To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Established words.
Journal articles on the topic 'Established words'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Established words.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
It-ngam, Todsaporn, and Supakorn Phoocharoensil. "The development of science academic word list." Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics 8, no. 3 (2019): 657. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/ijal.v8i3.15269.
Full textAbstract:
Knowledge of specialized academic vocabulary is important for the academic success of EFL natural science students. Specialized words outside the General Service List (GSL) (West, 1953) and the Academic Word List (AWL) (Coxhead, 2000) are necessary for comprehending scientific text. The existing lists of words do not cover all sub-disciplines of natural science. The present study aims to explore the specialized academic words across 11 sub-disciplines of natural science. To identify the words, a corpus-based approach and an expert-judged approach were used. A 5.5-million-word corpus called the Science Academic Journal (SAJ) Corpus was created for this study. Applying the established word selection criteria, 513 word families were selected. The potential list was reviewed by a panel of experts in order to remove the overly-technical words from the list. The Science Academic Word List (SAWL) was established with 432 word families and provided 5.82% coverage of the running words in the SAJ corpus. To validate the word list, the SAWL was tested against two independent corpora. The findings revealed that the SAWL contains 432 word families that are useful for reading journal articles in natural science disciplines. In addition, it was also found that the SAWL performed better on an independent corpus compared to the Science World List (Coxhead & Hirsh, 2007). It is expected that the SAWL established in this study will be a useful source for learning and teaching vocabulary in natural science disciplines.
2
Strijkers, Kristof, Daisy Bertrand, and Jonathan Grainger. "Seeing the Same Words Differently: The Time Course of Automaticity and Top–Down Intention in Reading." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 27, no. 8 (2015): 1542–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00797.
Full textAbstract:
We investigated how linguistic intention affects the time course of visual word recognition by comparing the brain's electrophysiological response to a word's lexical frequency, a well-established psycholinguistic marker of lexical access, when participants actively retrieve the meaning of the written input (semantic categorization) versus a situation where no language processing is necessary (ink color categorization). In the semantic task, the ERPs elicited by high-frequency words started to diverge from those elicited by low-frequency words as early as 120 msec after stimulus onset. On the other hand, when categorizing the colored font of the very same words in the color task, word frequency did not modulate ERPs until some 100 msec later (220 msec poststimulus onset) and did so for a shorter period and with a smaller scalp distribution. The results demonstrate that, although written words indeed elicit automatic recognition processes in the brain, the speed and quality of lexical processing critically depends on the top–down intention to engage in a linguistic task.
3
Dąbrowska, Ewa. "Words that go together." Mental Lexicon 9, no. 3 (2014): 401–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.9.3.02dab.
Full textAbstract:
Although formulaic language has been studied extensively from both a linguistic and psycholinguistic perspective, little is known about the relationship between individual speakers’ knowledge of collocations and their linguistic experience, or between collocational knowledge and other aspects of linguistic knowledge. This is partly because work in these areas has been hampered by lack of an adequate instrument measuring speakers’ knowledge of collocations. This paper describes the development of such an instrument, the “Words that go together” (WGT) test, and some preliminary research using it. The instrument is a multiple choice test consisting of 40 items of varying frequency and collocation strength. The test was validated with a sample of 80 adult native speakers of English. Test-retest reliability was 0.80 and split-half reliability was 0.88. Convergent validity was established by comparing participants’ scores with measures expected to correlate with language experience (print exposure, education, and age) and other linguistic abilities (vocabulary size, grammatical comprehension); divergent validity was established by comparing test scores with nonverbal IQ. The results of the validation study are then used to compare speakers’ performance on the WGT with corpus-based measures of collocation strength (mutual information, z-score, t-score and simple frequency); however, no statistically reliable relationships were found.
4
Kahl, Oliver. "Two Tamil Words in Arabic Garb." Arabica 66, no. 1-2 (2019): 171–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700585-12341509.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract This short notice suggests an explanation of mwrh and kmāšyr, two opaque terms which are occasionally referred to in Arabic pharmacognostic literature, but whose etymology and meaning have not yet been established.
5
Biemiller, Andrew. "Words for English-Language Learners." TESL Canada Journal 29 (October 3, 2012): 198. http://dx.doi.org/10.18806/tesl.v29i0.1117.
Full textAbstract:
It is well-established that vocabulary is the strongest predictor of reading comprehension from grades 2 or 3 on. In this article, I argue (a) that English vocabulary is acquired in a similar sequence by native-English speakers and English-language learners; and (b) that it is possible to identify words that both lower-vocabulary English-speakers and English-language learners need to acquire. At least one published listing of these needed word meanings is available.
6
Brown, Barbara L., and Laurence B. Leonard. "Lexical influences on children's early positional patterns." Journal of Child Language 13, no. 2 (1986): 219–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000900008023.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACTTwo young children were studied from the period when their expressive lexicons were approximately 30 words until they showed productive two-word positional patterns in their speech. Word combinations meeting the criteria for positional productive, positional associative and groping patterns were identified and the period during which the words appearing in these patterns were acquired was then determined. Words used in positional productive patterns had generally emerged in the children's speech before those used in associative or groping patterns. When several words that could play a particular semantic role (e.g. actor) were already well established in the child's lexicon, positional productive patterns that were somewhat broader in scope appeared as early as lexically based patterns.
7
Schulz, Ruth, Gordon Wyeth, and Janet Wiles. "Lingodroids: socially grounding place names in privately grounded cognitive maps." Adaptive Behavior 19, no. 6 (2011): 409–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1059712311421437.
Full textAbstract:
For mobile robots to communicate meaningfully about their spatial environment, they require personally constructed cognitive maps and social interactions to form languages with shared meanings. Geographic spatial concepts introduce particular problems for grounding—connecting a word to its referent in the world—because such concepts cannot be directly and solely based on sensory perceptions. In this article we investigate the grounding of geographic spatial concepts using mobile robots with cognitive maps, called Lingodroids. Languages were established through structured interactions between pairs of robots called where-are-we conversations. The robots used a novel method, termed the distributed lexicon table, to create flexible concepts. This method enabled words for locations, termed toponyms, to be grounded through experience. Their understanding of the meaning of words was demonstrated using go-to games in which the robots independently navigated to named locations. Studies in real and virtual reality worlds show that the system is effective at learning spatial language: robots learn words easily—in a single trial as children do—and the words and their meaning are sufficiently robust for use in real world tasks.
8
WIDMER, STEVEN. "PERMUTATION COMPLEXITY AND THE LETTER DOUBLING MAP." International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science 23, no. 08 (2012): 1653–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129054112400680.
Full textAbstract:
Given a countable set X (usually taken to be ℕ or ℤ), an infinite permutation π of X is a linear ordering ≺π of X, introduced in [6]. This paper investigates the combinatorial complexity of infinite permutations on ℕ associated with the image of uniformly recurrent aperiodic binary words under the letter doubling map. An upper bound for the complexity is found for general words, and a formula for the complexity is established for the Sturmian words and the Thue-Morse word.
9
Kvashnin, Yuri. "On the semantic shift in the meanings of the words house, village, city in the Nenets language." Вестник антропологии (Herald of Anthropology) 45, no. 1 (2019): 67–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.33876/2311-0546/2019-45-1/67-79.
Full textAbstract:
The article studies the problems of a semantic shift in the meanings of the words “house”, “village”, “city” in the Nenets language. Based on descriptions extracted from dictionaries and historical and ethnographic works, it was established that the Nenets used the words “dwelling” and “settlement” exclusively for traditional tchums and campsites. During the historical processes that took place over the centuries on the territory of the Nenets, wide contacts with Russian settlers, they did not directly borrow Russian words for their language, but rather began to use Nenets words for stationary houses and villages. In these examples, we can observe how the language adapts the traditional words and concepts in a constantly changing environment. Key words: tundra Nenets, tchum, camp, house, settlement, city, semantic shift.
10
Abdurrahim, Abdurrahim, and Syahrir Jalil. "Phonological replacement of loan words used in Indonesian." Journal of Applied Studies in Language 4, no. 2 (2020): 160–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.31940/jasl.v4i2.2061.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of the study was to identify the phonological replacement of foreign words (primarily English words) adopted to Indonesian. The method used was descriptive that was to describe how the foreign words change after being adopted into Indonesian and how the phonemes in them change. By adopting a linguistic approach with simple descriptive analysis, the study was successful to analyze many adopted words. The findings of the study indicated that in the process of word adoption some phonemes underwent phonological replacement and some are constant. There are about twenty-six replacements that are successful to reveal, and these replacements are established as formulas (Formulas of phonological replacement).
11
VIHMAN, MARILYN, and MARINELLA MAJORANO. "The role of geminates in infants' early word production and word-form recognition." Journal of Child Language 44, no. 1 (2016): 158–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000915000793.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractInfants learning languages with long consonants, or geminates, have been found to ‘overselect’ and ‘overproduce’ these consonants in early words and also to commonly omit the word-initial consonant. A production study with thirty Italian children recorded at 1;3 and 1;9 strongly confirmed both of these tendencies. To test the hypothesis that it is the salience of the medial geminate that detracts attention from the initial consonant we conducted three experiments with 11-month-old Italian infants. We first established baseline word-form recognition for untrained familiar trochaic disyllables and then tested for word-form recognition, separately for words with geminates and singletons, after changing the initial consonant to create nonwords from both familiar and rare forms. Familiar words with geminates were recognized despite the change, words with singletons were not. The findings indicate that a feature occurring later in the word affects initial consonant production and perception, which supports the whole-word phonology model.
12
Ilyevsky, V. I. "Recursive Formula for the Random String Word Detection Probability, Overlaps and Probability Extremes." Journal of Mathematics Research 11, no. 2 (2019): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jmr.v11n2p171.
Full textAbstract:
In this paper, for the first time ever, the properties of the word detection probability in a random string have been investigated. The formerly known methods led to numerical evaluation of the researched probabilities only. The present work derives the simplest algorithm for calculation of the word’s at least once detection probability in a random string. A recursive formula that considers the overlap capability has been deduced for the probability under study. This formula is being used for the proposition on comparison of the word detection probabilities in a random string for the words with different periods. The result allows determining the structure of words that have maximum and minimum detection probabilities. In particular, words having equal number of alphabetic characters have been studied. It has been established, that for the words in question detection probability is minimal for the ideally symmetrical words that have irreducible period - and maximal for the words devoid of the overlap feature. These results will be useful for molecular genetics, as well as for students studying discrete mathematics, probability theory and molecular biology.
13
OSINCHUK, Yurii. "A VOCABULARY FOR MARKING GOD'S PEOPLE, SAINTS AND ANGELS IN THE UKRAINIAN HISTORICAL DICTIONARY EDITED BY YEVHEN TYMCHENKO." Ukraine: Cultural Heritage, National Identity, Statehood 31 (2018): 213–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.33402/ukr.2018-31-213-232.
Full textAbstract:
In the article, based on the material of the multi-genre Ukrainian monuments of the writing of different styles of the 14–18 centuries, included in the database of the sources “Mapping of the Historical Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language”, edited by Ye. Tymchenko was studied religious vocabulary in the diachronic aspect, in particular, the lexical-semantic group of words and derivatives from the formations expressing the concept of "God's people, saints, angels". The illustrative material of the dictionary represents various thematic groups of religious vocabulary: the names of performers and members of the liturgy; the names of liturgical objects, their varieties, and parts; the names of liturgies; the names of ceremonies; Christian rites, their varieties and parts; the names of the temple and its parts, etc. The studied vocabulary is captured by almost all genres of the Ukrainian language of the ХІV–ХVІІІ centuries, in particular, acts, judicial documents, wills, charters, сhronicles, works of confessional, polemic and fiction literature, liturgical literature, epistolary legacy, etc. The article focuses on the etymological analysis of religious names, which mainly consisted of determining their semantic etymon. It is established that genetically the words of the studied lexical-semantic group are not homogeneous, because it consists of lexemes of different origins, in particular borrowings from the Greek, Church Slavonic, Polish language, etc. Some Church Slavonic names emerged as semantic tracings to Greek words. It has been discovered that some of the lexemes under study often serve as the core components of various binomial or threefold stable and lexicalized word combinations. Polysemy, synonymy, and antonymy are typical for certain words indicating God's personality, saints, and angels. It has been established that mostly all the words considered have been preserved until today in the Ukrainian literary language and church-liturgical practice. Keywords historical dictionary, the monuments of writing, semantics, phrase, Church Slavonic language
14
KOSOVYCH, Olga. "ACTIVE DERIVATIONAL PROCESSES IN THE UKRAINIAN LANGUAGE IN THE EARLY 21ST CENTURY." Ezikov Svyat (Orbis Linguarum) 17, no. 2 (2019): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.37708/ezs.swu.v17.i2.2.
Full textAbstract:
Dynamics of language, its ability to innovate, to create neologisms makes it possible to perform more complex cognitive-discursive functions, contributing to the reflection in the linguistic consciousness of the phenomena that are nominated. Neologic research acquires relevance focused on the occurrence of interactions between the well-established and accepted usage of the system of the Ukrainian language. This interaction reflects the process of harmonisation of the language system and the conceptosphere of modern society that is changing rapidly. Lexical changes in the language system are caused, as it is noted, primarily by extralinguistic factors. Denotation of new objects, events, concepts, realities, new words, new meanings of known words, new phrases are therefore the main characteristic feature in determining the nature of neologisms, new words. Categories of this type are considered by most researchers of neologisms. The formed neologisms as a result of these processes, do not represent new objects and concepts, and are used for names of words that already exist. According to my observations, among the neologisms introduced into the registers of lexicographic works, complex words dominate. The first is the formation of new words based on word-formative possibilities inherent in the language itself. These capabilities are being implemented, but with degrees intensity varying. In the formation of new words one notes a high activity of the prefix нео-, meaning renewal, of the prefix суб-, meaning fitting under something or near something, subordination, etc.
15
Lidinillah, Rahma, Yayan Nurbayan та Asep Sopian. "ANALISIS AHWAL MUTAʽALLIQĀT AL-FIʽLI PADA ALQURAN SURAH YASIN". Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra 19, № 2 (2020): 234–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/bs_jpbsp.v19i2.24788.
Full textAbstract:
Based on the observation and interviews with Arabic Language students, it was founded that one of their lack of knowledge is about the meanings of conditions for the words that related to the verb, even this term is odd to them. The importance of this research lies in the introduction of the condition meanings for the words that related to the verb in a sentence. This study aims to find out the meaning of condition meanings for the words that related to the verb in The Koran Surah Yasin. This search uses a descriptive method of the content analysis model The verses of the Surah Yasin are the main source or primary data in this study while additional or secondary data in this study are books and journals. The results found that there were 40 words with 4 types of condition meanings for the words that related to the verb with details of 14 words discarding the subject (11 known meanings and 3 unknown meanings), 13 words discarding object (4 words explain the vague, 5 words occupying position intransitive verb because there is no connection with established, 3 words guarding rhyme, and a word summarizing), 2 words prioritizing object (specializing and ruling out object), and 11 words prioritizing circumstance and jar majrur (6 words specializing, 4 words keeping rhyme, and a word occupies the denial position).
16
Whissell, Cynthia. "A Parsimonious Technique for the Analysis of Word-Use Patterns in English Texts and Transcripts." Perceptual and Motor Skills 86, no. 2 (1998): 595–613. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1998.86.2.595.
Full textAbstract:
This article describes a new data base for English word-usage patterns. It improves on older efforts by including television and personal commentaries as sources for the main corpus studied. More than a third of a million words were sampled from media and nonmedia sources and analyzed to produce a parsimonious listing of 6505 words (types) and their frequencies. The reliability and validity of this list were established in a variety of ways, and a computer program based on the list was used to analyze two different sets of data (an exploratory set and one representing an a priori hypothesis about word usage). A mere 206 different words were seen to account for 57% of all the words in the corpus, and 95% of this small set had its roots in Middle English or some older form of English.
17
Carlo, Mitzarie A., Richard H. Wilson, and Albert Villanueva-Reyes. "Psychometric Characteristics of Spanish Monosyllabic, Bisyllabic, and Trisyllabic Words for Use in Word-Recognition Protocols." Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 31, no. 07 (2020): 531–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1709446.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Background English materials for speech audiometry are well established. In Spanish, speech-recognition materials are not standardized with monosyllables, bisyllables, and trisyllables used in word-recognition protocols. Purpose This study aimed to establish the psychometric characteristics of common Spanish monosyllabic, bisyllabic, and trisyllabic words for potential use in word-recognition procedures. Research Design Prospective descriptive study. Study Sample Eighteen adult Puerto Ricans (M = 25.6 years) with normal hearing [M = 7.8-dB hearing level (HL) pure-tone average] were recruited for two experiments. Data Collection and Analyses A digital recording of 575 Spanish words was created (139 monosyllables, 359 bisyllables, and 77 trisyllables), incorporating materials from a variety of Spanish word-recognition lists. Experiment 1 (n = 6) used 25 randomly selected words from each of the three syllabic categories to estimate the presentation level ranges needed to obtain recognition performances over the 10 to 90% range. In Experiment 2 (n = 12) the 575 words were presented over five 1-hour sessions using presentation levels from 0- to 30-dB HL in 5-dB steps (monosyllables), 0- to 25-dB HL in 5-dB steps (bisyllables), and −3- to 17-dB HL in 4-dB steps (trisyllables). The presentation order of both the words and the presentation levels were randomized for each listener. The functions for each listener and each word were fit with polynomial equations from which the 50% points and slopes at the 50% point were calculated. Results The mean 50% points and slopes at 50% were 8.9-dB HL, 4.0%/dB (monosyllables), 6.9-dB HL, 5.1%/dB (bisyllables), and 1.4-dB HL, 6.3%/dB (trisyllables). The Kruskal–Wallis test with Mann–Whitney U post-hoc analysis indicated that the mean 50% points and slopes at the 50% points of the individual word functions were significantly different among the syllabic categories. Although significant differences were observed among the syllabic categories, substantial overlap was noted in the individual word functions, indicating that the psychometric characteristics of the words were not dictated exclusively by the syllabic number. Influences associated with word difficulty, word familiarity, singular and plural form words, phonetic stress patterns, and gender word patterns also were evaluated. Conclusion The main finding was the direct relation between the number of syllables in a word and word-recognition performance. In general, words with more syllables were more easily recognized; there were, however, exceptions. The current data from young adults with normal hearing established the psychometric characteristics of the 575 Spanish words on which the formulation of word lists for both threshold and suprathreshold measures of word-recognition abilities in quiet and in noise and other word-recognition protocols can be based.
18
Tomasello, Michael, and Michael Jeffrey Farrar. "Object permanence and relational words: a lexical training study." Journal of Child Language 13, no. 3 (1986): 495–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s030500090000684x.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACTObservational/correlational research has established that children in stage 5 object permanence development use words that refer to the visible movement of objects, while it is not until stage 6 that they use words referring to the invisible movement of objects (e.g. gone). It is not clear, however, whether the cognitive competence evidenced by performance in the object permanence task is a prerequisite for these linguistic productions or whether they both emerge simultaneously from some underlying representation. The current study used a lexical training paradigm to teach object words, visible movement words, and invisible movement words to children at stage 5 and stage 6 object permanence development. Stage 6 children learned all three types of words equally well. Stage 5 children learned object and visible movement words, especially in comprehension, but did not learn the invisible movement word. These results indicate that the cognitive structures underlying performance in the object permanence task are genuine prerequisites for learning these types of words.
19
Zevakhina, Natalia. "The hypothesis of insubordination and three types of wh-exclamatives." Studies in Language 40, no. 4 (2016): 765–814. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.40.4.02zev.
Full textAbstract:
This paper provides evidence for Evans’ (2007) insubordination hypothesis w.r.t. wh-exclamatives. It investigates word order in matrix wh-exclamatives and their subordinate correlates and tests matrix-subordinate asymmetry (the felicitousness of wh-words in matrix and subordinate contexts). It establishes distinctions among three groups of wh-exclamatives. Group 1 comprises qualitative and quantitative wh-exclamatives, which together seem to be a basic cross-linguistic wh-exclamative pattern. The qualitative variety demonstrates several strategies of using wh-words, some of which are exclamative-only and/or are sensitive to ellipsis of a gradable adjective/adverb. Group 2 implies the semantic hierarchy w.r.t. the felicitousness of wh-words in matrix exclamatives: ‘what’/‘who’/‘where’>‘when’>‘why’. Group 3 includes ‘which’, ‘what kind’, ‘how’ (manner) exclamatives. Unlike Groups 1 and 3, Group 2 is subject to cross-linguistic variation w.r.t. matrix-subordinate asymmetry. The paper suggests partial overlap between the established classification of wh-exclamatives and the classification developed by Nouwen and Chernilovskaya (2015) and has implications for an exclamative sentence type.
20
Zhang, Ye, Diego Frassinelli, Jyrki Tuomainen, Jeremy I. Skipper, and Gabriella Vigliocco. "More than words: word predictability, prosody, gesture and mouth movements in natural language comprehension." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 288, no. 1955 (2021): 20210500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2021.0500.
Full textAbstract:
The ecology of human language is face-to-face interaction, comprising cues such as prosody, co-speech gestures and mouth movements. Yet, the multimodal context is usually stripped away in experiments as dominant paradigms focus on linguistic processing only. In two studies we presented video-clips of an actress producing naturalistic passages to participants while recording their electroencephalogram. We quantified multimodal cues (prosody, gestures, mouth movements) and measured their effect on a well-established electroencephalographic marker of processing load in comprehension (N400). We found that brain responses to words were affected by informativeness of co-occurring multimodal cues, indicating that comprehension relies on linguistic and non-linguistic cues. Moreover, they were affected by interactions between the multimodal cues, indicating that the impact of each cue dynamically changes based on the informativeness of other cues. Thus, results show that multimodal cues are integral to comprehension, hence, our theories must move beyond the limited focus on speech and linguistic processing.
21
Twidwell, E. K., K. D. Kephart, and S. A. Clay. "Quackgrass control in established alfalfa with sethoxydim." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 74, no. 3 (1994): 647–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps94-116.
Full textAbstract:
Field studies were conducted during 1990 and 1991 in northeast South Dakota to determine the effect of sethoxydim application timing on quackgrass [Elytrigia repens (L.) Nevski] control in established alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Sethoxydim was applied as single applications in the fall, spring, after the second cut of alfalfa or as various repeated applications in the fall, spring, and after the first and second cuts of alfalfa. The alfalfa-quackgrass mixture was harvested three times per year, and dry matter yields of alfalfa, quackgrass, and total herbage were determined. Total herbage samples were analyzed for crude protein (CP) concentration. Usually, single application of sethoxydim in either the fall or spring did not control quackgrass as well as multiple applications. However, three and four applications of sethoxydim per year did not consistently control quackgrass any better than two applications per year. Sethoxydim reduced quackgrass yields in most instances, but yields and CP concentrations of total herbage were seldom affected. Use of sethoxydim for quackgrass control in established alfalfa may be warranted only in situations where relatively weed-free forage is desired. Key words: Application timing, forage yield, competition, stand density
22
Barrett, Martyn, Margaret Harris, and Joan Chasin. "Early lexical development and maternal speech: a comparison of children's initial and subsequent uses of words." Journal of Child Language 18, no. 1 (1991): 21–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000900013271.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACTIn Harris, Barrett, Jones & Brookes (1988), we reported the results of a detailed analysis of the initial uses of the first 10 words which were produced by four children. The present paper reports the results of an analysis of the subsequent uses of these 40 words. This analysis reveals that seven qualitatively different patterns of change occurred between the children's initial and subsequent uses of these words; the particular patterns of change which occurred support Barrett's (1986) model of early lexical development. In addition, it was found that, although there was a strong relationship between maternal speech and the children's initial word uses, the relationship between maternal speech and the children's subsequent word uses was very much weaker. These findings indicate that the role of linguistic input in early lexical development may decline quite sharply once the child has established initial uses for words.
23
MIGNOSI, FILIPPO. "STURMIAN WORDS AND AMBIGUOUS CONTEXT-FREE LANGUAGES." International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science 01, no. 03 (1990): 309–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129054190000229.
Full textAbstract:
If x is a rational number, 0<x≤1, then A(x)c is a context-free language, where A(x) is the set of factors of the infinite Sturmian words with asymptotic density of 1’s smaller than or equal to x. We also prove a “gap” theorem i.e. A(x) can never be an unambiguous co-context-free language. The “gap” theorem is established by proving that the counting generating function of A(x) is transcendental. We show some links between Sturmian words, combinatorics and number theory.
24
Marvin, Tatjana, Jure Derganc, and Saba Battelino. "Adapting the Freiburg monosyllabic word test for Slovenian." Linguistica 57, no. 1 (2017): 197–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/linguistica.57.1.197-210.
Full textAbstract:
Speech audiometry is one of the standard methods used to diagnose the type of hearing loss and to assess the communication function of the patient by determining the level of the patient’s ability to understand and repeat words presented to him or her in a hearing test. For this purpose, the Slovenian adaptation of the German tests developed by Hahlbrock (1953, 1960) – the Freiburg Monosyllabic Word Test and the Freiburg Number Test – are used in Slovenia (adapted in 1968 by Pompe). In this paper we focus on the Freiburg Monosyllabic Word Test for Slovenian, which has been criticized by patients as well as in the literature for the unequal difficulty and frequency of the words, with many of these being extremely rare or even obsolete. As part of the patient’s communication function is retrieving the meaning of individual words by guessing, the less frequent and consequently less familiar words do not contribute to reliable testing results. We therefore adapt the test by identifying and removing such words and supplement them with phonetically similar words to preserve the phonetic balance of the list. The words used for replacement are extracted from the written corpus of Slovenian Gigafida and the spoken corpus of Slovenian GOS, while the optimal combinations of words are established by using computational algorithms.
25
Mkrtychian, Nadezhda, Daria Gnedykh, Evgeny Blagovechtchenski, Diana Tsvetova, Svetlana Kostromina, and Yury Shtyrov. "Contextual Acquisition of Concrete and Abstract Words: Behavioural and Electrophysiological Evidence." Brain Sciences 11, no. 7 (2021): 898. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11070898.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract and concrete words differ in their cognitive and neuronal underpinnings, but the exact mechanisms underlying these distinctions are unclear. We investigated differences between these two semantic types by analysing brain responses to newly learnt words with fully controlled psycholinguistic properties. Experimental participants learned 20 novel abstract and concrete words in the context of short stories. After the learning session, event-related potentials (ERPs) to newly learned items were recorded, and acquisition outcomes were assessed behaviourally in a range of lexical and semantic tasks. Behavioural results showed better performance on newly learnt abstract words in lexical tasks, whereas semantic assessments showed a tendency for higher accuracy for concrete words. ERPs to novel abstract and concrete concepts differed early on, ~150 ms after the word onset. Moreover, differences between novel words and control untrained pseudowords were observed earlier for concrete (~150 ms) than for abstract (~200 ms) words. Distributed source analysis indicated bilateral temporo-parietal activation underpinning newly established memory traces, suggesting a crucial role of Wernicke’s area and its right-hemispheric homologue in word acquisition. In sum, we report behavioural and neurophysiological processing differences between concrete and abstract words evident immediately after their controlled acquisition, confirming distinct neurocognitive mechanisms underpinning these types of semantics.
26
Ganayim, Deia. "OPTIMAL VIEWING POSITION OF PARTIALLY CONNECTED AND UNCONNECTED WORDS IN ARABIC." International Journal of Cognitive Research in Science, Engineering and Education 3, no. 2 (2015): 17–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/2334-8496-2015-3-2-17-31.
Full textAbstract:
In order to assess the unique reading processes in Arabic, given its unique orthographic nature of natural inherent variations of inter-letter spacing, the current study examined the extent and influence of connectedness disparity during single word recognition using the optimal viewing position (OVP) paradigm. The initial word viewing position was systematically manipulated by shifting words horizontally relative to an imposed initial viewing position. However, unlike previous research, partially connected/unconnected three-, four- and five-letter Arabic words were displayed in the left and right visual hemifields at all possible locations of letter fixation. It was found that OVP effects occurred during the processing of isolated Arabic words. No OVP was found in three-letter words; for four- and five-letter words, the OVP effect appeared as a U-shaped curve with a minimum towards the second and third letters. Thus, the OVP effects generalize across structurally different alphabetic scripts. Furthermore, a perceptual superiority was found for words with right-positioned unconnected sub-units as compared to left positioned unconnected sub-units because of the differential sensitivity of the hemispheres to the gestalt form of letters. Such findings support the established view that the LH specializes in word recognition for alphabetic languages.
27
Wilson, Richard H., Rachel McArdle, and Heidi Roberts. "A Comparison of Recognition Performances in Speech-Spectrum Noise by Listeners with Normal Hearing on PB-50, CID W-22, NU–6, W-1 Spondaic Words, and Monosyllabic Digits Spoken by the Same Speaker." Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 19, no. 06 (2008): 496–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.3766/jaaa.19.6.5.
Full textAbstract:
Background: So that portions of the classic Miller, Heise, and Lichten (1951) study could be replicated, new recorded versions of the words and digits were made because none of the three common monosyllabic word lists (PAL PB-50, CID W-22, and NU–6) contained the 9 monosyllabic digits (1–10, excluding 7) that were used by Miller et al. It is well established that different psychometric characteristics have been observed for different lists and even for the same materials spoken by different speakers. The decision was made to record four lists of each of the three monosyllabic word sets, the monosyllabic digits not included in the three sets of word lists, and the CID W-1 spondaic words. A professional female speaker with a General American dialect recorded the materials during four recording sessions within a 2-week interval. The recording order of the 582 words was random. Purpose: To determine—on listeners with normal hearing—the psychometric properties of the five speech materials presented in speech-spectrum noise. Research Design: A quasi-experimental, repeated-measures design was used. Study Sample: Twenty-four young adult listeners (M = 23 years) with normal pure-tone thresholds (≤20-dB HL at 250 to 8000 Hz) participated. The participants were university students who were unfamiliar with the test materials. Data Collection and Analysis: The 582 words were presented at four signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs; −7-, −2-, 3-, and 8-dB) in speech-spectrum noise fixed at 72-dB SPL. Although the main metric of interest was the 50% point on the function for each word established with the Spearman-Kärber equation (Finney, 1952), the percentage correct on each word at each SNR was evaluated. The psychometric characteristics of the PB-50, CID W-22, and NU–6 monosyllabic word lists were compared with one another, with the CID W-1 spondaic words, and with the 9 monosyllabic digits. Results: Recognition performance on the four lists within each of the three monosyllabic word materials were equivalent, ±0.4 dB. Likewise, word-recognition performance on the PB-50, W-22, and NU–6 word lists were equivalent, ±0.2 dB. The mean recognition performance at the 50% point with the 36 W-1 spondaic words was ˜6.2 dB lower than the 50% point with the monosyllabic words. Recognition performance on the monosyllabic digits was 1–2 dB better than mean performance on the monosyllabic words. Conclusions: Word-recognition performances on the three sets of materials (PB-50, CID W-22, and NU–6) were equivalent, as were the performances on the four lists that make up each of the three materials. Phonetic/phonemic balance does not appear to be an important consideration in the compilation of word-recognition lists used to evaluate the ability of listeners to understand speech.A companion paper examines the acoustic, phonetic/phonological, and lexical variables that may predict the relative ease or difficulty for which these monosyllable words were recognized in noise (McArdle and Wilson, this issue).
28
ELIMAM, ABDOU, and PAUL CHILTON. "The paradoxical hybridity of words." Language and Cognition 10, no. 2 (2017): 208–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/langcog.2017.20.
Full textAbstract:
abstractWords can be matched with the concept of sign (correspondence of a signifier to a signified) as long as they act as symbol-words endowed with some semantic self-sufficiency. But in discourse, they lose their wholeness as symbol-words and metamorphose into wording-symbols. They, suddenly, appear as mere signifier entities with a more or less loose allusion to their status as cultural symbols. In discourse, words are no longer signs but tools covering ephemeral collections of neurosemes: the link of the sign breaks as soon as discourse takes over. The referential potential is no longer the schematic meaning issued from culture, but the universe of discourse under construction. This is why any attempt to account for meaning in language must integrate the neural process of meaning creation. It is now established that meaning is not the result of language activity but the result of cognition. However, what language does, via discourse, is to make this meaning communicable. For all these reasons, the task of linguistics should be to investigate the relationship between cognition and linguistic output in order to shed light on all the cognitive traces left within the surface strings. The role of morphosyntax thus has to be re-evaluated in this light.
29
Olson, Jay A., Johnny Nahas, Denis Chmoulevitch, Simon J. Cropper, and Margaret E. Webb. "Naming unrelated words predicts creativity." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 25 (2021): e2022340118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2022340118.
Full textAbstract:
Several theories posit that creative people are able to generate more divergent ideas. If this is correct, simply naming unrelated words and then measuring the semantic distance between them could serve as an objective measure of divergent thinking. To test this hypothesis, we asked 8,914 participants to name 10 words that are as different from each other as possible. A computational algorithm then estimated the average semantic distance between the words; related words (e.g., cat and dog) have shorter distances than unrelated ones (e.g., cat and thimble). We predicted that people producing greater semantic distances would also score higher on traditional creativity measures. In Study 1, we found moderate to strong correlations between semantic distance and two widely used creativity measures (the Alternative Uses Task and the Bridge-the-Associative-Gap Task). In Study 2, with participants from 98 countries, semantic distances varied only slightly by basic demographic variables. There was also a positive correlation between semantic distance and performance on a range of problems known to predict creativity. Overall, semantic distance correlated at least as strongly with established creativity measures as those measures did with each other. Naming unrelated words in what we call the Divergent Association Task can thus serve as a brief, reliable, and objective measure of divergent thinking.
30
Uraeva, Darmon Saidakhmedovna, Iroda Sidikovna Khakharova, and Gulrukh Shavkatovna Khakhorova. "MEANING OF EMOTIONAL WORDS IN THE FORMATION OF EXPRESSIONS IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK LANGUAGES." Scientific Reports of Bukhara State University 3, no. 2 (2019): 54–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.52297/2181-1466/2019/3/2/8.
Full textAbstract:
The article analyzes the emotional perception and understanding of emotion in the mind through examples from more than twenty stories by the English author Somerset Maugham. The most characteristic syntactic function of pronouns in the Uzbek language is manifested in the expression of emotions such as command, desire, emotion, as a single sentence consisting of one component. It has been established that emotional words are related to the system of mind and language.
31
Discenza, Nicole Guenther. "Power, skill and virtue in the Old English Boethius." Anglo-Saxon England 26 (December 1997): 81–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026367510000212x.
Full textAbstract:
In Alfred's famous Preface to his translation of the Regula pastoralis, the king writes that he translated ‘hwilum word be worde, hwilum andgit of andgiete’ (7.19–20); a similar phrase occurs in the proem to the Boethius (1.2–3). Yet words in different languages are rarely exact equivalents. Translators select words which they feel capture the primary sense of source words and match secondary meanings and connotations only if they can. Similarities between two terms in different languages can reveal where the conceptual systems of the source and target cultures overlap and which denotations and connotations of a complex word were most important to the translator. Differences can indicate how cultures differ and what other conceptual systems might have influenced the translator. In a well-established system of translation, certain terms become accepted as standard equivalents to particular terms in other languages. Alfred, however, was in the position not of employing accepted equivalidents but of trying to create them. By the time he worked on the Boethius, Wærferth had probably translated Gregory's Dialogi, and Alfred's own Regula pastoralis was most likely complete, but no other models were availabel. As one of the earliest Anglo-Saxon translators, producing translations of the De consolatione, Gregory's Regula pastoralis, Augustine's Soliloquia and the first fifty psalms, Alfred had to solve translation problems himself.
32
Stade, Ronald S. "The Social Life of Fighting Words." Conflict and Society 3, no. 1 (2017): 108–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/arcs.2017.030109.
Full textAbstract:
Political correctness has become a fighting word used to dismiss and discredit political opponents. The article traces the conceptual history of this fighting word. In anthropological terms, it describes the social life of the concept of political correctness and its negation, political incorrectness. It does so by adopting a concept-in-motion methodology, which involves tracking the concept through various cultural and political regimes. It represents an attempt to synthesize well-established historiographic and anthropological approaches. A Swedish case is introduced that reveals the kind of large-scale historical movements and deep-seated political conflicts that provide the contemporary context for political correctness and its negation. Thereupon follows an account of the conceptual history of political correctness from the eighteenth century up to the present. Instead of a conventional conclusion, the article ends with a political analysis of the current rise of fascism around the world and how the denunciation of political correctness is both indicative of and instrumental in this process.
33
Smodlaka Vitas, Sanja. "Indoeuropsko naslijeđe u mikenskoj pomorskoj onomastici." Miscellanea Hadriatica et Mediterranea 5, no. 1 (2019): 9–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.15291/misc.2744.
Full textAbstract:
This paper offers a detailed analysis of Mycenaean Greek toponyms whose root is related to the sea, and of such derivative ethnonyms that serve as anthroponyms, as well as of anthroponyms derived from words coming from a maritime context. With these, vocabulary related to the sea and seafaring from Mycenaean Greek is established, which can be confirmed in Classical Greek. In addition to the analysis of Greek words the author, whenever possible, establishes a relation with Croatian forms and their etymologies, not in the form of loan words, as such practically don’t exist in the sphere of Croatian toponymy, but in the form of naming patterns, whether or not the Proto-Indo-European roots used were the same.
34
Notarius, Tania. "Playing with Words and Identity." Vetus Testamentum 67, no. 1 (2017): 59–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685330-12341264.
Full textAbstract:
In this paper I reexamine three expressions in Amos’ visions: לָרִב בָּאֵשׁ (Am 7:4), אֲנָךְ (Am 7:7-8), and קֵץ/קַיץִ (Am 8:1-2). I suggest to understand לָרִב בָּאֵשׁ in Am 7:4 ‘to inundate with fire’ postulating the root ריבii(parallel to רבב) ‘to bring much water’, etymologically and literarily connecting this expression to the Meribah account. For אֲנךְָ in Am 7:7-8 I substantiate the word-play that incorporates an allusion to 1cs personal pronoun, investigating the involved dialectal Northern Hebrew phenomena in their wider North-West Semitic context: the final vowel reduction in *ˀanākuand the phonetic shiftsō>ū>ī, á>o, andś>š. For the word-play קֵץ/קַיִץ in Am 8:1-2 I elaborate on its phonetic properties, concentrating on the word-final gemination and the short vowel quality in the lexeme *qiṣṣ. The latter case allows postulating the typological path of the corresponding phonetic development: the diphthong contraction →í>ēin an originally open syllable →í//éallophonism in a double closed syllable → final gemination simplification. As a result, several isoglosses that explicitly separate between Northern and Southern dialects of Hebrew are firmly established: the shorter form of 1cs pronounˀanōkvsˀanōkīand the “Phoenician shift”. The conclusion is that the Northern dialect is close to the Canaanite innovative center, while the Southern dialect represents the conservative periphery.
35
Movchan, D. V. "CORRELATION BETWEEN ANTONYMS AND OTHER LEXICAL AND SEMANTIC CATEGORIES." Linguistic and Conceptual Views of the World, no. 68 (1) (2021): 108–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2520-6397.2021.1.09.
Full textAbstract:
The article argues that antonymous words are not isolated in the language but are part of the general scheme of thematic classification of the vocabulary, entering into close ties with representatives of synonymous and polysemantic groups. Proof of this position is the availability of antonymous-synonymous blocks and paradigms of meanings of antonymous words-polysemants in the language. This fact serves to understand the antonymy of lexical as a relationship between members of opposing dichotomous series, as well as expands the boundaries of closed binary structures, which are traditionally used to make antonymous connections. Antonymous relations are established to connect two opposites in pairs, as well as to combine several units into one polynomial structure. Words are found to have more antonyms than the corresponding number of meanings. This proves that some semes of one word are opposed by two or more synonymous antonyms. From the above-mentioned, it follows that the antonyms of polysemous words can be stated only within one family. Such a framework can be defined by limiting the range of antonymous units to a third common concept, under which two antonyms are summed up; establishing the antonyms of polysemous words through the contextual indicative minimum; distinguishing between the direct and figurative meaning of the word. The antonymous connections within the framework of the synonymous-antonymous paradigm are established to demonstrate a qualitatively heterogeneous character, differ in the strength of the manifestation of the relations of opposites and the frequency of practical implementation. The analysis of the manifestations of antonyms between the members of the dichotomous synonymous series allows distinguishing the following types: radial, linear, and cross radial. It is proved that the quantitative indicator of the formation of certain antonymous pairs from among the members of synonymous series depends on the volume of the synonymous series being compared, from the nature of semantic differences of the words of each series, from the emotional, evaluative, and stylistic characteristics of the members of the series, and the distribution of the words with relatively opposite meanings.
36
Hacker, P. M. S. "Davidson on Intentionality and Externalism." Philosophy 73, no. 4 (1998): 539–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003181919800401x.
Full textAbstract:
Davidson has attempted to integrate externalism into his account of meaning and understanding. He contends that what words mean is fixed in part by the circumstances in which they were learnt, in which the basic connection between words and things is established. This connection is allegedly established by causal interaction between people and the world. Words and sentences derive their meanings from the objects and circumstances in which they were learnt, which ‘anchor’ language to the world.Against this it is argued that there is no ‘semantic connection’ between words and things, that words derive their meanings from explanations of meaning, which are rules for their use, and that the manner of concept acquisition is irrelevant to determination of meaning, understanding and speaker's meaning.
37
Sawalha, Majdi. "The Design and the Construction of the Traditional Arabic Lexicons Corpus (The TAL-Corpus)." Modern Applied Science 13, no. 2 (2019): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/mas.v13n2p95.
Full textAbstract:
Arabic lexicography is a well-established and deep-rooted art of Arabic literature. Computational lexicography, invests computational and storage powers of modern computers, to accelerate long-term efforts in lexicographic projects. A collection of 23 machine-readable dictionaries, which are freely available on the web, were used to build the Corpus of Traditional Arabic lexicons (the TAL-Corpus). The purpose for constructing the TAL-Corpus is to collect and organize well-established and long traditions of traditional Arabic lexicons which can also be used to create new corpus-based Arabic dictionaries.
 
 The compilation of the TAL-Corpus followed standard design and development criteria that informed major decisions for corpus creation. The corpus building process involved extracting information from disparate formats and merging traditional Arabic lexicons. As a result, the TAL-Corpus contains more than 14 million words and over 2 million word types (different words).&nbsp;
 
 The TAL-Copus was applied to create useful morphological database. This database was automatically constructed using a new algorithm which is informed by Arabic linguistics theory. The newly developed algorithm processed the text of the TAL-Corpus and as result it extracted 2 781 796 entries. These entries were stored in the morphological database where each represents a word-root pair (i.e. an Arabic word and its root).
 
 A comparative evaluation of the TAL-Corpus and other three Arabic corpora showed that the lexical diversity of its vocabulary scored higher. Moreover, its coverage was computed by comparing words and lemmas against their equivalents of other corpora where it scored about 67% when comparing words and 82% when comparing lemmas.
38
BRACKEN, JENNIFER, TAMAR DEGANI, CHELSEA EDDINGTON, and NATASHA TOKOWICZ. "Translation semantic variability: How semantic relatedness affects learning of translation-ambiguous words." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 20, no. 4 (2016): 783–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728916000274.
Full textAbstract:
Translations often do not align directly across languages, and indirect mappings reduce the accuracy of language learning. To facilitate examination of this issue, we developed a new continuous measure for quantifying the semantic relatedness of words with more than one translation (hereafter translation-ambiguous words). Participants rated the similarity of each translation to every other translation, yielding a Translation Semantic Variability (TSV) score, ranging from 1.00 (unrelated) to 7.00 (related). Then, we determined how relatedness between translations affects translation-ambiguous word learning from German to English. German words with low TSV scores were recognized as translations more slowly and less accurately than German words with high TSV scores. TSV explains unique variance beyond the previously-used dichotomous classification of words as form vs. meaning ambiguous. We propose that the relatedness of the translation alternatives influences learning because it affects the ease with which a one-to-one mapping can be established between form and meaning.
39
Chen, Suting, Liangchen Zhang, Rui Feng, and Chuang Zhang. "High-Resolution Remote Sensing Image Classification with RmRMR-Enhanced Bag of Visual Words." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2021 (April 15, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/7589481.
Full textAbstract:
A ReliefF improved mRMR (RmRMR) criterion-based bag of visual words (BoVW) algorithm is proposed to filter the visual words that are generated with high information redundancy for remote sensing image classification. First, the contribution degree of each word to the classification is represented by its weighting parameter, which is assigned using the ReliefF algorithm. Next, the relevance and redundancy of each word are calculated according to the mRMR criterion with the addition of a dictionary balance coefficient. Finally, a novel dictionary discriminant function is established, and the globally discriminative small-scale dictionary subsets are filtered and obtained. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm effectively reduces the amount of redundant information in the dictionary and better balances the relevance and redundancy of words to improve the feature descriptive power of dictionary subsets and markedly increase the classification precision on a high-resolution remote sensing image.
40
Gregg, Melissa K., and Kim A. Purdy. "Graded Auditory Stroop Effects Generated by Gender Words." Perceptual and Motor Skills 105, no. 2 (2007): 549–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.105.2.549-555.
Full textAbstract:
Two auditory Stroop experiments requiring identification of the speaker's sex were conducted. An auditory Stroop effect was expected, analogous to visual effects found in Stroop literature. In Exp. 1 the speaker's sex was identified faster when sex labels (“male” and “female”) and words that imply a sex (e.g., father, grandmother) were congruent with the speaker's sex. In Exp. 2, an auditory semantic gradient was established in which words that were more meaningfully tied to a particular sex produced more Stroop interference. This auditory semantic gradient is analogous to effects found in the visual Stroop literature of a semantic gradient related to color.
41
Tabrizi, Taymaz G. "Islam and Literalism." American Journal of Islam and Society 31, no. 1 (2014): 111–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v31i1.1025.
Full textAbstract:
This book surveys the development of literal meaning and literalism in Islamand Islamic legal theory (uṣūl al-fiqh) in particular. The term literal meaningrefers to the meaning that a text is believed to hold “in itself” by virtue of thesound-meaning relationships of words that were “coined” (waḍ‘) at some pointin time. Although Muslim debates on how words were coined (see secondchapter) are quite interesting and at times entertaining, the origin of languagewas secondary to the language’s actual existence. In other words, legal theoristscontended that the establishment of the “sound-meaning connection” wasmore important than who established it and when.Literalism, the other focus of the book, is the view that Islamic law privilegesliteral meaning. As Gleave explains in his first chapter, literalism seesliteral meaning as having an “advantage” over allusion, metaphor (majāz),and other kinds of meaning because it holds a “higher level of epistemologicalsecurity” (p. 1). Detecting the author’s intended meaning, although ideal, isfraught with uncertainties for it involves discerning another person’s intentions.In other words, for legal theorists, the literal can be established througha strict science of language and more importantly functions as a “startingpoint” for understanding texts which gives it a central role in hermeneutics.Even if the literal meaning is shown not to be the author’s intended meaning,it is nevertheless essential for controlling and understanding the linguistic andsemantic parameters of a word and the overall text in question.Gleave makes it clear that his purpose is not to establish whether or notthere is such a thing as literal meaning but instead to demonstrate the importanceof its various concepts and the role they played for Muslim legal theoristsof all sects as understanding how a language system works is key to grasping“God’s meaning when he addresses (khiṭāb) his servants” (p. 35). The firsttwo chapters are useful introductions to concepts of literal meaning in legaltheory. The third chapter, where the author traces one of the early conceptsand uses of literal meaning in Qur’anic exegesis, delineates its early historicalemergence in Islamic thought. This is significant for Islamic law and legaltheory as later Muslim legal hermeneutics had “imprints” of the debates thattook place in scriptural exegesis where literal meaning was often identified(e.g., through establishing what a word “literally” meant by tracing its ...
42
Kimura, Doreen, and Brooke N. Seal. "Sex Differences in Recall of Real or Nonsense Words." Psychological Reports 93, no. 1 (2003): 263–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2003.93.1.263.
Full textAbstract:
Women perform better than men on tests of verbal memory, but the nature of this advantage has not been precisely established. To examine whether phonemic memory is a factor in the female advantage, we presented, along with other verbal memory tasks, one containing nonsense words. Overall, there was the expected female advantage. However, an examination of the individual tests showed female superiority in recall of the real words but not the nonsense words.
43
Richter, Thomas. "Did Stair Know Pufendorf?" Edinburgh Law Review 7, no. 3 (2003): 367–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/elr.2003.7.3.367.
Full textAbstract:
While the influence of Grotius upon the writings of Stair has already been identified, it has never been conclusively established whether Stair knew the works of Pufendorf. This article attempts to find an answer by comparing the use of particular Greek words in Stair's and Pufendorf's writings. The starting point, however, is an analysis of Stair's knowledge of classical Greek.
44
Levko, Oleksandr. "AXIOLOGICAL DIMENSIONS OF THE BIBLE CONCEPT HUMILITY IN UKRAINIAN POLITICAL MEDIA DISCOURSE." Actual issues of Ukrainian linguistics: theory and practice 34 (2017): 18–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/apultp.2017.34.18-29.
Full textAbstract:
The article analyses the evaluation of the concept HUMILITY in the Ukrainian political media discourse with the particular focus on comparative investigation of the "humility words" semantics, based on the religious and political publications of the internet portals "Dzerkalo tyzhnja", "Ukrajinskyj Tyzhden", "Ukrajinska Pravda", "Gazeta po-ukrajinsky" and "Viche". It is established that Christian value of humility acquires ambiguous evaluative semantics in the modern media discourse. It is demonstrated that the words of humility are mostly used with negative connotations in political media texts. Particularly, the word "humble" is shown to have the following meanings as "weak", "inactive", "passive", "compliant", "weak-willed", "powerless". It is noted that the words of humility may be used as one of the means of hierarchs' discrediting for their outward humility. It is also revealed that the word "humility" acquires positive evaluative semantics when used to convey the meanings "not overestimating one's accomplishments and abilities", "not exaggerating one's traits", "adequate self-assessment", "restrain of one's ambitions", "avoidance of arrogance and boastfulness".
45
Jensen, Roger C., and Haley Hansen. "Selecting Appropriate Words for Naming the Rows and Columns of Risk Assessment Matrices." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 15 (2020): 5521. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17155521.
Full textAbstract:
The risk management systems used in occupational safety and health typically assess the risk of identified hazards using a tabular format commonly called a risk assessment matrix. Typically, columns are named with words indicating severity, and rows are named with words indicating likelihood or probability. Some risk assessment matrices use words reflecting the extent of exposure to a hazard. This project was undertaken with the aim of helping the designers of risk assessment matrices select appropriate names for the rows and columns. A survey of undergraduate students studying engineering or occupational safety and health obtained ratings of 16 English language words and phrases for each of the three factors. Analyses of 84 completed surveys included comparing average ratings on a 100-point scale. Using the averages, appropriately spaced sets of words and phrases were identified for naming the row and column categories. Based on results, the authors recommend word sets of three, four, and five for severity; three, four, five, and six for likelihood; and two and three for extent of exposure. The study methodology may be useful for future research, and the resulting word sets and numerical ratings may be helpful when creating a new, or reassessing an established, risk assessment matrix.
46
Costa, Aline Roberta Aceituno da, Priscila Crespilho Grisante, Camila Domeniconi, Julio Cesar Coelho de Rose, and Deisy das Gracas de Souza. "Naming New Stimuli After Selection by Exclusion." Paidéia (Ribeirão Preto) 23, no. 55 (2013): 217–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-43272355201309.
Full textAbstract:
Responding by exclusion in matching-to-sample tasks is a robust behavioral pattern in humans. A single selection, however, does not ensure learning of the arbitrary relationship between the sample and the selected comparison stimulus. The present study aimed to investigate the amount of exposure required until eight preschoolers were able to name two undefined pictures, matched by exclusion, to two undefined words. After establishing a matching-to-sample baseline between pictures and dictated words, two new words were introduced in exclusion probes. On each probe, a new word was dictated and the matrix of comparison stimuli included a new picture and two experimentally defined pictures. Naming emerged after three to10 exclusion trials. Correct naming tended to occur more reliably when the teaching phase established stimulus control by selection.
47
Kiernan, Barbara, and Linda Swisher. "The Initial Learning of Novel English Words." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 33, no. 4 (1990): 707–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3304.707.
Full textAbstract:
The two single-subject, alternating treatment design experiments reported here investigated the initial learning of novel words by minority-language children acquiring English as a second language. Four Spanish- and 3 Navajo-speaking children (ages 4:11–6:3) served as subjects. The results for all children in both experiments supported the hypothesis that receptive learning of novel words in a second language would reach a pre-established criterion in fewer trials under a bilingual compared with a monolingual condition. In addition, several children in each study met the learning criterion for both first and second language words in the bilingual condition in approximately the same number of trials needed to reach criterion for the second language words in the monolingual condition. Neither study suggested that the degree of a subject’s relative language dominance influenced the learning patterns. The findings are discussed in relation to the linguistic, language-related, and learning requirements of the experimental tasks.
48
DEÁK, GEDEON O., and GAYATHRI NARASIMHAM. "Young children's flexible use of semantic cues to word meanings: converging evidence of individual and age differences." Journal of Child Language 41, no. 3 (2013): 511–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s030500091200075x.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACTA new test of children's flexible use of semantic cues for word learning extended previous results. In Experiment 1, three- to five-year-olds (N=51) completed two tests of interpreting several novel words for the same stimulus arrays. Within-sentence phrasal cues implied different stimulus referent properties. Children's cue-using flexibility in the new Flexible Induction of Meanings [Words for Animates] test (FIM-An) was strongly correlated with an established test (Flexible Induction of Meanings [Words for Objects]; Deák, 2000). Individual children showed between-test consistency in using cues to flexibly assign words to different referent properties. There were large individual differences, as well as limited age differences, in the distribution of flexible and inflexible response patterns. The comprehensibility of specific cues, and perceptual salience of specific properties, explained much of the variance. Proportions of flexible and inflexible patterns shifted with age. Experiment 2 replicated these results in N=36 three- and four-year-olds, using a modified FIM-An with more distinctive cues.
49
Yeganova, Lana, Sun Kim, Qingyu Chen, Grigory Balasanov, W. John Wilbur, and Zhiyong Lu. "Better synonyms for enriching biomedical search." Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 27, no. 12 (2020): 1894–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocaa151.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Objective In a biomedical literature search, the link between a query and a document is often not established, because they use different terms to refer to the same concept. Distributional word embeddings are frequently used for detecting related words by computing the cosine similarity between them. However, previous research has not established either the best embedding methods for detecting synonyms among related word pairs or how effective such methods may be. Materials and Methods In this study, we first create the BioSearchSyn set, a manually annotated set of synonyms, to assess and compare 3 widely used word-embedding methods (word2vec, fastText, and GloVe) in their ability to detect synonyms among related pairs of words. We demonstrate the shortcomings of the cosine similarity score between word embeddings for this task: the same scores have very different meanings for the different methods. To address the problem, we propose utilizing pool adjacent violators (PAV), an isotonic regression algorithm, to transform a cosine similarity into a probability of 2 words being synonyms. Results Experimental results using the BioSearchSyn set as a gold standard reveal which embedding methods have the best performance in identifying synonym pairs. The BioSearchSyn set also allows converting cosine similarity scores into probabilities, which provides a uniform interpretation of the synonymy score over different methods. Conclusions We introduced the BioSearchSyn corpus of 1000 term pairs, which allowed us to identify the best embedding method for detecting synonymy for biomedical search. Using the proposed method, we created PubTermVariants2.0: a large, automatically extracted set of synonym pairs that have augmented PubMed searches since the spring of 2019.
50
Moehkardi, Rio Rini Diah. "Patterns and Meanings of English Words through Word Formation Processes of Acronyms, Clipping, Compound and Blending Found in Internet-Based Media." Jurnal Humaniora 28, no. 3 (2017): 324. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jh.v28i3.22287.
Full textAbstract:
This research aims to explore the word-formation process in English new words found in the internet-based media through acronym, compound, clipping and blending and their meanings. This study applies Plag’s (2002) framework of acronym and compound; Jamet’s (2009) framework of clipping, and Algeo’s framework (1977) in Hosseinzadeh (2014) for blending. Despite the formula established in each respective framework, there could be occurrences of novelty and modification on how words are formed and how meaning developed in the newly formed words. The research shows that well accepted acronyms can become real words by taking lower case and affixation. Some acronyms initialized non-lexical words, used non initial letters, and used letters and numbers that pronounced the same with the words they represent. Compounding also includes numbers as the element member of the compound. The nominal nouns are likely to have metaphorical and idiomatic meanings. Some compounds evolve to new and more specific meaning. The study also finds that back-clipping is the most dominant clipping. In blending, the sub-category clipping of blending, the study finds out that when clipping takes place, the non-head element is back-clipped and the head is fore-clipped.