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Journal articles on the topic 'Esterification – Thermodynamics'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Altuntepe, Emrah, Thorsten Greinert, Felix Hartmann, Annika Reinhardt, Gabriele Sadowski, and Christoph Held. "Thermodynamics of enzyme-catalyzed esterifications: I. Succinic acid esterification with ethanol." Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 101, no. 15 (2017): 5973–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00253-017-8287-4.

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2

Altuntepe, Emrah, Vladimir N. Emel’yanenko, Maximilian Forster-Rotgers, Gabriele Sadowski, Sergey P. Verevkin, and Christoph Held. "Thermodynamics of enzyme-catalyzed esterifications: II. Levulinic acid esterification with short-chain alcohols." Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 101, no. 20 (2017): 7509–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00253-017-8481-4.

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3

Gee, Jeffrey C., Brooke L. Small, Richard D. Stansifer, and Rachel R. Franklin. "Olefin esterification on Amberlyst® 15 catalyst: does the esterification site defy thermodynamics?" Reaction Kinetics, Mechanisms and Catalysis 130, no. 2 (2020): 591–616. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11144-020-01794-9.

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4

Grob, Sascha, and Hans Hasse. "Thermodynamics of Phase and Chemical Equilibrium in a Strongly Nonideal Esterification System." Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data 50, no. 1 (2005): 92–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/je0498199.

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5

Tewari, Yadu B., Michele M. Schantz, and David J. Vanderah. "Thermodynamics of the Lipase-Catalyzed Esterification of 1-Dodecanoic Acid with (−)-Menthol in Organic Solvents." Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data 44, no. 3 (1999): 641–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/je980299p.

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6

Tewari, Yadu B. "Thermodynamics of the Lipase-Catalyzed Esterification of 1-Dodecanoic Acid and 1-Dodecanol in Organic Solvents." Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data 43, no. 5 (1998): 750–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/je980021x.

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7

Tewari, Yadu B., and David M. Bunk. "Thermodynamics of the lipase-catalyzed esterification of glycerol and n-octanoic acid in organic solvents and in the neat reaction mixture." Journal of Molecular Catalysis B: Enzymatic 15, no. 4-6 (2001): 135–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1381-1177(01)00016-9.

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8

Khaskheli, A. A., G. D. Walasai, A. S. Jamali, Q. B. Jamali, Z. A. Siyal, and A. Mengal. "Performance Evaluation of Locally-Produced Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel with Conventional Diesel Fuel." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 8, no. 6 (2018): 3521–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.2333.

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Increasing environmental concerns forced us to look for cheaper, reliable and secure sources of energy. Fossil fuels like oil, coal, and natural gas are having limited supplies and are depleting fast. Both energy security and environmental concerns have resulted in inclination towards renewable energy sources. Biodiesel does not contain petroleum, but it can be blended with petro-diesel in various mix levels. This research investigated biodiesel produced by the use of cheap waste cooking oil, collected from the local market of Nawabshah, Pakistan. The collected waste oil was converted into bio

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9

Dong, Wanglai, Lei Chen, Hanzhao Yan, Zijie Zhang, and Zheng Zhou. "Thermodynamic and Kinetic Study on the Catalysis of Isobornyl Acetate by a Cation Exchange Resin an Intensified Fixed-Bed Reactor." Revista de Chimie 72, no. 1 (2021): 111–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.21.1.8408.

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Esterification Thermodynamic and Kinetic on acetic acid with camphene was studied systematically in an intensified fixed bed reactor at 303-323 K with anhydrous NKC-9 resin. The catalyst loading, initial molar ratio, temperature, and catalyst reusability were studied and optimized. The method of UNIFAC was applied to calculate the activity coefficient of each component for correcting the nonideality of the solution. Reaction enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs free energy were calculated. The kinetics of camphene esterification was studied by pseudo-homogeneous model (PH model), and the fitting effec

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10

S. Bankole, Kehinde, and Gary A. Aurand. "Kinetic and Thermodynamic Parameters for Uncatalyzed Esterification of Carboxylic Acid." Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology 7, no. 22 (2014): 4671–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.19026/rjaset.7.850.

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11

Birdsall, A. W., C. A. Zentner, and M. J. Elrod. "Study of the kinetics and equilibria of the oligomerization reactions of 2-methylglyceric acid." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 12, no. 11 (2012): 30039–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-12-30039-2012.

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Abstract. The presence of a variety of chemical species related to the gaseous precursor isoprene in ambient secondary organic aerosol (SOA) has stimulated investigations of the nature of SOA-phase chemical processing. Recent work has demonstrated that 2-methylglyceric acid (2-MG) is an important isoprene-derived ambient SOA component and atmospheric chamber experiments have suggested that 2-MG may exist in oligomeric form (as oligoesters) under conditions of low SOA water content. In order to better understand the thermodynamic and kinetic parameters of such oligomerization reactions, nuclear

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12

Birdsall, A. W., C. A. Zentner, and M. J. Elrod. "Study of the kinetics and equilibria of the oligomerization reactions of 2-methylglyceric acid." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 13, no. 6 (2013): 3097–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-3097-2013.

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Abstract. The presence of a variety of chemical species related to the gaseous precursor isoprene in ambient secondary organic aerosol (SOA) has stimulated investigations of the nature of SOA-phase chemical processing. Recent work has demonstrated that 2-methylglyceric acid (2-MG) is an important isoprene-derived ambient SOA component and atmospheric chamber experiments have suggested that 2-MG may exist in oligomeric form (as oligoesters) under conditions of low SOA water content. In order to better understand the thermodynamic and kinetic parameters of such oligomerization reactions, nuclear

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13

Lauwaert, Jeroen, Evelien Van de Steene, Pieter Vermeir, Jeriffa De Clercq, and Joris W. Thybaut. "Critical Assessment of the Thermodynamics in Acidic Resin-Catalyzed Esterifications." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 59, no. 51 (2020): 22079–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.0c05027.

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14

Prasakti, Laras, Sangga Hadi Pratama, Ardian Fauzi, Yano Surya Pradana, and Arief Budiman. "Exergy analysis of conventional and hydrothermal liquefaction–esterification processes of microalgae for biodiesel production." Open Chemistry 18, no. 1 (2020): 874–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/chem-2020-0132.

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AbstractAs fossil fuels were depleting at an alarming rate, the development of renewable energy has become necessary. One of the promising renewable energy to be used is biodiesel. The interest in using third-generation feedstock, which is microalgae, is rapidly growing. The use of third-generation biodiesel feedstock will be more beneficial as it does not compete with food crop use and land utilization. The advantageous characteristic which sets microalgae apart from other biomass sources is that microalgae have high biomass yield. Conventionally, microalgae biodiesel is produced by lipid ext

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15

Boontawan, Apichat. "Purification of Succinic Acid from Synthetic Solution Using Vapor Permeation-Assisted Esterification Coupled with Reactive Distillation." Advanced Materials Research 550-553 (July 2012): 3008–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.550-553.3008.

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In this work, an aqueous solution containing succinic acid, formic acid, acetic acid, and lactic acid with the concentrations of 420, 50, 40, and 10 g.L-1 was employed as the model solution. The solution was pumped into a reactor followed by an addition of the equal volume of anhydrous ethanol. The solution was heated and the esterification reaction was commenced by an introduction of 2% sulfuric acid (w/v). A highly efficient fractionating column designed in our laboratory was employed to shift the conversion beyond the thermodynamic equilibrium conversion by continuous removal of water from

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16

Sandoval, G., J. S. Condoret, P. Monsan, and A. Marty. "Esterification by immobilized lipase in solvent-free media: Kinetic and thermodynamic arguments." Biotechnology and Bioengineering 78, no. 3 (2002): 313–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.10224.

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17

Voll, Fernando A. P., Camila da Silva, Carla C. R. S. Rossi, et al. "Thermodynamic analysis of fatty acid esterification for fatty acid alkyl esters production." Biomass and Bioenergy 35, no. 2 (2011): 781–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2010.10.035.

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18

Nayak, Sheetal N., Milap G. Nayak, and Dr Chandra Prakash Bhasin. "Parametric, kinetic, and thermodynamic studies of microwave-assisted esterification of Kusum oil." Fuel Communications 8 (September 2021): 100018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfueco.2021.100018.

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19

Komoń, Tomasz, Piotr Niewiadomski, Paweł Oracz, and Małgorzata E. Jamróz. "Esterification of acrylic acid with 2-ethylhexan-1-ol: Thermodynamic and kinetic study." Applied Catalysis A: General 451 (January 2013): 127–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2012.11.018.

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20

Sharma, Himani, та Rashmi Tyagi. "Systematic Studies of Sodium γ-Octyl Aspartate to evaluate its Biodegradation, Surface Parameters, Micellization Aspects and Thermodynamic Properties of its Binary Mixture using Electrolytes". Research Journal of Chemistry and Environment 25, № 7 (2021): 34–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.25303/257rjce3421.

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γ-octyl aspartate has been synthesized with 46.2% yield. The optimized conditions for esterification of aspartic acid and n-octanol are 24 hours duration and 1:1 molar ratio of reactants (aspartic acid: n-octanol). FT-IR, 1H NMR and CHNS element analysis techniques are used for structure elucidation of γ -octyl aspartate. Surface/ interfacial studies, micellization aspects, thermodynamic parameters, biodegradability and binary salt behaviour of sodium γ-octyl aspartate have been studied. The CMC of synthesized surfactants was 0.0078 mol/L, whereas minimum surface area per surfactant molecule w

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21

Zainol, Muzakkir Mohammad, Nor Aishah Saidina Amin, and Mohd Asmadi. "Kinetics and thermodynamic analysis of levulinic acid esterification using lignin-furfural carbon cryogel catalyst." Renewable Energy 130 (January 2019): 547–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.06.085.

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22

Rossano, Carmelina, Claudio Luigi Pizzo, Riccardo Tesser, Martino Di Serio, and Vincenzo Russo. "Reactive Chromatography Applied to Ethyl Levulinate Synthesis: A Proof of Concept." Processes 9, no. 9 (2021): 1684. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9091684.

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Levulinic acid (LA) has been highlighted as one of the most promising platform chemicals, providing a wide range of possible derivatizations to value-added chemicals as the ethyl levulinate obtained through an acid catalyzed esterification reaction with ethanol that has found application in the bio-fuel market. Being a reversible reaction, the main drawback is the production of water that does not allow full conversion of levulinic acid. The aim of this work was to prove that the chromatographic reactor technology, in which the solid material of the packed bed acts both as stationary phase and

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23

Dange, P. N., and V. K. Rathod. "Equilibrium and thermodynamic parameters for heterogeneous esterification of butyric acid with methanol under microwave irradiation." Resource-Efficient Technologies 3, no. 1 (2017): 64–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.reffit.2016.11.012.

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24

Kothe, Vinícius, Diego Trevisan Melfi, Kallynca Carvalho dos Santos, Marcos Lúcio Corazza, and Luiz Pereira Ramos. "Thermodynamic analysis, experimental and kinetic modeling of levulinic acid esterification with ethanol at supercritical conditions." Fuel 260 (January 2020): 116376. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2019.116376.

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25

Cotabarren, Natalia, Pablo Hegel, and Selva Pereda. "FRACTIONATION OF FATTY ACID ESTERS AND ACYLGLYCERIDES WITH PRESSURIZED CO2." Latin American Applied Research - An international journal 49, no. 2 (2019): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.52292/j.laar.2019.39.

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Fatty mono- and di-glycerides are products highly used in the food, cleaning and cosmetic industries because of their emulsifying properties. These products can be obtained through different synthesis routes, namely, glycerolysis of vegetable oils, direct esterification of fatty acids with glycerol or partial transesterification of vegetable oils with alcohols. The last two chemical pathways produce fatty acid esters besides mono/diglycerides, which are difficult to split and purify at industrial scale because of its low vapor pressure, low relative volatility, and high viscosity. In this work

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26

Sousa, Ronaldo Rodrigues, Ayla Sant'Ana Silva, Roberto Fernandez-Lafuente, and Viridiana Santana Ferreira-Leitão. "Solvent-free esterifications mediated by immobilized lipases: a review from thermodynamic and kinetic perspectives." Catalysis Science & Technology 11, no. 17 (2021): 5696–711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1cy00696g.

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27

Kusumaningtyas, Ratna Dewi. "EFFECT OF ZEOLITE 4A ON WATER CONCENTRATION IN THE SYSTEM OF THE ESTERIFICATION REACTION OF ACETIC ACID WITH 1-BUTANOL." Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 6, no. 2 (2010): 132–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.21748.

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The usual problem encountered on a reversible reaction is that the reaction cannot achieve a complete conversion of reactants since it is limited by the thermodynamic equilibrium. Due to this low conversion, it will face challenges with product purification and recycling of the reactants, which then cause an increase in the operation cost. To obtain higher conversion, it is necessary to shift the equilibrium towards the products by continuously removing the water formed. One popular example of reversible reaction is esterification process. In this research, water removal was conducted through

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28

Feyzi, Mostafa, Leila Norouzi, and Hamid Reza Rafiee. "Kinetic Study on the CsXH3−XPW12O40/Fe-SiO2Nanocatalyst for Biodiesel Production." Scientific World Journal 2013 (2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/612712.

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The kinetic of the transesterification reaction over theCsXH3−XPW12O40/Fe-SiO2catalyst prepared using sol-gel and impregnation procedures was investigated in different operational conditions. Experimental conditions were varied as follows: reaction temperature 323–333 K, methanol/oil molar ratio = 12/1, and the reaction time 0–240 min. The H3PW12O40heteropolyacid has recently attracted significant attention due to its potential for application in the production of biodiesel, in either homogeneous or heterogeneous catalytic conditions. Although fatty acids esterification reaction has been known

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29

Guan, Yanan, Hongqin Ma, Wenyao Chen, et al. "Methyl Methacrylate Synthesis: Thermodynamic Analysis for Oxidative Esterification of Methacrolein and Aldol Condensation of Methyl Acetate." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 59, no. 39 (2020): 17408–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.0c02017.

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30

Bellot, Jean Christophe, Luc Choisnard, Edmundo Castillo, and Alain Marty. "Combining solvent engineering and thermodynamic modeling to enhance selectivity during monoglyceride synthesis by lipase-catalyzed esterification." Enzyme and Microbial Technology 28, no. 4-5 (2001): 362–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0141-0229(00)00326-4.

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31

Ma, Lingling, Ying Han, Kaian Sun, Jie Lu, and Jincheng Ding. "Kinetic and thermodynamic studies of the esterification of acidified oil catalyzed by sulfonated cation exchange resin." Journal of Energy Chemistry 24, no. 4 (2015): 456–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2015.07.001.

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32

Casiello, Michele, Lucia Catucci, Francesco Fracassi, et al. "ZnO/Ionic Liquid Catalyzed Biodiesel Production from Renewable and Waste Lipids as Feedstocks." Catalysts 9, no. 1 (2019): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal9010071.

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A new protocol for biodiesel production is proposed, based on a binary ZnO/TBAI (TBAI = tetrabutylammonium iodide) catalytic system. Zinc oxide acts as a heterogeneous, bifunctional Lewis acid/base catalyst, while TBAI plays the role of phase transfer agent. Being composed by the bulk form powders, the whole catalyst system proved to be easy to use, without requiring nano-structuration or tedious and costly preparation or pre-activation procedures. In addition, due to the amphoteric properties of ZnO, the catalyst can simultaneously promote transesterification and esterification processes, thu

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33

Metre, Anand V., and Kaushik Nath. "Super phosphoric acid catalyzed esterification of Palm Fatty Acid Distillate for biodiesel production: physicochemical parameters and kinetics." Polish Journal of Chemical Technology 17, no. 1 (2015): 88–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pjct-2015-0013.

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Abstract In the present study the esterification of palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD), a by-product from palm oil industry, in the presence of super phosphoric acid (SPA) catalyst was studied. The effects of various physico-chemical parameters such as temperature, PFAD to methanol molar ratio and amount of catalyst on the conversion of biodiesel were investigated. The percent conversion of FFA and properties of the biodiesel were determined following standard methodologies. Percent conversion of biodiesel was found to increase with the increase in PFAD to methanol molar ratio and at 1:12 molar

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34

Valdivia-Rivera, Sergio, Iván Emanuel Herrera-Pool, Teresa Ayora-Talavera, et al. "Kinetic, Thermodynamic, Physicochemical, and Economical Characterization of Pectin from Mangifera indica L. cv. Haden Residues." Foods 10, no. 9 (2021): 2093. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10092093.

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The effect of temperature (60, 70, 80, and 90 °C) and time (30, 45, 60, 75, and 90 min) on citric acid extraction of Haden mango (Mangifera indica L. cv. Haden) peel pectin was evaluated in the present study. In order to obtain a better understanding of both the extraction process and the characteristics of the pectin (obtained from an agro-industrial waste) for a future scaling process, the following characterizations were performed: (1) Kinetic, with the maximum extraction times and yields at all evaluated temperatures; (2) thermodynamic, obtaining activation energies, enthalpies, entropies,

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35

Niu, Shengli, Hewei Yu, Shuang Zhao, et al. "Apparent kinetic and thermodynamic calculation for thermal degradation of stearic acid and its esterification derivants through thermogravimetric analysis." Renewable Energy 133 (April 2019): 373–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.10.045.

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36

Sahu, Himadri, and Kaustubha Mohanty. "Pseudo-first order reaction kinetics and thermodynamic properties study of neem oil esterification using MgO grafted natural hydroxyapatite." RSC Advances 6, no. 11 (2016): 8892–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra25095a.

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37

Olagbende, Oluwatosin Helen, Olayomi Abiodun Falowo, Lekan M. Latinwo, and Eriola Betiku. "Esterification of Khaya senegalensis seed oil with a solid heterogeneous acid catalyst: Modeling, optimization, kinetic and thermodynamic studies." Cleaner Engineering and Technology 4 (October 2021): 100200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clet.2021.100200.

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38

Levanova, Svetlana V., Evgeniy L. Krasnykh, Svetlana V. Moiseeva, Sergei P. Safronov, and Ilya L. Glazko. "SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL FEATURES OF SYNTHESIS OF NEW ESTER PLASTICIZERS BASED ON RENEWABLE RAW MATERIALS." IZVESTIYA VYSSHIKH UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDENII KHIMIYA KHIMICHESKAYA TEKHNOLOGIYA 64, no. 6 (2021): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.6060/ivkkt.20216406.6369.

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Methods for the synthesis of ester non-toxic biodegradable plasticizers (hazard class 4) using renewable raw materials have been developed: glycerine-containing waste generated in the production of biofuels; citric acid 244, by microbial synthesis from molasses sugar production waste; polyatomic alcohol (neopoliol) – trimethylolpropane – a product of oxosynthesis obtained on the basis of natural gas. The target products are esters with a molecular weight range of 250-600, with low saturated vapor pressure, good thermal stability and polymer compatibility, and chemical inertia. The results of c

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39

David, Grégoire, Nathalie Gontard, and Hélène Angellier-Coussy. "Mitigating the Impact of Cellulose Particles on the Performance of Biopolyester-Based Composites by Gas-Phase Esterification." Polymers 11, no. 2 (2019): 200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11020200.

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Materials that are both biodegradable and bio-sourced are becoming serious candidates for substituting traditional petro-sourced plastics that accumulate in natural systems. New biocomposites have been produced by melt extrusion, using bacterial polyester (poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate)) as a matrix and cellulose particles as fillers. In this study, gas-phase esterified cellulose particles, with palmitoyl chloride, were used to improve filler-matrix compatibility and reduce moisture sensitivity. Structural analysis demonstrated that intrinsic properties of the polymer matrix (cry

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40

Fazal, Aliya, and Uzaira Rafique. "Mechanistic study of Cd adsorption through esterification and acetylation of novel biosorbent Gallus Domesticus chemically modified biomaterial for heavy metal." Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination 4, no. 2 (2013): 76–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2013.033.

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The inevitable expansion of industries for development is at the cost of release of industrial pollutants into the natural reservoirs of the environment. Biosorption is becoming an important component in the integrated approach to the treatment of aqueous effluents. The adsorption properties of Gallus Domesticus are determined as a function of batch operating conditions including contact time, solution initial concentration and temperature. Metal ion fixed Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectrum depicted amine, alcohol, carboxyl, and carbonate ion as active sites for metal sorption. A

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41

Pereira, Carla S. M., Simão P. Pinho, Viviana M. T. M. Silva, and Alírio E. Rodrigues. "Thermodynamic Equilibrium and Reaction Kinetics for the Esterification of Lactic Acid with Ethanol Catalyzed by Acid Ion-Exchange Resin." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 47, no. 5 (2008): 1453–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie071220p.

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42

Pastore, Carlo, Michele Pagano, Antonio Lopez, Giuseppe Mininni, and Giuseppe Mascolo. "Fat, oil and grease waste from municipal wastewater: characterization, activation and sustainable conversion into biofuel." Water Science and Technology 71, no. 8 (2015): 1151–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2015.084.

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Fat, oil and grease (FOG) recovered by the oil/water separator of a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) were sampled, characterized, activated and converted into biofuel. Free acids (50–55%) and fatty soaps (26–32%) not only composed the main components, but they were also easily separable from the starting waste. The respective free fatty acid profiles were gas-chromatographically evaluated, interestingly verifying that free acids had a different profile (mainly oleic acid) with respect to the soapy fraction (saturated fatty acids were dominant). The inorganic composition was also determined fo

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43

Khudsange, Chandrakant R., and Kailas L. Wasewar. "Kinetics, mass transfer, and thermodynamic and statistical modeling study for esterification of valeric acid withn-butanol: Homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis." International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 50, no. 10 (2018): 710–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/kin.21195.

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44

Pastore, Carlo, and Valeria D’Ambrosio. "Intensification of Processes for the Production of Ethyl Levulinate Using AlCl3·6H2O." Energies 14, no. 5 (2021): 1273. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14051273.

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A process for obtaining ethyl levulinate through the direct esterification of levulinic acid and ethanol using AlCl3·6H2O as a catalyst was investigated. AlCl3·6H2O was very active in promoting the reaction and, the correspondent kinetic and thermodynamic data were determined. The reaction followed a homogeneous second-order reversible reaction model: in the temperature range of 318–348 K, Ea was 56.3 kJ·K−1·mol−1, whereas Keq was in the field 2.37–3.31. The activity of AlCl3·6H2O was comparable to that of conventional mineral acids. Besides, AlCl3·6H2O also induced a separation of phases in w

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45

Zhi, Gao-Ying, Xiao-Bing Li, Yun Wang, Li Han, and Dong-Hao Zhang. "A New Approach to Synthesis of Benzyl Cinnamate: Kinetic and Thermodynamic Investigation." Current Catalysis 09 (October 5, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2211544709999201005170521.

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Background: Benzyl cinnamate is widely used in many fragrance compounds. The traditional methods to obtain benzyl cinnamate, including chemical synthesis or extracted from leaves, have many drawbacks. Recently, lipase-catalyzed synthesis of benzyl cinnamate provides us a promising alternative due to its high catalytic efficiency, mild reaction conditions, and green and environmentally friendly process. In this work, the purpose is to investigate the kinetics and thermodynamics of enzymatic synthesis of benzyl cinnamate. Objective: The objective of the current study was to investigate the kinet

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46

Yang, Gaodong, Si Chen, Xiabing Li, et al. "Study on Methyl Esterification of Salicylic Acid Using an Intensified Fixed Bed Reactor." International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering 17, no. 8 (2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijcre-2018-0210.

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Abstract Methyl esterification of salicylic acid catalyzed by strong acidic cation exchange resin NKC-9 was carried out on an intensified fixed bed reactor (IFBR) to investigate the effects of different parameters and the results showed that the optimal conditions were as follows: circulation speed is 1.5 L· h−1, catalyst loading is 20 %, initial mole ratio of salicylic acid and methanol is 1:6 and reaction temperature is 343.15 K. The thermodynamics for the methyl esterification of salicylic acid have been studied to obtain the equilibrium constant from the experimental data at different temp

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El-Zanati, Elham Abouel Fetouh, Stephen M. Ritchie, Heba Mohamed Abdallah, Rim Ettouny, and Mahmoud A. El-Rifai. "Esterification Catalysis through Functionalized Membranes." International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering 9, no. 1 (2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/1542-6580.2518.

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Breaking the thermodynamic equilibrium in reversible esterification reactions is achieved through water adsorption on a functionalized membrane. The used functionalized catalytic membrane contains sulfonated polystyrene grafts which act as an alternative to conventional esterification process catalysts. A set of parameters influencing the esterification reaction have been studied. These include feed reactants molar ratio, temperature, different styrene percentages in the membrane, and membrane area. The results show that the increase of molar ratio, temperature, styrene percentage, and membran

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Edreder, E. A., Mansour Emtir, and Iqbal M. Mujtaba. "Improving the Maximum Conversion of Ethanol Esterification." Chemical Product and Process Modeling 3, no. 1 (2008). http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1934-2659.1208.

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In this study, the (catalysed) esterification process of acetic acid with ethanol producing ethyl acetate and water is modelled using detailed mass and energy balances and thermodynamic properties within gPROMS modelling software (version 3.0.3, 2004). The basic model was taken from Mujtaba and Macchietto (1997) assuming no azeotrope formation in the system. Kinetic (hydrochloric acid as a catalyst at 100 °C) and vapour-liquid equilibrium models are taken from Bogacki et al. (1989) and Suzuki et al. (1970) respectively. Physical properties are calculated using the Ideal Physical Properties For

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Ojha, Minita, and R. K. Bansal. "Application of Nitrogen Heterocyclic Carbenes in Organocatalysis." Current Catalysis 09 (December 1, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2211544709999201201120617.

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Background: During the last two decades, horizon of research in the field of Nitrogen Heterocyclic Carbenes (NHC) has widened remarkably. NHCs have emerged as ubiquitous species having applications in a broad range of fields, including organocatalysis and organometallic chemistry. The NHC-induced non-asymmetric catalysis has turned out to be a really fruitful area of research in recent years. Methods: By manipulating structural features and selecting appropriate substituent groups, it has been possible to control the kinetic and thermodynamic stability of a wide range of NHCs, which can be tol

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Ahmed, Md Kausar, Ajoy Kumer, and Abu Bin Imran. "Facile fabrication of polymer network using click chemistry and their computational study." Royal Society Open Science 8, no. 3 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.202056.

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Click reaction is a very fast, high yield with no by-product, biocompatible, tolerant to surrounded medium, and very specific cycloaddition reaction between azides and alkynes to form triazole. They are widely being employed in the synthesis of various polymeric materials. Here, the design, fabrication and characterization of hydrogel prepared using click reaction have been reported. At first, telechelic acetylene precursor for click reaction is prepared from diisocyanatohexane and propargyl alcohol in the presence of triethylamine. The azide derivatives of poly(hydroxyethylmethacrylate), i.e.

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