUsing hospital procurement data and an interrupted time series with comparison series design, we examined the impacts of the policy changes on relative purchase prices (Laspeyres price index) and volumes of and spending on 52 antineoplastic medications in 699 hospitals. We identified three policy periods: prior to the initial price regulation (October 2011 to September 2012); during price regulation (October 2012 to June 2015); and after price deregulation (July 2015 to June 2016).ResultsDuring government price regulation, compared with price-unregulated cancer medications (n=22, mostly newer targeted products), the relative price of price-regulated medications (n=30, mostly chemotherapeutic products) decreased significantly (β=−0.081, p<0.001). After the government price deregulation, no significant price change occurred. Neither government price regulation nor deregulation had a significant impact on average volumes of or average spending on all antineoplastic medications immediately after the policy changes or in the longer term (p>0.05).ConclusionCompared with unregulated antineoplastics, the prices of regulated antineoplastic medications decreased after setting price caps and did not increase after deregulation. To control the rapid growth of oncology medication expenditures, more effective measures than price regulation through price caps for traditional chemotherapy are needed.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Established price"
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Skutilová, Kateřina. "Analýza možností prodeje rodinného domu v Brně Řečkovicích." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-318567.
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Kožušníková, Lucie. "Znalecká činnost při vyvlastňovacím řízení." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-241272.
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The aim of this thesis is to define the position of an expert on an expropriating proceedings and creating an expert opinion for these uses. In the theoretical part the definitions connected to expropriation and expropriating proceedings are explained. An expert activity and an expert opinion are defined in other chapters in the theoretical part. Last two chapters deal with transportation infrastructure and evaluating of the immovable assets where there are the established price, the common price and the ways of evaluating. The practical part of the thesis is devoted to the expert opinion in expropriating proceedings. The established price, the standart price of expropriated immovable assests and compensation for moving are set in a comparing way within the expert opinion.
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Thomas, Roger E. "No-till seeding of improved forage species into established vegetative cover on reclaimed strip-mined, prime farmland." The Ohio State University, 1992. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1409834292.
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Raymond, Bonita. "Seeking arm’s length: An evaluation of formulary apportionment and predetermined margins as alternative or supplementary methods to establish proxy arm’s length transfer prices for multinational intercompany transactions in South Africa." Master's thesis, Faculty of Commerce, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/30808.
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Since the inception of democracy in South Africa and the subsequent lifting of sanctions and trade embargos placed upon South Africa, the country’s economy has evolved from a much protected, inward looking economy into an internationally robust and competitive environment. Multinational enterprises (MNE’s) which seek to invest in a geographical region often choose certain countries as a base from which they can expand their investments to the other countries in the region. With its sizable economy, political stability relative to the rest of Africa and overall strength in financial services, South Africa should be the ideal location from which foreign investors can extend their investments into the rest of Africa (Ogutta, 2011). However, in South Africa foreign investment has reduced to an extent where local companies are now more invested in international markets than international investment in South Africa (Development, 2018). In monetary terms, at the end of 2017, South Africa had invested R3.3 trillion in foreign markets while foreign markets had only invested R 1.8 trillion in South Africa (Development, 2018). With the current global economic challenges, developing countries like South Africa have become increasingly aware of the importance of tax revenue and the effects of base erosion and profit shifting on the financial well-being of the state (OECD:G20 Working group, 2014); (Economic Commissions for Africa, 2018). Section 31 of the South African Income Tax Act, is the main section in the Act relating to transfer pricing in South Africa. Transfer pricing is one of the most important issues in international tax. It is estimated that more than 60% of international trade happens across borders but within the same corporate groups (Cobnam & Mcnair, n.d.). The transfer pricing rules of South Africa are closely aligned with the wording of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and the United Nations (UN) Model Tax conventions and are in line with tax treaties and other international tax principals (SARS, 2010). The cornerstone of the transfer pricing model is the use of the arm’s length price. In terms of the arm’s length principle, in order to test the reasonability of pricing within MNE’s, tax authorities should use a similar but unrelated open market transaction as the benchmark to determine if there were any profit shifting to avoid tax by the MNE’s between their different establishments in the different tax jurisdictions. The biggest challenge in South Africa and other countries, when applying the arm’s length principle is the lack of local comparable data available to evaluate the transfer prices (intercompany transactions) within the MNE’s (OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines, 2018). There is a lack of publicly available company financial data that may be used to calculate comparative benchmarks, and the information which is available, is not necessarily sufficient or adequate for comparability purposes (Tax Justice Network, 2013). Information which is accessible may be incomplete and difficult to interpret. In other cases information may be difficult to obtain for reasons of its geographical location and, in some instances, it may simply not be possible to obtain information from independent enterprises due to enterprise competitiveness and confidentiality concerns (OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines, 2018). Despite all of these limiting factors, the arm’s length principle, as recommended by the OECD & UN Tax Model, remains the globally accepted guiding principle for calculating acceptable transfer prices. This is evident in the fact that almost all bilateral treaties in the world are based on these tax models (Steenkamp, 2017). For the last decade in South Africa, corporate tax has been the third largest contributor toward total revenue collection by National Treasury (National Treasury, 2017). It is therefore important that domestic tax laws should be able to protect the country’s tax base through legislation that discourages base erosion and profit shifting. The objective of this dissertation is to consider whether South Africa should continue to exclusively apply the arm’s length principle, which relies on comparable data, when determining transfer prices for goods in MNE’s. In testing this position, the following two alternative methods namely, formulary apportionment and predetermined margins, will be considered to evaluate whether or not these additional or complementary methods should be applied in the determination of arm’s length where comparable data is not available or requires significant adjustment as it relates to goods.
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Gregarová, Jana. "Podnikatelský plán pro založení malého podniku." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-377445.
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KRÁLOVÁ, Lucie. "Oceňování zemědělských staveb cenou obvyklou a zjištěnou." Master's thesis, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-317770.
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In this thesis is solved valuation of agricultural buildings using the usual price and established price. It is also prepared an overview of basic concepts relating to property valuation. This thesis is mainly focused on the valuation of buildings and halls, which are the most common type of agricultural buildings. In the practical part is described and awarded a specific object selected to agricultural use. Established price will be determined by cost method based on the latest valuation notice number 443/2016 Coll. Usual price will be determined by comparison with similar types of properties.
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Becker, Christine A. "An industrial history of established Hollywood film actors on fifties prime time television /." 2001. http://www.library.wisc.edu/databases/connect/dissertations.html.
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Chuang, Hsiang-Feng, and 莊向峰. "Establish Taiwan Stock Index Future Trading Strategies Using Reinforcement Learning Based on Behavioral Economics and Price-volume Analysis." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/k857v4.
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碩士<br>國立臺灣大學<br>資訊網路與多媒體研究所<br>106<br>This study attempts to analyze the dynamic behavior of the financial trading market based on behavioral economics and price analysis theory, and attempts to establish trading strategies using machine learning algorithms. We first tried to find suitable entry opportunities from the event study. We used K-means to cluster prices and volume, and based on the theory of excessive optimism and excessive panic in the behavioral economics market, we took the increase in volume and the fall in volume as an event, and we normalized the volume before clustering. In the normalization calculation, different experiments were designed to analyze the price changes before and after the events they found. In the part of the timing of closing the position, we choose reinforcement learning algorithm. The concept of reinforcement learning is based on observation of the environment and interaction with the environment to obtain reward, and has the characteristics of delayed reward. We have mapped this algorithm to the trading strategy. In the decision-making, we hope to train a model and find a good time for closing the position. We focus on the Observation design experiments in the reinforcement learning and analyze the effects of different observations on the model. Finally, we will backtest our established trading strategies and buy and hold strategies and compare their performance.
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Chen, Wei-Lung, and 陳韋龍. "Applying Artificial Neural Networks to Establish the Location-Specific Factors of Housing Prices in Taipei City." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/58266889475573404004.
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碩士<br>中國文化大學<br>建築及都市計畫研究所<br>92<br>We probably divided four kind factors that influence housing prices of the city: (1) the factor within the building, for instance , room age and area. (2) The external factor of the building, such as communal facilities. (3) Macroeconomics factors, such as the Gross Domestic Product. (4) Overall monetary factor, for instance, interest rate and MIA. Because the real trade information of the house are difficult to obtain and Taiwan population growth rate decrease progressively year by year, so this research want to estimate from the real data in the course of the housing prices, probe into consumer''s partiality to the attribute of the house, find out about the influence on the trade price of the house of environmental factor.
This thesis altogether it divide into six chapters, it sum up respectively like after:
Chapter one the background, motive and purpose to narrate this research, secondly state the range and content of this research, is step , method and procedure of this research finally.
Chapter two is rule and regulation analyses and research document retrospect to the influence factor of the room rate in the past.
Chapter three is unable to predict complicated environmental factor connection. So this research is analyzed except Linear Regression while assessing the housing prices, we use the idea of the Artificial Neural Networks too, as analyzing the method to predict. This research takes Taipei as an example, after assessing the housing prices of the city, we discussed the influences of Location-Specific factors of housing prices in the city, and its operating sequence is mainly several items below: (1) Set up various kinds of relevant basic databases, including influence the materials of individual factor and overall factor of the housing prices. (2) Combine the number value data with the spatial. (3) Analyze the data. (4) The case of the going on type neural network is studied and predicted. (5) Probe into the result predicted in every analysis.
This research establish the basic database of housing prices, on one hand we use GIS to inquire and show the advantage functionally in original data and offer planners to go for inquiry, on the other hand according to the relevant factor, we can regarded and estimated the foundation of housing prices of the city, then Probe into the Location-Specific factors of the housing prices.
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Chen, Hung-Chung, and 陳弘忠. "Using the Application of Grey Relational Analysis and Artifical Neural Network to Establish an International Spot Gold Price Forecasting Model." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/29456059936645785233.
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碩士<br>義守大學<br>工業管理學系<br>102<br>The bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers in 2008 triggered the financial tsunami making the world’s central banks to increase the need for the reservation of gold. People are worried about the economic uncertainty caused by the financial tsunami, so they have more demand for capital preservation. As one of the international currency in circulation, gold is the first choice of investors among the general public. The international price of gold from $ 1,000 per ounce since 2008 has risen to nearly $ 2,000 writhin just 3 to 4 years, so the appreciation magnitude can not be ignored. Thus, how to accurately predict the price of gold is what the modern investors highly expect.
In view of the methods of investor’s predictions on the international spot gold prices, which refer to mathematical-technical analysis and time series analysis, it inevitably has its limitations. This study attempts gray relational analysis and artificial neural network on the basis, analog to artificial intelligence, including the factors of the price of oil, the stock market, the dollar exchange rate and other factors and technical indicators for gray relational analysis and artificial neural networks prediction, to break through the limitations of traditional technical analysis and time series analysis, to improve forecast accuracy, and to help investors make beneficial and long-term investment reference.
Books on the topic "Established price"
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Prince Edward Island. Ministerial Action Committee Established to Undertake a Reivew of the Workers' Compensation Board. Report of the Ministerial Action Committee Established to Undertake a Review of the Workers' Compensation Board: [final report]. The Board, 1990.
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G, Thor Carl, ed. The TQM trilogy: Using ISO 9000, the Deming Prize, and the Baldrige Award to establish a system for total quality management. American Management Association, 1994.
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Danon-Sivan, Anat, writer of added text та Muzeʼon Tel Aviv le-omanut, ред. Li-shekoaḥ ki-meʻaṭ et ha-kol: Zokheh Peras Rapaporṭ le-tsayar Yiśreʼeli bakhir, 2011 = Forgetting almost everything : recipient of the Rappaport Prize for an established Israeli painter, 2011. Muzeʼon Tel Aviv le-omanut, 2012.
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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Energy and Commerce. Subcommittee on Commerce, Consumer Protection, and Competitiveness. Insurance Consumer Protection Act: Hearing before the Subcommitte on Commerce, Consumer Protection, and Competitiveness of the Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives, One Hundred First Congress, first session on H.R. 1093, a bill to establish standards for the conduct of the business of insurance in interstate commerce, to protect insrance consumers ... March 23, 1989. U.S. G.P.O., 1989.
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Prescription drug rebate program: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Health and the Environment of the Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives, One Hundred Second Congress, second session, on H.R. 2890, H.R. 3405, and H.R. 5614, bills to amend the Public Health Service Act and the Social Security Act to establish limits on certain drug prices, July 31, 1992. U.S. G.P.O., 1992.
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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Veterans' Affairs. Subcommittee on Hospitals and Health Care. H.R. 2890--to establish limits on prices of drugs procured by the Department of Veterans Affairs: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Hospitals and Health Care of the Committee on Veterans' Affairs, House of Representatives, One Hundred Second Congress, first session, September 11, 1991. U.S. G.P.O., 1991.
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Rao, Prasada. Welfare Comparisons with Heterogeneous Prices, Consumption, and Preferences. Edited by Matthew D. Adler and Marc Fleurbaey. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199325818.013.25.
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The chapter provides an overview of the methods and techniques employed by economic statisticians in compiling measures of real expenditure for use in making temporal and spatial comparisons of economic welfare. The role of money-metric utility in making price and welfare comparisons is explored. Temporal measures of price change based on the Konus cost-of-living index and the associated measures of welfare change for individuals and groups of individuals are discussed. Links between the commonly used Laspeyres, Paasche, Fisher, and Tornqvist index numbers and the Konus index-based measures of price and real expenditure change are established. A section of the chapter is devoted to spatial price comparisons where heterogeneity in prices, consumption, and preferences poses challenges for statisticians. Multilateral index number methods based on the money-metric utility used in spatial and cross-country price and welfare comparisons including the Geary, Gini-Éltetö-Köves-Szulc, and spatial chaining methods are canvassed.
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Yesim, Atamer. Ch.6 Performance, s.1: Performance in general, Art.6.1.10. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0115.
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This commentary analyses Article 6.1.10 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning monetary obligation that is not expressed in a particular currency. In principle, the parties define in their contract in which currency the debt is to be calculated. If the contract is silent in this respect and the common intention of the parties cannot be established by interpretation, Art 6.1.10 stipulates that the currency at the place of performance is decisive. The need to apply the subsidiary rule of Art 6.1.10 arises, for example, when parties have not fixed the price at all. If it is not clear under the contract which currency is contracted for, the burden of proof falls on the party that claims that it is a currency other than the currency at the place of performance.
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Mehling, Michael. Legal Frameworks for Linking National Emissions Trading Systems. Edited by Kevin R. Gray, Richard Tarasofsky, and Cinnamon Carlarne. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199684601.003.0013.
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This chapter discusses the linking of emissions trading regimes for climate change governance. It also assesses the legal frameworks for linking as the process assumes varying degrees of formality, with implications for the legal nature and the procedural requirements of adoption. Linkage results in an enlarged market, promising greater diversity of abatement costs and thus more efficient achievement of climate change mitigation objectives. Linkage is also credited with promoting liquidity and reduced price volatility in the carbon market, helping reduce the likelihood of manipulation and abuse. These results lead to operation in a multilayered framework of established rules, principles, and procedures constituting the legal order. Carbon markets are highly regulated, and this relevance of norms also extends to a linkage between such markets. The chapter analyses past and current trading schemes as a case study, such as the European Union Emission Trading Scheme, the biggest greenhouse gas emissions trading scheme.
Book chapters on the topic "Established price"
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Jeannet, Jean-Pierre, Thierry Volery, Heiko Bergmann, and Cornelia Amstutz. "Segmentation Choices." In Masterpieces of Swiss Entrepreneurship. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65287-6_11.
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AbstractAt the outset of this chapter, the need to treat segmentation as distinct from focusing is explained. Both are important, and both have to be addressed separately. Successful segmentation implies choices, and carving out a segment from a market space is something that requires both skill and attention. Description of how to define segments is offered. The practice of targeting multiple segments, and how to define subsegments is explained, as well as how companies can play the product features game. Technology segments are not market segments. Special cases are premium price segments, high-volume segments, and niche segments, and when one or the other might apply. The chapter ends with the description of what a true niche segment strategy entails. A link between segmenting and a company’s internal organization is established.
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Kouyate, Zoumana, Kléouforo M. Dao, Oumar Togola, et al. "Cowpea Seed Innovation Platform: A Hope for Small Seed Producers in Mali." In Enhancing Smallholder Farmers' Access to Seed of Improved Legume Varieties Through Multi-stakeholder Platforms. Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8014-7_10.
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AbstractCowpea is a food crop of great importance to the people of Mali due to its contribution to food security, improvement of producers’ incomes, a price that is higher than that of cereals, and an important role in social relationships. However, the availability of good quality seeds is a major constraint to its production and productivity. As seeds are the key input in agriculture, an innovation platform has been established at the Cinzana Agronomic Research Station in May 2016 to improve the production and distribution of cowpea seeds in Mali. It brings together farmers, distributors, transporters, financial and technical services, and NGOs. This ensures greater sharing of information and knowledge among the different actors involved in the cowpea seed value chain. Two bodies of governance were set up: Program Planning Committee and Executive Office. Significant results have been achieved in three years of existence: the number of varieties used has increased from 5 to 12. The amount of foundation seeds produced annually has increased from 1 t to more than 20 t. The sales strategy in small packs proved very effective by reaching more farmers. Promotional activities involved 25 training sessions for 1097 farmers in different aspects of the value chain and 299 demonstrations, involving 2934 producers and benefiting 12193 farmers.
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Weber, Markus, and Guido Deussing. "Courageous Questioning of Established Thinking: The Life and Work of Hermann Staudinger." In Hierarchical Macromolecular Structures: 60 Years after the Staudinger Nobel Prize I. Springer International Publishing, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/12_2013_249.
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Miningou, Amos, Appolinaire S. Traoré, Essegbemon Akpo, et al. "An Analysis of Groundnut Innovation Platform Achievements in Brokering Improved Varieties to Communities in TL III Project in Burkina Faso." In Enhancing Smallholder Farmers' Access to Seed of Improved Legume Varieties Through Multi-stakeholder Platforms. Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8014-7_3.
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AbstractAccess to seeds of improved groundnut varieties is the most critical problem of farmers in Burkina Faso. Firstly, majority do not know the existence of improved varieties and secondly the price is not affordable to them. Based on the above, the INERA groundnut breeders’ team established four innovation platforms on groundnut in the Region of Centre-East, Region of Centre-North, Region of Centre-West and Region de la Boucle of Mouhoun. Through these platforms, Quality Declared Seeds (QDS) were produced for the first time in Burkina Faso in 2016 with support from the Tropical Legumes phase III (TL III) project. Since then, QDS and certified seeds are produced and sold to the local communities at affordable small packs in order to make improved seeds accessible to the poor farmers. So far about 10,000 persons have been reached with small packs. Farmers, agricultural extension and NGO staff have been trained in groundnut seed production, demonstrations, field days and Farmer Participatory Variety Selection (FPVS) to promote the improved varieties and the best agronomic practices. Farmers’ yields increased from 500–700 kg/ha to 1200–1500 kg/ha increasing women and youth incomes from 200 USD to 800 USD/year only for those who grow groundnut during the rainy season. Those who grow during rainy and off-seasons their incomes can reach 1200–1500 USD. Links with financial institutions have facilitated access to credit for these farmers. In the future, the Platform sustainability will be assured through members’ annual financial contributions and strong production contracts among traders, processors and farmers.
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Bindseil, Ulrich, and Alessio Fotia. "The Central Bank as Lender of Last Resort." In Introduction to Central Banking. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-70884-9_6.
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AbstractIn this chapter we review the function of the central bank as lender of last resort (LOLR), starting from the understanding of financial crises developed in the previous chapter. We recall long-established LOLR principles: proactive lending, inertia of the central bank risk control framework, and risk endogeneity. Because of its systemic role, a central bank should not tighten its collateral framework in a crisis, as restrictive policies are likely to not only increase the overall damage done by a crisis to society, but to even increase central bank losses. We explain in more detail the main reasons why a central bank should act as LOLR: prevent negative externalities from fire sales; its unique status as institution with unlimited liquidity; its status as a risk-free counterparty making others accept to deliver collateral to it even at high haircuts; and its mandate to preserve price stability. We distinguish three different forms of LOLR: elements built into the regular operational framework; readiness to relax parameters in a crisis; and provision of emergency liquidity assistance to individual firms. We then discuss what could be the optimal propensity of a central bank to engage in LOLR activities and outline possible trade-offs. Last but not least, we develop a bank-run model which highlights the role of asset liquidity and central bank eligible collateral. We calculate through a model variant with binary asset liquidity and uniform central bank collateral haircut, but then also introduce a model variant with continuous asset liquidity and haircuts.
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Ghymers, Christian. "The Systemic Nature of the Global Crisis and Some Principles for Tackling It." In Financial Crisis Management and Democracy. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54895-7_3.
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AbstractThis chapter argues that climate change, the global macroeconomic crisis and the weakening of democracy are all expressions of the same incoherence in the present global economic system, which operates on the basis of major ‘market failures’ that are characterized by the same kind of economic mechanism based on biased relative prices for fossil energies, financial returns and social cohesion. Therefore, the only practical solution is to make sustainable production profitable by first correcting these relative prices in order to re-establish a systemic convergence between private and social returns and between political and economic democracy.
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Herschbach, Dudley. "An Homage to Otto Stern." In Molecular Beams in Physics and Chemistry. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63963-1_1.
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AbstractThis chapter outlines an International Symposium held at Frankfurt on 1–5 September 2019. It marked the centennial of quantitative experiments with molecular beams, pioneered by Otto Stern. The European Physical Society declared Stern’s original laboratory a Historic Site, the fifth in Germany. As a graduate student in 1955, I learned about Otto Stern (1888–1969) and the impact of his molecular beams on quantum physics. I was intrigued and undertook crossed-beam experiments at Berkeley. In 1960 Otto came to a seminar that I gave. Later I met him, and heard some of his stories. The rest of the chapter describes his Nobel Prize and other Fests. In 1958 his long-term colleague, Immanuel Estermann, organized a celebration and Festschrift for Otto’s 70th birthday. In 1988, as a guest editor, I organized a Festschift for the centennial of Otto’s birth. That year, the German Physical Society established the Stern-Gerlach Prize as its highest award for experimental physics. Bretislav Friedrich and I wrote three papers about Stern. Since 2000, Horst Schmidt-Böcking at Frankfurt and colleagues have produced historical articles, along with a book about Otto, edited and bound all of his research papers into books, and diligently pursued letters to and from Otto, collecting them into large volumes.
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Hrobath, Bernhard Andreas, Friedrich Leisch, and Sara Dolnicar. "Drivers of Price in City Destinations: Vienna." In Peer-to-Peer Accommodation Networks. Goodfellow Publishers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23912/9781911396512-3610.
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Peer-to-peer accommodation networks have been described as disruptive innovations, as revolutions in tourist accommodation, where demand is driven by new factors such as living like a local, authenticity and meeting new people. If indeed reasons for trading on these networks are so fundamentally different, prices should reflect that. This chapter investigates what drives the price of Airbnb listings in Vienna, and asks whether these price drivers are indeed new, or whether they reflect those in established commercial accommodation.
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"Pricing Property Derivatives in Established Markets: Everything has its Price." In Property Derivatives. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119208594.ch9.
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Kyriakidis, Dimitris. "Housing Submarkets and Future Demographic Developments." In Megacities and Rapid Urbanization. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9276-1.ch017.
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Europe is undergoing a profound demographic change. This change will affect significantly all aspects of modern economies including the demand and the prices of the housing stock. The relationship between prices of the housing market and associated demographic variables has been long established. However, in the current literature, the housing market is considered to be unitary and coherent, that is one price reflects the housing stock without taking into account the housing characteristics which in real economy are considered essential for price calculation. To this respect it must be noted that housing submarkets existence has been long established based on the current literature. However and in relation to housing submarkets, the actual goal of the studies currently exist was the definition process, the models and the techniques that should be employed in order to acquire best results. Housing submarkets are considered important in the understanding of different social phenomena. In this chapter an attempt is made to review the relationship of housing prices to demographic variables and then a review on the definition process of housing submarkets.
Conference papers on the topic "Established price"
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Willett, Fred T. "A Method for Evaluating Market Value of Turbine Gaspath Component Alternatives." In 2002 International Joint Power Generation Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ijpgc2002-26118.
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An economic model was developed to evaluate gas turbine component alternatives for base load combined cycle operation, cyclic duty simple cycle operation, and peaking duty simple cycle operation. Power plant operator value of alternative replacement first stage buckets for a GE Frame 7EA gas turbine is evaluated. The popularity and large installed base of the 7EA has prompted a number of replacement part offerings, in addition to the replacement parts offered by the OEM. A baseline case is established to represent the current bucket repair and replacement situation. Each of the modes of power plant operation is evaluated from both a long-term financial focus and a short-term financial focus. Long-term focus is characterized by a nine-year evaluation period, while short-term focus is based on first year benefit only. Four factors are considered: part price repair price, output increase, and simple cycle efficiency increase. Natural gas and liquid fuels are considered. Two natural gas prices are used; one liquid fuel price is considered. Peak, off-peak, and spot market electricity prices are considered. Two baseline repair price scenarios are evaluated: 50% of new part price and 10% of new part price. The key conclusions can be summarized as: • A reduced-life part with more frequent repair intervals is undesirable, even if the part price is reduced by over 60% and the cooling flow is reduced by 1% W2. • A short-life, “throw-away” part with no required repairs can achieve parity with the baseline if the price is reduced by 25% or more. The operator with a short-term focus will not differentiate between a “throw-away” part and a full-life part. • In general, increased part life has less value to the power plant operator than price reduction or cooling flow reduction. • Repair price (assumed to be 50% of part price) is a relatively small factor for operators with a long-term focus, and no factor at all for operators with a short-term focus. A lower baseline repair price (10% of part price) will decrease the attractiveness of a “throw-away” part, moving the parity point to a 40% price reduction. • A 0.7% W2 reduction in cooling flow has roughly the same first year benefit, at baseline fuel prices, as a 10–15% bucket price reduction, except to the peak duty operator. The peak duty operator finds no benefit to reduced cooling flow unless electricity can be sold at spot market prices.
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Akbar, M. ,. I. "The Journey to Establish Jack-Up Drilling Rig Contract in Indonesia during Upward Demand." In Digital Technical Conference. Indonesian Petroleum Association, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29118/ipa20-bc-408.
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The Jack-up rig market is very dynamic as it is sensitive to oil prices and drilling activities. An effective strategy must be defined to achieve a successful tender process. A market survey shall be sourced from potential bidders and credible research institutions to provide competitive cost estimation and mapped available qualified rigs. Commercial structure is another factor that must be specified clearly. Numbers of wells or long term contracts will attract more rigs to enter Indonesian water that can be achieved by collaborating with other operators. It was quite challenging to establish a rig contract at first stage of tender to cover 1 (one) year duration with an unattractive owner estimation that ended up with a failed tender. By having collaboration with the host authority, other operators and potential bidders, the new strategy to have a long term contract by increasing the number of wells and contract duration to 3 (three) years can be finalized efficiently. The enhanced commercial structure consisted of rate classification as per the Indonesian Oil, Gas and Geothermal Drilling Contractors Association, modification cost, facility support service, reimbursable cost, etc. which have attracted more bidders. Finally, the jack-up rig contract can be established and agreed within the market price. The cost saving to cover future drilling projects has resulted in a total saving of USD 9.7 Million
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Ramkhalawan, Nigel, and Hamid Hassanali. "ESPCP - An Economic Artificial Lift Method for an Offshore Field in Southwest Trinidad." In SPE Trinidad and Tobago Section Energy Resources Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/200920-ms.
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Abstract Frequent rod failures still occur in Progressive Cavity Pumped (PCP) wells with high dog-leg severities although they are fitted with adequate rod centralization. This results in well downtime and production deferrals. Offshore workovers are expensive and significantly affect operating cost (OPEX) of the operator. This study sought to evaluate the potential benefits of Electrica l Submersible Progressive Cavity Pumps (ESPCP) as an economic alternative for highly deviated wells in the offshore field in Trinidad. In this theoretical study, a screening criterion was established and four (4) candidates, all produced by surface driven PCPs, were selected. Models of ESPCP systems were developed using industry standard Progressive Cavity Pump software, parameters from the original PCP models as well as actual field well tests and production data. An economic evaluation, which integrated oil price and production rate sensitivities, was conducted using field data, including field reservoir characteristics and past well performance. The ESPCP model results suggest a cumulative increase of 567 BOPD is expected for all four wells. Using an oil price of US $45 per barrel, the analysis was conducted on all wells targeted for ESPCP conversion. Assuming a P50 oil rate, sensitivities were run to establish the minimum oil price for the project to be economically feasible. The operator's project economic success criteria were :(1) pay-out period of &lt;2 years and (2) NPV of &gt; US $0.15 Million considering a ten (10) year project. An integrated sensitivity analysis was performed for the entire project with varying expected production increases and fluctuating global oil prices. The simulations identified that the project will be uneconomic at a global oil price of US $20/bbl. Assuming a project life of 10 years and based on the expected production increase, the project is massively profitable, yielding an expected NPV of US $9.3 Million at US $45 per barrel with expected pay-out times between 0.63-1.8 years with investment of US $4 Million. Additional benefits anticipated include, increased well uptime and the corresponding reduction in workover costs. Another opportunity that results from the conversion to ESPCP, is the possibility of lowering the pump in the wellbore, thereby increasing the well producing life and increasing the recoverable reserves. Installation of ESPCPs, in theory, can be an economic success in an area where surface driven PCP experiences repetitive rod failures, leading to production deferrals and workover. Additionally, lowering the pump in the wellbore may be possible, thereby increasing the well producing life and increasing recoverable reserves which would not have been possible using traditional artificial lift methods.
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Shiau, Ching-Shin, and Jeremy J. Michalek. "Should Designers Worry About Market Systems?" In ASME 2008 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2008-49137.
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Engineering approaches for optimizing designs within a market context generally take the perspective of a single producer, asking what design and price point will maximize producer profit predicted by consumer choice simulations. These approaches treat competitors and retailers as fixed or nonexistent, and they take business-oriented details, such as the structure of distribution channels, as separate issues that can be addressed post hoc by other disciplines. It is well established that the structure of market systems influences optimal product pricing. In this paper, we investigate whether two types of these structures also influence optimal product design decisions; specifically, 1) consumer heterogeneity and 2) distribution channels. We first model firms as players in a profit-seeking game that compete on product attributes and prices. We then model the interactions of manufacturers and retailers in Nash competition under alternative market structures and compare the equilibrium conditions for each case. We find that when consumers are modeled as homogeneous in their preferences, optimal design can be decoupled from the game, and design decisions can be made without regard to price, competition, or channel structure. However, when consumer preferences are heterogeneous, the behavior of competitors and retailers is key to determining which designs are profitable. We examine the extent of this effect in a vehicle design case study from the literature and find that the presence of heterogeneity leads different market structures to imply significantly different profit-maximizing designs.
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Cheung, Yun Kuen, Stefanos Leonardos, and Georgios Piliouras. "Learning in Markets: Greed Leads to Chaos but Following the Price is Right." In Thirtieth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-21}. International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2021/16.
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We study learning dynamics in distributed production economies such as blockchain mining, peer-to-peer file sharing and crowdsourcing. These economies can be modelled as multi-product Cournot competitions or all-pay auctions (Tullock contests) when individual firms have market power, or as Fisher markets with quasi-linear utilities when every firm has negligible influence on market outcomes. In the former case, we provide a formal proof that Gradient Ascent (GA) can be Li-Yorke chaotic for a step size as small as Θ(1/n), where n is the number of firms. In stark contrast, for the Fisher market case, we derive a Proportional Response (PR) protocol that converges to market equilibrium. The positive results on the convergence of the PR dynamics are obtained in full generality, in the sense that they hold for Fisher markets with any quasi-linear utility functions. Conversely, the chaos results for the GA dynamics are established even in the simplest possible setting of two firms and one good, and they hold for a wide range of price functions with different demand elasticities. Our findings suggest that by considering multi-agent interactions from a market rather than a game-theoretic perspective, we can formally derive natural learning protocols which are stable and converge to effective outcomes rather than being chaotic.
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Willett, Fred T., and Michael R. Pothier. "An Improved Method for Evaluating Market Value of Turbine Gaspath Component Alternatives." In ASME Turbo Expo 2003, collocated with the 2003 International Joint Power Generation Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2003-38707.
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The large installed base of large frame industrial gas turbines has prompted a number of replacement part offerings, in addition to the replacement parts offered by the OEM. Willett [1] proposed an economic model developed to evaluate gas turbine component alternatives for base load and cyclic duty operation. The improved method expands the capability of the earlier model by including risk level as a variable. Power plant operator value of alternative replacement turbine components for a popular large frame industrial gas turbines is evaluated. A baseline case is established to represent the current component repair and replacement situation, assuming no risk. Each of the modes of power plant operation is evaluated from a long-term financial focus. A short-term financial focus is evaluated for contrast and discussed briefly. Long-term focus is characterized by a nine-year evaluation period, while short-term focus is based on first year benefit only. Four factors are varied: part price, output increase, simple cycle efficiency increase, and additional risk. Natural gas fuel is considered at two different gas prices. Peak, off-peak, and spot market electricity prices are considered. Results are calculated and compared using net present value (NPV) criteria. A case study is presented to demonstrate the method’s applicability to a range of different risk scenarios, from ill-fitting replacement parts to catastrophic turbine failure.
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Gündoğdu Odabaşıoğlu, Fatma. "Path to the Common Monetary Authority: An Assessment on Banking Sector of the Eurasian Economic Union Countries during the Economic Integration Proces." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c06.01269.
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Monetary union is one of the advanced stages of international economic integration and involves shared monetary and exchange rate policies that are executed collectively across union members. This common policy warrants price stability and requires a common supranational monetary authority. Existence of an established banking sector is crucial for effective execution of policy decisions taken by said monetary authorities. Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) is officially established on January 1st of 2015 and is an example for a regional economic integration. Aim of the Union, which is comprised of Russia, Kazakhstan, Belarus and Republic of Armenia; is to increase collaboration among economies, to improve the living standards of the participating nations and to promote stable development.
 This study is based on assessment banking industries of member countries, working towards common monetary authority during the transition to EAEU economic integration between years 1995 and 2014. Data acquired from World Bank and member countries' central banks is used to determine the capabilities and limitations of partaking economies based on generally accepted financial strength indicators. 
 In conclusion; Russian Federation and the Republic of Kazakhstan are observed to be the principal EAEU members due to their advanced and strong banking industries. Increasing fragilities over the years, amplified also by developments in global markets, are evident in member countries; especially in Belarus and Armenia. Significance of achieving price stability in founding country Russian Federation is emphasized for successfully establishing a common monetary authority.
 
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Ugolo, Obaro Jerry. "Application of LEAN Supply Chain Management as a Panacea to Sustainable Future Profitability in the Nigerian Oil and Gas Industry." In SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/208228-ms.
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Abstract The Nigeria oil and gas industry is a highly capital intensive market. with possibility of high profit or great losses. Oil price trends over the last 3 decades shows cyclical and relatively high volatility. This is due to geopolitical and economic factors including dollar value, governments and organizations (like OPEC's actions), that influence global supply and demand. In 2020, due to the COVID-19 crises, public health became a key factor influencing oil price (due to its severe adverse impact on demand). Studies have shown that even an increase in production volumes will not be able to bring about profitability in the industry. Clearly, management of costs including a lean supply chain that ensures that material/services for production are available at the right price and time is critical for the profitability of future oil and gas supply. Oil producing firms require an optimum supply level of material and services to competitively deliver its end-product. This paper discusses the effect of LEAN supply chain management on the profitability of oil & gas firms in Nigeria. It also appraises the relationship between lean processes and operational efficiency of oil and gas producing companies. Using quantitative and descriptive research design methods, an online survey has been used to gather information from respondents from different oil and gas companies. Secondary data was also obtained from annual reports of relevant companies to show their crude oil production levels vis-à-vis profitability over a five-year period. Based on analysis of information received from the research conducted, it has been recommended that better supply related collaboration between the organizations in the industry is necessary for sustained profitability. Companies need to link upstream and downstream flows of products, services and information to help reduce costs, wastages and ensure profitability. In, line with this, steps have been proferred to establish lean processes for organization. The researcher concludes that established industry-wide lean supply chain management processes and practices and collaboration e critical to competiveness and sustainable profitability in the oil and gas industry.
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Göktepe, Hülya. "Competition Policy and Competition Law in Turkey and Russia." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c04.00690.
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Competition law provides the formation and protection of free competition. Modern market economy is the basis of the principle of free competition. Free competition provides an effective utilization of resources, price goes down, saving to reduce costs, find new technologies and their use in production. Desired markets, although a perfect competition market, because of market failures rather than the ideal situation monopolies, cartels can occur. At this stage, competition policies become important because they provide an efficient resource allocation, and constitutes an important element in raising the level of social welfare. Competition law is state intervention tool in order to establish and maintain free competition in the economy. Competition laws is seen as the constitution of the economy. In Russia, first competition authority was created in 1990 and the Law “On Competiton and Ristriction of Monopolistic Activity on Goods Markets” passed in 1991. After the OECD Peer Rewiew Report on Russia’s Competition Policy and Law, competition authority was abolished, new Federal Antimonopoly Service (FAS) established in 2004. Also new competition law passed in 2006. In Turkey, competition law passed in 1994, Turkish Competiton Authority was established in 1997. The aim of this study is to analyze competition law rules is implemented in Turkey and Russia. Also Examples of decisions issued by the Turkish competition authority and FAS Russia will be presented.
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Filimonova, Irina V., and Anna V. Komarova. "Instruments of state tax regulation of subsoil use aimed at increasing the efficiency of work of the oil and gas complex of Russia." In Недропользование. Горное дело. Направления и технологии поиска, разведки и разработки месторождений полезных ископаемых. Экономика. Геоэкология. Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение науки Институт нефтегазовой геологии и геофизики им. А.А. Трофимука Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18303/b978-5-4262-0102-6-2020-101.
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The paper analyzes the modern tools of state regulation of subsoil use. The issues of transformation of the dynamics of the structure and the general level of oil and gas revenues are investigated. Their role in generating federal budget revenues in the context of oil price volatility is estimated. The effects of the oil and gas complex on related sectors of the economy are considered separately. It has been established that a negative impact has been observed recently, since an increase in the level of preferential oil necessitates compensation for the so–called «falling–out» oil and gas revenues due to an increase in the tax burden on all sectors of the domestic economy.
Reports on the topic "Established price"
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Alviarez, Vanessa, Michele Fioretti, Ken Kikkawa, and Monica Morlacco. Two-Sided Market Power in Firm-to-Firm Trade. Inter-American Development Bank, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003493.
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Firms in global value chains (GVCs) are granular and exert bargaining power over the terms of trade. We show that these features are crucial to understanding the well-established variation in prices and pass-through across importers and exporters. We develop a novel theory of prices in GVCs, which tractably nests a wide range of bilateral concentration and bargaining power configurations. We test and evaluate the models predictions using a novel dataset merging transaction-level U.S. import data with balance sheet data for both U.S. importers and foreign exporters. Our pricing framework enhances traditional frameworks in the literature in accurately predicting price changes following a tariff shock. The results shed light on the role of firms in determining the tariff pass-through onto import prices.
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Haynes, Richard W., Kenneth E. Skog, and Richard Aubuchon. A process to establish and use base period prices for national forest system transaction evidence timber appraisal. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/fpl-gtr-242.
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Capturing the Digital Economy—A Proposed Measurement Framework and Its Applications: A Special Supplement to Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2021. Asian Development Bank, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/fls210307-3.
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This publication sets out a framework for measuring the importance of the digital economy in national and global production processes. Amid the growing interest in the digitalization of socioeconomic activities, there is a lack of consensus on an established framework to estimate the digital economy. This report proposes a definition of the core digital economy and an input-output analytical framework to measure it. Applying this framework to selected economies and years, it finds that the digital economy and digitally dependent industries contribute a significant portion of gross domestic product. It examines key digital economy phenomena and trends in relation to sectoral links, temporal price changes, jobs, global value chains, the COVID-19 pandemic, and Industry 4.0.
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Financial Stability Report - September 2015. Banco de la República, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/rept-estab-fin.sem2.eng-2015.
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From this edition, the Financial Stability Report will have fewer pages with some changes in its structure. The purpose of this change is to present the most relevant facts of the financial system and their implications on the financial stability. This allows displaying the analysis more concisely and clearly, as it will focus on describing the evolution of the variables that have the greatest impact on the performance of the financial system, for estimating then the effect of a possible materialization of these risks on the financial health of the institutions. The changing dynamics of the risks faced by the financial system implies that the content of the Report adopts this new structure; therefore, some analyses and series that were regularly included will not necessarily be in each issue. However, the statistical annex that accompanies the publication of the Report will continue to present the series that were traditionally included, regardless of whether or not they are part of the content of the Report. In this way we expect to contribute in a more comprehensive way to the study and analysis of the stability of the Colombian financial system. Executive Summary During the first half of 2015, the main advanced economies showed a slow recovery on their growth, while emerging economies continued with their slowdown trend. Domestic demand in the United States allowed for stabilization on its average growth for the first half of the year, while other developed economies such as the United Kingdom, the euro zone, and Japan showed a more gradual recovery. On the other hand, the Chinese economy exhibited the lowest growth rate in five years, which has resulted in lower global dynamism. This has led to a fall in prices of the main export goods of some Latin American economies, especially oil, whose price has also responded to a larger global supply. The decrease in the terms of trade of the Latin American economies has had an impact on national income, domestic demand, and growth. This scenario has been reflected in increases in sovereign risk spreads, devaluations of stock indices, and depreciation of the exchange rates of most countries in the region. For Colombia, the fall in oil prices has also led to a decline in the terms of trade, resulting in pressure on the dynamics of national income. Additionally, the lower demand for exports helped to widen the current account deficit. This affected the prospects and economic growth of the country during the first half of 2015. This economic context could have an impact on the payment capacity of debtors and on the valuation of investments, affecting the soundness of the financial system. However, the results of the analysis featured in this edition of the Report show that, facing an adverse scenario, the vulnerability of the financial system in terms of solvency and liquidity is low. The analysis of the current situation of credit institutions (CI) shows that growth of the gross loan portfolio remained relatively stable, as well as the loan portfolio quality indicators, except for microcredit, which showed a decrease in these indicators. Regarding liabilities, traditional sources of funding have lost market share versus non-traditional ones (bonds, money market operations and in the interbank market), but still represent more than 70%. Moreover, the solvency indicator remained relatively stable. As for non-banking financial institutions (NBFI), the slowdown observed during the first six months of 2015 in the real annual growth of the assets total, both in the proprietary and third party position, stands out. The analysis of the main debtors of the financial system shows that indebtedness of the private corporate sector has increased in the last year, mostly driven by an increase in the debt balance with domestic and foreign financial institutions. However, the increase in this latter source of funding has been influenced by the depreciation of the Colombian peso vis-à-vis the US dollar since mid-2014. The financial indicators reflected a favorable behavior with respect to the historical average, except for the profitability indicators; although they were below the average, they have shown improvement in the last year. By economic sector, it is noted that the firms focused on farming, mining and transportation activities recorded the highest levels of risk perception by credit institutions, and the largest increases in default levels with respect to those observed in December 2014. Meanwhile, households have shown an increase in the financial burden, mainly due to growth in the consumer loan portfolio, in which the modalities of credit card, payroll deductible loan, revolving and vehicle loan are those that have reported greater increases in risk indicators. On the side of investments that could be affected by the devaluation in the portfolio of credit institutions and non-banking financial institutions (NBFI), the largest share of public debt securities, variable-yield securities and domestic private debt securities is highlighted. The value of these portfolios fell between February and August 2015, driven by the devaluation in the market of these investments throughout the year. Furthermore, the analysis of the liquidity risk indicator (LRI) shows that all intermediaries showed adequate levels and exhibit a stable behavior. Likewise, the fragility analysis of the financial system associated with the increase in the use of non-traditional funding sources does not evidence a greater exposure to liquidity risk. Stress tests assess the impact of the possible joint materialization of credit and market risks, and reveal that neither the aggregate solvency indicator, nor the liquidity risk indicator (LRI) of the system would be below the established legal limits. The entities that result more individually affected have a low share in the total assets of the credit institutions; therefore, a risk to the financial system as a whole is not observed. José Darío Uribe Governor