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Books on the topic 'Established women'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 17 February 2022

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1

Men, European Committee for Equality between Women and. National institutional and non-institutional machinery established in the Council of Europe members states to promote equality between women and men: Comparative study. Council of Europe, Committee for Equality between Women and Men, 1985.

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2

Report of the Committee Established to Review the Functions and Operations of the Ministry of Women Affairs: As directed by Cabinet in July 2001. The Committee, 2001.

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3

Women, National Action Committee on the Status of. Draft notes for a presentation to Standing Commons Committee on Finance on Bills C-20 and C-32: Proposed legislation to amend certain statutes to implement the budget tabled in Parliament on February 26, 1991. [s.n.], 1991.

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4

United Way of the Lower Mainland. Social Planning and Research Dept. and Canada. Health and Welfare Canada., eds. Transition house: How to establish a refuge for battered women. National Clearinghouse on Family Violence, Social Service Programs Branch, Health and Welfare Canada, 1989.

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5

Canada. Family Violence Prevention Division. Transition house: How to establish a refuge for battered women. National Clearinghouse on Family Violence, Social Service Programs Branch, Health and Welfare Canada, 1986.

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6

Way, Canada United. Transition house: How to establish a refuge for battered women. United Way, 1986.

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7

MacLeod, Flora. Transition house: How to establish a refuge for battered women. The National Clearinghouse on Family Violence, Social Service Programs Branch, Health and Welfare Canada, 1989.

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8

Massachusetts. General Court. Special Committee on Comparable Worth. Second interim report of the joint special committee established for the purpose of making an investigation and study relative to comparable worth in employment and the extent to which sex segregation exists in employment in the Commonwealth: (under House Order No. 6547 of 1983 and revived and continued by House Order No. 5854 of 1985), January 12, 1987. Commonwealth of Massachusetts, 1987.

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9

Kienzler, Hanna. Gender and communal longevity among Hutterites: How Hutterite women establish, maintain, and change colony life. Shaker, 2005.

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10

Kritcharoen, Varunee. Proposal to establish a voluntary organization to support the socio-economic development of poor rural women in upper north-east Thailand. Local Development Assistance Program], 1987.

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11

Cox, Virginia, and Shannon McHugh, eds. Vittoria Colonna. Amsterdam University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463723947.

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This edited collection presents fresh and original work on Vittoria Colonna, perhaps the outstanding female figure of the Italian Renaissance, a leading Petrarchist poet, and an important figure in the Italian Reform movement. Until recently best known for her close spiritual friendship with Michelangelo, she is increasingly recognized as a powerful and distinctive poetic voice, a cultural and religious icon, and an important literary model for both men and women. This volume comprises compelling new research by established and emerging scholars in the fields of literature, book history, relig

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12

US GOVERNMENT. An Act to Establish the Commission on the Advancement of Women and Minorities in Science, Engineering, and Technology Development. U.S. G.P.O., 1998.

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13

European Parliament. Committee on Women's Rights. Report on the need to establish a European Union wide campaign for zero tolerance of violence against women. European Parliament, 1997.

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14

Snowden, Paul, ed. Handbook of Higher Education in Japan. Amsterdam University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463724678.

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This Handbook tells the story in 25 chapters of how Japan’s HE system has become what it is now, ending with a very tentative glimpse into the rest of the 21st century. A variety of themes are covered by scholars—both established, senior figures and younger researchers with their own fresh look at current circumstances. Chapters that concentrate on governance look at the distinction between "national," "public," and "private" institutions; others consider important topics such as internationalization, student recruitment, faculty mobility. More innovative topics include "Women of Color Leading

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15

Kuffner, Emily. Fictions of Containment in the Spanish Female Picaresque. Amsterdam University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789462986800.

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This study examines the interdependence of gender, sexuality and space in the early modern period, which saw the inception of architecture as a discipline and gave rise to the first custodial institutions for women, including convents for reformed prostitutes. Meanwhile, conduct manuals established prescriptive mandates for female use of space, concentrating especially on the liminal spaces of the home. This work traces literary prostitution in the Spanish Mediterranean through the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, from the rise of courtesan culture in several key areas through the shift fr

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16

Brooks, Ann. Women, Politics and the Public Sphere. Policy Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447330639.001.0001.

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This book is a socio-historical analysis of the relationship between women, politics and the public sphere. It looks at the legacy of eighteenth-century intellectual groupings which were dominated by women such as members of the ‘bluestocking circles’ and other more radical intellectual and philosophical thinkers such as Catherine Macaulay and Mary Wollstonecraft. These individuals and groups which emerged in the eighteenth century established ‘intellectual spaces’ for the emergence of women public intellectuals in subsequent centuries. Women public intellectuals in the US examined in the book

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17

Edwards, Jennifer C. Superior Women. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198837923.001.0001.

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Superior Women examines female monastic authority at the abbey of Sainte-Croix in Poitiers from its foundation by Saint-Radegund in the sixth century through its sixteenth-century reform. Along with the abbey, Radegund established two strategies for her nuns to defend authority they claimed over their community, dependents, properties, tenants, and vassals. First, she secured a network of supporters, allies with extensive authority, to document the abbey’s privileges and defend Sainte-Croix. Their documents became a rich archive useful for recruiting new allies. Over time this network included

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18

Timmermann, Marybeth, trans. Introduction to Women Insist. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039003.003.0034.

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“Disruption, my sister …” This issue [of Les temps modernes] is presented with disruption in mind. The reader expecting to find here a methodical and complete account of women’s condition will be disappointed. We do not claim to denounce here all the injustices suffered by women, nor to draw up an exhaustive statement of their demands, and even less to propose a revolutionary tactic. We only hope to spark some unrest in people’s minds. The prevailing principle in gathering together these texts was that of freedom. We established no preconceived plan. Some women—a few of whom have even remained

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19

Basu, Soumita. UN, Gender, and Women. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.356.

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After the end of World War II, women’s rights advocates at the United Nations vigorously campaigned for equality between the sexes. At the UN Charter Conference held in San Francisco in 1945, women delegates fought for the recognition of sex-based discrimination as a violation of human rights in Article 1 of the Charter. At the UN, issues relating to women were primarily placed under the purview of the Commission on the Status of Women (CSW), established in June 1946 with the mandate to “prepare recommendations and report to the Economic and Social Council on promoting women’s rights in politi

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20

All Ceylon Women's Buddhist Congress., ed. Samasta Laṅkā Bauddha Kāntā sammelanayē svarṇa jayanti samaruva, 1949-1999 =: Golden jubilee souvenir, 1949-1999, All Ceylon Women's Buddhist Congress, established 12th July 1949. The Congress, 1999.

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21

Great Britain. Department of Health. Public Health Medical Liaison Division., University of Leeds. School of Public Health., University of York. Centre for Health Economics., and Royal College of Physicians of London. Research Unit., eds. Screening for osteoporosis to prevent fractures: Should population based bone screening programmes aimed at the prevention of fractures in elderly women be established?. Consortium of the School of Public Health, University of Leeds and Centre for Health Economics, University of York and the Research Unit of the Royal College of Physicians, with the support of thePublic Health Medical Liaison Division of the Department of Health, 1992.

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22

The effects of ball color and cup liner color on putting performance across three different ability levels of men and women golfers with established handicaps. 1987.

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23

The effects of ball color and cup liner color on putting performance across three different ability levels of men and women golfers with established handicaps. 1990.

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24

Harris, LaShawn. Black Women Supernatural Consultants, Numbers Gambling, and Public Outcries against Supernaturalism. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040207.003.0004.

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This chapter explores the lives of self-professed African American supernatural laborers. Capitalizing on New Yorkers' fascination with the supernatural world and the city's informal-sector economy, African American clairvoyants merged religiosity and spiritual imagery with the lighter fare of underground and commercial amusements. Black women psychics, numerologists, palm readers, and crystal-ball gazers established home-based supernatural businesses, sold magical paraphernalia, published dream books, founded religious temples and churches, and offered curious and impoverished New Yorkers gui

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25

Ancona, Ronnie, and Georgia Tsouvala, eds. New Directions in the Study of Women in the Greco-Roman World. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190937638.001.0001.

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Through a set of original essays, this volume showcases new directions in the well-established field of the study of women in Greco-Roman antiquity. Sarah Pomeroy’s groundbreaking Goddesses, Whores, Wives, and Slaves introduced scholars, students, and general readers to a new area of inquiry. Building upon and moving beyond that seminal work, the contributions to this volume together represent a next step in this interdisciplinary field. Contributors, all of whom have been influenced directly or indirectly by Pomeroy’s Goddesses and other work, include scholars with training in the study of hi

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26

Martino, Gina M. Women at War in the Borderlands of the Early American Northeast. University of North Carolina Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469640990.001.0001.

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Across the borderlands of the early American northeast, New England, New France, and Native nations deployed women with surprising frequency to the front lines of wars that determined control of North America. Far from serving as passive helpmates in a private, domestic sphere, women assumed wartime roles as essential public actors, wielding muskets, hatchets, and makeshift weapons while fighting for their families, communities, and nations. Revealing the fundamental importance of martial womanhood in this era, Gina M. Martino places borderlands women in a broad context of empire, cultural exc

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27

Goodier, Susan. Establishing New York State Anti-Suffrage Organizations, 1895–1911. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037474.003.0003.

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This chapter illustrates the nascent attempts of anti-suffragists to prevent their enfranchisement. The most prominent and effective anti-suffrage organizations that developed in New York State between 1895 and 1911 deliberately excluded men. Certainly, anti-suffragists were married to or related to some of the most politically powerful men in state and national government. However, a significant portion of college-educated, professional, and self-supporting women opposed suffrage. Once the antis established their organizations, they became a force powerful enough to help prolong the battle fo

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28

Goodier, Susan. Anti-Suffragists at the 1894 New York State Constitutional Convention. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037474.003.0002.

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This chapter explores the earliest attempts by conservative women to organize anti-suffrage activity. It was not until Susan B. Anthony and other suffragists conducted state tours in preparation for the New York State Constitutional Convention that anti-suffragists surprised suffragists by establishing temporary organizations to prevent the removal of the word “male” from the state constitution, and presented their views in opposition to enfranchisement and the protection of their existing rights. Their rhetoric developed out of the tradition of male anti-suffrage rhetoric, but the women artic

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29

Fousekis, Natalie M. Californians Secure Wartime Child Care. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036255.003.0002.

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This chapter discusses the Lanham Act program, which was established by the federal government during World War II. Rather than looking at public policy from the perspective of Washington D.C., it focuses on the main centers of war industry in California: Los Angeles, the San Francisco Bay Area, and San Diego. The move to establish child care during the war was fueled by the grassroots political activism of local child care committees and political organizations, many of which were dominated by women. Ultimately, it was the initiative of people far removed from Washington that resulted in the

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30

Gallagher, Julie A. On the Shirley Chisholm Trail in the 1960s and 1970s. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036965.003.0006.

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This chapter examines Shirley Chisholm's political career as part of this longer history of African American women in New York City politics. The first black woman elected to the U.S. Congress, Chisholm contributed to the breaking down of barriers that kept black women from powerful positions within the federal government. She was a vocal advocate for an activist government to redress economic, social, and political injustices, and she frequently used her national prominence to bring attention to racial, sexual, and class-based inequality. At the same time, she collided into well-established a

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31

Engelhardt, Carol. The Revival of the Religious Life. Edited by Stewart J. Brown, Peter Nockles, and James Pereiro. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199580187.013.27.

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This chapter examines one of the most significant achievements of the Oxford Movement, the establishment of vowed religious communities for women. It discusses some of the most significant figures in the history of these sisterhoods and describes the work undertaken by the approximately 10,000 women who belonged to one of the many communities established in the second half of the nineteenth century. Acknowledging that in many ways these communities ratified existing gender roles, this chapter also sees that by standing firm against opposition from bishops and popular opinion, these women and t

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32

Perry, Matthew J. Defining Gender. Edited by Paul J. du Plessis, Clifford Ando, and Kaius Tuori. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198728689.013.33.

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This chapter examines how law contributed to the definition and establishment of gender in the Roman world, and ways that gender shaped the law. Lawmakers and jurists established distinct legal statuses for men and women, and it was critical to elucidate precisely how individuals fit into this legal framework. Even when not deliberately defining gender to clarify law or legislating overtly gendered matters, legal sources reveal gendered thinking. In establishing the specific rules governing Roman society, lawmakers and jurists drew upon and reproduced prevalent and entrenched assumptions and b

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33

Lawrence, Ruth A., and Casey Rosen-Carole. Breastfeeding in the Context of Neurological Disorders. Edited by Emma Ciafaloni, Cheryl Bushnell, and Loralei L. Thornburg. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190667351.003.0035.

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Lactation is the physiologic process of milk production and the completion of the pregnancy cycle. The goal for all pregnancies should be to support and encourage women to breastfeed, as the benefits to both mother and infant are well established. However, when managing pregnancy and lactation with a woman who also has a neurological disorder, it is essential to understand the impact on lactation of both the disease and the medications for treating the disease. Ideally disease control can be optimized and medications altered to reduce any negative influence on the mother or infant during lacta

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34

More, Alison. Creating a Textual Identity? Pastoralia and Models of Tertiary Life. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807698.003.0005.

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The canonical framework for tertiary orders had been established and given official recognition by the early fifteenth century. Nevertheless, this does not seem to have had an effect on how non-monastic women perceived themselves. While there is evidence that the number of houses that professed a rule associated with an order increased at this time, as was made clear earlier in this study, the popularity of the rule cannot be equated with the spread of an order. This chapter gives particular attention to the many discrepancies in what is often thought of as order identity. It focuses specifica

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35

Pieper, Lindsay Parks. “Because They Have Muscles, Big Ones”. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040221.003.0003.

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This chapter examines how Cold War tensions heightened the fear of fraudulent competitors in international sport. The Cold War exacerbated earlier sex/gender concerns and resulted in a mandatory examination for all female track and field competitors, especially in the wake of Soviet women's remarkable achievements in athletics. Sport authorities grew increasingly worried that powerful female athletes were either unnaturally inauthentic women, men posing as women, or dopers. Using the USSR women as scapegoats, the International Association of Athletics Federation established tests to eliminate

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36

Schneider, Robert A. Dignified Retreat. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198826323.001.0001.

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Cardinal Richelieu, Louis XIII’s first minister and the architect of French absolutism, is often celebrated for his role in reviving the arts and letters in the crucial period in the formation of French classicism. This book looks less at him than at the writers and intellectuals themselves in the creation of a new culture distinguished by the rise of the French language over Latin and the emergence of a literary field. The author argues that even the French Academy, founded by Richelieu in 1635, was more the result of an already established literary and linguistic movement that he merely mana

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37

Faxneld, Per. Satan as the Emancipator of Woman in Gothic Literature. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190664473.003.0005.

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Chapter5 considers woman’s collusion with the Devil in five major novels of the Gothic genre, from the years 1772 to 1820, along with three vampire tales written between 1836 and 1897 and a werewolf novella from 1928. The latter takes the by now firmly established Gothic notion of Satan as the emancipator of woman—previously mostly depicted by Gothic authors as a terrible thing, though at times with some ambivalence—and combines it with a feminist sensibility. Gothic texts, it is argued, were party to the gradual shift in the view of rebellious, demonic females, which made them more and more a

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38

Ezell, Margaret J. M. Single-Authored Volumes of Verse. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780191849572.003.0005.

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Although the Interregnum has been described as a dark period in the promotion of the arts, an unusual number of single-authored volumes of verse were printed, often by Humphrey Mosley. Among the published poets whose reputations were established before the war were Sir John Suckling, Robert Herrick and Abraham Cowley while new voices include Henry and Thomas Vaughan, several women poets including Margaret Cavendish, Anne Bradstreet, ‘Eliza’, Anna Trapnel, and Elizabeth Major.

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39

Cox, Fiona. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198779889.003.0001.

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This chapter offers an overview of Ovidian reception at the turn of the millennium, and identifies a new trend of contemporary women writers turning to Ovid. It analyses the intersections between Ovid’s playful subversiveness and the concerns of third-wave feminists, which extend much further than the second-wave recuperation of women’s lost voices, couched in terms that in fact excluded the vast majority of women. In the hands of contemporary women writers Ovid speaks of a multitude of issues, including contemporary politics, of body image, illness, global warming, and the financial crisis. A

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40

Moaveni, Daria M. Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome and Sepsis in the Pregnant Patient. Edited by Matthew D. McEvoy and Cory M. Furse. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190226459.003.0047.

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The chapter “Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome and Sepsis in the Pregnant Patient” reviews diagnostic criteria for sepsis in pregnant women, as well as the etiology, risk factors, workup, and treatment of this preventable and treatable cause of maternal morbidity and mortality. It also briefly reviews the history and epidemiology of sepsis. It compares the original diagnostic criteria for systemic inflammatory response syndrome established in 1992, the sepsis diagnostic criteria from the Surviving Sepsis Campaign, and the Sepsis in Obstetrics Score. It discusses the initial workup and re

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41

Rose, Deondra. The Gendered Roots of American Higher Education. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190650940.003.0002.

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This chapter analyzes the history of women’s participation in American higher education and the federal government’s historical role in shaping who has access to it. Higher educational institutions in the United States were established with men in mind, and for approximately three hundred years after the establishment of the nation’s first college, women were excluded from equal access to postsecondary institutions. On campus, women were often greeted with hostility and found themselves treated as second-class students. The history of higher education in the United States yields important less

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42

Jacob, W. M. England. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199644636.003.0005.

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This chapter reviews how the Church of England fared at the local, diocesan, and parochial levels in England during the long eighteenth century from 1662, when the Church was re-established as an episcopal and liturgically ordered Church, to 1828, when, with the repeal of the Test and Corporation Acts (and Roman Catholic emancipation in 1829), members of other Churches gained full citizen rights. The chapter examines the response of clergy and laypeople at the local level to contemporary intellectual and socio-economic changes and organizational reforms and renewal in the Church, noting region

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43

Tarter, Michele Lise. Written from the Body of Sisterhood. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198814221.003.0005.

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This chapter, focusing on transatlantic Quaker women’s autobiographical writings between 1650 and 1800, explores the ways in which these Spiritual Mothers prophetically performed and sustained George Fox’s calling for an embodied spirit theology. Faced with impending, male-inscribed censorship on their female body/text, these women resisted patriarchal control and emigrated to the ‘Holy Experiment’ of early America. Their separate and privatized Women’s Meetings became a dynamic network for channelling female prophecy and agency in the colonies. Quaker women established a radical literary trad

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44

Pinto, Meital. Gender Parity in the Religious and Political Sphere of Israel. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198829621.003.0005.

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This chapter explores recent struggles for gender parity in Israel. At the level of national politics, efforts to secure gender quotas in the parliament have largely failed. Some struggles for gender parity in the religious sphere have been more successful, however. Religious Jewish and Muslim women reject the idea that they need to choose between ‘your religion or your rights’, and have increasingly established their right to shape the norms of their religious community. For example, Muslim women have secured the right to have women appointed as arbitrators within Shari’a family courts; and J

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45

Malhotra, Jyoti, Paolo Boffetta, and Lorelei Mucci. Cancer of the Lung, Larynx, and Pleura. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190676827.003.0014.

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Lung cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer among men in most countries, and is the primary cause of cancer death in men and women. Its epidemic increase in incidence began in the first half of the twentieth century, paralleling the uptake of cigarette smoking that occurred 20 years before. A series of landmark studies beginning in 1950 established tobacco as the primary cause of lung cancer. Current smokers have a 10- to 20-fold higher lung cancer risk compared to never smokers. Important for prevention, former smokers substantially reduce this excess risk 5 years after smoking cessatio

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46

Reisinger, Tessa L., and Amy Robinson Harrington. Contraception Options in Neurologic Disease. Edited by Emma Ciafaloni, Cheryl Bushnell, and Loralei L. Thornburg. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190667351.003.0003.

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Unplanned pregnancy has particular implications for women with chronic disease, including increased risk of adverse health events during pregnancy and potential impact on disease course or treatment options. While preventing unplanned pregnancy is especially important in this population, both medications and sequelae of chronic disease must be considered in choosing safe and effective contraceptive options. The US Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use were established to provide guidance on contraceptive use for women with various disease conditions; however, specific guidelines f

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47

Reid-Vazquez, Michele. Tensions of Race, Gender, and Midwifery in Colonial Cuba. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036637.003.0008.

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This chapter examines representations of honor, gender, race, and labor in colonial Cuba through the lens of midwifery. More specifically, it considers how free women of African descent used occupational choice as a marker of identity and honor despite the limits of race and gender within Cuba's slave society. Using the tensions surrounding local and international debates over parteras (midwives) in the nineteenth century, the chapter looks at the ways that free women of color resisted the efforts of the colonial state to diminish their participation in midwifery. It also discusses the profess

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48

Legon, Edward. Revolution remembered. Manchester University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9781526124654.001.0001.

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Parliamentarians continued to identify with the decisions to oppose and resist Crown and established church after the Restoration. By expressing these views between 1660 and 1688, these men and women were vulnerable to charges of sedition or treason. This book examines these ‘seditious memories’ and asks why people risked themselves by expressing them in public. It does so without dismissing such views as evidence of discontent or radicalism, showing instead how they countered experiences of defeat. As well as speech and writing, these views are shown to have manifested themselves as misbehavi

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49

Enszer, Julie R. “What Made Us Think They’d Pay Us for Making a Revolution?”. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039805.003.0004.

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This chapter analyzes the case study of a feminist book distribution company Women in Distribution (WinD). WinD was established in late 1974 by three women (Helaine Harris, Cynthia Gair, and Lee Schwing), each with experience marketing and distributing lesbian-feminist materials. The story of WinD mirrors the growth in feminist publishing during the late 1970s and reinforces the power and influence of poetry, in particular, and of feminist writing more generally during the Women's Liberation Movement. WinD illuminates how feminist businesses negotiated feminist principles within a capitalist e

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50

Popkin, Jeremy D. Revolution and Changing Identities in France, 1787–99. Edited by David Andress. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199639748.013.014.

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The French Revolution involved not only a transformation of institutions but also a transformation of the personal and social identities that had structured people’s lives prior to 1789. Royal subjects were now citizens, nobles and members of other privileged groups lost all legal recognition of their special status, and Jews and blacks were no longer defined as outsiders in French society, whereas women, whose identity was supposedly dictated by ‘nature’, found themselves excluded from political power. The identity transformations of the revolutionary period are of great theoretical interest,

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