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Journal articles on the topic 'Estrogeen'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 14 February 2022

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1

Wang, Po-Hsiang, Yi-Lung Chen, Sean Ting-Shyang Wei, et al. "Retroconversion of estrogens into androgens by bacteria via a cobalamin-mediated methylation." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 3 (2019): 1395–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1914380117.

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Steroid estrogens modulate physiology and development of vertebrates. Conversion of C19 androgens into C18 estrogens is thought to be an irreversible reaction. Here, we report a denitrifying Denitratisoma sp. strain DHT3 capable of catabolizing estrogens or androgens anaerobically. Strain DHT3 genome contains a polycistronic gene cluster, emtABCD, differentially transcribed under estrogen-fed conditions and predicted to encode a cobalamin-dependent methyltransferase system conserved among estrogen-utilizing anaerobes; an emtA-disrupted DHT3 derivative could catabolize androgens but not estroge

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2

Lee, Heehyoung, and Wenlong Bai. "Regulation of Estrogen Receptor Nuclear Export by Ligand-Induced and p38-Mediated Receptor Phosphorylation." Molecular and Cellular Biology 22, no. 16 (2002): 5835–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.22.16.5835-5845.2002.

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ABSTRACT Estrogen receptors are phosphoproteins which can be activated by ligands, kinase activators, or phosphatase inhibitors. Our previous study showed that p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase was involved in estrogen receptor activation by estrogens and MEKK1. Here, we report estrogen receptor-dependent p38 activation by estrogens in endometrial adenocarcinoma cells and in vitro and in vivo phosphorylation of the estrogen receptor α mediated through p38. The phosphorylation site was identified as threonine-311 (Thr311), located in helix 1 of the hormone-binding domain. The mutation of thr

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Kumar, Anita, Antara Banerjee, Dipty Singh, et al. "Estradiol: A Steroid with Multiple Facets." Hormone and Metabolic Research 50, no. 05 (2018): 359–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0044-100920.

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AbstractSeventy-five glorious years have passed since estradiol was discovered by Edward Doisy. From discovery in the ovaries to delineation of diverse physiological effects, research on estrogens has covered a lot of ground. Estrogen receptors that mediate estrogenic effects, have been detected not only in reproductive organs, but also in other body organs. Estrogen receptors function either as conventional transcription factors or as rapid signal transducers. These different modes of action are opted by estrogens to elicit an array of reproductive and non-reproductive functions. It is well e

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Nwankudu, O. N. "Endocrine, Reproductive, Neurophysiologic and Extraneous Activities of Estrogen in Vertebrates." Nigerian Veterinary Journal 41, no. 2 (2021): 85–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/nvj.v41i2.2.

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Estrogens are reproductive hormones synthesized in the gonads of both male and female vertebrates. This review is geared towards uncovering some endocrine, reproductive, neurophysiologic and extraneous activities of estrogen in vertebrates. The three most common naturally occurring estrogens are: Estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), and estriol (E3). In primates, estradiol is the most potent and predominant estrogen during reproductive years. Estrogens are synthesized primarily in the female ovaries and in small quantities in the male testes and the adrenal glands, brain, and fat of both sexes. Estro

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Birzniece, Vita, and Ken K. Y. Ho. "MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Paracrine and endocrine control of the growth hormone axis by estrogen." European Journal of Endocrinology 184, no. 6 (2021): R269—R278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje-21-0155.

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There is a strong biological link between the growth hormone (GH) and gonadal systems in growth, development and metabolism; however, regulatory interactions are poorly understood. Advances in estrogen biology and endocrine physiology have provided insights into mechanistic links between the two systems. Estrogens are synthesized from androgens by aromatase which is widely distributed in extragonadal tissues. Local generation of estrogens raise the possibility of paracrine control as an additional level to classical endocrine regulation of the GH system. To explore the mechanistic links, we re

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Henriksson, Peter, and Reinhard Stege. "Cost Comparison of Parenteral Estrogen and Conventional Hormonal Treatment in Patients With Prostatic Cancer." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 7, no. 2 (1991): 220–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462300005110.

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AbstractThe present study compares the cost of antitumor therapy and adverse cardiovascular effects during the first year of treatment with oral estrogens, nonoral estrogens, or surgical castration in patients with prostatic cancer. We found a much higher cost for patients treated with orchidectomy and oral estrogens than for patients treated with nonoral estrogens. Twenty-five percent of the patients treated with oral estrogen suffered cardiovascular complications, compared to none of the patients treated by orchidectomy or nonoral estrogens. The initial cost of orchidectomy as compared to no

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Imai, Yuuki, Shino Kondoh, Alexander Kouzmenko та Shigeaki Kato. "Minireview: Osteoprotective Action of Estrogens Is Mediated by Osteoclastic Estrogen Receptor-α". Molecular Endocrinology 24, № 5 (2010): 877–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/me.2009-0238.

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Abstract The osteoprotective action of estrogen in women has drawn considerable attention because estrogen deficiency-induced osteoporosis became one of the most widely spread diseases in developed countries. In men, the significance of estrogen action for bone health maintenance is also apparent from the osteoporotic phenotype seen in male patients with genetically impaired estrogen signaling. Severe bone loss and high bone turnover, including typical osteofeatures seen in postmenopausal women, can also be recapitulated in rodents after ovariectomy. However, the expected osteoporotic phenotyp

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8

Kassi, E., and P. Moutsatsou. "Estrogen Receptor Signaling and Its Relationship to Cytokines in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus." Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2010 (2010): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/317452.

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Dysregulation of cytokines is among the main abnormalities in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE). However, although, estrogens, which are known to be involved in lupus disease, influence cytokine production, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly defined. Recent evidence demonstrates the presence of estrogen receptor in various cell types of the immune system, while divergent effects of estrogens on the cytokine regulation are thought to be implicated. In this paper, we provide an overview of the current knowledge as to how estrogen-induced modulation of cytokine production in SLE i

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Lizcano, Fernando, and Guillermo Guzmán. "Estrogen Deficiency and the Origin of Obesity during Menopause." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/757461.

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Sex hormones strongly influence body fat distribution and adipocyte differentiation. Estrogens and testosterone differentially affect adipocyte physiology, but the importance of estrogens in the development of metabolic diseases during menopause is disputed. Estrogens and estrogen receptors regulate various aspects of glucose and lipid metabolism. Disturbances of this metabolic signal lead to the development of metabolic syndrome and a higher cardiovascular risk in women. The absence of estrogens is a clue factor in the onset of cardiovascular disease during the menopausal period, which is cha

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10

Liu, Jia Wei, Elisabeth Jeannin, and Didier Picard. "The Anti-Estrogen Hydroxytamoxifen Is a Potent Antagonist in a Novel Yeast System." Biological Chemistry 380, no. 11 (1999): 1341–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bc.1999.172.

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AbstractThe budding yeastSaccharomyces cerevisiaehas been used extensively as a biological ‘test tube’ to study the regulation of the human estrogen receptor (ER) α. However, anti-estrogens, which are of great importance as therapeutic agents and research tools, fail to antagonize the activation by estrogen in yeast. Here, we have surveyed the antagonistic potential of five different anti-estrogens of diverse chemical nature. While they all act as agonists for wild-type ERα we have established a novel yeast assay system for anti-estrogens, in which at least the commonly used anti-estrogen hydr

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11

Tian, Kejian, Fanxing Meng, Qi Meng, et al. "The Analysis of Estrogen-Degrading and Functional Metabolism Genes in Rhodococcus equi DSSKP-R-001." International Journal of Genomics 2020 (August 26, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/9369182.

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Estrogen contamination is recognized as one of the most serious environmental problems, causing widespread concern worldwide. Environmental estrogens are mainly derived from human and vertebrate excretion, drugs, and agricultural activities. The use of microorganisms is currently the most economical and effective method for biodegradation of environmental estrogens. Rhodococcus equi DSSKP-R-001 (R-001) has strong estrogen-degrading capabilities. Our study indicated that R-001 can use different types of estrogen as its sole carbon source for growth and metabolism, with final degradation rates a

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Di Croce, Luciano, Guillermo P. Vicent, Adali Pecci, Giovannella Bruscalupi, Anna Trentalance, and Miguel Beato. "The Promoter of the Rat 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl Coenzyme A Reductase Gene Contains a Tissue-Specific Estrogen-Responsive Region." Molecular Endocrinology 13, no. 8 (1999): 1225–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/mend.13.8.0333.

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Abstract The isoprenoid metabolic pathway is mainly regulated at the level of conversion of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG CoA) to mevalonate, catalyzed by HMG CoA reductase. As estrogens are known to influence cholesterol metabolism, we have explored the potential regulation of the HMG CoA reductase gene promoter by estrogens. The promoter contains an estrogen-responsive element-like sequence at position −93 (termed Red-ERE), which differs from the ERE consensus by one mismatch in each half of the palindrome. A Red-ERE oligonucleotide specifically bound estrogen receptor in vitro

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Chmielewska, Małgorzata, Izabela Skibińska, and Małgorzata Kotwicka. "Mitochondria: Target organelles for estrogen action." Postępy Higieny i Medycyny Doświadczalnej 71, no. 1 (2017): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.3828.

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Estrogens belong to a group of sex hormones, which have been shown to act in multidirectional way. Estrogenic effects are mediated by two types of intracellular receptors: estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) and estrogen receptor 2 (ESR2). There are two basic mechanisms of estrogen action: 1) classical-genomic, in which the ligand-receptor complex acts as a transcriptional factor and 2) a nongenomic one, which is still not fully understood, but has been seen to lead to distinct biological effects, depending on tissue and ligand type. It is postulated that nongenomic effects may be associated with membr

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Watanabe, H., A. Suzuki, M. Kobayashi, DB Lubahn, H. Handa, and T. Iguchi. "Similarities and differences in uterine gene expression patterns caused by treatment with physiological and non-physiological estrogens." Journal of Molecular Endocrinology 31, no. 3 (2003): 487–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/jme.0.0310487.

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Administration of physiological and non-physiological estrogens during pregnancy or after birth is known to have adverse effects on the development of the reproductive tract and other organs. Although it is believed that both estrogens have similar effects on gene expression, this view has not been tested systematically. To compare the effects of physiological (estradiol; E2) and non-physiological (diethylstilbestrol; DES) estrogens, we used DNA microarray analysis to examine the uterine gene expression patterns induced by the two estrogens. Although E2 and DES induced many genes to respond in

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Britt, KL, and JK Findlay. "Estrogen actions in the ovary revisited." Journal of Endocrinology 175, no. 2 (2002): 269–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1750269.

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Estrogens are synonymous with fertility and infertility in mammals. Our knowledge of the biological actions of estrogens, however, is incomplete. Three recent developments have thrown new light on the actions of estrogens in mammalian reproduction that will lead to a greater understanding of their functions. They are (a) the identification of a second estrogen receptor, called ERbeta, (b) the identification of ligand-specific ER coactivators and (c) mouse models with targeted disruption of the genes encoding both ER and the aromatase enzyme. These models provide for the first time animals whic

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Borisova, Juliya A., G. B. Smirnova, I. Zh Shubina, Z. S. Shprakh, and E. M. Treshchalina. "Phyto-anti-estrogens are potential selective modifiers of biological reactions in breast cancer." Russian Journal of Oncology 21, no. 4 (2016): 212–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/1028-9984-201621-4-212-219.

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The review analyzes up-to-date information about specific characteristics of anti-estrogen therapeutic agents with different mechanisms of action with regard to present knowledge of endocrine therapy for estrogen-positive breast cancer (ER+ BC). The paper presents some agents for anti-estrogen therapy of breast cancer - aromatase inhibitors and selective modifiers of biological reactions (SMBR) and their mechanisms of anti-proliferative action. The authors describe significant therapeutic and side effects as well as different options for anti-estrogen combinations. Special emphasis is made on

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Vásárhelyi, Barna, Katalin Mészáros, Gellért Karvaly, and Attila Patócs. "Fókuszban a szöveti biomarkerek. Az ösztrogének mint a szövetspecifikus immunválasz és autoimmunitás modulálásának kulcsszereplői." Orvosi Hetilap 156, no. 51 (2015): 2070–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/650.2015.30317.

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Estrogens modulate the immune response as well as the risk and progression of autoimmune disorders. Their effects are mediated by nuclear receptors (i.e. estrogen receptor alpha and beta), membrane receptors, and are influenced by their interactions with other hormones. Locally produced hormones and cytokines are the main factors in maintaining tissue homeostasis. The response of immune cells to estrogens is related to their developmental stage. The diverse effects of estrogens on various autoimmune disorders are the result of the versatility of their pathomechanism. In general, progression of

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18

Nilsson, Stefan, Sari Mäkelä, Eckardt Treuter, et al. "Mechanisms of Estrogen Action." Physiological Reviews 81, no. 4 (2001): 1535–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.2001.81.4.1535.

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Our appreciation of the physiological functions of estrogens and the mechanisms through which estrogens bring about these functions has changed during the past decade. Just as transgenic mice were produced in which estrogen receptors had been inactivated and we thought that we were about to understand the role of estrogen receptors in physiology and pathology, it was found that there was not one but two distinct and functional estrogen receptors, now called ERα and ERβ. Transgenic mice in which each of the receptors or both the receptors are inactive have revealed a much broader role for estro

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Lazari, Maria Fatima Magalhães, Thais Fabiana Gameiro Lucas, Fabiana Yasuhara, et al. "Estrogen receptors and function in the male reproductive system." Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia & Metabologia 53, no. 8 (2009): 923–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0004-27302009000800005.

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A substantial advance in our understanding on the estrogen signaling occurred in the last decade. Estrogens interact with two receptors, ESR1 and ESR2, also known as ERα and ERβ, respectively. ESR1 and ESR2 belong to the nuclear receptor family of transcription factors. In addition to the well established transcriptional effects, estrogens can mediate rapid signaling, triggered within seconds or minutes. These rapid effects can be mediated by ESRs or the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor GPER, also known as GPR30. The effects of estrogen on cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis a

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Molina, Luis, Felipe A. Bustamante, Kanti D. Bhoola, Carlos D. Figueroa, and Pamela Ehrenfeld. "Possible role of phytoestrogens in breast cancer via GPER-1/GPR30 signaling." Clinical Science 132, no. 24 (2018): 2583–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs20180885.

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Estrogens generated within endocrine organs and the reproductive system act as ligands for at least three types of estrogen receptors. Estrogen receptors α (ERα) and β (ERβ) belong to the so-called classical family of estrogen receptors, whereas the G protein-coupled receptor GPR30, also known as GPER-1, has been described as a novel estrogen receptor sited in the cell membrane of target cells. Furthermore, these receptors are under stimulation of a family of exogenous estrogens, known as phytoestrogens, which are a diverse group of non-steroidal plant compounds derived from plant food consume

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Kitajima, Yuriko, and Yusuke Ono. "Estrogens maintain skeletal muscle and satellite cell functions." Journal of Endocrinology 229, no. 3 (2016): 267–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/joe-15-0476.

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Estrogens have crucial roles in an extensive range of physiological functions regulating cellular proliferation and differentiation, development, homeostasis, and metabolism. Therefore, prolonged estrogen insufficiency influences various types of tissues expressing estrogen receptors (ERs). Although ERs are expressed in skeletal muscle and its stem cells, called satellite cells, how prolonged estrogen insufficiency affects their function remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the effect of estrogen reduction on muscle in young ovariectomized (OVX) female mice. We found that reduced es

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Lasiuk, G. C., and K. M. Hegadoren. "The Effects of Estradiol on Central Serotonergic Systems and Its Relationship to Mood in Women." Biological Research For Nursing 9, no. 2 (2007): 147–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1099800407305600.

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Lifetime prevalence rates of depression are higher in women than men. Because this gender disparity appears after the onset of puberty and declines after menopause, gonadal hormones may play a role in women's increased vulnerability to dysphoric states. Estrogens have powerful effects beyond their role in reproduction. Fluctuations in estrogen occur naturally throughout the reproductive years and can be associated with disruptions in mood. Treatment for depression with exogenous estrogen has produced equivocal results. To shed light on the complex interactions among estrogens, serotonin, and m

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Blakemore, Jennifer, and Fredrick Naftolin. "Aromatase: Contributions to Physiology and Disease in Women and Men." Physiology 31, no. 4 (2016): 258–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiol.00054.2015.

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Aromatase (estrogen synthetase; EC 1.14.14.1) catalyzes the demethylation of androgens' carbon 19, producing phenolic 18-carbon estrogens. Aromatase is most widely known for its roles in reproduction and reproductive system diseases, and as a target for inhibitor therapy in estrogen-sensitive diseases including cancer, endometriosis, and leiomyoma (141, 143). However, all tissues contain estrogen receptor-expressing cells, the majority of genes have a complete or partial estrogen response element that regulates their expression (61), and there are plentiful nonreceptor effects of estrogens (79

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Gorodeski, George I. "Estrogen increases the permeability of the cultured human cervical epithelium by modulating cell deformability." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 275, no. 3 (1998): C888—C899. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1998.275.3.c888.

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Estrogens increase secretion of cervical mucus in females. The objective of this research was to study the mechanisms of estrogen action. The experimental models were human CaSki (endocervical) and hECE (ectocervical) epithelial cells cultured on filters. Incubation in steroid-free medium increased transepithelial electrical resistance ( RTE) and decreased epithelial permeability to the cell-impermeant acid pyranine. Estrogen treatment reversed the effects, indicating estrogen decreases epithelial paracellular resistance. The estrogen effect was time and dose related (EC50∼1 nM) and specific (

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Santen, Richard J., Risa Kagan, Corrado J. Altomare, Barry Komm, Sebastian Mirkin, and Hugh S. Taylor. "Current and Evolving Approaches to Individualizing Estrogen Receptor-Based Therapy for Menopausal Women." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 99, no. 3 (2014): 733–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2013-3680.

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Context: Adding progestogens to estrogens changes the risk profile of hormonal therapy for menopausal women, and recent data support the need for progestogen-free options. Several current and evolving approaches to managing estrogen deficiency allow for progestogen omission. We review the mechanisms of estrogen activity and provide an overview of emerging and available estrogen receptor (ER)–based therapies. Evidence Acquisition: PubMed was searched for relevant English-language articles using keywords pertaining to estrogen deficiency, menopause, hormone therapy, and estrogen-only therapy. Pi

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Kaludjerovic, Jovana, and Wendy E. Ward. "The Interplay between Estrogen and Fetal Adrenal Cortex." Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism 2012 (2012): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/837901.

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Estrogen is a steroid hormone that regulates embryogenesis, cell proliferation and differentiation, organogenesis, the timing of parturition, and fetal imprinting by carrying chemical messages from glands to cells within tissues or organs in the body. During development, placenta is the primary source of estrogen production but estrogen can only be produced if the fetus or the mother supplies dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), the estrogen prohormone. Studies show that the fetal zone of the fetal adrenal cortex supplies 60% of DHEA for placental estrogen production, and that placental estrogen in

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De Giorgi, Vincenzo, Alessia Gori, Marta Grazzini, et al. "Estrogens, estrogen receptors and melanoma." Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy 11, no. 5 (2011): 739–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/era.11.42.

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Jeremic, Katarina, Spasoje Petkovic, Gordana Lazovic, Mirka Ilic, Miroslava Gojnic, and Jelena Stojnic. "Effects of hormone replacement therapy on serum lipids and other risk factors of coronary diseases." Jugoslovenska medicinska biohemija 24, no. 1 (2005): 41–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jmh0501041j.

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Our aim was to compare the effects of transdermal versus oral estrogens on mean arterial pressure, serum lipid concentrations, estradiol and body weight. The investigation includes ten postmenopausal women receiving transdermal estrogen plus cyclic oral progesterone for 6 months. Responses were compared with those of 23 women receiving oral conjugated estrogens plus cyclic progesterone also for 6 months. We concluded that both oral and transdermal estrogen significantly (p<0.05) decreased mean arterial pressure, total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level to a similar extent. But on

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POTIER, MYLENE, SHARON J. ELLIOT, IVAN TACK, et al. "Expression and Regulation of Estrogen Receptors in Mesangial Cells: Influence on Matrix Metalloproteinase-9." Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 12, no. 2 (2001): 241–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/asn.v122241.

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Abstract. Diabetic glomerulosclerosis is characterized by the accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) in the mesangium. Estrogens seem to retard whereas estrogen deficiency seems to accelerate progressive glomerulosclerosis. Thus, mesangial cells (MC) may be a target for estrogens. Estrogen action is mediated via estrogen receptor (ER) subtypes ERα and ERβ. Both ER subtypes were expressed in human and mouse MC. Using an estrogen-responsive reporter construct in transfection assays, it also was demonstrated that the nuclear ER were transcriptionally active. In the presence of 17β-estradiol (

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Pentikäinen, Virve, Krista Erkkilä, Laura Suomalainen, Martti Parvinen, and Leo Dunkel. "Estradiol Acts as a Germ Cell Survival Factor in the Human Testis in Vitro*." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 85, no. 5 (2000): 2057–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jcem.85.5.6600.

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Abstract The necessity of estrogens for male fertility was recently discovered in studies on both estrogen receptor α knockout and aromatase (cyp 19 gene) knockout mice. However, direct testicular effects of estrogens in male reproduction have remained unclear. Here we studied the protein expression of ERα and the recently described estrogen receptor β in the human seminiferous epithelium and evaluated the role of 17β-estradiol, the main physiological estrogen, in male germ cell survival. Interestingly, both estrogen receptors α and β were found in early meiotic spermatocytes and elongating sp

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Jalabert, Cecilia, Maria A. Shock, Chunqi Ma, and Kiran K. Soma. "LC-MS/MS for Ultra-Sensitive Quantification of Multiple Estrogens in the Blood and Brain." Journal of the Endocrine Society 5, Supplement_1 (2021): A542. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jendso/bvab048.1104.

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Abstract Estrogens are steroid hormones that affect many aspects of brain function, including cognition, social behavior, and neuroprotection. It is well-known that estrogens are synthesized in the ovaries. Estrogens are also synthesized in the brain, where aromatase is expressed in specific regions. Importantly, estrogens play crucial roles in the brain, even at extremely low levels. Current assays lack the necessary sensitivity and/or specificity to measure brain-synthesized estrogens. Furthermore, current methods focus on only 17β-estradiol and generally disregard other estrogens that are s

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Abe, Hideki, Kim L. Keen, and Ei Terasawa. "Rapid Action of Estrogens on Intracellular Calcium Oscillations in Primate Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone-1 Neurons." Endocrinology 149, no. 3 (2007): 1155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2007-0942.

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Feedback controls of estrogen in LHRH-1 neurons play a pivotal role in reproductive function. However, the mechanism of estrogen action in LHRH-1 neurons is still unclear. In the present study, the effect of estrogens on intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) oscillations in primate LHRH-1 neurons was examined. Application of 17β-estradiol (E2, 1 nm) for 10 min increased the frequency of [Ca2+]i oscillations within a few minutes. E2 also increased the frequency of [Ca2+]i synchronization among LHRH-1 neurons. Similar E2 effects on the frequency of [Ca2+]i oscillations were observed under the presence

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Jiang, Xinguo, Brent A. Orr, David M. Kranz, and David J. Shapiro. "Estrogen Induction of the Granzyme B Inhibitor, Proteinase Inhibitor 9, Protects Cells against Apoptosis Mediated by Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes and Natural Killer Cells." Endocrinology 147, no. 3 (2006): 1419–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2005-0996.

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Exposure to estrogens is associated with an increased risk of developing breast, cervical, and liver cancer. Estrogens strongly induce the human granzyme B inhibitor, proteinase inhibitor 9 (PI-9). Because cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and natural killer (NK) cells use the granzyme pathway to induce apoptosis of target cells, we tested the ability of activated CTLs and the human NK cell line, YT cells, to lyse human liver cells. Estrogen induction of PI-9 protected the liver cells against CTL and NK cell-mediated, granzyme-dependent, apoptosis. Knockdown of PI-9 by RNA interference blocked th

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McEwen, Bruce S. "Invited Review: Estrogens effects on the brain: multiple sites and molecular mechanisms." Journal of Applied Physiology 91, no. 6 (2001): 2785–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.2001.91.6.2785.

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Besides their well-established actions on reproductive functions, estrogens exert a variety of actions on many regions of the nervous system that influence higher cognitive function, pain mechanisms, fine motor skills, mood, and susceptibility to seizures; they also appear to have neuroprotective actions in relation to stroke damage and Alzheimer's disease. Estrogen actions are now recognized to occur via two different intracellular estrogen receptors, ER-α and ER-β, that reside in the cell nuclei of some nerve cells, as well as by some less well-characterized mechanisms. In the hippocampus, s

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Kovács, Krisztián, Barna Vásárhelyi, Katalin Mészáros, Attila Patócs, and Gellért Karvaly. "Az ösztrogénmetabolom biológiai és klinikai jelentősége lokális folyamatokban." Orvosi Hetilap 158, no. 24 (2017): 929–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/650.2017.30778.

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Abstract: Considerable knowledge has been gathered on the physiological role of estrogens. However, fairly little information is available on the role of compounds produced in the breakdown process of estrone and estradiol wich may play a role in various diseases associated with estrogen impact. To date, approximately 15 extragonadal estrogen-related compounds have been identified. These metabolites may exert protective, or, instead, pro-inflammatory and/or pro-oncogenic activity in a tissue-specific manner. Systemic and local estrogen metabolite levels are not necesserily correlated, which ma

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Bilezikian, John P. "The role of estrogens in male skeletal development." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 13, no. 4 (2001): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd00120.

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The developing human skeleton is known to be influenced by the presence of sex steroids. In girls, estrogens have been considered to be the dominant hormone, whereas in boys, androgens have occupied a primary physiological role in terms of bone mass accrual. Although these views are still current, recent observations made of rare defects in estrogen receptor sensitivity or estrogen synthesis have called attention to the importance of estrogens in the developing male skeleton. In these human genetic models, the affected men have demonstrated continuous linear skeletal growth, open epiphyses, la

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Lucà, Rossella, Giorgia di Blasio, Daniela Gallo, et al. "Estrogens Counteract Platinum-Chemosensitivity by Modifying the Subcellular Localization of MDM4." Cancers 11, no. 9 (2019): 1349. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers11091349.

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Estrogen activity towards cancer-related pathways can impact therapeutic intervention. Recent omics data suggest possible crosstalk between estrogens/gender and MDM4, a key regulator of p53. Since MDM4 can either promote cell transformation or enhance DNA damage-sensitivity, we analysed in vivo impact of estrogens on both MDM4 activities. In Mdm4 transgenic mouse, Mdm4 accelerates the formation of fibrosarcoma and increases tumor sensitivity to cisplatin as well, thus confirming in vivo Mdm4 dual mode of action. Noteworthy, Mdm4 enhances chemo- and radio-sensitivity in male but not in female a

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McHugh, Nansie A., Gary F. Merrill, and Saul R. Powell. "Estrogen diminishes postischemic hydroxyl radical production." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 274, no. 6 (1998): H1950—H1954. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1998.274.6.h1950.

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Reperfusion of blood flow to an ischemic myocardium is imperative to survival; ironically, it may also manifest several pathophysiological conditions. The most important of these are reperfusion arrhythmias and tissue injury and/or death. The mechanisms involved in reperfusion arrhythmias remain to be fully elucidated; however, increasing evidence indicates that reperfusion-induced arrhythmias are a free radical-mediated phenomenon. Acute administration of conjugated equine estrogen to dogs attenuates ischemia- and reperfusion-induced arrhythmias. The cardioprotective effect of estrogens in po

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Gilligan, Lorna C., Habibur P. Rahman, Anne-Marie Hewitt, et al. "Estrogen Activation by Steroid Sulfatase Increases Colorectal Cancer Proliferation via GPER." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 102, no. 12 (2017): 4435–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2016-3716.

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Abstract Context Estrogens affect the incidence and progression of colorectal cancer (CRC), although the precise molecular mechanisms remain ill-defined. Objective The present study investigated prereceptor estrogen metabolism through steroid sulphatase (STS) and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity and subsequent nongenomic estrogen signaling in human CRC tissue, in The Cancer Genome Atlas colon adenocarcinoma data set, and in in vitro and in vivo CRC models. We aimed to define and therapeutically target pathways through which estrogens alter CRC proliferation and progression. Design, Se

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Karachentsev, A. N., V. G. Kukes, A. S. Kisrieva, and E. A. Mazerkina. "Cardiotropic activity of estrogens during hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women." Problems of Endocrinology 46, no. 1 (2000): 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.14341/probl11830.

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Cardiotropic activity of estrogens after a single administration and during 12-week substitute hormone therapy was studied during echocardiography and Doppler echocardiography in estrogen deficient women with natural or surgical postmenopause with negative cardiovascular (vasomotor) symptoms with hyperkinetic central hemodynamics, high arterial pressure, and disordered diastolic function of the left ventricle. The results confirm the cardioprotective and positive hemodynamic activity of substitute estrogens. Estrogens improved the initially disturbed diastolic and systolic function of the left

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Cooke, Paul S., Manjunatha K. Nanjappa, CheMyong Ko, Gail S. Prins, and Rex A. Hess. "Estrogens in Male Physiology." Physiological Reviews 97, no. 3 (2017): 995–1043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00018.2016.

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Estrogens have historically been associated with female reproduction, but work over the last two decades established that estrogens and their main nuclear receptors (ESR1 and ESR2) and G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) also regulate male reproductive and nonreproductive organs. 17β-Estradiol (E2) is measureable in blood of men and males of other species, but in rete testis fluids, E2 reaches concentrations normally found only in females and in some species nanomolar concentrations of estrone sulfate are found in semen. Aromatase, which converts androgens to estrogens, is expressed in

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Borrás, C., M. Ferrando, M. Inglés, et al. "Estrogen Replacement Therapy Induces Antioxidant and Longevity-Related Genes in Women after Medically Induced Menopause." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2021 (September 9, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8101615.

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Females live longer than males in many species, including humans, and estrogens are in part responsible for this protection against aging. We reported previously that estrogens can protect rats against oxidative stress, by inducing antioxidant and longevity-related genes. Thus, this study was aimed at confirming the ability of estrogens to upregulate antioxidant and longevity-related genes in humans. For this purpose, we selected 16 women of reproductive age (18-42 years old) undergoing a fertility treatment that includes a medically induced menopause, at the Valencian Infertility Institute. W

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Secky, Lena, Martin Svoboda, Lukas Klameth, et al. "The Sulfatase Pathway for Estrogen Formation: Targets for the Treatment and Diagnosis of Hormone-Associated Tumors." Journal of Drug Delivery 2013 (February 13, 2013): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/957605.

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The extragonadal synthesis of biological active steroid hormones from their inactive precursors in target tissues is named “intracrinology.” Of particular importance for the progression of estrogen-dependent cancers is the in situ formation of the biological most active estrogen, 17beta-estradiol (E2). In cancer cells, conversion of inactive steroid hormone precursors to E2 is accomplished from inactive, sulfated estrogens in the “sulfatase pathway” and from androgens in the “aromatase pathway.” Here, we provide an overview about expression and function of enzymes of the “sulfatase pathway,” p

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Nadal, Angel, Mario Díaz, and Miguel A. Valverde. "The Estrogen Trinity: Membrane, Cytosolic, and Nuclear Effects." Physiology 16, no. 6 (2001): 251–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiologyonline.2001.16.6.251.

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Estrogens have a wide array of biological effects, targeting both genomic and nongenomic mechanisms. Classically, the estrogen receptors activating the transcription machinery in the nucleus were thought to be distinct from the extranuclear estrogen receptors. Recently, this conceptual wall has started to be dismantled as the result of the identification of novel routes of estrogen action.

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Chakhtoura, Marita, Uma Sriram, Michelle Heayn, et al. "Bisphenol A Does Not Mimic Estrogen in the Promotion of the In Vitro Response of Murine Dendritic Cells to Toll-Like Receptor Ligands." Mediators of Inflammation 2017 (2017): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/2034348.

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Sex hormones affect immune responses and might promote autoimmunity. Endocrine disrupting chemicals such as bisphenol A (BPA) may mimic their immune effects. Conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) are pivotal initiators of immune responses upon activation by danger signals coming from pathogens or distressed tissues through triggering of the Toll-like receptors (TLRs). We generated in vitro murine cDCs in the absence of estrogens and measured the effects of exogenously added estrogen or BPA on their differentiation and activation by the TLR ligands LPS and CpG. Estrogen enhanced the differentiati

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Whayne, Thomas F. "Hypertriglyceridemia: An Infrequent, Difficult-to-predict, Severe Metabolic and Vascular Problem Associated with Estrogen Administration." Current Vascular Pharmacology 18, no. 3 (2020): 254–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570161117666190306102322.

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Supplementary estrogen plays important roles for female patients as convenient birth control, relief of postmenopausal symptoms, and in the management of other selected problems. However, as is the case for essentially all medications, there are side effects. Short of a major pulmonary embolus, the most severe side effect of estrogen would appear to be sporadic, rare, and severe hypertriglyceridemia associated with acute pancreatitis. The occurrence of this fortunately rare problem usually happens in the presence of some preexisting and usually mild increase in triglycerides (TG). A case of ch

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Todiodi, Mina. "The Effects of Exogenous Estrogens on Estrogen Receptors in Male Reproductive Organs." Revue interdisciplinaire des sciences de la santé - Interdisciplinary Journal of Health Sciences 1, no. 1 (2010): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.18192/riss-ijhs.v1i1.1537.

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There is an essential physiological role for estrogen in male reproduction. Conversely, exposure to exogenous sources of estrogen has negative effects on reproductive physiology and fertility in men. Infertility, affecting nearly 15% of couples, is defined as the inability to conceive after one year of unprotected sexual intercourse. In at least 20% of cases, male reproductive pathology is the major cause for a couple’s infertility. Thus, it is essential to investigate potential causes of infertility in adult males. Evidence shows that exposure to certain endocrine disruptors is associated wit

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Duong, C. N., J. H. Lee, B. J. Lim, and S. D. Kim. "Biodegradation of estrogen conjugates by bacteria isolated from river sediments." Water Science and Technology 64, no. 8 (2011): 1750–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.739.

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The objective of this study was to investigate the ability of E. coli in river sediments to degrade estrogen conjugates. Biodegradation experiments on glucuronide estrogens (E1-GLU, E2-GLU and E3-GLU) using E. coli, non-E. coli bacteria as well as sediment crude extracts were carried out in batch mode. A pure identified E. coli strain (KCTC 2571) was used for comparison of enzyme activity. The results showed that the degradation rate of estrogen conjugates by KCTC 2571 and E. coli isolated from sediments followed a similar trend. Fecal bacteria showed a high ability to deconjugate glucuronided

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Hedges, Valerie L., Gang Chen, Lei Yu, et al. "Local Estrogen Synthesis Regulates Parallel Fiber–Purkinje Cell Neurotransmission Within the Cerebellar Cortex." Endocrinology 159, no. 3 (2018): 1328–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2018-00039.

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Abstract Estrogens affect cerebellar activity and cerebellum-based behaviors. Within the adult rodent cerebellum, the best-characterized action of estradiol is to enhance glutamatergic signaling. However, the mechanisms by which estradiol promotes glutamatergic neurotransmission remain unknown. Within the mouse cerebellum, we found that estrogen receptor activation of metabotropic glutamate receptor type 1a strongly enhances neurotransmission at the parallel fiber–Purkinje cell synapse. The blockade of local estrogen synthesis within the cerebellum results in a diminution of glutamatergic neur

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Estrada-Arriaga, E. B., and P. Mijaylova. "Calculation methods to perform mass balance of endocrine disrupting compounds in a submerged membrane bioreactor: fate and distribution of estrogens during the biological treatment." Water Science and Technology 64, no. 11 (2011): 2158–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.799.

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The purpose of this paper is to report the study of the fate and distribution of three endocrine disrupting compounds (estrogens); Estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2), and 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) in a laboratory scale submerged membrane bioreactor (SMBR). For this matter, both aqueous and solids phases were analyzed for the presence of E1, E2 and EE2. The outcome of this study was that three SMBRs showed enhanced elimination of estrogens in different operational conditions; the estrogen removal was close to 100% in SMBR. Additionally, E1, E2 and EE2 were detected in SMBR sludge at concentratio

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