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Journal articles on the topic 'Et (The Hebrew word)'
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1
Goldberg, Yoav, and Michael Elhadad. "Word Segmentation, Unknown-word Resolution, and Morphological Agreement in a Hebrew Parsing System." Computational Linguistics 39, no. 1 (March 2013): 121–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00137.
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We present a constituency parsing system for Modern Hebrew. The system is based on the PCFG-LA parsing method of Petrov et al. 2006 , which is extended in various ways in order to accommodate the specificities of Hebrew as a morphologically rich language with a small treebank. We show that parsing performance can be enhanced by utilizing a language resource external to the treebank, specifically, a lexicon-based morphological analyzer. We present a computational model of interfacing the external lexicon and a treebank-based parser, also in the common case where the lexicon and the treebank follow different annotation schemes. We show that Hebrew word-segmentation and constituency-parsing can be performed jointly using CKY lattice parsing. Performing the tasks jointly is effective, and substantially outperforms a pipeline-based model. We suggest modeling grammatical agreement in a constituency-based parser as a filter mechanism that is orthogonal to the grammar, and present a concrete implementation of the method. Although the constituency parser does not make many agreement mistakes to begin with, the filter mechanism is effective in fixing the agreement mistakes that the parser does make. These contributions extend outside of the scope of Hebrew processing, and are of general applicability to the NLP community. Hebrew is a specific case of a morphologically rich language, and ideas presented in this work are useful also for processing other languages, including English. The lattice-based parsing methodology is useful in any case where the input is uncertain. Extending the lexical coverage of a treebank-derived parser using an external lexicon is relevant for any language with a small treebank.
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LÉVY, TONY. "L'ALGÈBRE ARABE DANS LES TEXTES HÉBRAÏQUES (II). DANS L'ITALIE DES XVe ET XVIe SIÈCLES, SOURCES ARABES ET SOURCES VERNACULAIRES." Arabic Sciences and Philosophy 17, no. 1 (February 12, 2007): 81–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0957423907000379.
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Until the end of the 14th century, the sources of Hebrew mathematical writings were almost exclusively in Arabic. This was particularly true of texts that contained elements of algebra or algebraic developments. The testimonies we present and analyze here are due to Jewish authors living in Italy, primarily in the 15th century, who made use of the most varied sources, in addition to Arabic: in Castilian, in Italian, and perhaps in Latin. These testimonies constitute both an indication, and a product, of the circulation of Arab algebraic traditions in Renaissance Italy. Simon Moṭoṭ’s book on The Calculation of Algebra stems from the Italian tradition of ‘‘treatises on the abacus’’. Mordekhay Finzi of Mantua is the author of a Hebrew version of the great work on algebra by Abū Kāmil (9th century), as well as of a version, distinct from the preceding, of the Arabic scholar’s introductory exposition. Beginning in 1473, Finzi also translated from Italian to Hebrew the important treatise on algebra by Maestro Dardi of Pisa (1344). We also indicate some 16th century continuations of Hebrew mathematical production, which contain algebraic developments.
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Locatell, Christian. "Translating and Exegeting Hebrew Poetry: Illustrated with Psalm 70." Journal of Translation 11, no. 1 (2015): 35–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.54395/jot-p46yv.
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Biblical Hebrew (BH) poetry poses unique challenges to translators and exegetes because of its often complex textual development, its defamiliarized mode of communication, and its understudied relationship to its co-text. While a comprehensive analysis is welcomed for any discourse type, the unique challenges of BH poetry call for a holistic approach that marshals insights from the extra-linguistic setting, co-text, and multifaceted discourse features. The method of discourse analysis proposed by Wendland (1994) seems to provide a helpful framework for such investigation. Applying this approach to Psalm 70—a short, but incredibly multifaceted text—reveals the value of this sort of comprehensive, interdisciplinary analysis. Additionally, following the application of Lambrecht’s (1994) theory of information structure (IS) to BH by Van der Merwe et al. (forthcoming), I propose that the Psalms may use parallel word order variation patterns beyond their IS purposes to create coherence relations at the discourse level.
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Yeverechyahu, Hadas. "Consonant co-occurrence restrictions in Modern Hebrew." Brill’s Journal of Afroasiatic Languages and Linguistics 11, no. 1 (June 12, 2019): 57–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18776930-01101006.
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Abstract The paper presents consonant co-occurrence restrictions in Hebrew, focusing on the influence of the similarity factor. A lexical analysis of Hebrew verbs reveals tendency to avoid similar, close consonants, by showing a highly significant correlation (p<0.0001) between co-occurrence of C1-C2 sequences in the lexicon and similarity factors (based on Frisch et al.’s 2004 model for similarity, adjusted to Hebrew). In other words, the more two consonants are similar to each other, the smaller their chances are to co-occur as C1-C2 in a Hebrew verb. In addition, a major role of place of articulation is observed, such that consonants that share major place of articulation are less likely to co-occur. However, the highly significant correlation between co-occurrences and similarity factors suggests that not only major place of articulation affects the restrictions; otherwise we would wrongly predict no effect in non-homorganic pairs.
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Sadik, Shalom. "Eckhart, Lost in Translation: La traduction de Sh-h-r par Yehuda Alharizi et ses implications philosophiques." Vivarium 54, no. 2-3 (August 19, 2016): 125–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685349-12341322.
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Maimonides’s Guide for the Perplexed had a significant influence on both Jewish and Christian philosophy, although the vast majority of Jewish and Christian readers in the Middle Ages could not read the original Judeo-Arabic (Arabic written in Hebrew characters) text. Instead, they had access to the text through Hebrew and Latin translations. The article focuses on words derived from the root sh-h-r in the original text of Maimonides, first (section 1) on the understanding of Maimonides himself, where they take on two meanings; the first sense of these words is an adjective that refers to things well-known to the larger public; the second sense is that in which the opinions held by the public are opposed to the intelligibles. Second (section 2), while one of Maimonides’ Hebrew translators, Ibn Tibbon, did understand the original meaning of the words in the Guide, the other, Alharizi did not; he missed the distinction between rational understanding and generally admitted opinions. This misunderstanding changed the meaning of three important passages of the Guide. Finally (section 3) the mistranslation of Alharizi influenced the medieval philosophers that either read his translation, such as Rabbi Aaron ben Elijah of Nicomedia, or a Latin translation based upon it, such as Meister Eckhart.
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Josephy, Rebecca. "Marguerite Duras, le judaïsme et l’interdit du N/nom dans Le camion et La pluie d’été." Dalhousie French Studies, no. 120 (June 22, 2022): 119–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1089971ar.
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In the script and film, Le camion (1977) by Marguerite Duras, a single biblical name – “Abraham” – emerges from a backdrop of indistinct characters and places. During the film, the name becomes taboo. Thirteen years later, a similar phenomenon occurs in La pluie d’été (1990) when the verse “I, son of David, King of Jerusalem” from Ecclesiastes repeats regularly throughout the text and generates a feeling of discomfort and embarrassment. Furthermore, in this novel, characters are “polynymous”, shifting from one identity to another, one name to another. Here, the act of naming is entirely unique and provokes a deep sense of fear that manifests in the text through the characters’ paroxysmal reactions: cries, screams, howls, and silence. The main focus of this article will be to study the source of this malaise and to determine the prohibitions and taboos that lead to this incredible loss of speech. Thus, in the first part of the article, I examine how and why Duras populates Le camion and La pluie d’été with biblical, Jewish names and the way in which “Abraham” and the “the son of David” in these works become concentrated into a single word and identity: “Jew” or Juden”. In the second part of the article, I explore how the characters’ paroxysmal reactions relate to the difficulty and importance of assigning a name, both in terms of individual identity, but also in terms of the prohibitions and interdictions against divine representation and verbalization in the Hebrew Bible.
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Canellis, Aline. "Désert et ville dans la Correspondance de saint Jérôme." Vigiliae Christianae 67, no. 1 (2013): 22–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700720-12341118.
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Abstract Jerome travelled widely in East and West. Being a vir trilinguis, who was fluent in Greek and Latin and also knew Hebrew (and a few Syrian words), he was familiar with life in the desert and the cities. His letters make clear what living in the desert meant for him, and the same is true for life in the contemporary towns and cities. Thoroughly educated in classical and biblical culture, he pictures the desert and the city in a rather peculiar manner, by placing them in the history of Rome and Israel with the addition of exegetical interpretation.
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Levin, Elizabetha. "Various Times in Abraham Ibn Ezra’s Works and Their Reflection in Modern Thought." KronoScope 18, no. 2 (September 18, 2018): 154–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685241-12341414.
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AbstractAbraham Ibn Ezra is one of the most many-sided medieval intellectuals, widely admired for his unique combination of scientific ideas with religious feeling, philosophical thought and poetical perception. This paper focuses on selected issues from hisoeuvrethat are of interest to time researchers.In modern English, the term “time” has a fairly broad spectrum of meanings, which can refer to a long list of distinct temporalities in medieval Hebrew texts. Unfortunately, the sharp difference between various Hebrew words such as “et” or “zman” goes unrecognized by those who read Ibn Ezra in translation. As a result, Abraham Ibn Ezra’s temporological thought and his philosophical poetry present a real challenge to historians of time-studies. The goal of this paper is to supply fresh insights on Jewish medieval thought on temporalities and to measure its impact on recent theories and discoveries.
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Vaculínová, Marta, and Petr Daněk. "Musicus et poeta trilinguis. New Findings about the Life and Work of Jiří Cropatius Teplický." Musicalia 12, no. 1-2 (2021): 6–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.37520/muscz.2020.001.
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This joint article by a classical philologist and a musicologist deals with Jiří Cropatius (a figure documented between 1569 and 1580). Until now, he has been known as a composer who achieved what no other Czech had ever done: getting his music printed by Angelo Gardano in Venice. Current research on sources has allowed us to expand greatly our knowledge about Cropatius’s life. In light of new discoveries, Cropatius is now seen as not only a musician, but also an expert on Latin, Greek, and Hebrew, the languages in which he also wrote poetry. We learn more about his life and, in particular, about his journey to the Holy Land. Cropatius’s Masses, issued in print by Gardano in 1578, have not been preserved, but we can get an idea of what kind of composer Cropatius was from two preserved voices from a manuscript of his Mass for five voices now kept at the Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin.
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Скобелев, Михаил Анатольевич. "Review on: Eidelkind Y. Song of Songs. Translation and philological commentary for chapters 1-3. Moscow: RGGU, 2015 (Orientalia et Classica 53.1–2)." Theological Herald, no. 3-4(18-19) (September 15, 2015): 482–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.31802/2500-1450-2015-18-19-482-489.
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В издательстве РГГУ в серии «Orientalia et Classica: Труды института восточных культур и античности» в 2015 г. вышел новый перевод первых трех глав книги Песнь песней с сопровождающим филологи ческим комментарием. Перевод и комментарии выполнены Я. Д. Эйделькиндом. Издание состоит из двух частей: первая содержит исагогическое введение (135 страниц), вторая – авторский перевод первых трех глав текста Песни с подробным филологическим и экзегетическим комментарием (300 страниц). Учитывая специфику библейских книг, требующую от исследователя не только знания оригинальных языков Священного Писания: древнееврейского, арамейского и греческого, но и особой чуткости к сакральному слову, и, кроме того, освоения огромного пласта специальной научной литературы, появление на русском языке такого комментария, пусть и неполного, поскольку Песнь состоит из восьми глав, можно назвать событием. In 2015, the publishing house of the Russian State University for the Humanities published a new translation of the first three chapters of the book Song of Songs with an accompanying philological commentary. Translation and commentary by Ya. D. Eydelkind. The edition consists of two parts: the first contains an isagogical introduction (135 pages), the second - the author's translation of the first three chapters of the text of the Song with a detailed philological and exegetical commentary (300 pages). Taking into account the specifics of biblical books, which requires the researcher not only to know the original languages of the Holy Scriptures: Hebrew, Aramaic and Greek, but also to be especially sensitive to the sacred word, and, in addition, to master a huge layer of special scientific literature, the appearance of such a commentary in Russian , albeit incomplete, since the Song consists of eight chapters, it can be called an event.
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Frakes, Robert. "The Lex Dei and the Latin Bible." Harvard Theological Review 100, no. 4 (October 2007): 425–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0017816007001654.
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Two striking developments in late antiquity are the growing influence of Christianity and the codification of Roman law. The first attempt to harmonize these two developments lies in the late antique Latin work known by scholars as the Lex Dei (“Law of God”) or Collatio Legum Mosaicarum et Romanarum (“Collation of the Laws of Moses and of the Romans”). The anonymous collator of this short legal compendium organized his work following a fairly regular plan, dividing it into sixteen topics (traditionally called titles). Each title begins with a quotation from the Hebrew Bible (in Latin), followed by quotations of passages from Roman jurists and, occasionally, from Roman law. His apparent motive was to demonstrate the similarity between Roman law and the law of God. Scholars have differed over where the collator obtained his Latin translations of passages from the Hebrew Bible. Did he make his own translation from the Greek Septuagint or directly from the Hebrew Scriptures themselves? Did he use the famous Latin translation of Jerome or an older, pre-Jerome, Latin translation of the Bible, known by scholars as the Vetus Latina or Old Latin Bible? Re-examination of the evolution of texts of the Latin Bible and close comparison of biblical passages from the Lex Dei with other surviving Latin versions will confirm that the collator used one of the several versions of the Old Latin Bible that were in circulation in late antiquity. Such a conclusion supports the argument that the religious identity of the collator was Christian (a subject of scholarly controversy for almost a century). Moreover, analysis of the collator's use of the Bible can also shed light on his methodology in compiling his collection.
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Linke, Waldemar. "‘The Sarmatian In Languages Trained’. Staniskaw Grzepski (1524-1570) As A Researcher Of The Hebrew Bible And The Septuagint." Studia Theologica Varsaviensia 57, no. 1 (November 1, 2019): 53–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/stv.2019.57.1.03.
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Stanisław Grzepski (1524-1570) an outstanding classic and biblical philologist, the first Greek permanent lecturer of this language at the Krakow Academy. He combined philological interests with the passion of numismatist-collector and researcher of biblical antiquities. The fruit of his erudite knowledge in this area was published in the printing house of Krzysztof Plantin in Antwerp in 1568, the work of De multiplici siclo et talento hebraico. The Cracow scholar in the subtitle referred to Guillaume’s Budé earlier work De asse et partibus eius. Despite the fact that Grzepski presents himself to the reader as the author of a summary of the extensive work of a French scholar and diplomat, he created a work independent and in many places polemic with the findings of the famous predecessor. The article shows the character and significance of the work of Stanisław Grzepski, which has become a part of European science for over 200 years as a textbook of numismatics and biblical archeology.
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Firth, David G. "Violence in the Hebrew Bible. Between Text and Reception Old Testament Studies 79 Jacques van Ruiten and Koert van Bekkum (eds)." European Journal of Theology 30, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 196–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/ejt2021.1.012.firt.
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Summary This international collection of papers helpfully addresses all parts of the Old Testament canon in an informed and often reflective manner as it explores the issue of violence. Various methodologies are used and only some papers focus on reception. There are no weak papers in the collection and some even do significant work in exploring the issue of violence. Zusammenfassung Diese internationale Vortragssammlung erforscht auf hilf- und kenntnisreiche sowie oft nachdenkliche Weise die Thematik von Gewalt in allen Teilen des alttestamentlichen Kanons. Unterschiedliche Methoden finden Anwendung, und nur einige Vorträge konzentrieren sich auf die Rezeptionsgeschichte. Alle Vorträge in der Sammlung sind qualitativ hochwertig, und einige von ihnen stellen sogar bedeutende Beiträge dar zur Forschung über das Thema Gewalt. Résumé Cet ensemble de contributions explore fort utilement la question de la violence en prenant en compte l’ensemble du canon vétérotestamentaire, et ce de manière approfondie et propre à susciter la réflexion. Différentes méthodes sont suivies; quelques exposés seulement se concentrent sur la réception. Il n’y a pas d’articles faibles, mais il en est dont le travail sur la question de la violence est particulièrement significatif.
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Jacobs, Neil G. "On Pre-Yiddish Standardization of Quantity." Diachronica 10, no. 2 (January 1, 1993): 191–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.10.2.03jac.
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SUMMARY Yiddish possesses a sizable Tiberian Hebrew (TH) substrate component. The modern Yiddish reflexes of original TH words often show evidence of having undergone a number of diachronic phonological developments which seem to parallel similar processes in the German component found in Yiddish. Thus, the Yiddish reflexes cognate to Middle High German and to TH show lengthening of historically short vowels in stressed open syllable, and shortening of historically long vowels in stressed closed syllable. However, the processes of closed-syllable shortening (CSS) and open-syllable lengthening (OSL) which affected the TH component are chronologically distinct from the similar processes which affected the German component. It is argued in this paper that CSS and OSL occurred before the inception of Yiddish, in a pre-Yiddish Jewish vernacular. Specifically, the present paper links CSS and OSL as parts of a general process of standardization of stressed-syllable quantity in pre-Yiddish. More generally, the case is made that lexical items in the TH component in Yiddish are not to be derived directly from TH, but rather, from a diachronically and structurally autonomous intermediate — after spoken Hebrew times, but before Yiddish times — pre-Yiddish linguistic stage. RÉSUMÉ On retrouve dans le yiddish un important substrat hébreu-tibérien (HT). Dans le yiddish moderne, les réflexes de mots HT originaux font souvent preuve d'une série de développements phonologiques diachroniques qui semblent parallels à ceux qui ont marqué la composante allemande du yiddish. Or les réflexes du yiddish qui représentent des termes apparentés au haut moyen allemand et au HT démontrent un allongement des voyelles historiquement courtes dans les syllabes ouvertes accentuées et un raccourcissement des voyelles longues dans les syllabes fermées accentuées. Cependant, le processus de raccourcissement dans les syllabes fermées (RSF) et d'allongement dans les syllabes ouvertes (ASO) qui a affecté la composante HT se distingue de façon chronologique du processus semblable qui a affecté la composante allemande. Le présent article affirme que le RSF et l'ASO se sont produits avant l'avènement du yiddish, c'est-à-dire dans le contexte d'une langue verna-culaire juive prédatant le yiddish proprement dit. Pour être spécifique, cet article relie le RSF et l'ASO à un processus général de standardisation de quantité pour les syllabes accentués en pré-yiddish. Plus généralement, l'article prétend que les items lexicaux de la composante HT du yiddish ne peuvent être dérivés directement du HT, mais seraient plutôt issus d'une étape linguistique intermédiaire qui aurait existé après l'hébreu mais avant le yiddish et qui jouissait d'une autonomie aussi bien diachronique que structurelle. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Das Jiddische weist einen beachtlichen Anteil eines tiberianischen-hebräi-schen (TH) Substrats auf. Die im modernen Jiddischen enthaltenen Reflexe in den aus dem TH stammenden Wörtern zeigen eine Anzahl diachronischer pho-nologischer Entwicklungen, die entsprechenden Prozessen der im Jiddischen vorhandenen deutschen Komponente ähnlich sind. So hat das Jiddische fol-gende dem Mittelhochdeutschen beziehungsweise dem TH verwandte Reflexe: eine Verlängerung von historisch kurzem Vokal in betonter offener Silbe und eine Verkürzung von historisch langem Vokal in betonter geschlossener Silbe. Jedoch die Entwicklungen von geschlossen-silbiger Verkürzung und offen-silbiger Verlängerung, die die TH Komponenten beeinflußten, unterscheiden sich chronologisch von den Vorgängen, denen die deutsche Komponente aus-gesetzt war. In diesem Aufsatz wird die Auffassung vertreten, da6 beide Pro-zesse vor der Entstehung des Jiddischen in einer Prä-Jiddischen jüdischen Sprache aufgetreten seien. Sie werden hier als Teilvorgänge der Standardi-sierung der Silbenquantität in betonten Silben im Prä-Jiddischen behandelt. Noch allgemeiner wird hier argumentiert, da8 lexikalische Elemente in der TH Komponente im Jiddischen nicht direkt vom TH abgeleitet werden können, sondern von einer diachronisch und strukturell autonomen Zwischenform — nach der Zeit des gesprochenen Hebraisch, aber vor der Zeit des Jiddischen — in der Phase des Prä-Jiddischen.
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Langton, Daniel R. "Elijah Benamozegh and Evolutionary Theory: A Nineteenth-Century Italian Kabbalist’s Panentheistic Response to Darwin." European Journal of Jewish Studies 10, no. 2 (August 16, 2016): 223–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1872471x-12341293.
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The Italian rabbi and philosopher Elijah Benamozegh (1823–1900) engaged widely with non-Jewish European culture, especially with regard to theology, philosophy and science. With respect to evolutionary theory, his views went through three stages. These stages correspond to his engagement with ideas of transmutation in three key works, namely, the Hebrew biblical commentary ʾEm la-miqraʾ (1862–1865), the Italian theological treatise Teologia dogmatica e apologetica (1877), and his posthumous great work in French, Israël et l’humanité (1914). Over time, Benamozegh came to view Darwin’s account of the common descent of all life as evidence in support of kabbalistic teachings, which he synthesized to offer a majestic vision of cosmic evolution, with radical implications for understanding the development of morality and religion itself. In the context of the creation-evolution debate in Europe, Benamozegh’s significance is as the earliest Orthodox Jewish proponent of a panentheistic account of evolution.
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Ryzhik, Michael. "The Lexical Impact of Hebrew in the Judeo-Italian of Medieval and Renaissance Siddur Translations." Journal of Jewish Languages 8, no. 1-2 (November 27, 2020): 7–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134638-bja10003.
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Abstract General traits of the Hebrew components of Judeo-Italian Siddur translations are analyzed. The most interesting cases are those where the same Hebrew component is used differently in different contexts: (1) the same Hebrew word remains untranslated in the title and is translated by the Romance lexical unit in the text of the prayer (שבת/sabbeto; כהן/sacerdote); (2) the same Hebrew word in the divine (mystic) sense remains untranslated, while in the secular sense it is translated as the Italian word (צבאות/osti); (3) one Hebrew component lexical unit translates another Hebrew word (אִשִּׁים > קרבנות ;נשך > רבית ;חולק < טענה); (4) one form of the Hebrew word is translated by another form of the same word (עולמות > עולמים). The two latter categories are especially instructive in studying the Hebrew component of spoken and written Judeo-Italian.
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Buja, Elena. "The Treatment of Final Coda Consonants in the Acquisition of Romanian Phonology." Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, Philologica 12, no. 3 (November 1, 2020): 120–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ausp-2020-0027.
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AbstractFinal consonant deletion has been attested in the acquisition of English (Johnson–Reimers 2010), Chinese (Hua 2002), Dutch (Fikkert 1994), Hebrew (Adi-Bensaid 2015), Spanish (Goldstein–Citron 2001), and Indonesian (Ulaimah et al. 2016). Previous studies on the acquisition of Romanian phonology (Buja 2015a, b) indicated an extremely low incidence of this phenomenon among the Romanian-speaking children. A possible explanation for it could be the inconsistency in collecting the data (child diaries and longitudinal corpora). By means of an experimental study, i.e. a picture-naming task, this paper aims to prove whether Romanian children do drop final coda consonants. The words describing the pictures presented to the children have a C1(-2)VC1 structure (e.g. drum ‘road, way’, cap ‘head’, nas ‘nose’). The subjects in this small-scale research study were nine monolingual Romanian children aged between 2 and 4 years, who were recorded by their parents. Their spontaneous or imitated productions of the target words were transcribed by using IPA.The results of the analysis confirm the predictions made in my previous study (Buja 2015b) – namely that final consonant deletion, a very frequent phonological process in the acquisition of various other languages, is not characteristic of the acquisition of Romanian phonology.
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Schwarzwald, Ora (Rodrigue). "Word Foreignness in Modern Hebrew." Hebrew Studies 39, no. 1 (1998): 115–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hbr.1998.0000.
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Lavidor, Michal, and Carol Whitney. "Word length effects in Hebrew." Cognitive Brain Research 24, no. 1 (June 2005): 127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2005.01.002.
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Fuller, David J. "Word Order in Biblical Hebrew Poetry." Journal of Biblical Text Research 44 (April 30, 2019): 216–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.28977/jbtr.2019.4.44.216.
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Norman, Tal, Tamar Degani, and Orna Peleg. "Transfer of L1 visual word recognition strategies during early stages of L2 learning: Evidence from Hebrew learners whose first language is either Semitic or Indo-European." Second Language Research 32, no. 1 (October 11, 2015): 109–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267658315608913.
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The present study examined visual word recognition processes in Hebrew (a Semitic language) among beginning learners whose first language (L1) was either Semitic (Arabic) or Indo-European (e.g. English). To examine if learners, like native Hebrew speakers, exhibit morphological sensitivity to root and word-pattern morphemes, learners made an off-line graded lexical decision task on unfamiliar letter strings. Critically, these letter strings were manipulated to include or exclude familiar Hebrew morphemes. The results demonstrate differential morphological sensitivity as a function of participants’ language background. In particular, Indo-European-L1 learners exhibited increased sensitivity to word-pattern familiarity, with little effect of root familiarity. In contrast, Semitic-L1 learners exhibited non-additive sensitivity to both morphemes. Specifically, letter strings with a familiar root and a familiar word-pattern were the most likely to be judged as real words by this L1-Semitic group, whereas strings with a familiar root in the absence of a familiar word-pattern were the most likely to lead to a non-word decision. These findings show that both groups of learners activate their morphological knowledge in Hebrew in order to process unfamiliar Hebrew words. Critically, the findings further demonstrate transfer of L1 word recognition processes during the initial stages of second language (L2) learning.
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Ingraham, Loring J., Frances Chard, Marcia Wood, and Allan F. Mirsky. "An Hebrew Language Version of the Stroop Test." Perceptual and Motor Skills 67, no. 1 (August 1988): 187–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1988.67.1.187.
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We present normative data from a Hebrew language version of the Stroop color-word test. In this sample of college-educated Israeli young adults, 18 women and 28 men with a mean age of 28.4 yr. completed a Hebrew language Stroop test. When compared with 1978 English language norms of Golden, Hebrew speakers were slower on color-word reading and color naming, similar on naming the color of incongruently colored names of colors, and showed less interference. Slowed color-word reading and color-naming may reflect the two-syllable length of the Hebrew names for one-syllable length English language colors; reduced interference may reflect the exclusion of vowels in much Hebrew printing and subjects' ability to provide competing, nonconflicting words while naming the color of words in which the hue and the lexical content do not match.
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Hadari, Atar. "The Word of the Lord to Shylock." European Judaism 51, no. 2 (September 1, 2018): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/ej.2018.510213.
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Abstract Dror Abend-David’s Scorned My Nation in its comparative literary analysis of the German, Yiddish and Hebrew translations of The Merchant of Venice concludes that cultural context and political intentions changed dramatically between the two Hebrew translations in 1921 and 1972, limiting his textual analysis to the closing line of Shylock’s famous speech: ‘it shall go hard’. I examine two key words in that speech in the two translations to detect which biblical texts the translator called on, consciously or unconsciously, and gauge what the literary resources of the Hebrew language can make of Shylock and his complaint and whether the language portraying Shylock and his complaint did actually change over those fifty years.
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Hadari, Atar. "The Word of the Lord to Shylock." European Judaism 51, no. 2 (September 1, 2018): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/ej.2017.510213.
Full textAbstract:
Dror Abend-David’s Scorned My Nation in its comparative literary analysis of the German, Yiddish and Hebrew translations of The Merchant of Venice concludes that cultural context and political intentions changed dramatically between the two Hebrew translations in 1921 and 1972, limiting his textual analysis to the closing line of Shylock’s famous speech: ‘it shall go hard’. I examine two key words in that speech in the two translations to detect which biblical texts the translator called on, consciously or unconsciously, and gauge what the literary resources of the Hebrew language can make of Shylock and his complaint and whether the language portraying Shylock and his complaint did actually change over those fifty years.
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DEGANI, TAMAR, ANAT PRIOR, and WALAA HAJAJRA. "Cross-language semantic influences in different script bilinguals." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 21, no. 4 (July 24, 2017): 782–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728917000311.
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The current study examined automatic activation and semantic influences from the non-target language of different-script bilinguals during visual word processing. Thirty-four Arabic–Hebrew bilinguals and 34 native Hebrew controls performed a semantic relatedness task on visually presented Hebrew word pairs. In one type of critical trials, cognate primes between Arabic and Hebrew preceded related Hebrew target words. In a second type, false-cognate primes preceded Hebrew targets related to the Arabic meaning (but not the Hebrew meaning) of the false-cognate. Although Hebrew orthography is a fully reliable cue of language membership, facilitation on cognate trials and interference on false-cognate trials were observed for Arabic–Hebrew bilinguals. The activation of the non-target language was sufficient to influence participants’ semantic decisions in the target language, demonstrating simultaneous activation of both languages even for different-script bilinguals in a single language context. To discuss the findings we refine existing models of bilingual processing to accommodate different-script bilinguals.
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Segal, Osnat, Tamar Keren-Portnoy, and Marilyn Vihman. "Infant Recognition of Hebrew Vocalic Word Patterns." Infancy 20, no. 2 (December 16, 2014): 208–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/infa.12072.
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Muchnik, Malka. "Changes in word order in two Hebrew translations of an Ibsen play." Target. International Journal of Translation Studies 15, no. 2 (December 31, 2003): 295–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/target.15.2.05muc.
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This study examines differences in word order between two translations of Ibsen’s play An enemy of the people into Hebrew. Both versions were translated by Rivka Meshulach, with approximately 25 years between them. In the first version word order conforms to the norms of Classical Hebrew. In the second version, however, the translator changed word order so that the language would be closer to contemporary spoken Hebrew. This is illustrated through examples related to various syntactic constituents, including subject–predicate, predicate complements, parentheme and address forms. The reasoning behind this tendency focuses on the change in the norms of written language. As opposed to the normative restrictions which were widely accepted in written Hebrew just a generation ago, the current trend is for features of contemporary spoken language to be used in literature and theater.
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Koriat, Asher, Seth N. Greenberg, and Yona Goldshmid. "The missing-letter effect in Hebrew: Word frequency or word function?" Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 17, no. 1 (January 1991): 66–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.17.1.66.
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Weinberg, Bella Hass. "Index structures in early Hebrew Biblical word lists." Indexer: The International Journal of Indexing: Volume 22, Issue 4 22, no. 4 (October 1, 2001): 178–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/indexer.2001.22.4.5.
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The earliest Hebrew Masoretic Bibles and word lists are analyzed from the perspective of index structure. Masoretic Bibles and word lists may have served as models for the first complete Biblical concordances, which were produced in France, in the Latin language, in the 13th century. The thematic Hebrew Biblical word lists compiled by the Masoretes several centuries earlier contain concordance-like structures - words arranged alphabetically, juxtaposed with the Biblical phrases in which they occur. The Hebrew lists lack numeric locators, but the locations of the phrases in the Bible would have been familiar to learned people. The indexing methods of the Masoretes are not known, but their products contain many structures commonly thought to date from the modern era of information systems, among them word frequency counts, distinction of homographs, positional indexing, truncation, adjacency, and permuted indexes. It is documented that Hebrew Bibles were consulted by the Latin concorders; since Masoretic Bibles had the most accurate text, they were probably the editions consulted. This suggests the likely influence of Masoretic lists on the Latin concorders.
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Netz, Hadar, and Ron Kuzar. "Word order and discourse functions in spoken Hebrew." Studies in Language 35, no. 1 (July 21, 2011): 41–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.35.1.02net.
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In this article we discuss the discourse functions of the alternative linearizations of Spoken Hebrew sentences, as reflected in the possessive sentence pattern. We begin by presenting the available variants of possessive sentences in Hebrew. Next, we address the issue of markedness in our discussion of the discourse functions of the different word orders. The discourse functions demonstrated are contrast, parallelism, side-sequencing, emotive and argumentative discourse. The study is based on corpora of naturally occurring speech. Previous studies of possessive sentences in Hebrew have focused mainly on grammatical issues. These studies have not addressed the field of discourse functions, nor have they used naturally occurring speech. The current study fills this gap.
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Geary, Jonathan, and Adam Ussishkin. "Morphological priming without semantic relationship in Hebrew spoken word recognition." Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 4, no. 1 (March 15, 2019): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v4i1.4509.
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We report on an auditory masked priming study designed to test the contributions of semantics and morphology to spoken word recognition in Hebrew. Thirty-one native Hebrew speakers judged the lexicality of Hebrew words that were primed by words which either share their root morpheme and a transparent semantic relationship with the target (e.g. poreʦ פּורץ ‘burglar’ priming priʦa פּריצה ‘burglary’) or share their root morpheme but lack a transparent semantic relationship with the target (e.g. mifraʦ מפרץ ‘gulf’ priming priʦa פּריצה ‘burglary’). We found facilitatory priming by both types of morphological relatives, supporting that semantic overlap is not required for morphological priming in Hebrew spoken word recognition. Thus, our results extend the findings of Frost, Forster, & Deutsch’s (1997) Experiment 5 to the auditory modality, while avoiding confounds between root priming and Hebrew’s abjad orthography associated with the visual masked priming paradigm. Further, our results are inconsistent with models of word processing which treat morphological priming as reflecting form and semantic coactivation, and instead support an independent role for root morphology in Hebrew lexical processing.
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Peleg, Orna, Tamar Degani, Muna Raziq, and Nur Taha. "Cross-lingual phonological effects in different-script bilingual visual-word recognition." Second Language Research 36, no. 4 (February 19, 2019): 653–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267658319827052.
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To isolate cross-lingual phonological effects during visual-word recognition, Arabic–Hebrew bilinguals who are native speakers of Spoken Arabic (SA) and proficient readers of both Literary Arabic (LA) and Hebrew, were asked to perform a visual lexical-decision task (LDT) in either LA (Experiment 1) or Hebrew (Experiments 2 and 3). The critical stimuli were non-words in the target language that either sounded like real words in the non-target language (pseudo-homophones) or did not sound like real words. In Experiment 1, phonological effects were obtained from SA to LA (two forms of the same language), but not from Hebrew to LA (two different languages that do not share the same script). However, cross-lingual phonological effects were obtained when participants performed the LDT in their second language, Hebrew (Experiments 2 and 3). Interestingly, while the within-language effect (from SA to LA) was inhibitory, the between-language effect (from SA to Hebrew) was facilitatory. These findings are explained within the Bilingual Interactive Activation plus (BIA+) model which postulates a fully interconnected identification system that provides output to a task/decision system.
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Elimelech, Adi, and Dorit Aram. "Evaluating preschoolers’ references to characteristics of the Hebrew orthography via a computerized early spelling game." Written Language and Literacy 25, no. 2 (December 6, 2022): 159–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/wll.00065.ara.
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Abstract The current study evaluated how characteristics of Hebrew, a Semitic language with an abjad writing system, are manifested in Hebrew-speaking preschoolers’ play with a computerized spelling game adapted for Hebrew. The game words were of different lengths and structures so as to include the entire Hebrew alphabet and all the vowels (a, e, i, o, u) in all possible positions in the word (first, last, second). We analyzed the 18,720 spellings typed by 96 preschoolers aged 5;7 years (on average) who played the game during eight sessions (about 20 minutes per session) in one month. The study indicated a greater difficulty in spelling א, ה, ו, י letters as consonants than as vowels, and more success in spelling ב, כ, פ letters that are pronounced as stops, as compared to the same letters that are pronounced as spirants. The success in spelling consonants and consonant-vowel letters was identical. Within a word, there was greater success in spelling the first letter, than in spelling the last letter, and the second letter. The length of the word did not influence success in spelling the first, second, or last letter in the word. At the same time, spelling an entire shorter word was easier than spelling an entire longer word. Lastly, spelling of words to which children had more exposures was easier than spelling words with only a single exposure. The discussion focuses on the implications of the study and refers to the nature of appropriate literacy-oriented digital Hebrew games and activities with preschoolers.
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Rubin, Aaron D. "The Form and Meaning of Hebrew ’ašrê." Vetus Testamentum 60, no. 3 (2010): 366–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853310x498962.
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AbstractThe poetic Hebrew word ’ašrê is difficult to parse, and is without a good Semitic etymology. By suggesting that the word is in fact a remnant of the elative pattern, we can explain its shape and syntactic function, and provide a solid Semitic etymology.
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EVIATAR, ZOHAR, HAITHAM TAHA, VIKKI COHEN, and MILA SCHWARTZ. "Word learning by young sequential bilinguals: Fast mapping in Arabic and Hebrew." Applied Psycholinguistics 39, no. 3 (February 21, 2018): 649–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716417000613.
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ABSTRACTWe tested children attending bilingual Hebrew–Arabic kindergartens on a fast mapping task. These early sequential bilinguals included those with Hebrew as their home language and those with Arabic as their home language. They were compared to monolingual Hebrew and Arabic speakers. The children saw pictures of unfamiliar objects and were taught pseudowords as the object names that followed typical Hebrew, typical Arabic, or neutral phonotactics. Memory, phonological, and morphological abilities were also measured. The bilingual groups performed similarly to each other, and better than the monolingual groups, who also performed similarly to each other. Memory and the interaction between language experience and metalinguistic abilities (phonological and morphological awareness) significantly accounted for variance on the fast mapping tasks. We predicted that bilinguals would be more sensitive to phonotactics than monolinguals. Instead, we found that Arabic speakers (bilinguals and monolinguals) performed better with Hebrew-like stimuli than with Arabic-like stimuli, and no effect of phonotactics for Hebrew speakers. This may reflect the diglossia in Arabic language acquisition. The results suggest that the process of fast mapping is sharpened by multilingual experience, and may be sensitive to sociolinguistic factors such as diglossia.
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Asherov, Daniel, and Outi Bat-El. "Syllable structure and complex onsets in Modern Hebrew." Brill’s Journal of Afroasiatic Languages and Linguistics 11, no. 1 (June 12, 2019): 69–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18776930-01101007.
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Abstract Modern Hebrew allows for a diverse variety of syllable structures, allowing syllables with codas, onsetless syllables, and complex syllable margins. Syllables with a complex onset are found in word initial position, mostly in nouns, and syllables with a complex coda are less common. In this paper, we provide the distribution of syllable types in Modern Hebrew, noting differences between verbs and nouns, native words and loanwords, as well as differences among positions within the word. Special attention is given to word initial complex onsets, with details regarding the restrictions governing consonant combinations.
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KOBAYASHI, Yoshitaka. "Creating Hebrew Signs on a Japanese Word Processor." Bulletin of the Society for Near Eastern Studies in Japan 31, no. 1 (1988): 173–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5356/jorient.31.173.
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Tubul-Lavy, Gila. "Intra-word inconsistency in apraxic Hebrew-speaking children." Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics 26, no. 6 (April 27, 2012): 502–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/02699206.2012.663050.
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Holm, Tawny L., and Tal Goldfajn. "Word Order and Time in Biblical Hebrew Narrative." Language 76, no. 4 (December 2000): 954. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/417247.
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Dorn, L. O. "“Lo” and “Behold” - Translating the Hebrew Word Hinneh." Bible Translator 52, no. 2 (April 2001): 222–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026009430105200204.
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SEGAL, OSNAT, BRACHA NIR-SAGIV, LIAT KISHON-RABIN, and DORIT RAVID. "Prosodic patterns in Hebrew child-directed speech." Journal of Child Language 36, no. 3 (November 13, 2008): 629–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s030500090800915x.
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ABSTRACTThe study examines prosodic characteristics of Hebrew speech directed to children between 0 ; 9–3 ; 0 years, based on longitudinal samples of 228,946 tokens (8,075 types). The distribution of prosodic patterns – the number of syllables and stress patterns – is analyzed across three lexical categories, distinguishing not only between open- and closed-class items, but also between these two categories and a third, innovative, class, referred to as between-class items. Results indicate that Hebrew CDS consists mainly of mono- and bisyllabic words, with differences between lexical categories; and that the most common stress pattern is word-final, with parallel distributions found for all categories. Additional analyses showed that verbs take word-final stress, but nouns are both trochaic and iambic. Finally, a developmental analysis indicates a significant increase in the number of iambic words in CDS. These findings have clear implications regarding the use of prosody for word segmentation and assignment of lexical class in infancy.
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Fischer, Martin H., Samuel Shaki, and Alexander Cruise. "It Takes Just One Word to Quash a SNARC." Experimental Psychology 56, no. 5 (January 2009): 361–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169.56.5.361.
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Our directional reading habit seems to contribute to the widely reported association of small numbers with left space and larger numbers with right space (the spatial-numerical association of response codes, SNARC, effect). But how can this association be so flexible when reading habits are not? To address this question, we asked bilingual Russian-Hebrew readers to classify numbers by parity and alternated the number format from trial to trial between written words and Arabic digits. The number words were randomly printed in either Cyrillic or Hebrew script, thus inducing left-to-right or right-to-left reading, respectively. Classification performance indicated that the digits were spatially mapped when they followed a Russian word but not when they followed a Hebrew word. An auditory control experiment revealed left-to-right SNARC effects with different strengths in both languages. These results suggest that the SNARC effect reflects recent spatial experiences, cross-modal associations, and long-standing directional habits but not an attribute of the number concepts themselves.
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Guledani, Lali. "Peculiarities of Formation of Abstract Nouns in Hebrew." Kadmos 1 (2009): 67–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.32859/kadmos/1/67-83.
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One of the sources of enriching of Hebrew vocabulary is creating of the new words by already established stems and models of word deriving models in the grammar (including the cases of borrowing from the other languages), though, there are some cases of filling of the vocabulary artificially as well. Permanent process of renovation of the vocabulary develops in three directions: a) new lexical units are created; b) words useless for the language are moved into the passive vocabulary; c) number of meanings of the words change; as a result, neologisms and archaisms are created in the language [Kornienko 1979:11]. In Hebrew, great number of neologisms (in particular, nouns) is result of the above morphological word-formation. Abstract nouns are distinguished with their great number and abstract nouns with ת∙ו – suffixes are even more prominent. Among them, number lexemes formed from internationalisms is especially great. To determine, why ut – suffix is so productive in formation of neologisms in Hebrew, whether its attachment to a word is of artificial nature or it is logical result of the processes ongoing in the language, we found reasonable to study characteristic features of all models and formation of the abstract nouns. To make logical conclusion, we regard that it is necessary to study not only Hebrew grammar models, but clarification of their relations in the other Semite languages with the represented material, what would allow to exactly determining morphological and semantic functions of abstract models and affixes in modern Hebrew, taking into consideration general Semite data. We regard that these issues would be of interest and significance for those, interested in problems of lexicology and word-formation processes (as in our case) and in addition, with respect of systematization of Hebrew grammar categories, as the issue of such significance is presented only fragmentally in the theoretical literature.
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Cation, Anne Frances. "Lost in Translation." Axis Mundi 2, no. 1 (October 6, 2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/axismundi70.
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While reading the Hebrew Bible, it is possible for modern readers to misunderstand the original Hebrew meanings of the English translations. Common words such as ‘heart’, ‘mind’, ‘soul’ (נפש) and ‘spirit’ (רוח) are often misinterpreted to have English connotations that were not used in the Hebrew Bible. For instance, the biblical Hebrew words (לבב ,לב and לבח), frequently translated as ‘heart’ had connotations that could be argued to correspond more accurately to the English definition of the word ‘mind.’ Conversely, the biblical Hebrew word (לב or לב), generally interpreted as ‘mind,’ is perhaps better understood in relation to the modern understanding of the heart as one's emotional centre. Also, as opposed to the non-physical modern notion of an immortal ‘soul’, biblical authors and their intended audiences understood it in relation to the physical. Furthermore, ‘spirit’ meant the energy and character of oneself and had divine connotations as associated with the breath or divine essence of YHWH. Therefore, in order to appropriately understand the Hebrew Bible, the fallibility of translation must be recognized.
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Haykal, Aḥmad al-Shaḥḥāt. "‘Dhikr’ in Hebrew Translations of the Qur'an." Journal of Qur'anic Studies 12, no. 1-2 (October 2010): 281–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/jqs.2010.0117.
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The term dhikr occurs frequently in the Qur'an and has various meanings in different contexts, including al-thanāʾ (‘praise’), al-sharaf (‘honour’), al-ʿayb (‘imperfection’), al-ʿiẓa (‘admonition’), al-ṣalawāt al-khams (‘the five prescribed prayers’), al-waḥy (‘revelation’), al-lawḥ al-maḥfūẓ (‘the preserved tablet’), al-Qurʾān, etc. Accordingly, dhikr has attracted the attention of Muslim scholars concerned with collecting and classifying Qur'anic words in al-wujūh wa'l-naẓāʾir works. This study will survey the ways in which translators of the Qur'an into Hebrew have dealt with the word dhikr, aiming to suggest alternatives as necessary, according to context, and focusing on two particular angles. First, we will undertake a critical survey of some of the Qur'anic contexts of dhikr in order to clarify the various meanings of the term based on tafāsīr, al-wujūh wa'l-naẓāʾir and asbab al-nuzul works, as well as Arabic lexicons, so as to eliminate ambiguities in understanding a particular Qur'anic usage. Secondly, we will provide the Hebrew equivalent of the word dhikr as it occurs in modern Hebrew translations and suggest some alterntive translations that agree with the significations of the word within the Qur'anic context.
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Silber-Varod, Vered, and Noam Amir. "Word stress at utterance-final position." Brill’s Journal of Afroasiatic Languages and Linguistics 14, no. 1 (June 23, 2022): 33–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18776930-01401002.
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Abstract This study investigates the realization of the two most common word-level stress patterns in Hebrew, final and penultimate, at utterance-final position. Twenty-six disyllabic words that form minimal pairs, which differ only in their stress pattern, were embedded in 52 sentences. The mean values of three acoustic parameters—duration, F0, and intensity—were measured for vowels of the target words. Findings show that duration is significantly longer at stressed vowels, similar to previous findings on words at utterance-mid position. Lower intensity is assigned to the utterance-final vowels regardless of the stress pattern, but the degree of lowering does depend on the stress pattern. Finally, lower F0 values are found in the utterance-final vowels, but the degree of lowering is similar to both stress patterns. We conclude that duration is the main cue at the prosodic word level, while F0 is used by Hebrew speakers to cue higher prosodic units.
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Matzal, Stefan C. "A Word Play in 2 Samuel 4." Vetus Testamentum 62, no. 3 (2012): 462–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853312x632366.
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Barney, Kevin L. "Poetic Diction and Parallel Word Pairs in the Book of Mormon." Journal of Book of Mormon Studies (1992-2007) 4, no. 2 (October 1, 1995): 15–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/44758937.
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Abstract Hebrew poetry is based on various patterns of parallelism. Parallel lines are in turn created by the use of parallel words, that is, pairs of words bearing generally synonymous or antithetic meanings. Since the 1930s, scholars have come to realize that many of these "word pairs" were used repeatedly in a formulaic fashion as the basic building blocks of different parallel lines. The Book of Mormon reflects numerous parallel structures, including synonymous parallelism, antithetic parallelism, and chiasmus. As word pairs are a function of parallelism, the presence of such parallel structures in the Book of Mormon suggests the possible presence of word pairs within those structures. This article catalogs the use of forty word pairs that occur in parallel collocations both in the Book of Mormon and in Hebrew poetry.
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Moshavi, Adina. "Is There a Negative Polarity Item דבר in DSS Hebrew?" Dead Sea Discoveries 27, no. 3 (October 12, 2020): 335–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685179-bja10016.
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Abstract A negative polarity item (NPI) is a word or expression that occurs grammatically in negative clauses and a variety of other types of clauses such as interrogatives and conditionals, but not in ordinary affirmative sentences. Examples from classical Biblical Hebrew include the pronoun מאומה “anything” and the semantically-bleached noun דבר “a thing,” which has been produced from the ordinary noun דבר “word, matter, action” by the process of grammaticalization. This paper examines the noun דבר in the non-biblical DSS with the purpose of determining whether it is used as there as an NPI, as in Biblical Hebrew, or as an ordinary semantically-bleached noun, as in Rabbinic Hebrew. The results show that the diachronic development of דבר in the DSS appears to be at an earlier stage than classical Biblical Hebrew, despite the later dating of the scrolls. This finding is explained as a special kind of pseudo-classicism.
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Jacobs, Neil G. "Syncope and foot structure in pre-Ashkenazic Hebrew." Diachronica 21, no. 2 (December 22, 2004): 307–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.21.2.03jac.
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This paper examines a set of problems concerning word stress in the substratal Merged Hebrew component in Yiddish. When compared with their historical cognates in Classical Hebrew, the Yiddish words show a stress pattern which appears to conform to the Germanic trochee. The change has frequently been seen as occurring within the history of Yiddish. The present paper demonstrates, however, that (for the relevant Hebrew-origin items) the change from a Hebrew iamb to a trochee necessarily occurred in a period after spoken Hebrew times and before the birth of Yiddish – thus, within one or more intervening Jewish vernaculars. This is demonstrated by consideration of pre-Ashkenazic Hebrew foot structure in light of two historically distinct processes of syncope.