Academic literature on the topic 'Estimation question type'
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Journal articles on the topic "Estimation question type"
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Iping, Supriana Ayu Purwarianti Wiwin Suwarningsih*. "ESTIMATION QUESTION TYPE ANALYZER FOR MULTI CLOSE DOMAIN INDONESIAN QAS." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH SCIENCE & MANAGEMENT 4, no. 6 (2017): 59–66. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.583975.
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We propose an automated estimation scheme to analyze question classification in Indonesian multi closed domain question answering systems. The goal is to provide a good questioning classification system even if using only available language sources. Our strategy here is to build a pattern and rule to extract some important words and utilize the results as a feature for classification estimation of automated learning-based questions. Scenarios designed in automated learning estimates: (i) Analyzing questions, to represent the key information needed to answer user questions using target focus and target identification; (ii) Classify the type of question, construct a taxonomy of questions that have been coded into the system to determine the expected answer type, through some question processing patterns and rules. The proposed method is evaluated using datasets collected from various Indonesian websites. Test results show that the classification process using the proposed method is very effective.
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Kazmi, Aqdas Ali. "An Econometric Estimation of Tax-discounting in Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 34, no. 4III (1995): 1067–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v34i4iiipp.1067-1077.
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The debt neutrality hypothesis which has been a source of major controversies in the theory of public finance, and macroeconomics has at the same time generated a vast literature on the implications of budgetary deficits and public debt on various subsectors/ variables of the economy, such as inflation, interest rates, current account deficit, etc. Tax discounting has been one of the fields of research associated with debt neutrality. The econometric estimation of some of the standard models of taxdiscounting has shown that consumer response to fiscal policy in Pakistan reflects neither the extreme Barro-like rational anticipation of future tax liabilities nor the Buchanan-type extreme fiscal myopia. It broadly follows a middle path between these extremes. The controversy relating to debt neutrality is quite old in economic theory. However, due to its serious and far-reaching implications for the formulation of fiscal policy and macroeconomic management, the issues of debt neutrality have assumed a foremost position in economic theoretisation and empirical testing. This controversy is based on two important questions: (a) Who bears the burden of the debt? (b) Should debt be used to finance public expenditure? The first question centres on whether the debt can be shifted forward in time, while the second question explores whether taxation is equivalent to debt in its effects on the national economy.
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Onyango, Ronald, Brian Oduor, and Francis Odundo. "Mean Estimation of a Sensitive Variable under Nonresponse Using Three-Stage RRT Model in Stratified Two-Phase Sampling." Journal of Probability and Statistics 2022 (April 22, 2022): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/4530120.
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The present study addresses the problems of mean estimation and nonresponse under the three-stage RRT model. Auxiliary information on an attribute and variable is used to propose a generalized class of exponential ratio-type estimators. Expressions for the bias, mean squared error, and minimum mean squared error for the proposed estimator are derived up to the first degree of approximation. The efficiency of the proposed estimator is studied theoretically and numerically using two real datasets. From the numerical analysis, the proposed generalized class of exponential ratio-type estimators outperforms ordinary mean estimators, usual ratio estimators, and exponential ratio-type estimators. Furthermore, the efficiencies of the mean estimators are observed to decrease with an increase in the sensitivity level of the survey question. As the inverse sampling rate and nonresponse rate go up, so does the efficiency of the mean estimators, which makes them more accurate.
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Müller-Trede, Johannes. "Repeated judgment sampling: Boundaries." Judgment and Decision Making 6, no. 4 (2011): 283–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1930297500001893.
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AbstractThis paper investigates the boundaries of the recent result that eliciting more than one estimate from the same person and averaging these can lead to accuracy gains in judgment tasks. It first examines its generality, analysing whether the kind of question being asked has an effect on the size of potential gains. Experimental results show that the question type matters. Previous results reporting potential accuracy gains are reproduced for year-estimation questions, and extended to questions about percentage shares. On the other hand, no gains are found for general numerical questions. The second part of the paper tests repeated judgment sampling’s practical applicability by asking judges to provide a third and final answer on the basis of their first two estimates. In an experiment, the majority of judges do not consistently average their first two answers. As a result, they do not realise the potential accuracy gains from averaging.
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Sivasamy, Shyam. "Sample size considerations in research." Endodontology 35, no. 4 (2023): 304–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/endo.endo_235_23.
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ABSTRACT “What should be the sample size for my study?” is a common question in the minds of every research at some point of the research cycle. Answering this question with confident is tough even for a seasoned researcher. Sample size determination, an important aspect of sampling design consideration of a study, is a factor which directly influences the internal and external validity of the study. Unless the sample size is of adequate size, the results of the study cannot be justified. Conducting a study in too small sample size or too large sample size have ethical, scientific, practical, and economic strings attached to it and have detrimental effects in the research outcomes. A myriad of factors including the study design, type of power analysis, sampling technique employed, and acceptable limits of error fixed play a decisive role in estimating the sample size. However, the advent of free to use software and websites for sample size estimation has actually diluted or sometimes complicated the whole process of sample size estimation as important factors or assumptions related to sample size are overlooked. Engaging a professional biostatistician from the very beginning of the research process would be a wise decision while conducting research. This article highlights the important concepts related to sample size estimation with emphasis on factors which influences it.
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Weiss, Christoph, Sabine Enengl, Simon Hermann Enzelsberger, Richard Bernhard Mayer, and Peter Oppelt. "Does the Porter formula hold its promise? A weight estimation formula for macrosomic fetuses put to the test." Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 301, no. 1 (2019): 129–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00404-019-05410-7.
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Abstract Purpose Estimating fetal weight using ultrasound measurements is an essential task in obstetrics departments. Most of the commonly used weight estimation formulas underestimate fetal weight when the actual birthweight exceeds 4000 g. Porter et al. published a specially designed formula in an attempt to improve detection rates for such macrosomic infants. In this study, we question the usefulness of the Porter formula in clinical practice and draw attention to some critical issues concerning the derivation of specialized formulas of this type. Methods A retrospective cohort study was carried out, including 4654 singleton pregnancies with a birthweight ≥ 3500 g, with ultrasound examinations performed within 14 days before delivery. Fetal weight estimations derived using the Porter and Hadlock formulas were compared. Results Of the macrosomic infants, 27.08% were identified by the Hadlock formula, with a false-positive rate of 4.60%. All macrosomic fetuses were detected using the Porter formula, with a false-positive rate of 100%; 99.96% of all weight estimations using the Porter formula fell within a range of 4300 g ± 10%. The Porter formula only provides macrosomic estimates. Conclusions The Porter formula does not succeed in distinguishing macrosomic from normal-weight fetuses. High-risk fetuses with a birthweight ≥ 4500 g in particular are not detected more precisely than with the Hadlock formula. For these reasons, we believe that the Porter formula should not be used in clinical practice. Newly derived weight estimation formulas for macrosomic fetuses must not be based solely on a macrosomic data set.
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Weselovska, Nataliya, and Sergey Shargorodskiy. "METHOD OF EVALUATION OF EFFICIENCY AND RELIABILITY OPERATION OF VIBRATION MACHINES." ENGINEERING, ENERGY, TRANSPORT AIC, no. 4(107) (December 20, 2019): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.37128/2520-6168-2019-4-7.
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The use of new energy-saving technologies has led to the significant development of vibration machine designs and their widespread use. In the course of their operation, the question of efficiency and reliability of the use of this type of machines is rather acute, related to the availability and possibility of using reserves of its operation. Machines of this type must meet the requirements of quality and reliability in order to fulfill their official purpose. Due to the design features and the complexity of the processes occurring during their work, analytical calculations of durability and reliability in the classical version are quite approximate in nature and do not provide the necessary accuracy. So the question of reliability and durability of vibrating equipment is urgent. The questions of reliability estimation of vibrating machines were dealt with by the following scientists: Iskovich-Lototsky RD, Obertyukh R., Sevastyanov IV, Kanarchuk VE, Dzhratratano D.J. etc. The techniques they offer are virtually indistinguishable from those adopted in general engineering. The publication proposes a technique for evaluating efficiency and reliability based on the use of quantitative characteristics of probabilistic and statistical nature. Such indicators for quantifying the reliability and reliability are: probability of failure, failure rate, failure rate, failure time. These indicators are one of the most important in the technical diagnostics of the operation of vibrating machines and the estimation of their residual life. The basic calculation, dependencies, analysis of laws are given.
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Beck, Nathaniel, and Jonathan N. Katz. "What To Do (and Not to Do) with Time-Series Cross-Section Data." American Political Science Review 89, no. 3 (1995): 634–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2082979.
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We examine some issues in the estimation of time-series cross-section models, calling into question the conclusions of many published studies, particularly in the field of comparative political economy. We show that the generalized least squares approach of Parks produces standard errors that lead to extreme overconfidence, often underestimating variability by 50% or more. We also provide an alternative estimator of the standard errors that is correct when the error structures show complications found in this type of model. Monte Carlo analysis shows that these “panel-corrected standard errors” perform well. The utility of our approach is demonstrated via a reanalysis of one “social democratic corporatist” model.
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Shelest, Mariya. "Average delay estimation for one queueing network model with resource reservation." Information and Control Systems, no. 2 (May 11, 2022): 32–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.31799/1684-8853-2022-2-32-41.
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Introduction: An urgent task of today is to develop new analysis methods for complex information systems that now demand higher standards for maintaining data integrity. One of the important quality characteristics of such systems is average transaction time. However, currently there are almost no mathematical models and speed estimation tools for such systems. Purpose: To develop and analyze a distributed information system model based on queueing networks. Results: A type of information systems that demand higher standards for maintaining data integrity has been described, the corresponding assumptions for such systems are given. A convenient way to represent such systems as transaction paths dependency graphs has been proposed, with each path being represented as one tandem queueing system. The calculation of their functional characteristics have been provided. This method of representation has made it possible to simplify the analysis of complex systems, which resulted in obtaining closed-form expressions for temporal estimation of the system type in question. In addition, two mechanisms of decomposition of the proposed graph are considered with the subsequent calculation of the lower bound for average transaction time. The accuracy of both approaches is analyzed with simulation modeling methods. Practical relevance: The proposed models allow estimating speed limits of an information system during the design phase.
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Sobota, Aleksander. "The method of estimation of influence the type of intersection into environmental conditions." WUT Journal of Transportation Engineering 121 (June 1, 2018): 351–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.4617.
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Functioning of transport system is determine by the quality of service realized by infrastructure of different transport branches. In case of road transport, very important are intersections. These objects are usually a bottleneck in the network. Therefore, the correct selection of the intersection type is really important in the planning and projecting process of infrastructure. So, decision problem have to be solved by the projectors, who have an influence on these process. But the selection of the intersection type is also the multi-criteria problem. Therefore the answer on the question like, does the intersection type have an influence on environmental conditions, have been presented in the article. For this purpose, the basic assumptions of the method of selections the intersection type, and results of the measurements realized at four type of intersection located on multilane arteries, have been presented in the article.
Books on the topic "Estimation question type"
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Allison, Diana. Estimating and Costing for Interior Designers. 2nd ed. Bloomsbury Publishing Inc, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781501361081.
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Math is an essential component of the interior design profession. Estimating and Costing for Interior Designers, Second Edition, teaches readers a logical process for calculating materials and estimating the costs of installed products based on their math calculations. Fully updated and revised, this book utilizes step-by-step examples and worksheets to simplify the math used in the interior design field. Sample problems and exercises take the calculations of quantities needed one step further to actually applying material and labor costs, in order to discover the installed costs of the specified products. Exercises are provided in introductory, intermediate, and advanced levels for all types of interior designers. Clear sections cover wall and ceiling treatments, window treatments, soft fabrications, upholstery, flooring, and cabinetry and countertops, making this book applicable to both commercial and residential design projects. New to This Edition -Key pedagogical features including: learning objectives, key terms, chapter summaries, imperial and metric units, professional tips, and glossary. -Student STUDIO materials including: calculation worksheets, schedules/cost worksheets, practice examples, and flashcards. -Robust Instructor Resources including: a revised instructor’s guide, test questions, additional practice exercises and answers, PowerPoints lecture slides, and Excel worksheets.
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Beran, Michael J., Bonnie M. Perdue, and Theodore A. Evans. Monkey Mathematical Abilities. Edited by Roi Cohen Kadosh and Ann Dowker. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199642342.013.025.
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Monkeys are mathematicians, albeit imprecise ones. Comparative research has illustrated that monkeys use quantitative and numerical information, and this chapter outlines many of those findings. We begin with an historical summary of work with primates in assessing the role that number plays in these animals’ lives. We then focus on the question of whether primates can count and can use symbols to represent numerical information. Evidence for counting is limited, but they can make judgments of ordered magnitudes, and they can learn to associate symbols with various quantities and numbers of items. They do this through a form of analogue magnitude estimation in which increasingly larger numbers of items are represented less and less precisely. They do this using many of the same neural structures that underlie varying types of numerical competence in humans, thereby illustrating an evolutionary progression of mathematical skills in the orderPrimates.
Book chapters on the topic "Estimation question type"
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Sivia, D. S. "Non-parametric estimation." In Data Analysis. Oxford University PressOxford, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198568315.003.0006.
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Abstract In Chapters 2 and 3, we dealt with problems which entailed the estimation of the values of a few well-defined parameters; the analysis was then extended, in Chapter 4, to cover the case where there was some doubt as to their optimal number. Now let ‘s move on to the most difficult situation, in which we want to draw inferences about an object of interest but don ‘t have enough information, or confidence, to be able to characterize it by a specific type of functional model. This is a rather open-ended question that requires us to think of both a suitable description and any weak constraints which might be appropriate for a flexible ‘free-form ‘ solution.
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Ivezi, Željko, Andrew J. Connolly, Jacob T. VanderPlas, et al. "Classical Statistical Inference." In Statistics, Data Mining, and Machine Learning in Astronomy. Princeton University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691151687.003.0004.
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This chapter introduces the main concepts of statistical inference, or drawing conclusions from data. There are three main types of inference: point estimation, confidence estimation, and hypothesis testing. There are two major statistical paradigms which address the statistical inference questions: the classical, or frequentist paradigm, and the Bayesian paradigm. While most of statistics and machine learning is based on the classical paradigm, Bayesian techniques are being embraced by the statistical and scientific communities at an ever-increasing pace. The chapter begins with a short comparison of classical and Bayesian paradigms, and then discusses the three main types of statistical inference from the classical point of view.
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Li, Quan. "Regression Analysis." In Using R for Data Analysis in Social Sciences. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190656218.003.0005.
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This chapter teaches how to use R to conduct regression analysis to answer the question: Does trade promote economic growth? It demonstrates how to specify a statistical model from a theoretical argument, prepare data, estimate and interpret the statistical model, and use the estimated results to make inferences and answer the question of interest. More specifically, it discusses the logic of regression analysis, the relationship between population and sample regression models, how to estimate a regression model in theory and practice, the estimation of sample regression model using OLS (ordinary least squares), the interpretation of estimation results, the statistical inference in regression analysis using hypothesis testing and confidence interval, the types of sum of squares and overall model fit, and how to report the model results. The validity of regression analysis is contingent upon the assumptions of the Gauss-Markov theorem being met.
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Lane, Jo Ann, and Barry Boehm. "System-of-Systems Cost Estimation." In Emerging Systems Approaches in Information Technologies. IGI Global, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-976-2.ch012.
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As organizations strive to expand system capabilities through the development of system-of-systems (SoS) architectures, they want to know “how much effort” and “how long” to implement the SoS. In order to answer these questions, it is important to first understand the types of activities performed in SoS architecture development and integration and how these vary across different SoS implementations. This article provides results of research conducted to determine types of SoS lead system integrator (LSI) activities and how these differ from the more traditional system engineering activities described in Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA) 632 (“Processes for Engineering a System”). This research further analyzed effort and schedule issues on “very large” SoS programs to more clearly identify and profile the types of activities performed by the typical LSI and to determine organizational characteristics that significantly impact overall success and productivity of the LSI effort. The results of this effort have been captured in a reduced-parameter version of the constructive SoS integration cost model (COSOSIMO) that estimates LSI SoS engineering (SoSE) effort.
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Lane, Jo Ann, and Barry Boehm. "System-of-Systems Cost Estimation." In Enterprise Information Systems. IGI Global, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-61692-852-0.ch406.
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As organizations strive to expand system capabilities through the development of system-of-systems (SoS) architectures, they want to know “how much effort” and “how long” to implement the SoS. In order to answer these questions, it is important to first understand the types of activities performed in SoS architecture development and integration and how these vary across different SoS implementations. This article provides results of research conducted to determine types of SoS lead system integrator (LSI) activities and how these differ from the more traditional system engineering activities described in Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA) 632 (“Processes for Engineering a System”). This research further analyzed effort and schedule issues on “very large” SoS programs to more clearly identify and profile the types of activities performed by the typical LSI and to determine organizational characteristics that significantly impact overall success and productivity of the LSI effort. The results of this effort have been captured in a reduced-parameter version of the constructive SoS integration cost model (COSOSIMO) that estimates LSI SoS engineering (SoSE) effort.
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Goertz, Gary, and James Mahoney. "Causes-of-Effects versus Effects-of-Causes." In A Tale of Two Cultures. Princeton University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691149707.003.0003.
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This chapter examines two approaches used in social science research: the “causes-of-effects” approach and the “effects-of-causes” approach. The quantitative and qualitative cultures differ in the extent to which and the ways in which they address causes-of-effects and effects-of-causes questions. Quantitative scholars, who favor the effects-of-causes approach, focus on estimating the average effects of particular variables within populations or samples. By contrast, qualitative scholars employ individual case analysis to explain outcomes as well as the effects of particular causal factors. The chapter first considers the type of research question addressed by both quantitative and qualitative researchers before discussing the use of within-case analysis by the latter to investigate individual cases versus cross-case analysis by the former to elucidate central tendencies in populations. It also describes the complementarities between qualitative and quantitative research that make mixed-method research possible.
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Todorov Diman, Setchi Rossi, and Bayer Antony. "Entropic Dimensionality Reduction in Discriminating Between Alzheimer’s Disease and Vascular Dementia." In Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications. IOS Press, 2012. https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-61499-105-2-199.
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A set of 479 Mini-Mental State Examinations (MMSE) is analysed with the goal of discriminating between Alzheimer’s Disease and Vascular Dementia. The patient’s gender has been considered as a predictor in addition to answers of MMSE questions. While similar work has been previously reported, fewer patients were studied and methods inappropriate for 0/1 data were used. The study identifies entropic measures as best suited to analysing this type of data. Performance of five such methods at ordering MMSE questions by decreasing order of information contributed to diagnosis is compared. The analysis uses a novel feature selection method based on parallel estimation of conditional mutual information. The newly introduced method performs demonstrably better than classical and state of the art methods. Good predictors are temporal orientation, language recall and abstract thinking however patient gender is a stronger predictor than any of the MMSE questions.
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Henriksson Aron, Kvist Maria, and Dalianis Hercules. "Prevalence Estimation of Protected Health Information in Swedish Clinical Text." In Studies in Health Technology and Informatics. IOS Press, 2017. https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-61499-753-5-216.
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Obscuring protected health information (PHI) in the clinical text of health records facilitates the secondary use of healthcare data in a privacy-preserving manner. Although automatic de-identification of clinical text using machine learning holds much promise, little is known about the relative prevalence of PHI in different types of clinical text and whether there is a need for domain adaptation when learning predictive models from one particular domain and applying it to another. In this study, we address these questions by training a predictive model and using it to estimate the prevalence of PHI in clinical text written (1) in different clinical specialties, (2) in different types of notes (i.e., under different headings), and (3) by persons in different professional roles. It is demonstrated that the overall PHI density is 1.57%; however, substantial differences exist across domains.
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"Fish Habitat: Essential Fish Habitat and Rehabilitation." In Fish Habitat: Essential Fish Habitat and Rehabilitation, edited by Charles K. Minns, Susan E. Doka, Carolyn N. Bakelaar, Peter C. E. Brunette, and William M. Schertzer. American Fisheries Society, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781888569124.ch27.
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<em>Abstract.—</em> The quality and quantity of habitats determine ecosystem productivity. Hence, they determine the potential fish productivity that sustains the fish harvests extractable from freshwaters and seas. Efforts to conserve and protect fish habitats are frustrated by key unanswered questions: which habitat types and how much must be protected to ensure natural self-sustaining fish stocks? Minns and Bakelaar presented a prototype method for assessing suitable habitat supply for fish stocks in Lake Erie, an analysis that can be used to address conservation issues. Here, the method is refined and extended, taking the assessment of habitat supply for pike <em>Esox lucius </em> in the Long Point region of Lake Erie as a case study. As with the previous study, much emphasis is placed on “learning by doing.” Because available inventories of habitat features are coarse and incomplete, improved guidelines for estimating habitat supply are expected from these prototype studies. The habitat supply method previously presented by Minns and Bakelaar is elaborated in three ways here: (1) the basic physical habitat assessment is derived from a remote-sensing inventory database; (2) methods of quantifying the thermal regime and integrating it with other habitat elements are examined; (3) habitat supply estimates are used in a pike population model, and pike biomass and production are simulated for the Long Point region of Lake Erie and then compared with available records. The roles of error and uncertainty are examined for all elements in the estimation and application of suitable habitat supply values. There is potential for supply measurement and analysis to guide fish habitat management.
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"Fish Habitat: Essential Fish Habitat and Rehabilitation." In Fish Habitat: Essential Fish Habitat and Rehabilitation, edited by Charles K. Minns, Susan E. Doka, Carolyn N. Bakelaar, Peter C. E. Brunette, and William M. Schertzer. American Fisheries Society, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781888569124.ch27.
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<em>Abstract.—</em> The quality and quantity of habitats determine ecosystem productivity. Hence, they determine the potential fish productivity that sustains the fish harvests extractable from freshwaters and seas. Efforts to conserve and protect fish habitats are frustrated by key unanswered questions: which habitat types and how much must be protected to ensure natural self-sustaining fish stocks? Minns and Bakelaar presented a prototype method for assessing suitable habitat supply for fish stocks in Lake Erie, an analysis that can be used to address conservation issues. Here, the method is refined and extended, taking the assessment of habitat supply for pike <em>Esox lucius </em> in the Long Point region of Lake Erie as a case study. As with the previous study, much emphasis is placed on “learning by doing.” Because available inventories of habitat features are coarse and incomplete, improved guidelines for estimating habitat supply are expected from these prototype studies. The habitat supply method previously presented by Minns and Bakelaar is elaborated in three ways here: (1) the basic physical habitat assessment is derived from a remote-sensing inventory database; (2) methods of quantifying the thermal regime and integrating it with other habitat elements are examined; (3) habitat supply estimates are used in a pike population model, and pike biomass and production are simulated for the Long Point region of Lake Erie and then compared with available records. The roles of error and uncertainty are examined for all elements in the estimation and application of suitable habitat supply values. There is potential for supply measurement and analysis to guide fish habitat management.
Conference papers on the topic "Estimation question type"
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Southey, R. D., W. Ruan, F. P. Dawalibi, and S. Fortin. "Estimating AC Mitigation Requirements for Pipelines Installed in High Voltage AC Corridors: Fault Conditions." In CORROSION 2003. NACE International, 2003. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2003-03698.
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Abstract A previous paper1 has addressed the question of estimating mitigation requirements for pipelines installed in high voltage AC corridors, such as to maintain induced voltages at acceptable levels during normal operating conditions on the power system. This paper addresses the more difficult problem of estimating what mitigation is required to maintain pipeline coating stress voltages within acceptable limits during fault conditions on the power system. The difficulty of this undertaking arises primarily from the fact that AC interference during fault conditions includes not only induction, but also voltages transferred through earth to the pipeline location from power line poles or towers near which the fault has occurred: as a result, the analysis is more complex and the mitigation requirements are influenced by a greater number of factors. Furthermore, since the goal is to minimize the voltage difference between the earth and the pipeline steel, the interaction between the earth and bare mitigation wire buried next to the pipeline and connected thereto must be considered. This paper shows how factors such as soil resistivity, soil layering, length of parallelism, proximity of pipeline to transmission line, fault current levels, transmission line static wire type, transmission line structure grounding and coating resistance determine mitigation requirements.
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Merten, Bobbi Jo, Allen Skaja, David Tordonato, and Daryl Little. "Re-Evaluating Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) for the Field Inspector’s Toolbox: a First Approach." In SSPC 2014 Greencoat. SSPC, 2014. https://doi.org/10.5006/s2014-00033.
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Abstract Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) has maintained a presence in protective coatings laboratories for decades. EIS is valuable in that it captures resistive and capacitive changes to a coating film as it is exposed to the environmental conditions that produce these changes, i.e. degradations. It also assists in ranking coating systems for their anticipated corrosion protection performance, complementing qualitative, visual observations. However, the EIS equipment has lacked the robustness to be a reliable field tool, and a Faraday cage is needed to minimize electromagnetic interferences during data collection. An important step to reducing EIS measurements to field practice is to demonstrate a usefulness of the application. Facility and project owners of all infrastructure types commonly request the estimation of a coating’s remaining service life. EIS, or some derivation, has the potential to answer these questions. The Bureau of Reclamation’s Materials Engineering and Research Laboratory has collected EIS data spanning more than five years. Data is organized according to generic polymer composition (i.e. epoxy, vinyl, etc.) and like materials are compared to identify basic trends. This is used as a first step to identify unique EIS signatures for each material’s degradation process. The established lifecycle data is a starting point for inspectors to interpret field EIS data and quantitatively describe the coating condition to owners. The goal is to provide an estimated remaining service life based on this information. The influence of environmental factors, other variables, accuracy, and the logistics of applying this theory for coating life assessment during maintenance inspections are discussed.
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Beers, Adam. "Performing Coating and Corrosion Assessments to Maintain Military Fuel Piping." In CONFERENCE 2022. AMPP, 2022. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2022-18027.
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Abstract The US Military has and maintains several thousand bases. Several hundred of those bases are outside the United States. The Air National Guard has several hundred installations across the United States. One commonality at each of these facilities is a Fuels Management System, that is, a collection of pipelines, storage tanks, containment dikes, pumping stations, fuel islands, and canopies. Maintaining all the above ground and underground assets is no small task so one important method of preventative maintenance includes a regular coatings and corrosion assessment/survey. A well-planned assessment/survey includes numerous steps. For example, all the painted assets are identified and visually observed across the total surface. Estimating the total surface area and the percent and type of corrosion is extremely invaluable when discussing with potential painting contractors. Highlighting areas of concern and coating defects in digital photos provide information to someone that is not onsite. Secondly, the physical condition of each coated asset should be evaluated. These evaluations include determining the coating system thickness via electromagnetic gauge, the degree of adhesion to the substrate and/or prior coatings, and the degree of chalking indicating coating system breakdown. Also, collecting coating samples for heavy metal testing is important to protect workers. By thoroughly examining all the data, one must decide on the appropriate coating recommendation, that is, should the coating system be spot repaired, spot repaired and overcoated, or be removed and replaced. A series of questions must be asked, i.e., if overcoating is selected, which coating system and type of surface preparation is necessary for sufficient compatibility between the prior coating and new coating system? If the coating system is removed, which coating system chemistry should be selected for the service environment. If coating defects were found, what can be done to prevent similar defects in the future, if anything. Why should one select one strategy over another? How does the type of corrosion found on each asset affect future planning and design? What is the timeline to implement each strategy? How do different substrates (carbon steel, stainless steel, concrete) affect the recommended coating maintenance strategy? Even though seemingly complex due to the number of assets, an organized approach to asset management is key. Performing coating and corrosion assessment/surveys and acting upon the recommendations will lead to successful mitigation of corrosion and ultimately protect the numerous fueling systems assets of the US Military.
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Faradzheva, S. S. "Estimation of adipose tissue using visual methods studies in patients with type 2 diabetes." In General question of world science. "Science of Russia", 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/gq-31-07-2019-36.
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Lee, Eric S., and Naina Garg. "Reliability of multiple-choice versus problem-solving student exam scores in higher education: Empirical tests." In Sixth International Conference on Higher Education Advances. Universitat Politècnica de València, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/head20.2020.11303.
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Instructors in higher education frequently employ examinations composed of problem-solving questions to assess student knowledge and learning. But are student scores on these tests reliable? Surprisingly few have researched this question empirically, arguably because of perceived limitations in traditional research methods. Furthermore, many believe multiple choice exams to be a more objective, reliable form of testing students than any other type. We question this wide-spread belief. In a series of empirical studies in 8 classes (401 students) in a finance course, we used a methodology based on three key elements to examine these questions: A true experimental design, more appropriate estimation of exam score reliability, and reliability confidence intervals. Internal consistency reliabilities of problem-solving test scores were consistently high (all &gt; .87, median = .90) across different classes, students, examiners, and exams. In contrast, multiple-choice test scores were less reliable (all &lt; .69). Recommendations are presented for improving the construction of exams in higher education.
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Jácome, María Amalia, Ana López-Cheda, and Samuel Saavedra. "Estimation of Cardiotoxicity in Breast Cancer Patients Using Presmoothing and Cure Models." In VII Congreso XoveTIC: impulsando el talento científico. Servizo de Publicacións. Universidade da Coruña, 2024. https://doi.org/10.17979/spudc.9788497498913.65.
Full textAbstract:
Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer for women. Nowadays, the side-effects that some treatments against this type of cancer can be a major problem. One example of this is HER2-positive breast cancer patients. Patients are prescribed trastuzumab, a drug with anti-tumour efficacy, but this treatment can cause various undesirable effects such as heart problems, known as cardiotoxicity. With the aim of improving the quality of life of those affected, the question is clear: what is the likelihood of suffering cardiotoxicity? In this work, this probability is estimated using a new approach to the classic cure models: the presmoothed cure models.
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Guo, Ruocheng, Jundong Li, and Huan Liu. "INITIATOR: Noise-contrastive Estimation for Marked Temporal Point Process." In Twenty-Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-18}. International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2018/303.
Full textAbstract:
Copious sequential event data has consistently increased in various high-impact domains such as social media and sharing economy. When events start to take place in a sequential fashion, an important question arises: "what type of event will happen at what time in the near future?" To answer the question, a class of mathematical models called the marked temporal point process is often exploited as it can model the timing and properties of events seamlessly in a joint framework. Recently, various recurrent neural network (RNN) models are proposed to enhance the predictive power of mark temporal point process. However, existing marked temporal point models are fundamentally based on the Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) framework for the training, and inevitably suffer from the problem resulted from the intractable likelihood function. Surprisingly, little attention has been paid to address this issue. In this work, we propose INITIATOR - a novel training framework based on noise-contrastive estimation to resolve this problem. Theoretically, we show the exists a strong connection between the proposed INITIATOR and the exact MLE. Experimentally, the efficacy of INITIATOR is demonstrated over the state-of-the-art approaches on several real-world datasets from various areas.
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Gilles, Philippe, Gongchen Zhang, and Komlanvi Madou. "Effect of the Type of Stress-Strain Law on the Validity of the Reference Stress Approach in Fracture Mechanics." In ASME 2014 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2014-28760.
Full textAbstract:
In fracture mechanics, several J-estimation schemes are based on the reference stress approach. This approach has been developed initially in the frame of the R5 rule for creep and R6 rule for elasto-plastic fracture assessments. Later other methods, based on the reference stress concept, where derived like the Js method introduced in the French RSE-M code en 1997 and the Enhanced Reference Stress (ERS) method in Korea around 2001. However these developments are based on the J2 deformation plasticity theory and well established for a pure power hardening law. Even in this latter case, the reference stress depends on the hardening exponent. Js and ERS attempt to minimize this dependence and propose some corrections for recorded behavior laws which cannot be fitted by a power law. However their validation has been established mainly on cases where the material behavior is governed by a Ramberg-Osgood (R0) law. The question may be raised, as for the bilinear hardening law case, of the existence of a reference stress for non RO laws.
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Li, Jiyi, Yukino Baba, and Hisashi Kashima. "Simultaneous Clustering and Ranking from Pairwise Comparisons." In Twenty-Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-18}. International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2018/215.
Full textAbstract:
When people make decisions with a number of ideas, designs, or other kinds of objects, one attempt is probably to organize them into several groups of objects and to prioritize them according to some preference. The grouping task is referred to as clustering and the prioritizing task is called as ranking. These tasks are often outsourced with the help of human judgments in the form of pairwise comparisons. Two objects are compared on whether they are similar in the clustering problem, while the object of higher priority is determined in the ranking problem. Our research question in this paper is whether the pairwise comparisons for clustering also help ranking (and vice versa). Instead of solving the two tasks separately, we propose a unified formulation to bridge the two types of pairwise comparisons. Our formulation simultaneously estimates the object embeddings and the preference criterion vector. The experiments using real datasets support our hypothesis; our approach can generate better neighbor and preference estimation results than the approaches that only focus on a single type of pairwise comparisons.
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Shaffee, Siti Nur Amira, Faris Akmal Aminuddin, M. Aiman Irfan Nozri, Zamzila Kassim, and Sai Ravindra Panuganti. "Technoeconomic Evaluation of Ammonia Cracking for Hydrogen Production: A Question of Colors and Scale." In APOGCE 2024. SPE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/221229-ms.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The hydrogen economy has experienced rapid interest in recent years, emerging as a promising pathway to decarbonization. Despite its potential, hydrogen affordability is still a massive challenge particularly due to its requirement for renewable energy. For long distance hydrogen transport, ammonia is explored as a viable medium due to its matured and scaled existing infrastructure. This study delves into the role of ammonia as the hydrogen carrier, with a focus on evaluating the techno-economic viability and emission of ammonia cracking process. A comprehensive techno-economic analysis was conducted across two distinct ammonia cracking scales, between 4,000 tons/year and 400,000 tons/year of ammonia. The ammonia cracking process simulation model was built using the Symmetry-iCON software and includes main process units such as ammonia dehydrogenation, flue gas production and hydrogen purification. Assumptions were made on the efficiency of 99% of hydrogen production. We further employed a factorial method to estimate the capital expenditure (CAPEX) of the plant, a critical component in our analysis. Operation expenditure (OPEX) estimation was included by considering factors such as cost of raw material, electricity and manpower. The techno-economic analysis shows significant differences between two scales of operation. At the smaller scale of 4,000 tons/year, the minimum hydrogen selling price to achieve 20% IRR is 14.3 USD/kg H2, while at the larger scale of 400,000 tons/year, the price reduces to 3.7 USD/kg H2. Additionally, the analysis reveals OPEX, especially the cost of ammonia (grey, blue and green) is the primary cost driver in ammonia cracking process. A sensitivity study on ammonia costs reveals that fluctuations in OPEX have the most significant impact on hydrogen costs, compared to variability in CAPEX. Other operational costs considered within this work include installation of equipment, transportation and maintenance of the equipment. The fuel type and mix were studied to understand their impact on the overall system emission. The cases considered include the use of methane, a mix of methane and hydrogen and direct use of ammonia as fuel for the cracking system. This study provides valuable insights into the techno-economic aspects of using ammonia for hydrogen storage and transportation. While ammonia cracking is technically viable for hydrogen production, its economic feasibility depends significantly on the scale of operation and ammonia cost. From a technological perspective, alternative pathways that could lead to lower energy consumption could further lower the cost of ammonia cracking.
Reports on the topic "Estimation question type"
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Nosova, Olga. Structural Changes and the Ukrainian Labour Market Organisation. Publishing House - Vilnius Business College, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.57005/ab.2023.1.1.
Full textAbstract:
The article aims to analyze the structural changes and the Ukrainian labor market organization in the condition of military aggression against Ukraine. The Ukrainian economy encounters the devastating destructions and losses of economic entities, enormous capital, and labor under the effect of military aggression. Structural changes include a change in the industrial structure of production, the destruction of large enterprises, and supply chains, the loss of part of the labor force, and fluctuations between skilled and unskilled jobs. Thus, SMEs in the service sector suffer due to the reduction of the population in cities, which causes both a reduction in demand for certain types of services (hotel and restaurant business, beauty salons, providers of extracurricular educational services, etc.) and a reduction in the supply of highly qualified specialists (IT sector, experts in financial, design and consulting services). Small business because of the war feels caught between the minimum possible sale of their products and reduced demand. The basic research questions are identifying and estimating the urgent needs of the labor market and capital. It will be directed to define sectors that can speed up the process of rebuilding the economy. Diversifying the economy, increasing product/service sophistication, using comparative advantages and transfer of resources (both labor and capital) leads to more productive activities and a rise in well-being.
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Vail, Kylin, Bret Lizundia, David Welch, and Evan Reis. Earthquake Damage Workshop (PEER-CEA Project). Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55461/plbd5536.
Full textAbstract:
This report is one of a series of reports documenting the methods and findings of a multi-year, multi-disciplinary project coordinated by the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER and funded by the California Earthquake Authority (CEA). The overall project is titled “Quantifying the Performance of Retrofit of Cripple Walls and Sill Anchorage in Single-Family Wood-Frame Buildings,” henceforth referred to as the “PEER–CEA Project.” The overall objective of the PEER–CEA Project is to provide scientifically based information (e.g., testing, analysis, and resulting loss models) that measure and assess the effectiveness of seismic retrofit to reduce the risk of damage and associated losses (repair costs) of wood-frame houses with cripple wall and sill anchorage deficiencies as well as retrofitted conditions that address those deficiencies. Tasks that support and inform the loss-modeling effort are: (1) collecting and summarizing existing information and results of previous research on the performance of wood-frame houses; (2) identifying construction features to characterize alternative variants of wood-frame houses; (3) characterizing earthquake hazard and ground motions at representative sites in California; (4) developing cyclic loading protocols and conducting laboratory tests of cripple wall panels, wood-frame wall subassemblies, and sill anchorages to measure and document their response (strength and stiffness) under cyclic loading; and (5) the computer modeling, simulations, and the development of loss models as informed by a workshop with claims adjustors. This report is a product of Working Group 6 (WG6): Interaction with Claims Adjustors & Catastrophe Modelers and focuses on a damage workshop effort undertaken to provide repair estimates of representative damaged single-family wood-frame case study buildings to compare the differences in costs between houses with and without retrofits to cripple walls and sill anchorage. At the request of the CEA, 11 experienced claims adjustors from insurance companies volunteered to provide the estimates. Electronic cost estimation files for each case study building were developed by the PEER–CEA Project Team using the Verisk Xactware Xactimate X1 platform and provided to the claims adjustors to complete their estimates. These adjustor estimates served as the baseline for comparison against the FEMA P-58 [FEMA 2012] methodology used on the project for loss estimation. The term “damage workshop effort” is used to emphasize that the scope of work included not just a successful workshop meeting, but the broader development of a damage description package describing case studies and associated Xactimate descriptions before the workshop meeting and revisions after it, two rounds of estimates and survey question responses by adjustors, interpretation and clarification of the estimates for consistency, and synthesizing of estimate findings and survey responses into conclusions and recommendations. Three building types were investigated, each with an unretrofitted and a retrofitted condition. These were then assessed at four levels of damage, resulting in a total of 24 potential scenarios. Because of similarities, only 17 scenarios needed unique Xactimate estimates. Each scenario was typically estimated by three to five adjustors, resulting in a final total of 74 different estimates.