Academic literature on the topic 'Established words'
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Journal articles on the topic "Established words"
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It-ngam, Todsaporn, and Supakorn Phoocharoensil. "The development of science academic word list." Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics 8, no. 3 (2019): 657. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/ijal.v8i3.15269.
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Knowledge of specialized academic vocabulary is important for the academic success of EFL natural science students. Specialized words outside the General Service List (GSL) (West, 1953) and the Academic Word List (AWL) (Coxhead, 2000) are necessary for comprehending scientific text. The existing lists of words do not cover all sub-disciplines of natural science. The present study aims to explore the specialized academic words across 11 sub-disciplines of natural science. To identify the words, a corpus-based approach and an expert-judged approach were used. A 5.5-million-word corpus called the Science Academic Journal (SAJ) Corpus was created for this study. Applying the established word selection criteria, 513 word families were selected. The potential list was reviewed by a panel of experts in order to remove the overly-technical words from the list. The Science Academic Word List (SAWL) was established with 432 word families and provided 5.82% coverage of the running words in the SAJ corpus. To validate the word list, the SAWL was tested against two independent corpora. The findings revealed that the SAWL contains 432 word families that are useful for reading journal articles in natural science disciplines. In addition, it was also found that the SAWL performed better on an independent corpus compared to the Science World List (Coxhead & Hirsh, 2007). It is expected that the SAWL established in this study will be a useful source for learning and teaching vocabulary in natural science disciplines.
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Strijkers, Kristof, Daisy Bertrand, and Jonathan Grainger. "Seeing the Same Words Differently: The Time Course of Automaticity and Top–Down Intention in Reading." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 27, no. 8 (2015): 1542–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00797.
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We investigated how linguistic intention affects the time course of visual word recognition by comparing the brain's electrophysiological response to a word's lexical frequency, a well-established psycholinguistic marker of lexical access, when participants actively retrieve the meaning of the written input (semantic categorization) versus a situation where no language processing is necessary (ink color categorization). In the semantic task, the ERPs elicited by high-frequency words started to diverge from those elicited by low-frequency words as early as 120 msec after stimulus onset. On the other hand, when categorizing the colored font of the very same words in the color task, word frequency did not modulate ERPs until some 100 msec later (220 msec poststimulus onset) and did so for a shorter period and with a smaller scalp distribution. The results demonstrate that, although written words indeed elicit automatic recognition processes in the brain, the speed and quality of lexical processing critically depends on the top–down intention to engage in a linguistic task.
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Dąbrowska, Ewa. "Words that go together." Mental Lexicon 9, no. 3 (2014): 401–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.9.3.02dab.
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Although formulaic language has been studied extensively from both a linguistic and psycholinguistic perspective, little is known about the relationship between individual speakers’ knowledge of collocations and their linguistic experience, or between collocational knowledge and other aspects of linguistic knowledge. This is partly because work in these areas has been hampered by lack of an adequate instrument measuring speakers’ knowledge of collocations. This paper describes the development of such an instrument, the “Words that go together” (WGT) test, and some preliminary research using it. The instrument is a multiple choice test consisting of 40 items of varying frequency and collocation strength. The test was validated with a sample of 80 adult native speakers of English. Test-retest reliability was 0.80 and split-half reliability was 0.88. Convergent validity was established by comparing participants’ scores with measures expected to correlate with language experience (print exposure, education, and age) and other linguistic abilities (vocabulary size, grammatical comprehension); divergent validity was established by comparing test scores with nonverbal IQ. The results of the validation study are then used to compare speakers’ performance on the WGT with corpus-based measures of collocation strength (mutual information, z-score, t-score and simple frequency); however, no statistically reliable relationships were found.
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Kahl, Oliver. "Two Tamil Words in Arabic Garb." Arabica 66, no. 1-2 (2019): 171–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700585-12341509.
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Abstract This short notice suggests an explanation of mwrh and kmāšyr, two opaque terms which are occasionally referred to in Arabic pharmacognostic literature, but whose etymology and meaning have not yet been established.
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Biemiller, Andrew. "Words for English-Language Learners." TESL Canada Journal 29 (October 3, 2012): 198. http://dx.doi.org/10.18806/tesl.v29i0.1117.
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It is well-established that vocabulary is the strongest predictor of reading comprehension from grades 2 or 3 on. In this article, I argue (a) that English vocabulary is acquired in a similar sequence by native-English speakers and English-language learners; and (b) that it is possible to identify words that both lower-vocabulary English-speakers and English-language learners need to acquire. At least one published listing of these needed word meanings is available.
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Brown, Barbara L., and Laurence B. Leonard. "Lexical influences on children's early positional patterns." Journal of Child Language 13, no. 2 (1986): 219–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000900008023.
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ABSTRACTTwo young children were studied from the period when their expressive lexicons were approximately 30 words until they showed productive two-word positional patterns in their speech. Word combinations meeting the criteria for positional productive, positional associative and groping patterns were identified and the period during which the words appearing in these patterns were acquired was then determined. Words used in positional productive patterns had generally emerged in the children's speech before those used in associative or groping patterns. When several words that could play a particular semantic role (e.g. actor) were already well established in the child's lexicon, positional productive patterns that were somewhat broader in scope appeared as early as lexically based patterns.
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Schulz, Ruth, Gordon Wyeth, and Janet Wiles. "Lingodroids: socially grounding place names in privately grounded cognitive maps." Adaptive Behavior 19, no. 6 (2011): 409–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1059712311421437.
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For mobile robots to communicate meaningfully about their spatial environment, they require personally constructed cognitive maps and social interactions to form languages with shared meanings. Geographic spatial concepts introduce particular problems for grounding—connecting a word to its referent in the world—because such concepts cannot be directly and solely based on sensory perceptions. In this article we investigate the grounding of geographic spatial concepts using mobile robots with cognitive maps, called Lingodroids. Languages were established through structured interactions between pairs of robots called where-are-we conversations. The robots used a novel method, termed the distributed lexicon table, to create flexible concepts. This method enabled words for locations, termed toponyms, to be grounded through experience. Their understanding of the meaning of words was demonstrated using go-to games in which the robots independently navigated to named locations. Studies in real and virtual reality worlds show that the system is effective at learning spatial language: robots learn words easily—in a single trial as children do—and the words and their meaning are sufficiently robust for use in real world tasks.
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WIDMER, STEVEN. "PERMUTATION COMPLEXITY AND THE LETTER DOUBLING MAP." International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science 23, no. 08 (2012): 1653–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129054112400680.
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Given a countable set X (usually taken to be ℕ or ℤ), an infinite permutation π of X is a linear ordering ≺π of X, introduced in [6]. This paper investigates the combinatorial complexity of infinite permutations on ℕ associated with the image of uniformly recurrent aperiodic binary words under the letter doubling map. An upper bound for the complexity is found for general words, and a formula for the complexity is established for the Sturmian words and the Thue-Morse word.
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Kvashnin, Yuri. "On the semantic shift in the meanings of the words house, village, city in the Nenets language." Вестник антропологии (Herald of Anthropology) 45, no. 1 (2019): 67–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.33876/2311-0546/2019-45-1/67-79.
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The article studies the problems of a semantic shift in the meanings of the words “house”, “village”, “city” in the Nenets language. Based on descriptions extracted from dictionaries and historical and ethnographic works, it was established that the Nenets used the words “dwelling” and “settlement” exclusively for traditional tchums and campsites. During the historical processes that took place over the centuries on the territory of the Nenets, wide contacts with Russian settlers, they did not directly borrow Russian words for their language, but rather began to use Nenets words for stationary houses and villages. In these examples, we can observe how the language adapts the traditional words and concepts in a constantly changing environment. Key words: tundra Nenets, tchum, camp, house, settlement, city, semantic shift.
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Abdurrahim, Abdurrahim, and Syahrir Jalil. "Phonological replacement of loan words used in Indonesian." Journal of Applied Studies in Language 4, no. 2 (2020): 160–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.31940/jasl.v4i2.2061.
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The aim of the study was to identify the phonological replacement of foreign words (primarily English words) adopted to Indonesian. The method used was descriptive that was to describe how the foreign words change after being adopted into Indonesian and how the phonemes in them change. By adopting a linguistic approach with simple descriptive analysis, the study was successful to analyze many adopted words. The findings of the study indicated that in the process of word adoption some phonemes underwent phonological replacement and some are constant. There are about twenty-six replacements that are successful to reveal, and these replacements are established as formulas (Formulas of phonological replacement).
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Established words"
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Vasquez, Bustamante Jose Luis, Ochoa Chavez Raphael Marcelo, Manuel Silvera, and Fernando Castro. "Optimization of passengers boarding in the BRT system based on the security protocols established by the Covid-19 pandemic." Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/656570.
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El texto completo de este trabajo no está disponible en el Repositorio Académico UPC por restricciones de la casa editorial donde ha sido publicado.<br>According to the National Institute of Statistics and Informatics (INEI), the city of Lima has more than 9,485,405 inhabitants. This causes problems of pedestrian crowding in public places. The Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system called Metropolitano transports 650,000 passengers a day, of which 81,800 of them use the boarding platform of the Naranjal station located in one of the most populated districts of Lima. In this station are concentrated 12.6% users of the entire transportation system. This research proposes a pedestrian microsimulation model with the objective of optimizing the pedestrian area of one of the most demanded platforms in Lima, considering the security protocols established by the Covid-19 Pandemic. To obtain results, the parameters of pedestrian density, bus frequency and queuing time were considered. The effectiveness of the proposed design is validated using a model made with the software Vissim. The results showed that the maximum number of pedestrians that can occupy the Naranjal station following the Covid-19 security protocols are 4166 persons, considering a 180 second bus frequency on lines with the highest demand and a maximum queuing time of 764.51 seconds.
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Stewart, David, Stacy D. Brown, Cheri Clavier, and Michael Crouch. "Innovative Teaching Strategies Within the Curriculum of a Newly Established College of Pharmacy." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2011. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/5292.
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Kribel, Jacob Robert George. "Long Term Permanent Vegetation Plot Studies in the Matoaka Woods, Williamsburg, Virginia : Establishment and Initial Data Analysis of Plots Established with the North Carolina Vegetation Survey Protocol, Resampling of Single Circular Plots and a Comparison of Results from North Carolina Vegetation Survey Protocol and Single Circular Plot Methods." W&M ScholarWorks, 2003. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539624378.
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Hýl, Petr. "Slovinské národní divadlo v Lublani." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta architektury, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-215582.
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Kardimis, Théofanis. "La chambre criminelle de la Cour de cassation face à l’article 6 de la Convention européenne des droits de l’homme : étude juridictionnelle comparée (France-Grèce)." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE3004.
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La première partie de l’étude est consacrée à l’invocation, intra et extra muros, du droit à un procès équitable. Sont analysés ainsi, dans un premier temps, l’applicabilité directe de l’article 6 et la subsidiarité de la Convention par rapport au droit national et de la Cour Européenne des Droits de l’Homme par rapport aux juridictions nationales. Le droit à un procès équitable étant un droit jurisprudentiel, l’étude se focalise, dans un second temps, sur l’invocabilité des arrêts de la Cour Européenne et plus précisément sur l’invocabilité directe de l’arrêt qui constate une violation du droit à un procès équitable dans une affaire mettant en cause l’Etat et l’invocabilité de l’interprétation conforme à l’arrêt qui interprète l’article 6 dans une affaire mettant en cause un Etat tiers. L’introduction dans l’ordre juridique français et hellénique de la possibilité de réexamen de la décision pénale définitive rendue en violation de la Convention a fait naitre un nouveau droit d’accès à la Cour de cassation lequel trouve son terrain de prédilection aux violations de l’article 6 et constitue peut-être le pas le plus important pour le respect du droit à un procès équitable après l’acceptation (par la France et la Grèce) du droit de recours individuel. Quant au faible fondement de l’autorité de la chose interprétée par la Cour Européenne, qui est d’ailleurs un concept d’origine communautaire, cela explique pourquoi un dialogue indirect entre la Cour Européenne et la Cour de cassation est possible sans pour autant changer en rien l’invocabilité de l’interprétation conforme et le fait que l’existence d’un précédent oblige la Cour de cassation à motiver l’interprétation divergente qu’elle a adoptée.La seconde partie de l’étude, qui est plus volumineuse, est consacrée aux garanties de bonne administration de la justice (article 6§1), à la présomption d’innocence (article 6§2), aux droits qui trouvent leur fondement conventionnel dans l’article 6§1 mais leur fondement logique dans la présomption d’innocence et aux droits de la défense (article 6§3). Sont ainsi analysés le droit à un tribunal indépendant, impartial et établi par la loi, le délai raisonnable, le principe de l’égalité des armes, le droit à une procédure contradictoire, le droit de la défense d’avoir la parole en dernier, la publicité de l’audience et du prononcé des jugements et arrêts, l’obligation de motivation des décisions, la présomption d’innocence, dans sa dimension procédurale et personnelle, le « droit au mensonge », le droit de l’accusé de se taire et de ne pas contribuer à son auto-incrimination, son droit d’être informé de la nature et de la cause de l’accusation et de la requalification envisagée des faits, son droit au temps et aux facilités nécessaires à la préparation de la défense, y compris notamment la confidentialité de ses communications avec son avocat et le droit d’accès au dossier, son droit de comparaître en personne au procès, le droit de la défense avec ou sans l’assistance d’un avocat, le droit de l’accusé d’être représenté en son absence par son avocat, le droit à l’assistance gratuite d’un avocat lorsque la situation économique de l’accusé ne permet pas le recours à l’assistance d’un avocat mais les intérêts de la justice l’exigent, le droit d’interroger ou faire interroger les témoins à charge et d’obtenir la convocation et l’interrogation des témoins à décharge dans les mêmes conditions que les témoins à charge et le droit à l’interprétation et à la traduction des pièces essentielles du dossier. L’analyse est basée sur la jurisprudence strasbourgeoise et centrée sur la position qu’adoptent la Cour de cassation française et l’Aréopage<br>The first party of the study is dedicated to the invocation of the right to a fair trial intra and extra muros and, on this basis, it focuses on the direct applicability of Article 6 and the subsidiarity of the Convention and of the European Court of Human Rights. Because of the fact that the right to a fair trial is a ‘‘judge-made law’’, the study also focuses on the invocability of the judgments of the European Court and more precisely on the direct invocability of the European Court’s judgment finding that there has been a violation of the Convention and on the request for an interpretation in accordance with the European Court’s decisions. The possibility of reviewing the criminal judgment made in violation of the Convention has generated a new right of access to the Court of cassation which particularly concerns the violations of the right to a fair trial and is probably the most important step for the respect of the right to a fair trial after enabling the right of individual petition. As for the weak conventional basis of the authority of res interpretata (“autorité de la chose interprétée”), this fact explains why an indirect dialogue between the ECHR and the Court of cassation is possible but doesn’t affect the applicant’s right to request an interpretation in accordance with the Court’s decisions and the duty of the Court of cassation to explain why it has decided to depart from the (non-binding) precedent.The second party of the study is bigger than the first one and is dedicated to the guarantees of the proper administration of justice (Article 6§1), the presumption of innocence (Article 6§2), the rights which find their conventional basis on the Article 6§1 but their logical explanation to the presumption of innocence and the rights of defence (Article 6§3). More precisely, the second party of the study is analyzing the right to an independent and impartial tribunal established by law, the right to a hearing within a reasonable time, the principle of equality of arms, the right to adversarial proceedings, the right of the defence to the last word, the right to a public hearing and a public pronouncement of the judgement, the judge’s duty to state the reasons for his decision, the presumption of innocence, in both its procedural and personal dimensions, the accused’s right to lie, his right to remain silent, his right against self-incrimination, his right to be informed of the nature and the cause of the accusation and the potential re-characterisation of the facts, his right to have adequate time and facilities for the preparation of the defence, including in particular the access to the case-file and the free and confidential communication with his lawyer, his right to appear in person at the trial, his right to defend either in person or through legal assistance, his right to be represented by his counsel, his right to free legal aid if he hasn’t sufficient means to pay for legal assistance but the interests of justice so require, his right to examine or have examined witnesses against him and to obtain the attendance and examination of witnesses on his behalf under the same conditions as witnesses against him and his right to the free assistance of an interpreter and to the translation of the key documents. The analysis is based on the decisions of the European Court of Human Rights and focuses on the position taken by the French and the Greek Court of Cassation (Areopagus) on each one of the above mentioned rights
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Masasanya, Boetie Donald. "Terminology usage in Setswana radio and television: comparative study of translations." Thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/1767.
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Student Number : 9311414P -
MA research report -
School of Literature and Language Studies -
Faculty of Humanities<br>This research report compares the translations of terminology used by radio and television to designate specific concepts. It examines the different strategies adopted by television in the translation of specific terms on the one hand and compares them with those adopted by radio and other. Terms are grouped into two categories; (1) phrasal terms in the source language and (2) established words in the source language. The study examines the semantic shifts in meaning in the translation versions of each of the terms discussed. In studying the patterns of term formation adopted my media, the study focuses on the three approaches by Sager (1990) in the creation of new designations. The first focuses on the use of existing resources, the second on the modification of resources and the third on the creation of totally new linguistic entities. The study challenges the theoretical terminological principle that one designation corresponds to one concept and uses television and radio translations to substantiate this argument. The research is qualitative and does not make any general conclusion about term usage on radio and television. It does however compare the strategies employed by each medium and makes certain recommendations concerning future translations on radio and television.
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Ku, Hung-kun, and 古鴻坤. "The study for establish of sustainable public works appraisal criteria." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/49969613720578151217.
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博士<br>國立中央大學<br>土木工程研究所<br>98<br>The ecosystem and environment of the surrounding areas would be impacted significantly by the infrastructure of the site. In the past, the impacts neglected in economic development emphasized the overriding of countries in the world. It resulted in many unnecessary and avoidable negative consequences. By using the Google document to generate a survey questionnaire for distributing to stakeholders in Taiwan''s construction sector is one of the methodologies in this study. The stakeholders include academics, planners, designers, construction industry, and agencies involved in the operation and maintenance of infrastructure. A total of 850 solicitations yielded 391 effective responses to the online survey. A SPSS factorial analysis followed to analyze the results and to develop a sustainability evaluation system. The evaluation system consists of 18 criteria under six main constructs: local practice/tradition, public opinions, pollution and waste, ecology and preservation, appropriateness of scale, and carbon footprint. The system was successfully tested and validated using four new construction projects in Taiwan.
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O'Connell, Laura. "Infants' ability to use a nonhuman speaker's gaze to establish word-reference." Thesis, 2007. http://spectrum.library.concordia.ca/975407/1/MR34759.pdf.
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By 18 months of age, infants can link a novel word with the target of a speaker's gaze, suggesting that they are sensitive to the speakers' referential intentions. Adopting a procedure developed with human speakers, infants' ability to follow and use a nonhuman agent's gaze when learning new words was examined. A programmable robot acted as the speaker (Experiment 1). Infants followed its gaze toward the word referent whether or not it coincided with their own focus of attention but failed to learn a new word in either case. Infants correctly mapped words in both cases when the speaker was human (Experiment 2). While having eyes appears sufficient to elicit gaze-following in 18-month-olds, it does not suffice for the attribution of referential intentions.
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Nzayabino, Vedaste. "The role of refugee established churches in the lives of forced migrants: a case study of Word of Life assembly in Yeoville, Johannesburg." Thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/1864.
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Nzayabino, Vedaste. 0419340w.
Research report submitted to Faculty of Arts in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts.
Johannesburg 2005<br>‘Making things our own’. This is one of the ultimate goals pursued in establishing churches within refugee communities. The refugee church has become both a channel of material support and spiritual factory where social and emotional fabrics are strongly rewoven among people linked together by a common culture and shared experience. This is a qualitative case-study of the Word of Life Assembly (WOLA), one of the independent churches established by forced migrants in Yeoville, Johannesburg. Established by a Congolese pastor, the church counts a total of about 450 members, mostly refugees (about 98%), predominantly from the Democratic Republic of Congo (more than 95%). The study seeks to explore the role of the church in the lives of refugees, and determine the ways forced migrants understand this role.
More importantly, it was found that WOLA has been able to integrate refugees who could not otherwise integrate in local or domestic churches in Johannesburg. Language and spiritual problems have been identified as the major barriers to integration. In this respect, the study has revealed four levels of integration within WOLA church; that is, integration of a refugee into a refugee community, religious integration, and cultural integration. The fourth level of integration consists of integration of the refugee church itself. In this regard, it was revealed that, as far as refugee church is concerned, not only church members are to integrate into host community and/or churches, but the [refugee] church itself – labelled thus as a ‘foreign’ entity – is to seek its own integration into and approval from the South African community in general, and host faith-based institutions in particular.
Moreover, the study revealed that, in an attempt to meet the diverse needs of its members, WOLA offers a wide range of special services and activities, notably material and social assistance, and pastoral counseling. Finally, WOLA has become a strategic place where religious and socio-cultural identities are easily built and maintained among members, and where social networks are interwoven among refugees themselves, and between refugees and their country of origin.
Books on the topic "Established words"
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d'Olivet, Antoine Fabre. The Hebraic tongue restored and the true meaning of the Hebrew words re-established and proved by their radical analysis. 2nd ed. Hermetica Press, 2007.
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Boyter, Ian. Robert Smail's printing works: Established 1848, saved for the nation 1987. Marketing Services Division, National Trust for Scotland, 1987.
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Reber, Ronnie Lewis. Reber Wagon Works, Centreport, Pennsylvania, established 1892, Drifted Anthracite Coal Company, Bowmanstown, Pennsylvania, 1912 thru 1950. R.L. Reber, 1990.
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Inglis & Hunter's Iron Works. Catalogue of patterns of Inglis & Hunter's Iron Works, Toronto, Ontario: Established 1860 in Guelph, moved to Toronto 1881. s.n.], 1986.
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Spectacular wineries of New York: A captivating tour of established, estate and boutique wineries. Panache, 2009.
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LLC, Panache Partners. Spectacular wineries of New York: A captivating tour of established, estate and boutique wineries. Panache, 2009.
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Almeida, Alex. How to improve your credit and establish financial stability. American Legal Consumer Foundatiion, 1989.
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Almeida, Alex. How to improve your credit and establish financial stability. American Consumer Credit Foundation, 1989.
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Andrade, Otávio Goes de. Matizes do verbo português ficar e seus equivalentes em espanhol. Editora UEL, 2002.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Established words"
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Van Praag, Lore, Loubna Ou-Salah, Elodie Hut, and Caroline Zickgraf. "The Nexus Between Environmental Changes, Culture of Migration, and Migration Aspirations." In IMISCOE Research Series. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61390-7_7.
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AbstractIn this chapter, I delve deeper into the role played by ‘cultures of migration’ in the development of migration aspirations in both Tinghir and Tangier, and how these cultures of migration interact with environmental factors. This chapter builds further on previous insights from migration systems theory, which posits that migration results in multiple flows of material goods, ideas and money (Mabogunje 1970; Levitt 1998). In other words, this theory states that migration results in more than exchanges and flows of people. By building further on the concept of ‘cumulative causation’ (Myrdal 1957), migration systems theory advances that migration results in the transformation of social and economic structures, facilitating more migration. This idea is crucial to fully understand the development of migration aspirations because it pays attention to how contextual feedback loops can either positively or negatively stimulate the further development of migration aspirations (De Haas 2010). Hence, cultures of migration are established through the information sent by emigrants that have left a given region and provide feedback on their migration experiences in the country of destination to their migrant networks living in their region of origin and which ultimately result in shared ideas and beliefs on migration in a particular region (Timmerman et al. 2014).
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Keats, Jonathon. "Quid." In Virtual Words. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195398540.003.0034.
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Of the many challenges facing tourism in space, one of the least obvious is the problem of intergalactic monetary exchange. Far more pressing to the nascent industry are issues such as extraterrestrial transportation and gravity-free accommodations. Charles Simonyi’s twelve-day trip to the International Space Station in 2007 cost him $25 million, more than the budget of an average family vacation. Yet years before even the most optimistic technophiles expect space tourism to be more than a fifteen-minute suborbital joyride on Virgin Galactic, a currency has been established, initially trading on Travelex for $12.50. It’s called the quid. Quid is an acronym for “quasi-universal intergalactic denomination.” Of course it’s also an appropriation of British slang for the pound sterling, and it is this association with the common term for a familiar item that gives it resonance, an evocative word for a provocative concept. One might have expected the new space money to repurpose the official name of an existing currency. The British and French have preferred that strategy when they’ve colonized other countries, and even Douglas Adams, for all his creativity, fell upon the formula when he coined the Altairian dollar in The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy. But colonization robs a place of its exoticism. And if space tourism has any purpose, it’s escapism in extremis. Unlike the pound or the dollar, the quid has no inherent allegiances. The word has also been used at various stages as slang for the shilling, the sovereign, and the guinea, as well as the euro and the old Irish punt. Even the origin is “obscure,” according to the Oxford English Dictionary, which cites a characteristic early use of the word in Thomas Shadwell’s Squire of Alsatia: “Let me equip thee with a Quid.” The 1688 publication date of Shadwell’s play overrules one popular folk etymology, which claims that quid is short for Quidhampton, location of a mill that produced paper money for the Bank of England. The Bank of England wasn’t established until 1694.
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Fowler, Alastair. "The ‘Better Marks’ of Jonson’s To Penshurst." In Remembered Words. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198856979.003.0004.
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This chapter analyses To Penshurst, which first appeared in print in 1612 as the second poem of Ben Jonson’s The Forest. To Penshurst established an emergent English genre: the country-house poem. In To Penshurst, as in Jonson’s poetry generally, many readers are aware of a special relation between the ideal and the real. Penshurst, a house that had developed through the accretions of centuries, could offer no ideal significances; and that is why Jonson credits it instead with ‘better marks’, or symbols. These he finds in the beauties and advantages of its estate: most of the poem goes to show that the estate of Penshurst possesses as much order and symbolism as the prodigy houses, but in land and use rather than in architectural display. The chapter then looks at Jonson’s arrangement of the items in Penshurst, which he has ordered according to several independent organizational ideas: spatial, temporal, hierarchical, numerical, and rhetorical. The moral character of this well-ordered structure is displayed both in direct examples and in emblems.
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Greco, Matteo. "Function words and polarity." In Expressive Meaning Across Linguistic Levels and Frameworks. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198871217.003.0004.
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Function words are commonly considered to be a small and closed class of words in which each element is associated with a specific and fixed logical meaning. Unfortunately, this is not always true as witnessed by negation: on the one hand, negation does reverse the truth-value conditions of a proposition, and the other hand, it does not, realizing what is called Expletive Negation. This chapter aims to investigate whether a word that is established on the basis of its function can be ambiguous by discussing the role of the syntactic derivation in some instances of so-called Expletive Negation clauses, a case in which negation seems to lose its capacity to deny the proposition associated with its sentence. Both a theoretical and an experimental approach has been adopted.
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Huppes-Cluysenaer, Liesbeth. "Cooperation of Law and Politics: How Shared Meaning of Words is Established." In Politik und Recht. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783845280349-85.
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Keats, Jonathon. "Steampunk." In Virtual Words. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195398540.003.0023.
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“I wish to God these calculations had been executed by steam,” exclaimed the British polymath Charles Babbage to his colleague John Herschel one day in 1821, as they worked together to correct a batch of mathematical tables riddled with errors. With that outburst, according to his memoirs, Babbage envisioned the first computer. The machine he conceived was colossal, a cogwheel behemoth comprising twenty-five thousand parts, planned to measure seven feet long and to weigh fifteen tons. The British government invested ￡17,500 in it—the cost of twenty-two new locomotives—yet after eleven years of hard labor Babbage’s unfinished difference engine was abandoned. But what if construction had succeeded? That’s the question sci-fi writers William Gibson and Bruce Sterling asked a century and a half later, their answer serving as the premise of The Difference Engine, a novel in which the information age overtakes Victorian England. As a work of speculative fiction the book was a deep meditation on the interdependence of technology and society, destined to have an intellectual impact nearly as significant as Gibson’s breakthrough Neuromancer, in which he introduced the idea of cyberspace. Also like Neuromancer, arguably the first cyberpunk novel, The Difference Engine was to spawn a vast subculture. Steampunk, as the cult was dubbed, was actually named several years before The Difference Engine was published, in a 1987 letter to the genre magazine Locus, penned by the sci-fi writer K. W. Jeter. “Personally, I think Victorian fantasies are going to be the next big thing, as long as we can come up with a fitting collective term,” he wrote. “Something based on the appropriate technology of that era; like ‘steampunks,’ perhaps.” James P. Blaylock, another writer of these “Victorian fantasies,” seconded Jeter’s suggestion in the following issue, and the subgenre was sufficiently established by the time The Difference Engine was published in 1990 that the Locus editors decreed it “ not steampunk, because it is a work of hard sf.”
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Wiener, Harvey S. "Mining Word Meanings." In Any Child Can Read Better. Oxford University Press, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195102185.003.0006.
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Quick now, what's your knee-jerk advice when your child is reading and he asks you the definition of a tough word he can't figure out? "Look it up in a dictionary," right? It's bad advice. It's particularly bad advice for developing readers struggling through a thorny selection and trying to make sense of it. Don't get me wrong—I have nothing against dictionaries. I love dictionaries. They are indispensable language- learning, language-checking tools. Writers, always aiming for precision amid perplexing word choices, could not survive long without dictionaries. For readers, too, dictionaries are important, but not in the ways we typically advise children to use them. Certainly, researchers and very sophisticated readers do use dictionaries as side-by-side companions to books. Watch a thoughtful poetry student reading something by Milton or Housman or Browning and you'll see regular expeditions into a dictionary to check nuances and alternative meanings. For the most part, though, established readers will use a dictionary to check an unfamiliar word after they read a selection and can't figure out the word's meaning. Unfortunately, most classroom dictionary work focuses on having kids look up lists of words. Most often, those words are not connected to any reading exercise; and without a context for word exploration, the activity is an utter waste of time. When the words do relate to content, children are asked to look up the lists of words before reading. Sure, knowing definitions of potentially difficult words can remove some obstacles to comprehension, and I support telling youngsters in advance what a few really difficult or technical key words mean—words whose definitions cannot easily be derived from the context (more on this later) but whose meanings are essential for understanding. Still, you don't want your child slaving over a list of tough words, looking them up and writing definitions, as a necessary precursor to a reading activity. He'll be bored and exhausted by the time he starts the first sentence! In fact, most of us don't often take the advice we give freely to our children.
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Trollope, Anthony. "The Honourable Mr. Glascock." In He Knew He Was Right. Oxford University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/owc/9780199537709.003.0014.
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BY the end of July Mrs. Trevelyan with her sister was established in the Clock House, at Nuncombe Putney, under the protection of Hugh’s mother; but before the reader is made acquainted with any of the circumstances of their life there, a few words must...
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Deisenhofer, Isabel. "Acute management of supraventricular tachycardias with and without established diagnosis (termination and/or rate regulation of tachycardia)." In ESC CardioMed. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198784906.003.0480.
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Acute management of supraventricular tachycardias without an established diagnosis is first of all always aiming at restoring sinus rhythm—or, in other words, at rhythm control. The management further depends on the QRS width during ongoing tachycardia. If narrow QRS complex tachycardia is present, rhythm control by using medical therapy can be used as the first step, whereas external cardioversion should be the preferred rhythm control strategy in wide QRS complex tachycardia.
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Kraus, Karl. "“When Jewish Blood …”." In The Third Walpurgis Night. Yale University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300236002.003.0019.
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This chapter argues that the only difference lies in the “ethical instrumentation” of criminal actions—something unknown at the time when Macbeth murdered sleep. Our world, which still retains certain established modes of thinking, feels shocked and apprehensive as it follows the contest between words and deeds, deeds and words, and anxiously awaits the outcome. If it attends more to the words and their bellicose meaning, it is told to judge the Reich by its deeds. If it refers to deeds, Hitler's conciliatory Reichstag speech is cited in refutation. Point out this contradiction, and they dismiss it as a side issue which bears no relation to the kernel of the revolution, legally invested with power.
Conference papers on the topic "Established words"
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Parshina, A. S., and Y. Y. Mageramova. "The lexical-thematic classification of words with the ending –ant in modern Russian language." In XXV REGIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE STUDENTS, APPLICANTS AND YOUNG RESEARCHERS. Знание-М, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.38006/907345-63-8.2020.121.127.
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The article discusses lexeme with the ending –ant from the point of view of their use in speech and semantics. This group of words is divided into lexical-thematic groups (LTG). Based on the analysis of the functioning of words that include the –ant element in modern Russian, a conclusion is drawn about the ability to replenish LTG with new vocabulary units. Both the most closed and the most open for expanding the composition of lexical-thematic groups are established.
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Xia, Yihui. "A Contrastive Analysis of Japanese and Chinese ‘Laughter’ Onomatopoeia and Mimetic Words." In GLOCAL Conference on Asian Linguistic Anthropology 2020. The GLOCAL Unit, SOAS University of London, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47298/cala2020.9-3.
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In the Japanese language, onomatopoeic words occupy an indispensable part of the lexicon. In particular, mimetic words used for laughing are the most iconic words. Some scholars point out that the alternation of phoneme type or manners of articulation are the expression of emotional overtones (Tamori 2002). For instance, the simple vowel /a/ conveys ‘cheerful, nice and pleasant laughs,’ while the constriction vowel /o/ signifies ‘more feminine and graceful.’ However, only a few studies focus on the symbolism of Chinese sounds in mimetic expressions. Therefore, further exploring the sound symbolism of Chinese mimetic words becomes essential. The principal purposes of this thesis are: 1) To explore the sound symbolism of onomatopoeia for laughing, which may help identify the differences between vowels; 2) to examine the relationship between the characteristics of onomatopoeia and the elements of culture in regard to the morphological and grammatical aspects of Japanese and Chinese. The sentences were collected from the corpus for Sino-Japanese translation. Consequently, it was found that 401 Japanese texts consisted of 155 onomatopoeias and 246 mimetic words; 281 Chinese texts consisted of 251 onomatopoeias and 30 mimetic words. Established from the collected corpus data, the sound and meaning of the words containing /a/ and /ei / in Chinese onomatopoeia and mimetic words were alike to those of the Japanese /a/ and /e/. Notably, Japanese texts containing the vowel /u/ are incredibly similar to Chinese texts that contain the vowel /i/. Although most Japanese onomatopoeia and mimetic expressions function as adverbs, this trend is not maintained in Chinese translations, and the use of verbs and adjectives is more frequent.
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Procopio, Luigi, Edoardo Barba, Federico Martelli, and Roberto Navigli. "MultiMirror: Neural Cross-lingual Word Alignment for Multilingual Word Sense Disambiguation." In Thirtieth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-21}. International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2021/539.
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Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD), i.e., the task of assigning senses to words in context, has seen a surge of interest with the advent of neural models and a considerable increase in performance up to 80% F1 in English. However, when considering other languages, the availability of training data is limited, which hampers scaling WSD to many languages. To address this issue, we put forward MultiMirror, a sense projection approach for multilingual WSD based on a novel neural discriminative model for word alignment: given as input a pair of parallel sentences, our model -- trained with a low number of instances -- is capable of jointly aligning, at the same time, all source and target tokens with each other, surpassing its competitors across several language combinations. We demonstrate that projecting senses from English by leveraging the alignments produced by our model leads a simple mBERT-powered classifier to achieve a new state of the art on established WSD datasets in French, German, Italian, Spanish and Japanese. We release our software and all our datasets at https://github.com/SapienzaNLP/multimirror.
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Milligan, Kimberly. "Elements of a Successful Quality Control Department in a Grease Plant." In ASME/STLE 2011 International Joint Tribology Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ijtc2011-61085.
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The Quality Control (QC) Department in a grease plant is vital to product compliance and customer satisfaction. QC provides the initial inspection of raw materials and finished goods which determines whether the material is acceptable for manufacture or sale. In other words, the QC department is the gateway to customer satisfaction and future accounts. In order to have a successful QC department, the following key factors must be met: properly trained personnel, suitable inspection equipment and a functioning management system. If these three factors are established and continually improved, the QC Department will be effective.
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Vydrin, V. F., and J. J. Méric. "CORPUS-DRIVEN BAMBARA SPELLING DICTIONARY." In International Conference on Computational Linguistics and Intellectual Technologies "Dialogue". Russian State University for the Humanities, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2075-7182-2020-19-1180-1187.
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A model for the development of a corpus-driven spelling dictionary for the Bambara language is described. First, a list of about 4,000 lexemes characterized by spelling variability is extracted from an electronic BambaraFrench dictionary. At the next stage, a script is applied to determine the number of occurrences of each spelling variant in the Bambara Reference Corpus, separately for the entire Corpus (more than 11 million words) and for its disambiguated subcorpus (about 1.5 million words). Statistics on the diversity of sources and authors are also obtained automatically. The statistical data are then sorted manually into two lists of lexemes: those whose standard spelling can be established statistically, and those requiring evaluation by expert linguists. Some difficult cases are discussed in the paper. At the final stage, a representative expert commission will discuss all those lexemes for which statistical data alone do not suffice to define a standard spelling variant, before taking a final decision on each. The resulting Bambara spelling dictionary will be published electronically and on paper.
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Renu, Rahul Sharan, and Lynn Hanson. "A Rule-Based Decision Support System for Authoring Technical Instructions." In ASME 2017 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2017-67427.
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The objective of this research is to investigate the viability of a decision support system for technical instruction authors who write instructions in free text. The foundation for the decision support system relies on mapping computational linguistic metrics to guidelines for authoring technical instructions. For example, the guideline Limit each sentence to 25 words or fewer maps to the computational linguistic metrics Word Count. As another example, the guideline Begin each step with a command (an imperative verb) maps to the Location of first imperative verb metric. Testing the decision support system shows its effectiveness and suggests a need to expand the computational rule-base to include even more guidelines. Doing so can further enhance the usability of the decision support system in writing environments. Faculty and students in academia and employees in industry need such a system to improve the quality of written instructions, accelerate revisions, and enhance productivity. In summary, a rule-base for providing feedback to technical authors has been investigated and established. With this rule-base as a foundation, a decision support system has been developed and tested, and the source code has been made publically available.
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Li, Shuangqing, and John B. Shung. "Dynamic Analysis of Trochoidal-Type Machine." In ASME 1996 Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/96-detc/dac-1468.
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Abstract In a trochoidal-type machine, when the apex seals are replaced by tight running clearances between the rotor and chamber, the friction and wear can be eliminated and thus high efficiency and reliability can be obtained. There are many factors which contribute to the dynamic running clearances. The control of the vibration of the rotor-shaft system is important for the control of the running clearance. This paper studied the dynamics of the rotor-shaft system of a trochoidal-type machine without apex seal. The shaft is lumped as an equivalent system of a mass and a spring. The stiffness of the spring is determined by static equivalence of the two systems. In other words, when the same load is applied, the two systems should have the same displacement. The lumped mass is determined by the dynamic equivalence of the two systems. In other words, the natural frequency of the continuous system with expected mode is equal to the natural frequency of the lumped system. The bearings are modeled as distributed springs and dampers. The coefficients of the springs and dampers are obtained by solving the Reynolds’ equation. The established model can be used to predict the effect of the dynamics of the rotor-shaft system on the running clearances between the rotor and chamber.
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Varga, Edit, Imre Horva´th, and Zolta´n Rusa´k. "Investigation of the Quality of Shape Definition by Hand Motions." In ASME 2007 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2007-35324.
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In preceding research, the concept of the Hand Motion Language (HML) was developed as a novel and intuitive interface for Computer Aided Conceptual Design (CACD) systems. Also, a pilot implementation of the HML interpreter was developed and tested. Current research focuses on the applicability of HML in real-life situations. Firstly, this paper reports on the connection of the HML to the Vague Discrete Interval Modeler (VDIM) as an input interface. Together with the HML interpreter, it serves as a testing environment. Secondly, the paper concentrates on the design and evaluation of an experiment which was done to study the quality of shape definition by hand motions. Three quality measures were established: (i) fidelity of the generated surfaces, (ii) accuracy of the surface manipulation functions, and (iii) difficulty of modeling. Fidelity is the degree to which the representation of a shape is similar to an ideal shape. Accuracy is defined as the degree of conformity of an indicated value, such as width or angle, to an ideal value. With regards to complexity, it is interesting for us how the number of geometric HML words relates to the number of manipulative HML words that has to be issued to model a given shape. A pilot study was designed and performed to gain insight into the problems when generating surfaces by hand motions. The task given to the users was completed within a few steps; however, the quality of the surfaces has to be improved.
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Gassot, H. "Analytical Predictions of Thermal Stress in Plasma Spray Coating and in Substrate at Low Temperature Compared with Strains Measurements." In ITSC 2000, edited by Christopher C. Berndt. ASM International, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2000p0371.
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Abstract An analytical thermal stress calculation and an in situ thermal stress measurement are developed at low temperatures (from room temperature to liquid helium temperature) on a cylindrical specimen made from an inner bulk niobium wall and a copper alloy VPS coating. This kind of structure is proposed for superconducting cavities in order to reduce the cavity frequency shift due to Lorentz forces. Since the superconducting cavity works at liquid helium temperature (below 4 K) and the niobium thermal expansion ratio is very different from the thermal expansion ratio of copper, thermal stress evaluations during the cool down are necessaries. The experimental approach consists in two series of measurements, the first series of measurements is performed at bulk niobium, bulk copper and thermal sprayed copper since the use of strain gage at liquid helium temperature is unknown from the manufacturer and the behaviour of the strain gage on the copper alloy coating is also unknown, the thermal compensation of strain gage from helium temperature to room temperature is imperative. Then the strain measurements are realized at inner surface (bulk niobium substrate) and outside (copper alloy VPS coating) of the cylindrical specimen. The analytical calculation takes into account non linear thermal expansivities of the materials, the calculated prediction of thermal stress is verified by measurement, a first observation on the copper alloy coating thermal expansion behaviour at low temperatures is established. Key words: thermal spray coating, thermal stress calculation and measurement, liquid helium temperature, superconducting radiofrequency cavities stiffening
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Kaczmarek, Bożydar L. J. "The embodied brain: cultural aspects of cognition." In 2nd International Neuropsychological Summer School named after A. R. Luria “The World After the Pandemic: Challenges and Prospects for Neuroscience”. Ural University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/b978-5-7996-3073-7.15.
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Our thinking is grounded in our sensory, motor, affective, and interpersonal experience. Recent psychological studies confirmed that our cognition is not only embodied but also embedded since it arises from interactions with its social and cultural environments, which makes it possible to create image schemas and conceptual metaphors. Those schemas facilitate acting in everyday, routine situations, but make it difficult to depart from them since they are frames that limit our ability to see the alternatives. They are intricately linked to our world view and, therefore, resistant to changes because the latter threaten the feeling of security. This paper is aimed at evaluating people’s ability to change the existing schema. In the study, participants were asked to create a completely new story based on two well.known stories in which they had previously inserted the missing words. It was found that most participants exhibited considerable difficulties in departing from the formerly established schemas. Moreover, the emotionally loaded story proved to be more difficult to change.
Reports on the topic "Established words"
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Nagahi, Morteza, Raed Jaradat, Mohammad Nagahisarchoghaei, Ghodsieh Ghanbari, Sujan Poudyal, and Simon Goerger. Effect of individual differences in predicting engineering students' performance : a case of education for sustainable development. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/40700.
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The academic performance of engineering students continues to receive attention in the literature. Despite that, there is a lack of studies in the literature investigating the simultaneous relationship between students' systems thinking (ST) skills, Five-Factor Model (FFM) personality traits, proactive personality scale, academic, demographic, family background factors, and their potential impact on academic performance. Three established instruments, namely, ST skills instrument with seven dimensions, FFM traits with five dimensions, and proactive personality with one dimension, along with a demographic survey, have been administrated for data collection. A cross-sectional web-based study applying Qualtrics has been developed to gather data from engineering students. To demonstrate the prediction power of the ST skills, FFM traits, proactive personality, academic, demographics, and family background factors on the academic performance of engineering students, two unsupervised learning algorithms applied. The study results identify that these unsupervised algorithms succeeded to cluster engineering students' performance regarding primary skills and characteristics. In other words, the variables used in this study are able to predict the academic performance of engineering students. This study also has provided significant implications and contributions to engineering education and education sustainable development bodies of knowledge. First, the study presents a better perception of engineering students' academic performance. The aim is to assist educators, teachers, mentors, college authorities, and other involved parties to discover students' individual differences for a more efficient education and guidance environment. Second, by a closer examination at the level of systemic thinking and its connection with FFM traits, proactive personality, academic, and demographic characteristics, understanding engineering students' skillset would be assisted better in the domain of sustainable education.
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Hendricks, Kasey. Data for Alabama Taxation and Changing Discourse from Reconstruction to Redemption. University of Tennessee, Knoxville Libraries, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7290/wdyvftwo4u.
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At their most basic level taxes carry, in the words of Schumpeter ([1918] 1991), “the thunder of history” (p. 101). They say something about the ever-changing structures of social, economic, and political life. Taxes offer a blueprint, in both symbolic and concrete terms, for uncovering the most fundamental arrangements in society – stratification included. The historical retellings captured within these data highlight the politics of taxation in Alabama from 1856 to 1901, including conflicts over whom money is expended upon as well as struggles over who carries their fair share of the tax burden. The selected timeline overlaps with the formation of five of six constitutions adopted in the State of Alabama, including 1861, 1865, 1868, 1875, and 1901. Having these years as the focal point makes for an especially meaningful case study, given how much these constitutional formations made the state a site for much political debate. These data contain 5,121 pages of periodicals from newspapers throughout the state, including: Alabama Sentinel, Alabama State Intelligencer, Alabama State Journal, Athens Herald, Daily Alabama Journal, Daily Confederation, Elyton Herald, Mobile Daily Tribune, Mobile Tribune, Mobile Weekly Tribune, Morning Herald, Nationalist, New Era, Observer, Tuscaloosa Observer, Tuskegee News, Universalist Herald, and Wilcox News and Pacificator. The contemporary relevance of these historical debates manifests in Alabama’s current constitution which was adopted in 1901. This constitution departs from well-established conventions of treating the document as a legal framework that specifies a general role of governance but is firm enough to protect the civil rights and liberties of the population. Instead, it stands more as a legislative document, or procedural straightjacket, that preempts through statutory material what regulatory action is possible by the state. These barriers included a refusal to establish a state board of education and enact a tax structure for local education in addition to debt and tax limitations that constrained government capacity more broadly. Prohibitive features like these are among the reasons that, by 2020, the 1901 Constitution has been amended nearly 1,000 times since its adoption. However, similar procedural barriers have been duplicated across the U.S. since (e.g., California’s Proposition 13 of 1978). Reference: Schumpeter, Joseph. [1918] 1991. “The Crisis of the Tax State.” Pp. 99-140 in The Economics and Sociology of Capitalism, edited by Richard Swedberg. Princeton University Press.
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Karam, Sofia, Morteza Nagahi, Vidanelage Dayarathna, Junfeng Ma, Raed Jaradat, and Michael Hamilton. Integrating systems thinking skills with multi-criteria decision-making technology to recruit employee candidates. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41026.
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The emergence of modern complex systems is often exacerbated by a proliferation of information and complication of technologies. Because current complex systems challenges can limit an organization's ability to efficiently handle socio-technical systems, it is essential to provide methods and techniques that count on individuals' systems skills. When selecting future employees, companies must constantly refresh their recruitment methods in order to find capable candidates with the required level of systemic skills who are better fit for their organization's requirements and objectives. The purpose of this study is to use systems thinking skills as a supplemental selection tool when recruiting prospective employees. To the best of our knowledge, there is no prior research that studied the use of systems thinking skills for recruiting purposes. The proposed framework offers an established tool to HRM professionals for assessing and screening of prospective employees of an organization based on their level of systems thinking skills while controlling uncertainties of complex decision-making environment with the fuzzy linguistic approach. This framework works as an expert system to find the most appropriate candidate for the organization to enhance the human capital for the organization.
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Plueddemann, Albert, Benjamin Pietro, and Emerson Hasbrouck. The Northwest Tropical Atlantic Station (NTAS): NTAS-19 Mooring Turnaround Cruise Report Cruise On Board RV Ronald H. Brown October 14 - November 1, 2020. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1575/1912/27012.
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The Northwest Tropical Atlantic Station (NTAS) was established to address the need for accurate air-sea flux estimates and upper ocean measurements in a region with strong sea surface temperature anomalies and the likelihood of significant local air–sea interaction on interannual to decadal timescales. The approach is to maintain a surface mooring outfitted for meteorological and oceanographic measurements at a site near 15°N, 51°W by successive mooring turnarounds. These observations will be used to investigate air–sea interaction processes related to climate variability. This report documents recovery of the NTAS-18 mooring and deployment of the NTAS-19 mooring at the same site. Both moorings used Surlyn foam buoys as the surface element. These buoys were outfitted with two Air–Sea Interaction Meteorology (ASIMET) systems. Each system measures, records, and transmits via Argos satellite the surface meteorological variables necessary to compute air–sea fluxes of heat, moisture and momentum. The upper 160 m of the mooring line were outfitted with oceanographic sensors for the measurement of temperature, salinity and velocity. Deep ocean temperature and salinity are measured at approximately 38 m above the bottom. The mooring turnaround was done on the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Ship Ronald H. Brown, Cruise RB-20-06, by the Upper Ocean Processes Group of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. The cruise took place between 14 October and 1 November 2020. The NTAS-19 mooring was deployed on 22 October, with an anchor position of about 14° 49.48° N, 51° 00.96° W in 4985 m of water. A 31-hour intercomparison period followed, during which satellite telemetry data from the NTAS-19 buoy and the ship’s meteorological sensors were monitored. The NTAS-18 buoy, which had gone adrift on 28 April 2020, was recovered on 20 October near 13° 41.96° N, 58° 38.67° W. This report describes these operations, as well as other work done on the cruise and some of the pre-cruise buoy preparations.
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Oltarzhevskyi, Dmytro. HISTORICAL FEATURES OF CORPORATE MEDIA FORMATION IN UKRAINE AND IN THE WORLD. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2021.49.11067.
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The article examines the world and Ukrainian history of corporate periodicals. The main purpose of this study is to reproduce an objective global picture of the emergence and formation of corporate periodicals, taking into account the business and socio-economic context. Accordingly, its tasks are to compare the conditions and features of corporate media genesis in different countries, to determine the main factors of their development, as well as to clarify the transformations of the terminological apparatus. The research is based on mostly foreign secondary scientific works published from 1915 to the present time. The literature was studied using methods such as overview, historical, functional and thematic analysis, description, and generalization. A systematic approach was used to determine the role and place of each element in the system, as well as to comprehensively consider the object in the general historical context and within the current scientific discourse. The method of systematization made it possible to establish internal and external connections, patterns and contradictions in the development of the object of study. The main historical milestones on this path are identified, examples of the first successful corporate publications and their contribution to business development, public relations, and corporate communications are considered. It was found that corporate media emerged in the mid-nineteenth century spontaneously, on the wave of practical business needs in response to industrialization, company increase, staff growth, and consumer market development. Their appearance preceded the formation of the public relations industry and changed the structure of the information space. The scientific significance of this research is that the historical look at the evolution of corporate media provides an understanding of their place, influence, capabilities, and growing communicative role in the digital age.
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Syvash, Kateryna. AUDIENCE FEEDBACK AS AN ELEMENT OF PARASOCIAL COMMUNICATION WITH SCREEN MEDIA-PERSONS. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2021.49.11062.
Full textAbstract:
Parasocial communication is defined as an illusory and one-sided interaction between the viewer and the media person, which is analogous to interpersonal communication. Among the classic media, television has the greatest potential for such interaction through a combination of audio and visual series and a wide range of television content – from newscasts to talent shows. Viewers’ reaction to this product can be seen as a defining element of parasociality and directly affect the popularity of a media person and the ratings of the TV channel. In this article we will consider feedback as part of parasocial communication and describe ways to express it in times of media transformations. The psychological interaction «media person – viewer» had been the focus of research by both psychologists and media experts for over 60 years. During the study, scientists described the predictors, functions, manifestations and possible consequences of paracommunication. One of the key elements of the formed parasocial connections is the real audience reaction. Our goal is to conceptualize the concept of feedback in the paradigm of parasocial communication and describe the main types of reactions to the media person in long-term parasocial relationships. The research focuses on the ways in which the viewer’s feedback on the television media person is expressed, bypassing the issue of classifying the audience’s feedback as «positive» and «negative». For this purpose, more than 20 interdisciplinary scientific works on the issue of parasocial interaction were analyzed and their generalization was carried out. Based on previous research, the types and methods of feedback in the television context are separated. With successful parasocial interaction, the viewer can react in different ways to the media person. The type of feedback will directly depend on the strength of the already established communication with the media person. We distinguish seven types of feedback and divide them into those that occur during or after a television show; those that are spontaneous or planned; aimed directly at the media person or third parties. We offer the following types of feedback from TV viewers: «talking to the TV»; telling about the experience of parasocial communication to others; following on social networks; likes and comments; imitation of behavior and appearance; purchase of recommended brands; fanart.
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Quak, Evert-jan. The Link Between Demography and Labour Markets in sub-Saharan Africa. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.011.
Full textAbstract:
This rapid review synthesises the literature from academic, policy, and knowledge institution sources on how demography affects labour markets (e.g. entrants, including youth and women) and labour market outcomes (e.g. capital-per-worker, life-cycle labour supply, human capital investments) in the context of sub-Saharan Africa. One of the key findings is that the fast-growing population in sub-Saharan Africa is likely to affect the ability to get productive jobs and in turn economic growth. This normally happens when workers move from traditional (low productivity agriculture and household businesses) sectors into higher productivity sectors in manufacturing and services. In theory the literature shows that lower dependency ratios (share of the non-working age population) should increase output per capita if labour force participation rates among the working age population remain unchanged. If output per worker stays constant, then a decline in dependency ratio would lead to a rise in income per capita. Macro simulation models for sub-Saharan Africa estimate that capital per worker will remain low due to consistently low savings for at least the next decades, even in the low fertility scenario. Sub-Saharan African countries seem too poor for a quick rise in savings. As such, it is unlikely that a lower dependency ratio will initiate a dramatic increase in labour productivity. The literature notes the gender implications on labour markets. Most women combine unpaid care for children with informal and low productive work in agriculture or family enterprises. Large family sizes reduce their productive labour years significantly, estimated at a reduction of 1.9 years of productive participation per woman for each child, that complicates their move into more productive work (if available). If the transition from high fertility to low fertility is permanent and can be established in a relatively short-term period, there are long-run effects on female labour participation, and the gains in income per capita will be permanent. As such from the literature it is clear that the effect of higher female wages on female labour participation works to a large extent through reductions in fertility.