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Journal articles on the topic 'Estuarine mixing'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 8 February 2022

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1

Burchard, Hans. "A Universal Law of Estuarine Mixing." Journal of Physical Oceanography 50, no. 1 (2020): 81–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-19-0014.1.

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AbstractA universal law of estuarine mixing is derived here, combining the approaches of salinity coordinates, Knudsen relations, total exchange flow, mixing definition as salinity variance loss, and the mixing–exchange flow relation. As a result, the long-term average mixing within an estuarine volume bounded by the isohaline of salinity S amounts to M(S) = S2Qr, where Qr is the average river runoff into the estuary. Consequently, the mixing per salinity class is m(S) = ∂SM(S) = 2SQr, which can also be expressed as the product of the isohaline volume and the mixing averaged over the isohaline

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2

Hetland, Robert D., and W. Rockwell Geyer. "An Idealized Study of the Structure of Long, Partially Mixed Estuaries*." Journal of Physical Oceanography 34, no. 12 (2004): 2677–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo2646.1.

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Abstract Classic models of estuarine circulation are reexamined using a three-dimensional, primitive equation numerical ocean model. The model is configured using an idealized estuary/shelf domain with rectangular cross section, constant vertical mixing, and steady riverine discharge. Tidal dispersion is neglected, so the analysis does apply to well-mixed estuaries and lagoons. Estuarine scales for the length of steady-state salt intrusion, vertical stratification, and estuarine exchange flow estimated from steady-state model results are found to have the same functional relationships to verti

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3

Shin, Hyun-Jung, Guan-hong Lee, KiRyong Kang, and Kyeong Park. "Shift of estuarine type in altered estuaries." Anthropocene Coasts 2, no. 1 (2019): 145–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/anc-2018-0013.

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To better understand the alteration of the estuarine circulation caused by estuarine dams, four major Korean estuaries were classified by using the Hansen and Rattray stratification–circulation classification scheme. The stratification and circulation parameters were calculated for both discharge and no-discharge periods from the tidally averaged salinity and velocity data obtained from these four Korean estuaries. The estuarine types of the altered Korean estuaries were compared with the previous results for natural estuaries in other countries of similar magnitude in tidal range, water depth

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4

Antoranz, Ana M., J. L. Pelegrí, and P. Masciangioli. "Tidal currents and mixing in the Lake Maracaibo estuarine system." Scientia Marina 65, S1 (2001): 155–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/scimar.2001.65s1155.

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Burchard, Hans, Xaver Lange, Knut Klingbeil, and Parker MacCready. "Mixing Estimates for Estuaries." Journal of Physical Oceanography 49, no. 2 (2019): 631–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-18-0147.1.

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AbstractThe well-known Knudsen relations and the total exchange flow (TEF) analysis framework provide quantifications of exchange flow across an open boundary to the adjacent ocean in terms of bulk values (Knudsen theory: inflow and outflow volume or salinity) or with resolution in salinity space (TEF: profiles of volume and salt flux in salinity coordinates). In the present study, these theories are extended toward mixing of salinity, defined as the decay of salinity variance due to turbulent mixing. In addition to the advective fluxes, diffusive fluxes across the boundary are also considered

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6

MacCready, Parker. "Estuarine Adjustment." Journal of Physical Oceanography 37, no. 8 (2007): 2133–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo3082.1.

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Abstract Subtidal adjustment of estuarine salinity and circulation to changing river flow or tidal mixing is explored using a simplified numerical model. The model employs tidally averaged, width-averaged physics, following Hansen and Rattray, extended to include 1) time dependence, 2) tidally averaged mixing parameterizations, and 3) arbitrary variation of channel depth and width. By linearizing the volume-integrated salt budget, the time-dependent system may be distilled to a first-order, forced, damped, ordinary differential equation. From this equation, analytical expressions for the adjus

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7

Osadchiev, Alexander, Igor Medvedev, Sergey Shchuka, et al. "Influence of estuarine tidal mixing on structure and spatial scales of large river plumes." Ocean Science 16, no. 4 (2020): 781–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-16-781-2020.

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Abstract. The Yenisei and Khatanga rivers are among the largest estuarine rivers that inflow to the Arctic Ocean. Discharge of the Yenisei River is 1 order of magnitude larger than that of the Khatanga River. However, spatial scales of buoyant plumes formed by freshwater runoff from the Yenisei and Khatanga gulfs are similar. This feature is caused by different tidal forcing in these estuaries, which have similar sizes, climate conditions, and geomorphology. The Khatanga discharge experiences strong tidal forcing that causes formation of a diluted bottom-advected plume in the Khatanga Gulf. Th

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8

Lorenz, Marvin, Knut Klingbeil, and Hans Burchard. "Impact of Evaporation and Precipitation on Estuarine Mixing." Journal of Physical Oceanography 51, no. 4 (2021): 1319–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-20-0158.1.

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AbstractRecent studies could link the quantities of estuarine exchange flows to the volume-integrated mixing inside an estuary, where mixing is defined as the destruction of salinity variance. The existing mixing relations quantify mixing inside an estuary by the net boundary fluxes of volume, salinity, and salinity variance, which are quantified as Knudsen or total exchange flow bulk values. So far, river runoff is the only freshwater flux included, and the freshwater exchange due to precipitation and evaporation is neglected. Yet, the latter is the driving force of inverse estuaries, which c

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9

Hetland, Robert D. "Estuarine Overmixing." Journal of Physical Oceanography 40, no. 1 (2010): 199–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jpo4247.1.

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Abstract H. Stommel and H. G. Farmer derived a theory for the maximal exchange between an estuary and the adjacent shelf sea based on a combination of mass and salt conservation (also known as Knudsen’s relation) and hydraulic control theory at the estuary mouth. This upper limit of exchange flow is termed overmixing, because there is more than enough mixing in the estuary to maintain the density difference and exchange flow at the mouth. This seminal work inspired a number of papers on hydraulic control of baroclinic flow through constrictions. However, none of these papers returned to the id

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10

Lange, Xaver, and Hans Burchard. "The Relative Importance of Wind Straining and Gravitational Forcing in Driving Exchange Flows in Tidally Energetic Estuaries." Journal of Physical Oceanography 49, no. 3 (2019): 723–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-18-0014.1.

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AbstractIn straight tidal estuaries, residual overturning circulation results mainly from a competition between gravitational forcing, wind forcing, and friction. To systematically investigate this for tidally energetic estuaries, the dynamics of estuarine cross sections is analyzed in terms of the relation between gravitational forcing, wind stress, and the strength of estuarine circulation. A system-dependent basic Wedderburn number is defined as the ratio between wind forcing and opposing gravitational forcing at which the estuarine circulation changes sign. An analytical steady-state solut

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11

Cheng, Peng, and Arnoldo Valle-Levinson. "Influence of Lateral Advection on Residual Currents in Microtidal Estuaries." Journal of Physical Oceanography 39, no. 12 (2009): 3177–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jpo4252.1.

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Abstract The influence of nonlinear lateral advection on estuarine exchange flow is examined with a scaling analysis and eight groups of idealized numerical experiments. Nonlinear lateral advection is related to the linkage between lateral circulation and the lateral shear of the along-estuary flow. The relative contribution of lateral advection to the overall dynamics of a microtidal estuary is found to be a function of width and depth, and of vertical mixing. Lateral advection is dynamically important in narrow and deep estuaries, particularly under relatively weak vertical mixing. The relat

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12

Dolby, Greer A., Ryan Hechinger, Ryan A. Ellingson, Lloyd T. Findley, Julio Lorda, and David K. Jacobs. "Sea-level driven glacial-age refugia and post-glacial mixing on subtropical coasts, a palaeohabitat and genetic study." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283, no. 1843 (2016): 20161571. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.1571.

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Using a novel combination of palaeohabitat modelling and genetic mixture analyses, we identify and assess a sea-level-driven recolonization process following the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Our palaeohabitat modelling reveals dramatic changes in estuarine habitat distribution along the coast of California (USA) and Baja California (Mexico). At the LGM (approx. 20 kya), when sea level was approximately 130 m lower, the palaeo-shoreline was too steep for tidal estuarine habitat formation, eliminating this habitat type from regions where it is currently most abundant, and limiting such estuaries

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13

Xia, Weiyi, Xiaodong Zhao, Riming Zhao, and Xinzhou Zhang. "Flume Test Simulation and Study of Salt and Fresh Water Mixing Influenced by Tidal Reciprocating Flow." Water 11, no. 3 (2019): 584. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11030584.

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The salt-fresh water mixing is one of the basic topics of estuarine dynamics research. In partially mixed and highly stratified mixed estuaries, the structure of stratified flow is complicated by density gradient and tidal reciprocating flow. The velocity and salinity structures have been experimentally studied in a flume which is 167.8m long, 0.5m wide, and 0.5m deep. The processes of the tidal levels, the flood and ebb current, and the salt-fresh water mixing have been simulated. Furthermore, the partially mixed and highly stratified mixed types have been repeatability showed in the flume, b

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14

Jingsheng, Chen, Tang Fei, and Wang Feiyue. "Mobilization of Mercury from Estuarine Suspended Particulate Matter: A Case Study in the Yalujiang Estuary, Northeast China." Water Quality Research Journal 30, no. 1 (1995): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1995.005.

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Abstract Trace metal concentrations in suspended particulate matter in estuaries are dependent on the extent of mixing between river and seawater. Superimposed on this physical mixing, chemical mobilization from the particulates may take place. This paper presents the behavior of mercury in the Yalujiang estuary, northeast China. It deals with (i) field observations on the variations of mercury concentrations in the estuarine suspended material and (ii) the experimental mobilization of mercury from contaminated estuarine sediment by exposure to artificial seawater. Three stations on two cross

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15

Kalra, Li, Warner, Geyer, and Wu. "Comparison of Physical to Numerical Mixing with Different Tracer Advection Schemes in Estuarine Environments." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 7, no. 10 (2019): 338. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse7100338.

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The numerical simulation of estuarine dynamics requires accurate prediction for the transport of tracers, such as temperature and salinity. During the simulation of these processes, all the numerical models introduce two kinds of tracer mixing: 1) by parameterizing the tracer eddy diffusivity through turbulence models leading to a source of physical mixing and 2) discretization of the tracer advection term that leads to numerical mixing. Physical and numerical mixing both vary with the choice of horizontal advection schemes, grid resolution, and time step. By simulating four idealized cases, t

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16

Mwanuzi, F., and F. De Smedt. "Heavy metal distribution model under estuarine mixing." Hydrological Processes 13, no. 5 (1999): 789–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1085(19990415)13:5<789::aid-hyp781>3.0.co;2-f.

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Scully, Malcolm E., and Carl T. Friedrichs. "The Importance of Tidal and Lateral Asymmetries in Stratification to Residual Circulation in Partially Mixed Estuaries*." Journal of Physical Oceanography 37, no. 6 (2007): 1496–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo3071.1.

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Abstract Measurements collected in the York River estuary, Virginia, demonstrate the important impact that tidal and lateral asymmetries in turbulent mixing have on the tidally averaged residual circulation. A reduction in turbulent mixing during the ebb phase of the tide caused by tidal straining of the axial density gradient results in increased vertical velocity shear throughout the water column during the ebb tide. In the absence of significant lateral differences in turbulent mixing, the enhanced ebb-directed transport caused by tidal straining is balanced by a reduction in the net seawar

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18

Souza, José Francisco Almeida de, José Luiz Lima de Azevedo, Leopoldo Rota de Oliveira, Ivan Dias Soares, and Maurício Magalhães Mata. "INCORPORATION OF NEW TURBULENT CLOSURE SCHEMES IN THE PRINCETON OCEAN MODEL (POM)." Revista Brasileira de Geofísica 31, no. 1 (2013): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.22564/rbgf.v31i1.243.

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One of the most challenging issues in oceanography is the simulation of the mixing processes, which are responsible for diffusion of momentum, heat, salt, sediments etc. In the modeling of flow, the hydrodynamic model simulates the properties of the mean flow while the turbulence model, coupled to the first, is responsible for simulating the mixing processes. In this article it is used the Princeton Ocean Model (POM), which includes the well known turbulent closure model q2 − q2L of Mellor & Yamada (1982), level 2.5. To add flexibility to the modeling, the k − ε and k − ω models, which bel

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Coleman, Daniel J., Alexander S. Kolker, and Karen H. Johannesson. "Submarine groundwater discharge and alkaline earth element dynamics in a deltaic coastal setting." Hydrology Research 48, no. 5 (2016): 1169–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2016.285.

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Submarine groundwater discharge is a process that is often considered negligible in deltaic systems given their low gradient and fine-grained sediment. However, hydrologic budgets and radon surveys indicate that it may be a significant component of the Mississippi River Delta system. To more concretely indicate groundwater's contribution to the local environment, we conducted an analysis of estuarine water chemistry. We focused on the mid-weight alkaline earth metals, which differ significantly in the system's three end-members: river, ocean, and groundwater. We found an anomaly of barium in t

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Chenar, Shima Shamkhali, Abdulreza Karbassi, Nasser Hadjizadeh Zaker, and Fereydoun Ghazban. "Electroflocculation of Metals during Estuarine Mixing (Caspian Sea)." Journal of Coastal Research 289 (July 30, 2013): 847–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2112/jcoastres-d-11-00224.1.

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21

Conroy, Ted, David A. Sutherland, and David K. Ralston. "Estuarine Exchange Flow Variability in a Seasonal, Segmented Estuary." Journal of Physical Oceanography 50, no. 3 (2020): 595–613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-19-0108.1.

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AbstractSmall estuaries in Mediterranean climates display pronounced salinity variability at seasonal and event time scales. Here, we use a hydrodynamic model of the Coos Estuary, Oregon, to examine the seasonal variability of the salinity dynamics and estuarine exchange flow. The exchange flow is primarily driven by tidal processes, varying with the spring–neap cycle rather than discharge or the salinity gradient. The salinity distribution is rarely in equilibrium with discharge conditions because during the wet season the response time scale is longer than discharge events, while during low

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Pokrovsky, O. S., L. S. Shirokova, J. Viers, et al. "Fate of colloids during estuarine mixing in the Arctic." Ocean Science 10, no. 1 (2014): 107–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-10-107-2014.

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Abstract. The estuarine behavior of organic carbon (OC) and trace elements (TE) was studied for the largest European sub-Arctic river, which is the Severnaya Dvina; this river has a deltaic estuary covered in ice during several hydrological seasons: summer (July 2010, 2012) and winter (March 2009) baseflow, and the November–December 2011 ice-free period. Colloidal forms of OC and TE were assessed for three pore size cutoffs (1, 10, and 50 kDa) using an in situ dialysis procedure. Conventionally dissolved (< 0.22 μm) fractions demonstrated clear conservative behavior for Li, B, Na, Mg, K, Ca

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Pritchard, M., and D. A. Huntley. "Instability and Mixing in a Small Estuarine Plume Front." Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 55, no. 2 (2002): 275–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/ecss.2001.0902.

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Chant, Robert J., Wayne R. Geyer, Robert Houghton, Elias Hunter, and James Lerczak. "Estuarine Boundary Layer Mixing Processes: Insights from Dye Experiments*." Journal of Physical Oceanography 37, no. 7 (2007): 1859–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo3088.1.

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Abstract A series of dye releases in the Hudson River estuary elucidated diapycnal mixing rates and temporal variability over tidal and fortnightly time scales. Dye was injected in the bottom boundary layer for each of four releases during different phases of the tide and of the spring–neap cycle. Diapycnal mixing occurs primarily through entrainment that is driven by shear production in the bottom boundary layer. On flood the dye extended vertically through the bottom mixed layer, and its concentration decreased abruptly near the base of the pycnocline, usually at a height corresponding to a

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Scully, Malcolm E., Carl Friedrichs, and John Brubaker. "Control of estuarine stratification and mixing by wind-induced straining of the estuarine density field." Estuaries 28, no. 3 (2005): 321–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02693915.

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Zhang, Zhilin, and Hubert Savenije. "Maximum power of saline and fresh water mixing in estuaries." Earth System Dynamics 10, no. 4 (2019): 667–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esd-10-667-2019.

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Abstract. According to Kleidon (2016), natural systems evolve towards a state of maximum power, leading to higher levels of entropy production by different mechanisms, including gravitational circulation in alluvial estuaries. Gravitational circulation is driven by the potential energy of fresh water. Due to the density difference between seawater and river water, the water level on the riverside is higher. The hydrostatic forces on both sides are equal but have different lines of action. This triggers an angular moment, providing rotational kinetic energy to the system, part of which drives m

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MacCready, Parker, W. Rockwell Geyer, and Hans Burchard. "Estuarine Exchange Flow Is Related to Mixing through the Salinity Variance Budget." Journal of Physical Oceanography 48, no. 6 (2018): 1375–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-17-0266.1.

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AbstractThe relationship between net mixing and the estuarine exchange flow may be quantified using a salinity variance budget. Here “mixing” is defined as the rate of destruction of volume-integrated salinity variance, and the exchange flow is quantified using the total exchange flow. These concepts are explored using an idealized 3D model estuary. It is shown that in steady state (e.g., averaging over the spring–neap cycle) the volume-integrated mixing is approximately given by Mixing ≅ SinSoutQr, where Sin and Sout are the representative salinities of in- and outflowing layers at the mouth

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Kappenberg, Jens, and Iris Grabemann. "Variability of the Mixing Zones and Estuarine Turbidity Maxima in the Elbe and Weser Estuaries." Estuaries 24, no. 5 (2001): 699. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1352878.

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Bose, S. K., P. Ray, and B. K. Dutta. "Mathematical Models for Mixing and Dispersion in Forecasting and Management of Estuarine Water Quality." Water Science and Technology 19, no. 9 (1987): 183–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1987.0079.

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The dispersion or spread of a dissolved or suspended substance in an estuarine system occurs mainly due to the non-uniformity of velocity distribution, including turbulent fluctuations, shear stress at the boundary and surface stress caused by winds. The mixing and dispersion phenomena in rivers and estuaries are extremely important in water quality management and control. The development of a dispersion model in harmony with the nature of the flow field in a river or estuary is necessary in the estimation and correlation of dispersion parameters, called dispersion coefficients, which may, in

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Herzog, Simon David, Per Persson, Kristina Kvashnina, and Emma Sofia Kritzberg. "Organic iron complexes enhance iron transport capacity along estuarine salinity gradients of Baltic estuaries." Biogeosciences 17, no. 2 (2020): 331–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-331-2020.

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Abstract. Rivers discharge a notable amount of dissolved Fe (1.5×109 mol yr−1) to coastal waters but are still not considered important sources of bioavailable Fe to open marine waters. The reason is that the vast majority of particular and dissolved riverine Fe is considered to be lost to the sediment due to aggregation during estuarine mixing. Recently, however, several studies demonstrated relatively high stability of riverine Fe to salinity-induced aggregation, and it has been proposed that organically complexed Fe (Fe-OM) can “survive” the salinity gradient, while Fe (oxy)hydroxides are m

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Moser, GAO, AM Ciotti, MFC Giannini, RT Tonini, and J. Harari. "Changes in phytoplankton composition in response to tides, wind-induced mixing conditions, and freshwater outflows in an urbanised estuarine complex." Brazilian Journal of Biology 72, no. 1 (2012): 97–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842012000100012.

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Recent reports have shown an increase in potentially harmful phytoplankton in Santos bay (Southeastern Brazilian Coast), located in a highly urbanised estuarine complex. Prediction of blooms is, thus, essential but the phytoplankton community structure in very dynamic regions is difficult to determine. In the present work, we discriminate bloom forming microphytoplankton dominance and their relationship to physical and meteorological variables to look for patterns observed in different tides and seasons. Comparing 8 distinct situations, we found five scenarios of dominance that could be relate

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TONG, Soo Loong, Chong Yuen HO, and Fui Yuen PANG. "Monitoring of Ba, Mn, Cu and Ni During Estuarine Mixing." Analytical Sciences 13, Supplement (1997): 373–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2116/analsci.13.supplement_373.

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Cobelo-Garcia, Antonio, Andrew Turner, and Geoff E. Millward. "Fractionation and Reactivity of Platinum Group Elements During Estuarine Mixing." Environmental Science & Technology 42, no. 4 (2008): 1096–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es0712118.

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MacCready, Parker. "Estuarine Adjustment to Changes in River Flow and Tidal Mixing." Journal of Physical Oceanography 29, no. 4 (1999): 708–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1999)029<0708:eatcir>2.0.co;2.

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Lass, H. U., V. Mohrholz, M. Knoll, and H. Prandke. "Enhanced mixing downstream of a pile in an estuarine flow." Journal of Marine Systems 74, no. 1-2 (2008): 505–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2008.04.003.

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Comans, Rob N. J., and Clemens P. J. van Dijk. "Role of complexation processes in cadmium mobilization during estuarine mixing." Nature 336, no. 6195 (1988): 151–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/336151a0.

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Biati, A., A. R. Karbassi, A. H. Hassani, S. M. Monavari, and F. Moattar. "Role of metal species in flocculation rate during estuarine mixing." International Journal of Environmental Science & Technology 7, no. 2 (2010): 327–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03326142.

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Cheng, Peng, Arnoldo Valle-Levinson, and Huib E. de Swart. "Residual Currents Induced by Asymmetric Tidal Mixing in Weakly Stratified Narrow Estuaries." Journal of Physical Oceanography 40, no. 9 (2010): 2135–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jpo4314.1.

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Abstract Residual currents induced by asymmetric tidal mixing were examined for weakly stratified, narrow estuaries using analytical and numerical models. The analytical model is an extension of the work of R. K. McCarthy, with the addition of tidal variations of the vertical eddy viscosity in the longitudinal momentum equation. The longitudinal distribution of residual flows driven by asymmetric tidal mixing is determined by the tidal current amplitude and by asymmetries in tidal mixing between flood and ebb. In a long channel, the magnitude of the residual flow induced by asymmetric tidal mi

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Conrad, Sarah, Kathrin Wuttig, Nils Jansen, Ilia Rodushkin, and Johan Ingri. "The Stability of Fe-Isotope Signatures During Low Salinity Mixing in Subarctic Estuaries." Aquatic Geochemistry 25, no. 5-6 (2019): 195–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10498-019-09360-z.

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Abstract We have studied iron (Fe)-isotope signals in particles (> 0.22 µm) and the dissolved phase (< 0.22 µm) in two subarctic, boreal rivers, their estuaries and the adjacent sea in northern Sweden. Both rivers, the Råne and the Kalix, are enriched in Fe and organic carbon (up to 29 µmol/L and up to 730 µmol/L, respectively). Observed changes in the particulate and dissolved phase during spring flood in May suggest different sources of Fe to the rivers during different seasons. While particles show a positive Fe-isotope signal during winter, during spring flood, the values are negativ

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Agnew, Roderick. "ESTUARINE CURRENTS AND TIDAL STREAMS." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 7 (2011): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v7.28.

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Fresh water spreading out from the mouth of a river as it enters a salt sea may preserve its identity for a considerable distance on the surface if wind-generated waves, longshore currents and tidal streams are capable of producing only weak mixing. Fig. 1 shows the three dimensional shape of a fresh-water tongue overlying more dense salt water, derived by Takano (1954) on the assumption of constant eddy viscosity and constant density in the fresh water layer, below which the density increases according to an assumed law, making an asymptotic approach to the density of salt water. Takano's mod

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Rodrigues, Raphael Paiva, Bastiaan Adriaan Knoppers, Weber Friederichs Landim de Souza, and Elisamara Sabadini Santos. "Suspended matter and nutrient gradients of a small-scale river plume in Sepetiba Bay, SE-Brazil." Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 52, no. 2 (2009): 503–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-89132009000200030.

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Coastal river plumes represent one of the final stages of material transport across the land-sea interface. Most studies, however have focused on the behavior of medium to large sized river plumes of coastal-shelf waters, whereas small sized river plumes acting within estuaries have been neglected. This study addressed the behavior of suspended particulate matter (SPM), dissolved inorganic nutrients (DIN, DIP and DSi) and Chlorophyll a (Chl. a) of a small sized river plume derived from the closely lain São Francisco and Guandú river channels, set in the Sepetiba Bay estuary, SE-Brazil. Two sur

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Lawrence, Michael G., and Balz S. Kamber. "The behaviour of the rare earth elements during estuarine mixing—revisited." Marine Chemistry 100, no. 1-2 (2006): 147–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2005.11.007.

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Turner, A., S. M. Le Roux, and G. E. Millward. "Adsorption of cadmium to iron and manganese oxides during estuarine mixing." Marine Chemistry 108, no. 1-2 (2008): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2007.10.004.

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Cobelo-García, Antonio, Daniel E. López-Sánchez, Clara Almécija, and Juan Santos-Echeandía. "Behavior of platinum during estuarine mixing (Pontevedra Ria, NW Iberian Peninsula)." Marine Chemistry 150 (March 2013): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2013.01.005.

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Murphy, Melissa J., Philip A. E. Pogge von Strandmann, Don Porcelli, and Johan Ingri. "Li Isotope Behaviour in the Low Salinity Zone During Estuarine Mixing." Procedia Earth and Planetary Science 10 (2014): 204–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeps.2014.08.020.

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Maher, A., W. S. Douglas, D. Yang, F. Jafari, and V. R. Schaefer. "Cement Deep Soil Mixing (CDSM) for Solidification of Soft Estuarine Sediments." Marine Georesources & Geotechnology 25, no. 3-4 (2007): 221–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10641190701699319.

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Bauer, Susanne, Sarah Conrad, and Johan Ingri. "Geochemistry of tungsten and molybdenum during freshwater transport and estuarine mixing." Applied Geochemistry 93 (June 2018): 36–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2018.03.015.

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Algan, O., T. Clayton, M. Tranter, and M. B. Collins. "Estuarine mixing of clay minerals in the Solent region, southern England." Sedimentary Geology 92, no. 3-4 (1994): 241–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0037-0738(94)90108-2.

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Siegle, Eduardo, Carlos A. F. Schettini, Antonio H. F. Klein, and Elírio E. Toldo Jr. "Hydrodynamics and suspended sediment transport in the Camboriú estuary - Brazil: pre jetty conditions." Brazilian Journal of Oceanography 57, no. 2 (2009): 123–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-87592009000200005.

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Estuarine hydrodynamics is a key factor in the definition of the filtering capacity of an estuary and results from the interaction of the processes that control the inlet morphodynamics and those that are acting in the mixing of the water in the estuary. The hydrodynamics and suspended sediment transport in the Camboriú estuary were assessed by two field campaigns conducted in 1998 that covered both neap and spring tide conditions. The period measured represents the estuarine hydrodynamics and sediment transport prior to the construction of the jetty in 2003 and provides important background i

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Shaha, D. C., and Y. K. Cho. "Determination of spatially varying Van der Burgh's coefficient from estuarine parameter to describe salt transport in an estuary." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 15, no. 5 (2011): 1369–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-1369-2011.

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Abstract. The estuarine parameter v is widely accepted as describing the relative contribution of the tide-driven and density-driven mixing mechanism of salt transport in estuaries. Van der Burgh's coefficient K is another parameter that also determines the relative strength of two mechanisms. However, a single value of K, which has been considered in previous studies, can not represent the spatial variation of these mechanisms in an estuary. In this study, the spatially varying K has been determined from the v value calculated using intensively observed longitudinal salinity transects of the

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