Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Estructuras cerebrales'
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Romero, Gómez José Enrique. "Nuevos métodos para el análisis automático del volumen de estructuras cerebrales a partir de imágenes de resonancia magnética nuclear." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/106346.
Full textNowadays, medicine and specially the medical image area, is one of the science fields that has benefited more from the information technologies. In this thesis we focus on cerebral magnetic resonance imaging and automatic segmentation methods of the brain volume. In the first chapter we describe a background for this work by a brief introduction of the physic fundaments of magnetic resonance and a revision of the state-of-the-art regarding to segmentation techniques and its evolution along the last decades. In the chapters three, four and five we present three methods for automatically segment different parts of the brain that leverage the state-of-the-art in terms of result quality and computation time. Finally, in chapter six we comment the general conclusions and propose lines for future works.
En l'actualitat, la medicina i en especial l'àrea d'imatge mèdica, ha estat un dels camps de la ciència que més s'ha beneficiat de les tecnologies de la informació. En aquesta tesi ens centrem en les imatges de ressonància magnètica cerebral i el desenvolupament de mètodes de segmentaciò automàtica del volum cerebral. En el primer capítol descrvim els antecedents d'aquest treball mitjançant una breu introducció dels principis físics de la ressonància magnètica i una revisió de l'estat de l'art en relació amb les tècniques de segmentació i la seva evolució al llarg de les últimes dècades. En els capítols tres, quatre, i cinc presentem tres mètodes de segmentació automàtica per a diferents parts del cervell que milloren l'estat de l'art en quant a qualitat dels seus resultats i velocitat. Finalment, en el capitol sis es comenten les conclusions generals i es proposen línies de desenvolupament ions generals i es proposen línies de desenvolupament futures.
Romero Gómez, JE. (2018). Nuevos métodos para el análisis automático del volumen de estructuras cerebrales a partir de imágenes de resonancia magnética nuclear [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/106346
TESIS
Kushibar, Kaisar. "Automatic segmentation of brain structures in magnetic resonance images using deep learning techniques." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/670766.
Full textEsta tesis doctoral se centra en el desarrollo de métodos basados en el aprendizaje profundo para la segmentación precisa de las estructuras cerebrales subcorticales a partir de la resonancia magnética. En primer lugar, hemos propuesto una arquitectura 2.5D CNN que combina características convolucionales y espaciales. En segundo lugar, hemos propuesto una técnica de adaptación de dominio supervisada para mejorar la robustez y la consistencia del modelo de aprendizaje profundo. En tercer lugar, hemos propuesto un método de adaptación de dominio no supervisado para eliminar el requisito de intervención manual para entrenar un modelo de aprendizaje profundo que sea robusto a las diferencias en las imágenes de la resonancia magnética de los conjuntos de datos multicéntricos y multiescáner. Los resultados experimentales de todas las propuestas demostraron la eficacia de nuestros enfoques para segmentar con precisión las estructuras cerebrales subcorticales y han mostrado un rendimiento de vanguardia en los conocidos conjuntos de datos de acceso público
González-Villà, Sandra. "Automated brain structure segmentation in magnetic resonance images of multiple sclerosis patients." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/667616.
Full textAquesta tesi se centra en la segmentació automàtica de les estructures cerebrals en imatges de ressonància magnètica, aplicada a pacients d’esclerosi múltiple. Aquesta malaltia es caracteritza per la presència de lesions, que afecten els resultats de segmentació dels mètodes automàtics tradicionals. Per aquest motiu proposem un nou model de cerca de correspondències capaç de minimitzar aquest problema i estenem la teoria de dues estratègies notables de la literatura, Non-local Spatial STAPLE i Joint Label Fusion, per integrar aquest model en els seus corresponents algoritmes d’estimació. Amb l’objectiu de proporcionar algoritmes totalment automatitzats, es presenta una pipeline completa. Finalment, també es proposa una segona extensió de la teoria per permetre la integració d’anotacions manuals i automàtiques en les dues estratègies. L’anàlisi dels resultats obtinguts demostra una millora en el rendiment dels algorismes de segmentació en les àrees de lesió, que també es veu reflectida en la segmentació de tot el cervell
Ledermann, Molina Darren Andrés. "Modelación de Aneurismas Cerebrales: Simulación Fluidodinámica y Estructural." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2007. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/104692.
Full textRomo, Yáñez Álvaro Eduardo. "Simulación Dinámica Estructural de Tratamiento Endovascular en Modelo de Aneurismas Cerebrales Reales." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2009. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/103429.
Full textFigueroa, Venegas Hernán Alejandro. "Análisis de Sensibilidad en Simulaciones de Aneurismas Cerebrales Considerando Interacción Fluido Estructura." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2008. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/104987.
Full textRamírez, Fernández Javier. "Sintaxis neuronal y sintaxis lingüística. Implementación cerebral de las estructuras sintácticas." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/666972.
Full textSe descubren propiedades del lenguaje a la luz del conocimiento independiente del cerebro y la mente. Se revisan así las estructuras y conexiones cerebrales a gran escala; la actividad, en forma de oscilaciones cerebrales, que las caracteriza; la manera en que estos ritmos pueden interactuar y los mecanismos que pueden proporcionar; y cómo se valen de ellos las principales operaciones en que pueden descomponerse los dominios cognitivos de mayor nivel. En ese contexto se implementa e integra el lenguaje, concebido de forma no modular ni específica, de modo que las operaciones clave reutilizan mecanismos neutrales con los que se caracteriza asimismo la consciencia, la memoria, la atención, o el sistema de control ejecutivo. La estructura lingüística se sigue de las interacciones de oscilaciones y tanto los principios del lenguaje como sus constricciones surgirían de las funciones y de los límites en la generación y el sostenimiento de ciertos patrones oscilatorios
Araya, Aburto Sebastián Andrés. "Simulación de la Hemodinámica en Modelos de Aneurismas Cerebrales Incluyendo la Interacción Fluido-Estructura." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2008. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/104872.
Full textTorres, Sartori Francisco Giovanni. "Estudio fluido estructural de las condiciones de borde en aneurisma cerebral." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2014. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/116005.
Full textIngeniero Civil Mecánico
El presente trabajo trata sobre el estudio de los aneurismas cerebrales, los cuales son una enfermedad que se produce por la deformación de la pared de las arterias del cerebro. Esta patología se desarrolla en una zona llamada el círculo de Willis, el cual es un conjunto de arterias que se encarga de suministrar sangre a las diferentes áreas del cerebro. Para este estudio se toma un modelo computacional o CAD (Diseño Asistido por Computador) de un aneurisma reconstruido en trabajos anteriores por el equipo del profesor A. Valencia. El principal objetivo es realizar un estudio de cómo simular adecuadamente las condiciones de borde del modelo computacional, para esto se utilizan dos teorías, la primera es la de Womersley, esta se encarga de simular un perfil de velocidad a la entrada de la arteria que tiene el aneurisma con el fin de reproducir un pulso cardíaco, la segunda es la de Windkessel, esta busca definir la presión de salida de la arteria. Para hacer la simulación se usa un programa de elementos finitos (ADINA), en el cual se importa el modelo CAD del aneurisma y las condiciones de borde, calculadas anteriormente en otro programa llamado MATLAB. Se realiza entonces una variación de la magnitud y de la forma del perfil de velocidad, también se aumenta el valor de la presión de salida (llegando a niveles de hipertensión) y por último se simula el aneurisma con un material elástico y con otro hiperelástico, con el fin de analizar cómo responde el sistema a los cambios. Posteriormente al realizar los cálculos se determina que las mayores concentraciones de esfuerzos se ubican en la zona del cuello del aneurisma y que los lugares con mayores desplazamientos se encuentran en la región del domo. Además, aumentos en un 100 [%] en la velocidad pueden generar incrementos cercanos de un 40 [%] en los esfuerzos. También se establece que lo que más aumenta los esfuerzos en el aneurisma es un incremento de la presión, la hipertensión puede provocar niveles alarmantes de esfuerzos y de deformaciones, incluso muy cercanos a los índices de rupturas. Una hipertensión en grado 3 (presión de sístole por sobre los 180 [mmHg]) puede provocar un incremento en hasta un 87,5 [%] los esfuerzos y en hasta un 32 [%] las deformaciones. Finalmente se determina que un material hiperelástico modela de mejor manera un aneurisma, ya que el elástico puede subestimar valores de esfuerzos en casi un 47 [%]. Por último hay que tener cuidado con la asignación de recursos para las simulaciones, ya que estas pueden consumir demasiada memoria y tiempo, por lo que hay que llegar a un equilibrio entre unos resultados adecuados y los recursos que se disponen.
Guerrero, Apolo Jesús David. "La impulsividad en adultos sanos: rasgos antropométricos y exploración estructural de la corteza cerebral." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/664013.
Full textThe history of Psychology reflects the interest in the forms and structure of the human being, being skull and face the most studied to discern aspects of personality. Due to its relevance in numerous psychiatric disorders, a behavior that has been the objective of numerous investigations is impulsiveness, from which different conceptualizations with a certain etiological controversy have emerged. In this sense, nothing has been investigated on the relationship between this construct and the craniofacial structure. However, the French psychiatrist Louis Corman (1901-1995), in his observations on the craniofacial structure, stated that a greater slant of the forehead backwards was related to impulsive features, an observation that has not received attention to date. On the other hand, neuroimaging techniques are helping to clarify what type of variations occur in the brain regions involved in impulsiveness. And while research has focused largely on the clinical population, studies of healthy populations appear to be receiving more attention in the last decade. Thus, this research was based on three objectives and four hypotheses. In the first objective, the association between impulsivity and the degree of backward slanted forehead (GIF) was investigated, under the first hypothesis that the greater the GIF the greater the impulsiveness. The second objective studied the association between impulsiveness and gray matter volume (GMV) of the entire cerebral cortex. A second hypothesis was formulated: the lower the GMV in front-temporal regions, the greater the impulsiveness. The third objective investigated the association between GIF and GMV of the entire cerebral cortex and the third hypothesis was that the higher the GIF the lower the GMV in front-temporal regions. Also, on the previous hypothesis, a fourth hypothesis emerged to observe whether a hypothetical higher GIF and lower GMV in front-temporal regions would be associated with higher impulsiveness. The results broadly confirm the first hypothesis, by obtaining a high positive association between 16 of the 17 impulsivity factors analyzed and GIF. The second hypothesis confirmed decreases in GMV in fronto-temporal lobe regions, although increases have also been found in these lobes and in occipital lobe regions. In the third hypothesis, increased GIF was associated with three brain regions. A decrease in GMV was found in the frontal lobe (right middle frontal caudal rotation) and in the temporal lobe (right temporal cortex). We also found decreases in GMV in a parietal region (right post-central rotation). This supports our hypothesis, although more negative associations were expected in frontal regions. Finally, in the fourth hypothesis and the non-planning impulsiveness factor, a positive association with GIF is confirmed as well as decreases in GMV in the region of the right lateral cortex (temporal lobe). In conclusion, the greater the GIF, the greater the self-reported impulsiveness in healthy subjects. We also infer that numerous brain regions appear to be involved in this construct. Also, in posterior regions of the brain, such as the occipital lobe, no correlations have been found between GIF and GMV, suggesting that GIF may be related to the underlying brain tissue of anterior regions of the brain. In this line, we confirm that GIF is associated with a lower GMV in temporal regions that influence non-planning impulsiveness, and although this factor has also been related to frontal areas, no common association with GIF has been found in this region. Finally, although these are initial results, they open an incipient line of research on the joint relationship between the craniofacial structure, the underlying brain tissue and personality aspects.
Pérez, Ramírez Javier Alejandro. "Simulación Fluidodinámica de Tratamiento Endovascular en Modelos de Aneurismas Cerebrales Reales." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2009. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/103551.
Full textBurdiles, Araneda Patricio Alfonso. "Análisis fluido estructural en aneurisma cerebral humano utilizando modelo de material obtenido experimentalmente." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2012. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/112482.
Full textIngeniero Civil Mecánico
El presente trabajo de título forma parte del proyecto FONDECYT N: 1110008. El principal objetivo de éste trabajo es realizar simulaciones numéricas a traves del método de elementos nitos, modelando el comportamiento uido dinámico y estructural en un aneurisma cerebral humano. Las simulaciones se realizaron en el programa ADINA 8.8 y consistieron de 8 simulaciones CSD, 1 simulación CFD y 4 simulaciones FSI. La mecánica del material se modelo con un ajuste de Mooney-Rivlin y un ajuste lineal elástico, los cuales se obtuvieron con muestras de tejido del aneurisma que se utilizó para obtener la geometría para las simulaciones. La geometría se modeló con espesor variable, esto signi ca que el aneurisma y la arteria tienen espesores de pared propios y se encuentran unidos por una sección de espesor variable. Mediante las simulaciones se pudo comparar los resultados obtenidos en las simulaciones CSD y CFD con las simulaciones FSI. Se observo que las simulaciones CSD y FSI con material lineal elástico subestiman los resultados obtenidos en un 29% para los esfuerzos en la pared del aneurisma en comparación a simulaciones similares con material ajustado por Mooney-Rivlin. Las simulaciones CSD subestiman los esfuerzos en 34 %, las deformaciones en 20% y los desplazamientos en 30% con respecto a las simulaciones FSI. La simulación CFD, en comparación con las simulaciones FSI, muestra diferencias muy pequeñas para la presión interna pero sobreestima los esfuerzos de corte en la pared de la arteria en 32 %, subestima la velocidad en 9% y esfuerzo de corte dentro del aneurisma en 32 %. Los resultados tambien muestran que simulaciones FSI acopladas en una dirección subestiman los resultados obtenidos para la pared del aneurisma en 6%, en comparación con las simulaciones FSI totalmente acopladas. Se concluye que la simulación más precisa es la FSI totalmente acoplada, con material ajustado por Mooney-Rivlin. Dado que se requiere de mucha capacidad computacional para completar la simulación mencionada previamente, se considera que una simulación FSI acoplada en una dirección con material ajustado por Mooney-Rivlin entrega resultados aceptables, requiriendo una capacidad computacional menor.
Subirà, Coromina Marta. "Caracterització de les alteracions cerebrals associades a l’heterogeneïtat clínica del Trastorn obsessivocompulsiu mitjançant ressonància magnètica estructural i funcional." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/398893.
Full textObsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is characterized by the presence of intrusive, egodystonic and anxiogenic thoughts or images (obsessions) and/or ritualized behaviors or mental acts (compulsions), performed to relieve such anxiety. Clinical studies have described a high heterogeneity for the disorder in terms of the content of the obsessions and compulsions, comorbidity or treatment response. Based on such variability, several authors have suggested different classifications for OCD. Although neuroimaging studies have consistently reported structural and functional brain alterations in OCD patients, mostly involving cortico-striatal regions and circuits, attempts to describe neural alterations associated to the OCD subgroups already described at a clinical level, have reported less consistent results. In this doctoral thesis, we aim to describe common structural and functional neuroimaging characteristics in clinically homogeneous subgroups. In this way, these alterations could be considered as neuroimaging biomarkers for such subgroups. With this objective, we developed four studies. In three, structural magnetic resonance analyses were performed to assess regional brain gray matter (GM) volume alterations associated with three different clinical classifications for the disorder. We compared the regional GM distribution between OCD-patient subgroups according to the presence of autogenous or reactive obsessions, sensory phenomena symptoms preceding or accompanying compulsions and stressful life events at the disorder's onset. On the other hand, in the fourth study, we tried to assess the neural correlates of the clinical multidimensional model of OCD, the most extensively used model at a clinical and research levels, via a functional connectivity study during a symptom provoking paradigm. In sum, our results suggest that the classification of the patients based on the content of their obsessions, the presence of sensory phenomena or the presence of any stressful life events as a trigger of the disorder are associated with specific differences in the GM distribution, mostly involving sensorimotor structures. Moreover, OCD clinical expression may be mediated by specific alterations in cortico-striatal connectivity, that in turn could be modulated, with a variable degree of specificity, by the induction of OCD symptoms.
Gabaldón, López María Victoria. "Estudio de la estructura dinámica de las interacciones funcionales en el hipocampo mediante procesado de registros electrofisiológicos cerebrales en rata." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/30777.
Full textGabaldón López, MV. (2013). Estudio de la estructura dinámica de las interacciones funcionales en el hipocampo mediante procesado de registros electrofisiológicos cerebrales en rata [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/30777
TESIS
Bueno, Díez Marta. "Hormonas del hambre y saciedad y conectividad funcional en el hipotálamo y estructuras relacionadas en pacientes adultos con síndrome de Prader-Willi." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/457580.
Full textPrader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is one of the main genetic causes of obesity and the underlying causes of hyperphagia among affected subjects are not yet well known. The present work has explored, in adult patients with PWS, the hormones of hunger and satiety, at fasting and after the ingestion of a hypercaloric diet, compared with two control groups of healthy and obese subjects, as well as functional brain connectivity compared with healthy controls. Subjects with PWS have low fasting BDNF concentrations and a truncated postprandial peak. Although fasting PP concentrations do not differ between PWS and control subjects, the former have a truncated postprandial peak. Both peptides could contribute to the lack of satiety. Leptin concentrations are elevated, both fasting and postprandial, suggesting some resistance to its effect. Subjects with PWS show hyperghrelinemia. Ghrelin decreases postprandially, although it persists at higher concentrations than in control subjects. Active ghrelin behaves in a similar manner to total ghrelin. Fasting PYY and GLP-1 concentrations are higher than those in both control groups, both fasting and postprandial. Fasting GIP in PWS does not differ from the control groups. After ingestion, it increases like in obese controls, in the same way as insulin does. Fasting amylin also does not differ from the control groups and presents a late increase after ingestion. There were no statistically significant differences in fasting and postprandial behavior of any of the studied peptides among genetic subtypes. No peptide alone predicts the odds of being hungry after ingestion except for BDNF. However, in some genetic subtypes, fasting BDNF levels decrease the odds of being postprandially hungry and total basal ghrelin levels increase this probability. Subjects with PWS show an increase in functional brain connectivity between both hemispheres of the anterior hypothalamus and the anterior cingulate cortex and the insula bilaterally, as well as between both hemispheres of the middle hypothalamus and the left insula, and between the middle right hypothalamus and the anterior cingulate. All these areas are related to neurovegetative functions mediated by the emotional state and also with cognitive functions such as attention, anticipation of reward and decision making. Subjects with PWS present reduced functional connectivity between the two hemispheres of the anterior hypothalamus and the left middle hypothalamus with the thalamus, the left putamen and the left caudate, areas involved in the preparation for conduct guided by the sense of taste or for food searching. In subjects with PWS there is a positive correlation between BDNF levels and functional connectivity between both hemispheres of middle hypothalamus and caudate, and between both hemispheres of the posterior hypothalamus and the anterior cingulate in its ventral portion. On the other hand, they present a negative correlation between BDNF levels and functional connectivity between the anterior and middle hypothalamus bilaterally, and frontal and parietal cortical areas, including motor and premotor frontal cortex, supplemental motor area postcentral gyrus and inferior parietal cortex (the higher BDNF levels, the lower connectivity in areas of impulsivity and anxiety). Leptin has a positive correlation in subjects with PWS with cerebral connectivity between the right posterior hypothalamus and the opercular frontal region of the same hemisphere, areas involved in positive reinforcement and reward.
Sierra, Benito Cristina. "Alteraciones funcionales y estructurales precoces edn la circulación cerebral en la hipertensión arterial esencial." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/2160.
Full textMETODOLOGIA: Se han incluido 66 pacientes hipertensos esenciales de ambos sexos, de edades comprendidas entre 50-60 años, nunca tratados, y sin evidencia de enfermedad cardiovascular. Los pacientes con diabetes mellitus y/o ingesta enólica >30 grs/día, y aquéllos con una estenosis carotídea >50% fueron excluidos del estudio. Se realizaron las siguientes exploraciones: MAPA de 24 horas, ecocardiograma, y determinación del genotipo del gen de la enzima de conversión de la angiotensina (ECA) mediante PCR. A todos los pacientes se les realizó una resonancia magnética cerebral (RM) y se les clasificó en dos grupos, en función de la presencia o ausencia de LSB.
RESULTADOS: Veintisiete (40.9%) pacientes hipertensos mostraban LSB en la RM. Los pacientes con LSB tenían unas cifras de presión arterial (PA) sistólica, diastólica, y presión de pulso, significativamente mayores que los pacientes hipertensos sin LSB, tanto en la clínica como en la MAPA. La presencia de hipertrofia del ventrículo izquierdo (HVI) en pacientes hipertensos con LSB era significativamente mayor que en hipertensos sin LSB (88.4% versus 58.3%; P=0.01). De la misma manera, la presencia de una HVI concéntrica era significativamente mayor (P=0.002) en pacientes con LSB (54%) que en hipertensos sin LSB (11%). El riesgo relativo de HVI concéntrica para la presencia de LSB, independiente de los valores de PA, fue de 8.22 (95% IC: 2.06-32.78). En referencia al estudio genético, se objetivó que los pacientes con LSB presentaban con mayor frecuencia, en comparación con los pacientes sin LSB, tanto el alelo D (74% versus 51.4%; P=0.014) como el genotipo DD (64% versus 28.6%; P=0.022) del gen de la ECA.
CONCLUSIONES: La presencia de LSB en pacientes hipertensos asintomáticos de mediana edad es un hallazgo frecuente y está relacionado con la severidad de la elevación de la PA. La existencia de estas lesiones está asociada a la presencia de una HVI concéntrica. De la misma manera, y de forma independiente de las cifras de PA, la presencia del genotipo DD del gen de la ECA podría ser un factor predisponente para el desarrollo de LSB en pacientes con hipertensión arterial esencial.
PRODUCCIÓN CIENTÍFICA:
- Sierra C, de la Sierra A, Mercader J, Gómez-Angelats E, Urbano-Márquez A, Coca A. "Silent cerebral white matter lesions in middle-aged essential hypertensive patients". J Hypertens 2002;20:519-524. FACTOR DE IMPACTO: 4.210
- Sierra C, de la Sierra A, Paré JC, Gómez-Angelats E, Coca A. "Correlation between silent cerebral white matter lesions and left ventricular mass and geometry in essential hypertension". Am J Hypertens 2002;15:507-512. FACTOR DE IMPACTO: 2.755
- Sierra C, Coca A, Gómez-Angelats E, Poch E, Sobrino J, de la Sierra A. "Renin-angiotensin system genetic polymorphisms and cerebral white lesions in essential hypertension". Hypertension 2002;39[part 2]:343-347. FACTOR DE IMPACTO: 5.364
Cruz, Gómez Álvaro Javier. "Relación de las alteraciones cerebrales estructurales y funcionales con el deterioro cognitivo y la fatiga en la esclerosis múltiple." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Jaume I, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/669079.
Full textBosch, Capdevila Beatriz. "Influencia de la reserva cognitiva en la estructura y funcionalidad cerebral en el envejecimiento sano y patológico." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/78907.
Full textAguirre, Pacheco Cándida Isabel. "Los signos neurológicos menores en la esquizofrenia: correlatos con las características clínicas, la función cognitiva y los cambios cerebrales estructurales." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/665695.
Full textNeurological soft signs (NSS), defined as minor neurological abnormalities that do not have localizing value, are established as being present at a higher frequency in patients with schizophrenia than in the healthy population. They are also present at a higher than normal frequency in the relatives of patients with schizophrenia, although at a lower rate than in the patients themselves, leading to considerable interest in their potential role as a marker of vulnerability or predisposition to the disorder. Nevertheless, some aspects of the association of NSS with the clinical features of schizophrenia remain unclear. Other relevant issues concern the relationship between NSS and the cognitive impairment and brain structural changes that also characterize the disorder. The general aim of this thesis was to examine the relationship between NSS and selected aspects of schizophrenia in a relatively large sample of patients. The first study examined a) their association with the symptoms of the disorder, as classified into positive symptoms (delusions and hallucinations), the disorganization syndrome (mainly formal thought disorder) and negative symptoms; and b) with the cognitive impairment seen in the disorder, specifically two major specific deficits, executive function and memory. The second study evaluated the relationship of NSS with brain structural abnormality, specifically changes in grey matter. NSS were assessed in both studies using a detailed scale, the Neurological Evaluation Scale (NES) of Buchanan and co-workers, which provides a total score and three subscale scores: sensory integration, motor coordination, and sequencing of complex motor acts. In the first study, the frequency of NSS was rated in a sample of 78 subjects with chronic schizophrenia. A comparison sample of 36 healthy control subjects was also employed. Clinical symptoms were rated using the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale (PANSS). The Behavioural Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndrome (BADS) and the Rivermead Behavioral Memory Test (RBMT) were used to measure executive function and memory, respectively; current WAIS IQ was used as a measure of general intellectual function. As expected, the schizophrenic patients showed a higher frequency of NSS than the control subjects. With respect to symptoms, no relationship was found between NSS total or subscale scores and positive or negative symptoms; there was only equivocal evidence for a correlation with the disorganization syndrome. NSS scores correlated inversely and strongly with scores on all the cognitive measures. The correlations with memory and executive function scores remained significant after controlling for the correlation with general intellectual impairment. The second study was carried out on a sample of 83 patients with schizophrenia and a group of 60 healthy controls. Grey matter volume was measured using MRI, and the images were analyzed using whole-brain voxel-based morphometry. The patients with schizophrenia showed a pattern of widespread volume reduction in the cortex, and also in several subcortical structures. They also showed significantly increased grey matter volume in the brainstem and midbrain and in a small region of the left cerebellum. No clusters of significant correlation between NSS total or subscale scores were observed in the patients. The findings are discussed with particular reference to the failure to replicate previous findings of associations between NSS and negative symptoms, as well as the second study’s failure to find an association with structural cerebral changes in schizophrenia, something that has been reported in almost all previous MRI studies. The potential implications of the findings for two current theories of NSS in schizophrenia are also discussed: Andreasen’s hypothesis of cognitive dysmetria and the proposal that they represent a trait marker or endophenotype for the disorder.
Castellano, García Francisca. "Correlatos estructurales de las alteraciones cognitivas en niños con TEA." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Jaume I, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/418815.
Full textJiménez, Altayó Francesc. "Mecanismos implicados en los cambios estructurales, mecánicos y funcionales asociados a procesos inflamatorios de arterias cerebrales y mesentéricas de resistencia de rata." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/5387.
Full textEl trabajo realizado se compone de dos partes: i) estudio del efecto de un proceso de isquemia-reperfusión sobre las propiedades estructurales, mecánicas y miogénicas en la arteria cerebral media de rata. ii) estudio mediante un modelo "in vitro" de inflamación que consiste en la incubación de las arterias en medio de cultivo con una de las citoquinas (IL-1ß) que se sobrexpresan después de un período de isquemia-reperfusión, sobre las propiedades estructurales, mecánicas y funcionales de la arteria mesentérica de resistencia de rata.
El proceso de isquemia (90 minutos)-reperfusión (24 horas) produjo los siguientes cambios en la arteria cerebral media: 1) disminución importante del tono miogénico acompañado por un aumento en la producción de aniones superóxido 2) incremento en el tamaño de la pared vascular debido al aumento en el número de células adventicias 3) aumento en el tamaño de las fenestras de la lámina elástica interna, hecho que podría asociarse al aumento en la elasticidad intrínseca observado en estas arterias 4) disminución del estrés de la pared como consecuencia del aumento en el tamaño de la misma 5) este proceso también modificó aunque con menor intensidad, algunos de los parámetros estructurales analizados en arterias del lado contralateral . Estos cambios, se deban probablemente a alteraciones sistémicas consecuencia de la isquemia focal.
La incubación de las arterias mesentéricas de resistencia en medio de cultivo con IL-1ß durante 14 horas: 1) no modificó ni la estructura ni la mecánica de la pared arterial 2) empeoró las relajaciones dependientes de óxido nítrico sin afectar a la capacidad vasorelajadora general del vaso. El empeoramiento de la relajación parece ser debido, al menos en parte, a una disminución en la biodisponibilidad del óxido nítrico 3) aumentó la producción de anión superóxido en la pared vascular que parecería estar sintetizado principalmente por la xantina oxidasa. Los aniones superóxido producidos por acción de la xantina oxidasa serían los principales responsables de la disminución en la biodisponibilidad del óxido nítrico, que a su vez sería el responsable de la disminución de las respuestas relajantes mediadas por óxido nítrico.
Estos resultados indicarían que la arteria cerebral media sufre una serie de cambios provocados por el proceso de isquemia-reperfusión que permitirían a estas arterias adaptarse a los cambios en el flujo sanguíneo necesarios para reducir el daño neuronal, mejorando la irrigación del cerebro después de un episodio de isquemia-reperfusión. El efecto de las citoquinas durante este período podría también afectar a las respuestas funcionales de las arterias debido al aumento en la producción de anión superóxido observado en esta patología. Las aportaciones de estos estudios podrían en un futuro abrir líneas de investigación que podrían contribuir al diseño de nuevos fármacos con capacidad para prevenir episodios de isquemia cerebral.
The aim of the present study has been to analyse the structural, mechanical and functional alterations that take place in an inflammatory process as cerebral ischaemia.
Our results are divided in two parts: i) a study of the effect of ischaemia-reperfusion on structural, mechanical and myogenic properties of rat middle cerebral artery and ii) to analyze, using an in vitro model of inflammation, the effect of incubation with IL-1ß, one of several cytokines that is overexpressed after a period of ischemia-reperfusion, on structural mechanical and functional properties of rat mesenteric resistance arteries.
The occlusion of the right middle cerebral artery (90 minuts) following 24 hours of reperfusion produced: 1) a decrease of myogenic tone together with an increase in superoxide anion production 2) an enlargement of the vascular wall due to the increase in the total number of adventitial cells 3) an enlargement of fenestrae area of the internal elastic lamina that was associated with the increase on intrinsic elasticity observed in these arteries 4) a diminished wall stress as a result of the increase in the wall thickness 5) ischaemia-reperfusion also modified although to a lesser degree, some of the structural parameters in arteries from the contralateral side of ischemia. These changes observed in the contralateral side could likely be associated to systemic alterations produced as a consequence of focal ischaemia.
Fourteen hours incubation of mesenteric resistance arteries in culture medium with IL-1ß: 1) did not modify either the structure or the mechanics of the arterial wall; 2) impaired nitric oxide dependent relaxation without affecting the vasodilatation capacity of the arteries. The impairment of nitric oxide induced relaxation by IL-1ß could be due to a decrease on nitric oxide availability; 3) increased superoxide anion production in the vascular wall that seems to be mainly synthesized by xanthine oxidase. The superoxide anion produced by xanthine oxidase would play a role in decreasing nitric oxide availability, which in turn would diminish vasodilatation mediated by nitric oxide.
These results suggest that the middle cerebral artery undergoes multiple changes caused by ischaemia-reperfusion that will allow these arteries to adapt to the blood flow alterations needed to reduce the neural damage, improving brain blood flow. Cytokines could affect functional responses of the arteries due to the increase in superoxide anion production observed in this pathology. In the future, this study could open new research that could contribute to the design of new drugs with potential interest to prevent cerebral ischaemia episodes.
Arranz, Villacañas Juan. "Caracterización de las alteraciones estructurales y funcionales de la corteza cerebral de ratones mutantes de pérdida y ganancia de función de DYRK1A." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/403429.
Full textThe gene product of DYRK1A, located on chromosome 21, is a constitutive protein kinase that regulates key neurodevelopmental processes. DYRK1A controls brain growth in a dosage-specific manner. There is evidence that the overexpression of DYRK1A contributes to the neuroanatomical and cognitive alterations associated to Down syndrome (DS). Moreover, it has been shown that heterozygous mutations in DYRK1A cause an intellectual disability (ID) syndrome (OMIM #614104) that is characterized by the presence of microcephaly, autism and epileptic activity. To provide insights into the effect of DYRK1A gene-dosage variations on brain cytoarchitecture and function, we have used gain- and loss-of-function Dyrk1a mutant mice (the mBACTgDyrk1a mouse and the Dyrk1a+/- mouse, respectively) and a trisomic model for DS, the Ts65Dn mouse. Studies in the mBACTgDyrk1a model showed that overexpression of DYRK1A leads to a significant deficit of excitatory neurons and to an altered number of specific subtypes of inhibitory neurons in the adult neocortex. The subplate in this mouse model and in the Ts65Dn model also presents a deficit of neurons. Moreover, we showed that the normalization of Dyrk1a gene-dosage in the Ts65Dn trisomic mouse rescued the phenotype, suggesting that DYRK1A overexpression in DS may affect the production of subplate cells. During synaptogenesis, the neocortex of Dyrk1a+/- mice showed increased neuronal density and altered proportions of excitatory neurons expressing layer-specific markers. The excess of excitatory neurons in this mouse persisted until the adult and correlated with an increased density of excitatory synapses. Numbers of the main interneuron subtypes and densities of inhibitory synapses were not significantly altered in the adult Dyrk1a+/- neocortex. By contrast, we did observed variations in all the interneuron subtypes examined in the hippocampus of these animals. The alterations in the cytoarchitecture and synaptic connectivity observed in the Dyrk1a+/- mouse may lead to an over-activation of the cerebral cortex circuits. This is in accordance with both, the increased numbers of hippocampal cFos-expressing cells and the epileptic activity shown by this mutant. Finally, Dyrk1a+/- mice presented deficits in social behaviour and stereotypies that are common in mouse models of autism. Together, the results of this work show that pathological variations in the levels of DYRK1A protein alter the ratio of excitatory/inhibitory neurons, thereby affecting the synaptic connectivity of cortical circuits. This may contribute to the cognitive deficits and other neurological alterations associated to DS and to the ID syndrome caused by mutations in DYRK1A.
Granell, Moreno Esther. "Correlación entre los cambios estructurales cerebrales (rm) y el deterioro cognitivo en el síndrome de temblor y ataxia asociado al síndrome del cromosoma x frágil(fxtas)." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/284905.
Full textThe focus of this PhD thesis has been the search for brain MR (3T) biomarkers in genetic carriers of a neurodegenerative disease causing abnormal movements and cognitive decline: The Fragile X-Associated Tremor Ataxia Syndrome (FXTAS). Premutation carriers of the FMR1 gene were recruited, and clinical findings, MR imaging biomarkers, neuropsychology/neuropsychiatry and genetics (CGG repeats, mRNA and FMR 1 protein) were studied. Healthy subjects were included as a control group. More specifically, biomarkers to predict conversion of carriers to FXTAS have been investigated, so that potentially useful neuroprotective mesures/treatments could be applied early in the preclinical stage. As a result of this work carried out, neuroimaging findings, clinical manifestations and neuropsychology/neuropsychiatry in premutation carriers of the FMR1 gene, have been published in the chapter: Laia Rodríguez-Revenga, Beatriz Gómez-Ansón, Esther Granell Moreno, Javier Pagonabarraga and Montserrat Milà (2012). Neuroimaging in Fragile X-Associated, Neuroimaging-Clinical Applications, Prof.Peter Bright (Ed.), ISBN: 978-953-51-0200-7, InTech- http://www.intechopen.com/books/neuroimaging-clinical-applications/ neuroimagin-in-fragile-x-associated-tremor-ataxia-syndrome-fxtas- Additionally, results about hipocampal alterations and their correlation to clinical symptoms, neuropsychology/neuropsychiatry and genetics in carriers, and their potential usefulness as early biomarkers have been submitted and are currently under review for publication. (E Granell, J Pagonabarraga, O López-Mourel, Y Vives-Gilabert, L Rodríguez-Revenga, M Milà, J Kulisevsky, B Gómez-Ansón. Hippocampal alterations on MRI in Fragile X premutation and FXTAS: a potentially useful marker of memory impairment and conversion).
Fernández, de Retana Alda Sofía. "Estudio de variantes estructurales de ApoA-I y ApoJ recombinantes como aproximación terapéutica en el contexto de la β-amiloidosis cerebral." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/650487.
Full textCerebral β-amyloidosis is characterized by parenchymal and vascular deposition of Amyloid-β peptide (Aβ), being the main neuropathological hallmark of Alzheimer´s Disease and Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy (CAA). Both diseases are characterized by a devastating impact on patients. Nevertheless, currently there is absence of a disease-modifying therapeutic strategy. The most accepted hypothesis in the field proposes that cerebral β-amyloidosis occurs by a deregulation of Aβ elimination pathways. In this context, ApoA-I and ApoJ/Clusterin apolipoproteins have been proposed to have protective role against cerebral β-amyloidosis. Thus, the main objective of this Doctoral Thesis is to study the therapeutic potential of genetic and structural modifications in recombinant ApoA-I and ApoJ respectively, using an animal model of cerebral β-amyloidosis. The first strategy was to study the potential therapeutic value of a naturally occurring genetic variant of ApoA-I, recombinant ApoA-I-Milano (rApoA-I-M). The chronic intravenous administration of human rApoA-I-M in the cerebral β-amyloidosis mice model APP23, lead to a significant reduction in both vascular and parenchymal Aβ, promoting the Aβ clearance from brain into the bloodstream. The treatment also showed lower levels of certain neuroinflammatory markers. Secondly, recombinant ApoJ was formulated in reconstituted HDL nanodiscs (rHDL-rApoJ nanodiscs). On one hand, this structure was more effective than free rApoJ promoting the cholesterol efflux in vitro and after intravenous administration; rHDL-rApoJ nanodiscs co-localized with fibrillar Aβ affected vessels. Nevertheless, the chronic peripheral administration of rHDL-rApoJ nanodiscs in the APP23 mice model did not improve the effect of free rApoJ in terms of cerebral β-amyloid accumulation. Indeed, the chronic intravenous administration of free human rApoJ prevented the number of β-amyloid affected brain vessels and the total cerebral insoluble Aβ load together with amelioration of neuronal loss in the hippocampus. This effect was accompanied by an increased in the expression of the lysosomal marker CD68 in microglial cells in the periphery of Aβ deposits, proposing that circulating rApoJ promotes the Aβ elimination through cerebral phagocytosis stimulation. In summary, we consider that this Doctoral Thesis contributes to the understanding of the role of circulating ApoA-I and ApoJ in cerebral β-amyloidosis and proposes the potential therapeutic value of rApoA-I-M and free rApoJ in the context of AD and CAA.
Martínez, de las Heras Eloy. "Desarrollo de una metodología de reconstrucción de fibras de sustancia blanca en difusión por resonancia magnética y su aplicación al estudio de la relación entre la conectividad estructural cerebral y el rendimiento cognitivo en pacientes con esclerosis múltiple." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/586394.
Full textThis thesis was submitted with original research articles belonging to the same subject area: the development of an improved framework for tractography reconstruction of white matter fibers based on diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging and its implementation in the study of structural connectivity in patients with multiple sclerosis. The purpose of the first original paper was to introduce an improved tractography framework to reconstruct the optic radiations in healthy volunteers and multiple sclerosis patients. The framework combined advanced diffusion models and an automatic post-processing based on anatomical exclusion criteria. The quantitative evaluation of the optic radiation was done by comparing the final reconstruction with a histological reference data. The proposed methodology was capable to reconstruct the optic radiation with a high accuracy and reliability. Moreover, the reconstruction was possible even in the presence of tissue damage. This framework could also be applied to other tracts with complex configuration in order to reduce the presence of anatomically implausible fibers. The second article used the same methodology developed in the previous article, in order to provide more precisely reconstructions of white matter connections. We aimed to investigate changes in structural connectivity in multiple sclerosis patients and their association with attention and executive performance. The structural brain connectivity is disturbed in multiple sclerosis due to widespread impairment of white matter connections and gray matter structures. The worse attention and executive performance was related to the decrease of integrity in frontoparietal networks, deep gray nuclei and insula. Contrarily, the increased edge connectivity suggests the presence of reorganization mechanisms at the structural level. These changes could be compensatory mechanisms to the maintenance of the normal level of cognitive performance or reflect maladaptative changes. These studies developed and improved framework for tractography reconstruction, useful to evaluate the changes in brain connectivity in patients with multiple sclerosis. The strategic networks related to attention and executive performance could be used as biomarkers to detect cognitive disability and targets to assess the effect of new therapeutic interventions.