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Journal articles on the topic 'Estrogen Levels'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 2 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Bernasochi, Gabriel B., James R. Bell, Evan R. Simpson, Lea M. D. Delbridge, and Wah Chin Boon. "Impact of Estrogens on the Regulation of White, Beige, and Brown Adipose Tissue Depots." Comprehensive Physiology 9, no. 2 (2019): 457–75. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2040-4603.2019.tb00071.x.

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ABSTRACTAs adipose tissue depots are active endocrine organs, they secrete a variety of hormones (including estrogens from white adipose) and inflammatory mediators, which have important implications in numerous obesity‐associated diseases. Adipose tissues are broadly characterized as consisting of white, beige, and brown depot types. The endocrine, metabolic, and inflammatory profiles of adipose are depot dependent and influenced by the estrogenic and androgenic status of the adipose tissue. Estrogen receptors mediate both the genomic and nongenomic actions of estrogens and are expressed in t

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2

Wunder, Juliane, Daniela Pemp, Alexander Cecil, et al. "Influence of breast cancer risk factors on proliferation and DNA damage in human breast glandular tissues: role of intracellular estrogen levels, oxidative stress and estrogen biotransformation." Archives of Toxicology 96, no. 2 (2021): 673–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00204-021-03198-7.

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AbstractBreast cancer etiology is associated with both proliferation and DNA damage induced by estrogens. Breast cancer risk factors (BCRF) such as body mass index (BMI), smoking, and intake of estrogen-active drugs were recently shown to influence intratissue estrogen levels. Thus, the aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of BCRF on estrogen-induced proliferation and DNA damage in 41 well-characterized breast glandular tissues derived from women without breast cancer. Influence of intramammary estrogen levels and BCRF on estrogen receptor (ESR) activation, ESR-related pro

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3

Tynan, Sharon, Emmanuel Pacia, Donna Haynes-Johnson, et al. "The Putative Tumor Suppressor Deleted in Malignant Brain Tumors 1 Is an Estrogen-Regulated Gene in Rodent and Primate Endometrial Epithelium." Endocrinology 146, no. 3 (2005): 1066–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2004-1304.

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Deleted in malignant brain tumors 1 (DMBT1) is a candidate suppressor of malignancies of the brain, lung, gut, and breast. We have been studying gene expression in the uterus in the presence of estrogens and their antagonists. Here, we show that DMBT1 RNA levels are robustly increased by estrogen treatment in the uteri of ovariectomized monkeys and rats. In monkeys, the progestin antagonist mifepristone inhibits estrogen-dependent uterine proliferation. As determined by a microarray experiment and quantitative analysis of RNA levels, mifepristone inhibited estrogenic induction of DMBT1. DMBT1

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Spratt, Daniel I., Jeremy R. Morton, Robert S. Kramer, Sara W. Mayo, Christopher Longcope, and Calvin P. H. Vary. "Increases in serum estrogen levels during major illness are caused by increased peripheral aromatization." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 291, no. 3 (2006): E631—E638. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00467.2005.

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Although serum testosterone levels decrease acutely in critically ill patients, estrogen levels rise. We hypothesized that increased rates of aromatization of androgens to estrogens underlie the increase in serum estrogen levels. Eleven men and three women (age 42–69 yr) were prospectively studied before and again after elective coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG). Each patient received priming doses of [14C]androgen and [3H]estrogen that were immediately followed by peripheral infusions for 210 min. Eight men and three women received androstenedione (A4)/estrone (E1) and three men rec

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Ganguly, S., L. A. Ashley, C. M. Pendleton, et al. "Characterization of osteoblastic properties of 7F2 and UMR-106 cultures after acclimation to reduced levels of fetal bovine serum." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 86, no. 7 (2008): 403–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y08-055.

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Estrogen plays an important role in skeletal physiology by maintaining a remodeling balance between the activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. In an attempt to decipher the mechanism through which estrogen elicits its action on osteoblasts, experimentation necessitated the development of a culturing environment reduced in estrogenic compounds. The selected medium (OPTI-MEM) is enriched to sustain cultures under reduced fetal bovine serum (FBS) conditions and is devoid of the pH indicator phenol red, a suspected estrogenic agent. This protocol reduced the concentration of FBS supplementation

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Zieliński, Grzegorz, and Beata Pająk-Zielińska. "Association between Estrogen Levels and Temporomandibular Disorders: An Updated Systematic Review." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 18 (2024): 9867. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms25189867.

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The aim of this systematic review is to evaluate the impact of estrogen levels on the occurrence of temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) in humans. Searches were conducted in the same databases as follows: PubMed, the Cochrane Collaboration database, and the Scopus database. In accordance with the MeSH database and previous work, the following keywords were used: ‘estrogens’ and ‘temporomandibular joint disorders’. Twelve studies were included in the review and were assessed for the quality of evidence. Estrogen levels are associated with pain modulation in the temporomandibular joint and the en

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Lim, Vanessa W., Jun Li, Yinhan Gong, et al. "Serum estrogen receptor bioactivity and breast cancer risk among postmenopausal women." Endocrine-Related Cancer 21, no. 2 (2013): 263–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/erc-13-0233.

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The estrogen levels of Asian women are different from those of Western women, and this could affect estrogen receptor (ER) bioactivity and breast cancer risk. We conducted a case–control study in 169 postmenopausal breast cancer cases and 426 matched controls nested within a population-based prospective cohort study, the Singapore Chinese Health Study, to evaluate the serum levels of estrogens and their receptor (ERα and ERβ)-mediated estrogenic activities in relation to breast cancer risk. Breast cancer cases had higher levels of estrogens and ER-mediated bioactivities in baseline serum than

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Britt, K. L., E. R. Simpson, and J. K. Findlay. "158. Effects of phytoestrogens on the ovarian and pituitary phenotypes of oestrogen deficient female aromatase knockout mice." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 16, no. 9 (2004): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/srb04abs158.

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Phytoestrogens can induce both estrogen agonistic and antagonistic effects, depending on the tissue, estrogen receptor content and endogenous levels of estrogen. Dietary phytoestrogens are promoted as alternatives to synthetic estrogens for hormone replacement therapy, however their effects on the reproductive axis have not been exhaustively studied in vivo. Female aromatase knockout mouse (ArKO) mice are estrogen-free, and anovulatory with a block in folliculogenesis, hemorrhagic cysts and development of Sertoli cells within their ovaries. We evaluated the ArKO mouse as a model to test the ef

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Tachibana, Ayaka, Yuri Yamamoto, Hiroki Noguchi, et al. "Changes in Serum Oxytocin Levels under Physiological and Supraphysiological Gonadal Steroid Hormone Conditions in Women of Reproductive Age: A Preliminary Study." Nutrients 14, no. 24 (2022): 5350. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14245350.

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Oxytocin (OT) affects many behavioral, psychological, and physiological functions, including appetite and body weight regulation. Central and peripheral OT levels are markedly affected by gonadal steroids, especially estrogen, and the anorectic effects of estrogen are partially mediated by OT in rodents. In this study, the relationship between the estrogen milieu and serum OT levels was evaluated in women of reproductive age under physiological (n = 9) and supraphysiological estrogenic conditions (n = 7). Consequently, it was found that serum OT levels were increased in physiological (the ovul

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10

Lee, Sang R., Young Ho Lee, Hyun Yang, et al. "Sex hormone-binding globulin suppresses NAFLD-triggered hepatocarcinogenesis after menopause." Carcinogenesis 40, no. 8 (2019): 1031–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/carcin/bgz107.

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Abstract It is generally accepted that androgen receptors increase the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and that estrogen reduces risk of HCC. Many studies regarding this have involved males. We, therefore, have focused our attention on females, especially postmenopausal females, who typically have limited supplies of estrogen. By using sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) transgenic mice, we produced a humanoid environment, and facilitated deposition and modulation of sex hormones. After exposure to diethylnitrosamine to induce HCC and upon reaching the age of 40 weeks, mice were fed th

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11

Coss, Christopher C., Amanda Jones, Deanna N. Parke та ін. "Preclinical Characterization of a Novel Diphenyl Benzamide Selective ERα Agonist for Hormone Therapy in Prostate Cancer". Endocrinology 153, № 3 (2012): 1070–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2011-1608.

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Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is the mainstay of treatment for advanced prostate cancer. ADT improves overall and disease-free survival rates, but long-term therapy is associated with severe side effects of androgen and estrogen depletion including hot flashes, weight gain, depression, and osteoporosis. Effective hormone reduction can be achieved without estrogen deficiency-related side effects by using therapy with estrogenic compounds. However, cardiovascular complications induced by estrogens coupled with the availability of LHRH agonists led to discontinuation of estrogen use for prim

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Borrás, C., M. Ferrando, M. Inglés, et al. "Estrogen Replacement Therapy Induces Antioxidant and Longevity-Related Genes in Women after Medically Induced Menopause." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2021 (September 9, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8101615.

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Females live longer than males in many species, including humans, and estrogens are in part responsible for this protection against aging. We reported previously that estrogens can protect rats against oxidative stress, by inducing antioxidant and longevity-related genes. Thus, this study was aimed at confirming the ability of estrogens to upregulate antioxidant and longevity-related genes in humans. For this purpose, we selected 16 women of reproductive age (18-42 years old) undergoing a fertility treatment that includes a medically induced menopause, at the Valencian Infertility Institute. W

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Maharjan, Chandra K., Jiao Mo, Lei Wang, et al. "Natural and Synthetic Estrogens in Chronic Inflammation and Breast Cancer." Cancers 14, no. 1 (2021): 206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers14010206.

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The oncogenic role of estrogen receptor (ER) signaling in breast cancer has long been established. Interaction of estrogen with estrogen receptor (ER) in the nucleus activates genomic pathways of estrogen signaling. In contrast, estrogen interaction with the cell membrane-bound G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) activates the rapid receptor-mediated signaling transduction cascades. Aberrant estrogen signaling enhances mammary epithelial cell proliferation, survival, and angiogenesis, hence is an important step towards breast cancer initiation and progression. Meanwhile, a growing numbe

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Bharathi, Raja R., S. Anand, V. S. Muthusamy, B. Sarath Kumar, and B. S. Lakshmi. "Diaryheptanoid, a structurally related phytoestrogen inhibiting the growth of estrogen dependent breast cancer cells and its interaction with estrogen receptors." Research Journal of Biotechnology 20, no. 4 (2025): 18–24. https://doi.org/10.25303/204rjbt018024.

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A decreased prevalence of breast cancer is associated with the excessive consumption of phytoestrogens which are biologically active plant-derived phenolic compounds that structurally mimic the mammalian estrogen, estradiol-17β. Consequently, hormone replacement therapy during the postmenopausal period is contraindicated in women with breast cancer. This study investigated the anti-estrogenic effects of DAH on the MCF-7 cell line, comparing its effects to the known anti-estrogen ICI182780. The anti-estrogenic effect was confirmed through an estrogen-inducible cell proliferation assay. The MTT

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15

Assaggaf, Hamza, and Quentin Felty. "Gender, Estrogen, and Obliterative Lesions in the Lung." International Journal of Endocrinology 2017 (2017): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/8475701.

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Gender has been shown to impact the prevalence of several lung diseases such as cancer, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Controversy over the protective effects of estrogen on the cardiopulmonary system should be of no surprise as clinical trials of hormone replacement therapy have failed to show benefits observed in experimental models. Potential confounders to explain these inconsistent estrogenic effects include the dose, cellular context, and systemic versus local tissue levels of estrogen. Idiopathic PAH is disproportionately found

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16

Gowri, P. Mangala, Surojeet Sengupta, Suzanne Bertera, and Benita S. Katzenellenbogen. "Lipin1 Regulation by Estrogen in Uterus and Liver: Implications for Diabetes and Fertility." Endocrinology 148, no. 8 (2007): 3685–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2006-1728.

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Estrogens are essential for fertility and also have important effects on regulation of adiposity and the euglycemic state. We report here that lipin1, a candidate gene for lipodystrophy and obesity that is a phosphatidic acid phosphatase critical in regulation of cellular levels of diacylglycerol and triacylglycerol and a key regulator of lipid utilization, is rapidly and robustly down-regulated in the uterus by estradiol via the estrogen receptor. Lipin1 is expressed predominantly in the uterine luminal and glandular epithelium, and during the estrous cycle, lipin1 is lowest when blood levels

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Penot, Graziella, Christine Le Péron, Yohann Mérot та ін. "The Human Estrogen Receptor-α Isoform hERα46 Antagonizes the Proliferative Influence of hERα66 in MCF7 Breast Cancer Cells". Endocrinology 146, № 12 (2005): 5474–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2005-0866.

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The expression of two human estrogen receptor-α (hERα) isoforms has been characterized within estrogen receptor-α-positive breast cancer cell lines such as MCF7: the full-length hERα66 and the N terminally deleted hERα46, which is devoid of activation function (AF)-1. Although hERα66 is known to mediate the mitogenic effects that estrogens have on MCF7 cells, the exact function of hERα46 in these cells remains undefined. Here we show that, during MCF7 cell growth, hERα46 is mainly expressed in the nucleus at relatively low levels, whereas hERα66 accumulates in the nucleus. When cells reach con

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Chatzistamou, Ioulia, and Hippokratis Kiaris. "Modeling estrogen receptor-positive breast cancers in mice: is it the best we can do?" Endocrine-Related Cancer 23, no. 11 (2016): C9—C12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/erc-16-0397.

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The continuous supplementation of mice with supraphysiological doses of estrogen for the growth of estrogen receptor-positive breast cancers has been linked to toxicity in the host and perturbation of cancer cells’ function that can misguide preclinical studies. Thus, alternative experimental models with circulating levels of estrogens higher than those of mice may represent more suitable hosts to model estrogen receptor-positive breast cancers.

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Torner, L., G. Nava, Z. Duenas, et al. "Changes in the expression of neurohypophyseal prolactins during the estrous cycle and after estrogen treatment." Journal of Endocrinology 161, no. 3 (1999): 423–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1610423.

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Estrogens are recognized regulators of the expression of neurohypophyseal hormones and of anterior pituitary prolactin (PRL). Here we have investigated whether the levels of PRL mRNA and of 23 and 14 kDa PRL variants present in the hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal system change during the estrous cycle or in response to estrogen treatment. The reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed to examine PRL mRNA expression in isolated paraventricular (PVN) and supraoptic (SON) hypothalamic nuclei. In both nuclei PRL mRNA levels appeared higher in cycling females than in male r

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20

POTIER, MYLENE, SHARON J. ELLIOT, IVAN TACK, et al. "Expression and Regulation of Estrogen Receptors in Mesangial Cells: Influence on Matrix Metalloproteinase-9." Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 12, no. 2 (2001): 241–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/asn.v122241.

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Abstract. Diabetic glomerulosclerosis is characterized by the accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) in the mesangium. Estrogens seem to retard whereas estrogen deficiency seems to accelerate progressive glomerulosclerosis. Thus, mesangial cells (MC) may be a target for estrogens. Estrogen action is mediated via estrogen receptor (ER) subtypes ERα and ERβ. Both ER subtypes were expressed in human and mouse MC. Using an estrogen-responsive reporter construct in transfection assays, it also was demonstrated that the nuclear ER were transcriptionally active. In the presence of 17β-estradiol (

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Dama, Aida, Chiara Baggio, Carlotta Boscaro, Mattia Albiero, and Andrea Cignarella. "Estrogen Receptor Functions and Pathways at the Vascular Immune Interface." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 8 (2021): 4254. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22084254.

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Estrogen receptor (ER) activity mediates multiple physiological processes in the cardiovascular system. ERα and ERβ are ligand-activated transcription factors of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily, while the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) mediates estrogenic signals by modulating non-nuclear second messengers, including activation of the MAP kinase signaling cascade. Membrane localizations of ERs are generally associated with rapid, non-genomic effects while nuclear localizations are associated with nuclear activities/transcriptional modulation of target genes. Gender depende

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22

Imai, Yuuki, Shino Kondoh, Alexander Kouzmenko та Shigeaki Kato. "Minireview: Osteoprotective Action of Estrogens Is Mediated by Osteoclastic Estrogen Receptor-α". Molecular Endocrinology 24, № 5 (2010): 877–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/me.2009-0238.

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Abstract The osteoprotective action of estrogen in women has drawn considerable attention because estrogen deficiency-induced osteoporosis became one of the most widely spread diseases in developed countries. In men, the significance of estrogen action for bone health maintenance is also apparent from the osteoporotic phenotype seen in male patients with genetically impaired estrogen signaling. Severe bone loss and high bone turnover, including typical osteofeatures seen in postmenopausal women, can also be recapitulated in rodents after ovariectomy. However, the expected osteoporotic phenotyp

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Kopylova, I. V., V. Yu Sysoeva, T. M. Glybina, and M. A. Kareva. "Expression of estrogen and androgen receptors in tissues of external genitalia of girls with congenital adrenal hyperplasia." Problems of Endocrinology 60, no. 6 (2014): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.14341/probl201460614-20.

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The reason of post-operative introital stenosis in girls with CAH is a poor estrogenization of external genitalia before vaginoplasty. It is possible that the local sensitivity to estrogens can be reduced due to prenatal androgen excess in addition to inadequate compensation, which results to decrease of estrogens production by the ovaries. Objective. To determine the distribution of estrogen and androgen receptors in genital tissue, depending on the form of CAH, the degree of external virilization and serum levels of androgens. Material and methods. The waste surgical tissues obtained during

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Caine, Yehezkel G., Kenneth A. Bauer, Samad Barzegar, et al. "Coagulation Activation Following Estrogen Administration to Postmenopausal Women." Thrombosis and Haemostasis 68, no. 04 (1992): 392–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1646283.

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SummaryWe investigated coagulation system activation following estrogen treatment in 29 healthy postmenopausal women. Study participants received conjugated estrogens at 0.625 and 1.25 mg per day, and placebo for 3-month periods in a randomized crossover protocol. Blood samples were obtained on two consecutive days at the end of each treatment period for immunoassays of F1+2 and fibrinopeptide A (FPA), markers of factor Xa action on prothrombin and thrombin action on fibrinogen in vivo, respectively. Treatment with estrogens at a dose of 0.625 or 1.25 mg resulted in significant increases in me

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Acromite, Michael, Mary Ziotopoulou, Christine Orlova, and Christos Mantzoros. "Increased leptin levels in preeclampsia: associations with BMI, estrogen and SHBG levels." HORMONES 3, no. 1 (2004): 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.14310/horm.2002.11111.

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Veprik, Anna, Marina Khanin, Karin Linnewiel-Hermoni, Michael Danilenko, Joseph Levy, and Yoav Sharoni. "Polyphenols, isothiocyanates, and carotenoid derivatives enhance estrogenic activity in bone cells but inhibit it in breast cancer cells." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 303, no. 7 (2012): E815—E824. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00142.2011.

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While exposure to estrogens is a major risk factor of breast and endometrial cancer, it well established that estrogens are beneficial for bone health. We have previously shown that carotenoids inhibit estrogen signaling in breast and endometrial cancer cells. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of various phytonutrients, (carotenoid derivatives, polyphenols, isothiocyanates) on estrogenic activity in breast cancer cells and osteoblast-like cells. All the tested phytonutrients inhibited estrogen response element (ERE) transactivation in breast cancer cells. In contrast, these comp

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Secreto, Giorgio, Paola Muti, Milena Sant, Elisabetta Meneghini, and Vittorio Krogh. "Medical ovariectomy in menopausal breast cancer patients with high testosterone levels: a further step toward tailored therapy." Endocrine-Related Cancer 24, no. 11 (2017): C21—C29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/erc-17-0251.

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Five years of adjuvant therapy with anti-estrogens reduce the incidence of disease progression by about 50% in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer patients, but late relapse can still occur after anti-estrogens have been discontinued. In these patients, excessive androgen production may account for renewed excessive estrogen formation and increased risks of late relapse. In the 50% of patients who do not benefit with anti-estrogens, the effect of therapy is limited by de novo or acquired resistance to treatment. Androgen receptor and epidermal growth factor receptor overexpression are rec

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Nekvapil, Tomáš, Ivana Borkovcová, Miriam Smutná, and Zdeňka Svobodová. "Estrogenic Profile of the Svratka and Svitava Rivers in the Brno Area." Acta Veterinaria Brno 78, no. 2 (2009): 313–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2754/avb200978020313.

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Estrogens are chemical compounds considered to be endocrine disruptors. They are thought to affect the endocrine system even at low concentrations found in water (ng l-1). The aim of this work was to determine estrogenic compound levels in the rivers in the Brno area. The concentration of 17β-estradiol, ethynylestradiol, estrone and diethylstilbestrol was estimated in the water samples collected in the Svratka and Svitava rivers. Estrogens were isolated from the samples using solid-phase extraction with Oasis HLB cartridges and determined by means of reversed phase HPLC with UV detection. The

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V. Grigoryan, Armine, Alexander B. Blazhev, Tatyana M. Betova, and Aneliya A. Dimitrova. "Changes in the Serum Levels of Estradiol and Changes in Expression of Estrogen Receptor Alpha in the Bone Tissue of Ovariectomized Wistar Rats." Biomedical Research and Clinical Reviews 6, no. 1 (2022): 01–05. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2692-9406/091.

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Estradiol is an estrogen steroid hormone and is produced basically within the follicles of the ovaries. The decrease in serum estrogens concentration at menopause disrupts the metabolic balance, changes the lipid profile leading to visceral obesity, which caused an increase in serum estradiol levels, through aromatase activity. Estrogen deficiency also is a reason for the development of osteoporosis.We investigated the serum estradiol levels and changes in bone alpha estrogen receptor expression in ovariectomized rats. For this purpose, we used 20 female Wistar rats at reproductive age - 2 mon

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Hennis, B. C., D. I. Boomsma, K. Fijnvandraat, J. A. Gevers Leuven, M. Peters, and C. Kluft. "Estrogens Reduce Plasma Histidine-rich Glycoprotein (HRG) Levels in a Dose-dependent Way." Thrombosis and Haemostasis 73, no. 03 (1995): 484–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1653801.

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SummaryPlasma levels of histidine-rich glycoprotein (HRG) were investigated in three groups of women receiving a different dose of estrogens. First, the effect of low-dose estrogen was studied in a group of 83 postmenopausal women who were treated with 0.625 mg conjugated estrogens (CE). No significant change from baseline levels was found at the end of cycle 3 and cycle 13. Secondly, in 15 mothers and 23 daughters using oral contraceptives (OC) containing 30-50 fig ethinyl estradiol (EE) daily the mean HRG level was 14% and 24% lower than in a group of 144 mothers and 134 daughters not taking

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Kovács, Krisztián, Barna Vásárhelyi, Katalin Mészáros, Attila Patócs, and Gellért Karvaly. "Az ösztrogénmetabolom biológiai és klinikai jelentősége lokális folyamatokban." Orvosi Hetilap 158, no. 24 (2017): 929–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/650.2017.30778.

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Abstract: Considerable knowledge has been gathered on the physiological role of estrogens. However, fairly little information is available on the role of compounds produced in the breakdown process of estrone and estradiol wich may play a role in various diseases associated with estrogen impact. To date, approximately 15 extragonadal estrogen-related compounds have been identified. These metabolites may exert protective, or, instead, pro-inflammatory and/or pro-oncogenic activity in a tissue-specific manner. Systemic and local estrogen metabolite levels are not necesserily correlated, which ma

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Rosati, Luigi, Sara Falvo, Gabriella Chieffi Baccari, Alessandra Santillo, and Maria Maddalena Di Fiore. "The Aromatase–Estrogen System in the Testes of Non-Mammalian Vertebrates." Animals 11, no. 6 (2021): 1763. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11061763.

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Estrogens are important physiological regulators of testicular activity in vertebrates. Estrogen levels depend on the activity of P450 aromatase, the enzyme responsible for the irreversible conversion of testosterone into 17β-estradiol. Therefore, P450 aromatase is the key player in the aromatase–estrogen system. The present review offers a comparative overview of P450 aromatase activity in male gonads of amphibians, reptiles, and birds, with a particular emphasis on the functions of the aromatase–estrogen system in these organisms during their developmental and adult stages. The aromatase–est

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Herrington, David M., Timothy Howard, Allison Florance, Jianfeng Xu, Eugene R. Bleecker, and Deborah A. Meyers. "Estrogen Receptor Polymorphisms Associated With Enhanced Response of HDL to Estrogen Replacement Therapy in Postmenopausal Women." Circulation 103, suppl_1 (2001): 1353. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/circ.103.suppl_1.9998-14.

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P14 HDL levels in women are highly heritable and also modulated by endogenous and exogenous estrogen. Several estrogen receptor polymorphisms (ERPs) exist, however, their influence on estrogen’s effects on HDL are unknown. To determine if ERPs modify the HDL response to estrogen replacement, we studied ERP genotypes and pre/post HDL levels in 274 unrelated women (mean age 65 years, 82% white)in the Estrogen Replacement and Atherosclerosis (ERA) trial. Associations between alleles of two single nucleotide polymorphisms(XbaI and PvuII) and follow-up HDL levels were examined after adjustment for

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Jacob, Dena A., Jennifer L. Temple, Heather B. Patisaul, Larry J. Young та Emilie F. Rissman. "Coumestrol Antagonizes Neuroendocrine Actions of Estrogen via the Estrogen Receptor α". Experimental Biology and Medicine 226, № 4 (2001): 301–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/153537020122600406.

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The phytoestrogen coumestrol has estrogenic actions on peripheral reproductive tissues. Yet in the brain this compound has both estrogenic and anti-estrogenic effects. We used estrogen receptor α knockout mice (ERαKO) to determine whether coumestrol has estrogenic actions in mice and also if these effects are mediated by the classic ERα. Female wild-type (WT) and ERαKO mice were ovariectomized and treated with estradiol (E2), dietary coumestrol, both, or neither compound. Ten days later the animals were sacrificed, blood was collected, and brain tissues were perfused. Fixed brains were section

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Harrington, William R., Surojeet Sengupta, and Benita S. Katzenellenbogen. "Estrogen Regulation of the Glucuronidation Enzyme UGT2B15 in Estrogen Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer Cells." Endocrinology 147, no. 8 (2006): 3843–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2006-0358.

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Estrogens and androgens influence many properties of breast cancer cells; hence, regulation of local estrogen and androgen levels by enzymes involved in steroid hormone biosynthesis and metabolism would impact signaling by these hormones in breast cancer cells. In this study, we show that the UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzyme UGT2B15, a member of the UGT family of phase II enzymes involved in the glucuronidation of steroids and xenobiotics, is a novel, estrogen-regulated gene in estrogen receptor (ER)-positive human breast cancer cells (MCF-7, BT474, T47D, and ZR-75). UGT2B15 is the onl

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Gorodeski, George I. "Estrogen increases the permeability of the cultured human cervical epithelium by modulating cell deformability." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 275, no. 3 (1998): C888—C899. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1998.275.3.c888.

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Estrogens increase secretion of cervical mucus in females. The objective of this research was to study the mechanisms of estrogen action. The experimental models were human CaSki (endocervical) and hECE (ectocervical) epithelial cells cultured on filters. Incubation in steroid-free medium increased transepithelial electrical resistance ( RTE) and decreased epithelial permeability to the cell-impermeant acid pyranine. Estrogen treatment reversed the effects, indicating estrogen decreases epithelial paracellular resistance. The estrogen effect was time and dose related (EC50∼1 nM) and specific (

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Geisler, J., H. Helle, D. Ekse, N. K. Duong, D. Evans, and P. E. Lønning. "Letrozole (Femara) causes potent suppression of breast cancer tissue estrogen levels in the neoadjuvant setting." Journal of Clinical Oncology 24, no. 18_suppl (2006): 10532. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2006.24.18_suppl.10532.

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10532 Background: Aromatase inhibitors of the third generation like letrozole, anastrozole and exemestane are known to suppress plasma estrogens by 90–99% in postmenopausal women. However, little is known about their influence on tissue estrogen levels. Methods: We investigated the effect of neoadjuvant treatment with letrozole (2.5 mg o.d.) given for 16 weeks to patients with locally advanced breast cancers on tissue levels of estradiol (E2), estrone (E1) and estrone sulfate (E1S) measured with a previously published, highly sensitive, HPLC-RIA method (J. Steroid. Biochem. Mol. Biol. 72, 259–

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Secky, Lena, Martin Svoboda, Lukas Klameth, et al. "The Sulfatase Pathway for Estrogen Formation: Targets for the Treatment and Diagnosis of Hormone-Associated Tumors." Journal of Drug Delivery 2013 (February 13, 2013): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/957605.

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The extragonadal synthesis of biological active steroid hormones from their inactive precursors in target tissues is named “intracrinology.” Of particular importance for the progression of estrogen-dependent cancers is the in situ formation of the biological most active estrogen, 17beta-estradiol (E2). In cancer cells, conversion of inactive steroid hormone precursors to E2 is accomplished from inactive, sulfated estrogens in the “sulfatase pathway” and from androgens in the “aromatase pathway.” Here, we provide an overview about expression and function of enzymes of the “sulfatase pathway,” p

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MC Rodrigues, Gismar, Bruno DB Borges, Leticia Gabriela Q Moreira, Érica Aparecida G Rossete, and Suzelei de Castro Franca. "Effects of estrogen-like plant compounds on the vaginal epithelium pituitary, adrenal glands, and uterus of rats." Experimental Biology and Medicine 243, no. 15-16 (2018): 1173–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1535370218817503.

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Plant species with recognized estrogenic activity and widely used by Brazil’s female population to prevent the unpleasant symptoms of menopause were investigated in this work to demonstrate if constituents of taro-inhame ( Colocasia esculenta), cumaru ( Dipteryx odorata), and camapu ( Physalis angulata) have the ability to mimic or interfere with the action of estrogens. Moreover, their potential use as natural sources of estrogen-like substances for hormone replacement therapy was evaluated. (a) In vivo pharmacological assays were conducted to determine the estrogenic effects of D. odorata is

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Rooman, Raoul P. A., Lieve Op De Beeck, Manou Martin, Jaap van Doorn, Subburaman Mohan, and Marc V. L. Du Caju. "Ethinylestradiol and testosterone have divergent effects on circulating IGF system components in adolescents with constitutional tall stature." European Journal of Endocrinology 152, no. 4 (2005): 597–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje.1.01880.

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Objective: Pharmacological doses of estrogens or testosterone are used to limit the final height of girls or boys with constitutional tall stature but the mechanism behind this growth inhibition is still debated. We therefore studied the changes in the circulating components of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system during high dose sex steroid therapy. Design and methods: Twenty three girls and twenty boys with constitutional tall stature were treated with 100 μg ethinylestradiol per day or 250 mg testosterone ester every 14 days respectively. In 19 girls and 18 boys, the levels of IGF-I

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Díaz, Ana, Raúl López-Grueso, Juan Gambini, et al. "Sex Differences in Age-Associated Type 2 Diabetes in Rats—Role of Estrogens and Oxidative Stress." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2019 (April 7, 2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6734836.

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Females live longer than males, and the estrogens are one of the reasons for this difference. We reported some years ago that estrogens are able to protect rats against oxidative stress, by inducing antioxidant genes. Type 2 diabetes is an age-associated disease in which oxidative stress is involved, and moreover, some studies show that the prevalence is higher in men than in women, and therefore there are sex-associated differences. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the role of estrogens in protecting against oxidative stress in type 2 diabetic males and females. For this purpose, w

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Maglione, Alessandro, Simona Rolla, Stefania Federica De Mercanti, Santina Cutrupi, and Marinella Clerico. "The Adaptive Immune System in Multiple Sclerosis: An Estrogen-Mediated Point of View." Cells 8, no. 10 (2019): 1280. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells8101280.

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Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic central nervous system inflammatory disease that leads to demyelination and neurodegeneration. The third trimester of pregnancy, which is characterized by high levels of estrogens, has been shown to be associated with reduced relapse rates compared with the rates before pregnancy. These effects could be related to the anti-inflammatory properties of estrogens, which orchestrate the reshuffling of the immune system toward immunotolerance to allow for fetal growth. The action of these hormones is mediated by the transcriptional regulation activity of estrogen

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Kellokoski, Eija, Seppo M. Pöykkö, Anna H. Karjalainen, et al. "Estrogen Replacement Therapy Increases Plasma Ghrelin Levels." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 90, no. 5 (2005): 2954–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2004-2016.

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Ghrelin is a novel peptide hormone that has GH releasing activity and also other endocrine and metabolic functions. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of estrogen replacement therapy on plasma active ghrelin levels in 64 hysterectomized postmenopausal women receiving peroral estrogen (PE) or transdermal estrogen therapy for 6 months. Active ghrelin was measured using commercial RIA. Estrogen therapy increased plasma active ghrelin from 479 ± 118 to 521 ± 123 pg/ml (P = 0.002) among all the study subjects. PE therapy increased plasma ghrelin levels from 465 ± 99 to 536 ± 1

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Jalabert, Cecilia, Maria A. Shock, Chunqi Ma, and Kiran K. Soma. "LC-MS/MS for Ultra-Sensitive Quantification of Multiple Estrogens in the Blood and Brain." Journal of the Endocrine Society 5, Supplement_1 (2021): A542. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jendso/bvab048.1104.

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Abstract Estrogens are steroid hormones that affect many aspects of brain function, including cognition, social behavior, and neuroprotection. It is well-known that estrogens are synthesized in the ovaries. Estrogens are also synthesized in the brain, where aromatase is expressed in specific regions. Importantly, estrogens play crucial roles in the brain, even at extremely low levels. Current assays lack the necessary sensitivity and/or specificity to measure brain-synthesized estrogens. Furthermore, current methods focus on only 17β-estradiol and generally disregard other estrogens that are s

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Jesmin, S., C. N. Mowa, I. Sakuma, et al. "Aromatase is abundantly expressed by neonatal rat penis but downregulated in adulthood." Journal of Molecular Endocrinology 33, no. 2 (2004): 343–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/jme.1.01548.

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Although synthesis of estrogen by male gonads has been well documented for over half a century, it is only recently that the role of estrogen in male reproductive events has gained appreciation. We recently reported abundant expression of estrogen receptor (ER)-α and -β in different cell types of the rat penis, whose levels diminished with advancing age. The present study, which builds on data from the ER study, was designed to determine whether the penis is capable of generating its own local estrogen by examining evidence of the expression of aromatase, a microsomal enzymatic complex which i

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Lépine, Johanie, Etienne Audet-Walsh, Jean Grégoire, et al. "Circulating Estrogens in Endometrial Cancer Cases and Their Relationship with Tissular Expression of Key Estrogen Biosynthesis and Metabolic Pathways." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 95, no. 6 (2010): 2689–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2010-2648.

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Abstract Background: Endometrial cancer is the most common gynecological malignancy. Estrogen exposure is strongly associated with endometrial cancer. Whereas this cancer occurs predominantly in postmenopausal women lacking estrogen production by ovaries, the conversion of adrenal androgen-estrogen precursors to estradiol (E2), estrone (E1), and its sulfate (E1-S) has been well documented in peripheral tissues. Experimental Design: We initially explored whether circulating levels of estrogens, measured by validated mass spectrometry assays, differ in women with endometrial cancer (n = 126) com

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Watanabe, H., A. Suzuki, M. Kobayashi, DB Lubahn, H. Handa, and T. Iguchi. "Similarities and differences in uterine gene expression patterns caused by treatment with physiological and non-physiological estrogens." Journal of Molecular Endocrinology 31, no. 3 (2003): 487–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/jme.0.0310487.

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Administration of physiological and non-physiological estrogens during pregnancy or after birth is known to have adverse effects on the development of the reproductive tract and other organs. Although it is believed that both estrogens have similar effects on gene expression, this view has not been tested systematically. To compare the effects of physiological (estradiol; E2) and non-physiological (diethylstilbestrol; DES) estrogens, we used DNA microarray analysis to examine the uterine gene expression patterns induced by the two estrogens. Although E2 and DES induced many genes to respond in

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Tena-Sempere, M., J. Navarro, L. Pinilla, LC Gonzalez, I. Huhtaniemi, and E. Aguilar. "Neonatal exposure to estrogen differentially alters estrogen receptor alpha and beta mRNA expression in rat testis during postnatal development." Journal of Endocrinology 165, no. 2 (2000): 345–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1650345.

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The biological actions of estrogens on target cells are mediated by two nuclear receptors: the estrogen receptor (ER) alpha and the recently characterized ER beta. In the male rat, the physiological role of estrogens involves multiple actions, from masculinization of brain areas related to reproductive function and sexual behavior to regulation of testicular development and function. Paradoxically, however, administration of high doses of estrogen during the critical period of neonatal differentiation results in an array of defects in the reproductive axis that permanently disrupt male fertili

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Slighoua, Meryem, Fatima Ez-Zahra Amrati, Mohamed Chebaibi, et al. "Quercetin and Ferulic Acid Elicit Estrogenic Activities In Vivo and In Silico." Molecules 28, no. 13 (2023): 5112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28135112.

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In this study, we examined the sub-acute toxicity of quercetin and ferulic acid and evaluated their effects on protein, cholesterol, and estrogen levels in vivo. Six groups of female Wistar rats were fed by gavage. The first and second groups represent the positive (Clomiphene citrate 10 mg/kg) and negative (NaCl 0.9%) control groups, while the other groups received quercetin and ferulic acid at doses of 5 and 10 mg/kg/day for 28 days. The sub-acute toxicity was monitored by examining the weights, biochemical parameters (AST, ALT, ALP, urea, and CREA), and histological changes in the kidneys a

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Honma, Naoko, Kaiyo Takubo, Motoji Sawabe, et al. "Estrogen-Metabolizing Enzymes in Breast Cancers from Women over the Age of 80 Years." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 91, no. 2 (2006): 607–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2005-1967.

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Context: Aromatase, steroid sulfatase, and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (HSD-1) peripherally up-regulate, whereas estrogen sulfotransferase (EST) and HSD-2 down-regulate, the synthesis of active and more potent estrogens. These estrogen-metabolizing enzymes (EMEs) are important in postmenopausal breast cancers, but have never been systematically examined in breast cancers of the elderly. Objective and Design: mRNA levels of EMEs in cancerous and normal breast tissues from 39 elderly patients (age, 80–99 yr) were compared with those from 39 controls (age, 37–70 yr) or compared accord

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