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Academic literature on the topic 'Estuaires – Guyane'
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Estuaires – Guyane"
Muresan, Paslaru Bogdan. "Géochimie du mercure dans le continuum de la retenue de Petit-Saut et de l'estuaire du Sinnamary, Guyane française." Bordeaux 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BOR13178.
Full textOrseau, Sylvain. "Dynamique sédimentaire d'un estuaire tropical sous influence amazonienne : Le cas de l'estuaire du Mahury." Thesis, Littoral, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016DUNK0450.
Full textThe mud banks migration observed along the Guyanese coastline generates navigating issues, especially for the unique harbor of French Guiana located in the Mahury Estuary. The hydro-sedimentary dynamic of this mesotidal estuary and the influence of the mud banks migration is poorly documented. The main results have brought to light the relative importance of the river discharge and tidal currents on the fine sediment dynamics. Even though the tidal asymmetry is dominated by the flood, the ebb currents are predominant during the wet season and are equivalent to the flood currents during the dry season. The fine sediment dynamics are mainly governed by the resuspension even though some stratification events can highly damp turbulence during the first hours of the ebb. The residual fluxes of sediment are generally landward during the dry season and in the wet season when river discharges are lower than the seasonnal averages. However, the bathymetric evolution over 20 years indicates the stability of the deposits and underlines the estuary's capacity of flushing sediments brought from the mud bank. The interdependence between the Mahury Estuary and the Kaw mudbank will therefore be subject to discussion. It will allow us to evaluate the mud bank influence on the estuarine sedimentology or, inversely, evaluate the capacity of the estuary to interfere with the mud bank migration and slowing down its progression with the currents
Luglia, Mathieu. "Caractérisation et facteurs structurants des fonctions microbiennes des sédiments de la zone intertidale en Guyane française : des vasières estuariennes aux mangroves matures." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM4340/document.
Full textUnder equatorial conditions, coastal sediments of intertidal mudflats form an ecological continuum, from bare mud being stabilized to soil settled by various mangrove facies. Edaphic microbial functions of terrestrial ecosystems are extensively documented; on the contrary, this is not the case with regards to sedimentary environment. This study had the main objective defining the drivers of the spatiotemporal variability of microbial functions (aerobic respiration, metabolic diversity, and enzyme activities) in coastal sediments of French Guiana. These researches were carried out according to biological colonization states (mudflats, pioneer and mature mangroves) and using various spatiotemporal scales considering the fundamental role of the hydro-sedimentary instability and potential variability due to hydro-climatic seasons. Different factors which can influence microbial functions were studied: i) the chemical quality (13C solid-state NMR) of OM with respect to vegetation presence and composition, and its development state; ii) the physicochemical characteristics of sediments and porewaters according to localization and topography of the different mangrove facies. Generally, results showed the importance of hydro-sedimentary instability for the establishment and structuring of microbial functions. Moreover, giving the different models, structuring factors were variables. However, OM, in terms of quantity and quality, was overriding for the expression of these functions and this was true for the evolution states from mudflat to young mangrove. By contrast, it appeared much more difficult discerning generalizable drivers for mature mangroves
Huguet, Lucie. "Caractérisation biogéochimique et potentiel de méthylation du mercure de biofilms en milieu tropical (retenue de Petit Saut et estuaire du Sinnamary, Guyane Française)." Thesis, Nancy 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NAN10080/document.
Full textThe Petit Saut dam was built on the Sinnamary River in French Guiana in 1994 and its flooding has resulted to the final immersion of 350 km² of uncleared tropical rainforest. All immersed surfaces (rocks, immersed tree branches and trunks, roots…) in the reservoir lake and in the downstream are recovered by abundant biofilms. The aim of the present work was to characterize biofilms in terms of elemental composition, organic matter content and microbial communities and to define their role in mercury methylation. A multidisciplinary approach, applied to the biofilms and the nepheloid layer of the reservoir sediment, consisted in (i) assessing carbon, nitrogen, iron, sulfur, manganese, mercury and methylmercury concentrations, (ii) characterizing the nature of organic matter using its carbon and nitrogen isotopic composition (?13C and ?15N), its C/N ratio and its fatty acids composition (focusing on bacterial biomarkers). In the reservoir, suspended particles matter is an important source of accumulating material in biofilms. Reservoir biofilms contain higher refractory organic matter than the biofilms of the estuary and than the reservoir nepheloid layer. Iron, sulfur and manganese, mercury and methylmercury concentration are stratified with depth. Even if the relative contribution of bacterial fatty acids biomarkers was low, Chlorobiaceae was identified above the oxycline, whereas iron reducing bacteria were predominant in the hypolimnion as regards sulphate reducing bacteria. In the estuary, iron weights for the major part of the biofilm and higher IRB amount is present than SRB. The more labile organic matter allows the development of various microbial metabolic groups such as methanotrophs at the Passerelle station. Presence of Firmicutes-Archaea consortia (FISH analysis) in enrichment of Passerelle biofilms and of the reservoir nepheloid layer suggests that methane could also be oxidized under anaerobic synthrophy. This study shows a new application of stable isotope incubation to determine mercury methylation potential in tropical biofilms. Methylation potential is the lowest in the biofilm from the oxycline whereas higher methylation rates are obtained for microorganisms of the water column (planktonic), nepheloid layer, biofilms sampled at -20 m and at the Passerelle station. Adding nutrient enhances mercury methylation, especially in the estuary but it doesn’t only promote growth of methylating microorganisms but also that of demethylating or not involved in Hg transformation microorganisms Differences in methylation potential could be explained by either the bacterial communities diversity and/or by biofilm composition modifying Hg bioavailability
Guérin, Frédéric. "ÉMISSION DE GAZ A EFFET DE SERRE (CO2, CH4) PAR UNE RETENUE DE BARRAGE HYDROÉLECTRIQUE EN ZONE TROPICALE (PETIT-SAUT, GUYANE FRANÇAISE) :EXPÉRIMENTATION ET MODÉLISATION." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00079947.
Full textSur 10 ans, les émissions atmosphériques se sont avérées très significatives, notamment les trois premières années ayant suivies la mise en eau, puis décroissent au cours du temps. Tandis que 50% des émissions de CO2 ont lieu à la surface du lac, les émissions de CH4 sont principalement localisées en aval des turbines.
Les émissions atmosphériques résultent de la dégradation de la MO (sol et biomasse issus de la forêt tropicale) immergée lors de la mise en eau et leur diminution au cours du temps découle de l'épuisement du stock de MO. Au terme de 10 ans, 20% du stock de carbone a été minéralisé et émis vers l'atmosphère sous forme de CO2 et de CH4. L'oxydation aérobie du CH4 transforme plus de 95% du CH4 diffusant depuis l'hypolimnion en CO2 dans la colonne d'eau du lac et 40% du CH4 entrant dans la rivière à l'aval. A l'échelle du barrage ce processus est responsable de l'oxydation de 90% du CH4 produit et de 30% des émissions totales de CO2. Le CH4 et le CO2 qui atteignent les eaux de surface du barrage sont émis vers l'atmosphère par flux diffusifs. L'étude de ce processus de transfert gazeux à l'interface air-eau montre que, en milieu tropical, les flux diffusifs sont accélérés par les fortes températures et les phénomènes pluvieux.
Le modèle est basé sur le modèle hydrodynamique SYMPHONIE 2D et les modules biogéochimiques développés dans le cadre de cette étude à partir des données cinétiques des processus étudiés. Les profils verticaux simulés de température, d'oxygène, de CO2 et de CH4 sont bien reproduits. Ce modèle pose les bases d'un outil opérationnel de modélisation pour la retenue de Petit Saut ainsi que pour d'autres réservoirs en milieu tropical.
Guérin, Frédéric. "Emission de gaz à effet de serre (CO2,CH4) par une retenue de barrage hydroélectrique en zone tropicale (Petit-saut, Guyane française) : expérimentation et modélisation." Toulouse 3, 2006. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00079947.
Full textThe emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) and the carbon cycle in the Petit-Saut reservoir and in the Sinnamary River (French Guiana) were studied with an aim of developing a coupled physical/biogeochemical model. The development of this model required the study of three processes controlling these emissions: (i) CO2 and CH4 production during the mineralization in anoxic condition of organic matter (OM) from soils and plants, (ii) aerobic CH4 oxidation in the water column of the lake and (iii) the processes involved in gas exchange at the air-water interface. Over 10 years, atmospheric emissions were shown to be very significant, in particular the first three years having followed the reservoir impoundment and then decreased with time. While 50% of the CO2 emissions take place at the surface of the lake, the emissions of CH4 are mainly localized downstream from the turbines. The atmospheric emissions result from the degradation of OM (soil and biomass originating from the tropical forest) flooded during impoundment and their reduction with time rises from the exhaustion of the OM stock. 10 years after impoundement, 20% of the carbon stock were mineralized and emitted to the atmosphere in the form of CO2 and of CH4. Aerobic CH4 oxidation transforms more than 95% of the CH4 diffusing upward from the hypolimnion into CO2 in the water column of the lake and 40% of the CH4 entering the river downstream of the dam. In the whole Petit Saut system, this process is responsible for the oxidation of 90% of the produced CH4 and 30% of the total CO2 emissions. The CH4 and CO2 which reach the water surface of the reservoir and of the river downstream of the dam are emitted to the atmosphere by diffusive flux. The study of this process of gas transfer to the interface air-water shows that, in tropical environment, diffusive fluxes are enhanced by the elevated temperatures and the rainy phenomena. The model is based on the hydrodynamic model SYMPHONY 2D and the biogeochemical model developed during this study starting from the kinetic data of the studied processes. The simulated vertical profiles of temperature, oxygen, CO2 and CH4 are well reproduced. This model poses the bases of an operational tool of modeling for the Petit-Saut reservoir like for other reservoirs in tropical environments
Laval, Pauline. "Captures estuariennes : une ethnoécologie de la pêche sur le bas Oyapock (frontière franco-brésilienne)." Thesis, Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MNHN0012/document.
Full textFishing is based on various forms of social appropriation of aquatic environment. This thesis seeks to define them in the specific context of the Lower Oyapock, estuary of an Amazonian river delineating the border between French Guyana and Amapá state (Brazil). This estuary presents a high variety of aquatic ecosystems (streams, rivers, flooded forests, swamps, mangroves and sea) and is home of high diversity of plant and animal species (over 200 species are caught). The population of the Lower Oyapock forms a cultural melting-pot principally composed by Amerindians, Creoles and Brazilians, established in two towns and 40 villages. Moreover, the presence of a national park along the Brazilian coast and three indigenous lands imply a regulation of access to natural resources. In this context rich in ecological and cultural diversity, where emerge conflicts over fishing territories, this thesis proposes a reading of the dynamics of appropriation of aquatic resources. Results are based on ethnographic data collected from October 2012 to October 2014. They range from more than 70 interviews, 32 fishing trips observations, the inventory of fishing gear, the identification of 195 fishes species, and a study of local taxonomies. The study of fishers’ knowledge reveals a detailed expertise about the aquatic environments, notably their rhythms, and the animal ecology and behavior. Fishermen make an important variety of fishing equipment adapted to both species and spaces. Based on the way knowledge is shared, different fishermen’s groups are characterized and specialized according to the ecological conditions/features (savanna; river and forests; river mouth and sea). Creation of national parks, increasing controls of cross-border flows, urbanization and migration are all contemporary challenges the fishermen are confronting. In this context, three residents groups stand out: professional fishermen from Saint-Georges (French Guyana), those from Oiapoque (Brazil), and the Indigenous villagers from Uaçá (Brazil). These three groups aim to obtain an official recognition of their fishing territories in order to ensure long-term access. Engaged in various strategies, their success in the process hinges on the States’ consideration of their specificities