Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Étalon primaire de fréquence'
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Moric, Igor. "On-ground characterization of the cold atoms space clock PHARAO." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066659/document.
Full textThis thesis presents the experimental results obtained during the development and the ground tests of the flight model of the cold atoms space clock PHARAO. PHARAO, the first Primary Frequency Standard (PFS) for space applications, is developed by the French space agency CNES. It is a main instrument of the ESA space mission ACES: Atomic Clock Ensemble in Space with a launch scheduled on 2016. The mission is based on high performances time and frequency comparisons between a payload including PHARAO and ground based clocks to perform tests in fundamental physics. The payload will be installed on an external pallet of the International Space Station. After an introduction on atomic clocks and a summary on the ACES mission, the PHARAO architecture, optimized for microgravity environment, and its operation is described. It is followed by the measurements and the analysis of the frequency stability. On ground the frequency stability is measured at a level of 3.1 10-13 t-1/2. This value is in agreement with the different sources of noise. In space the frequency stability will reach 10-13 t-1/2. Finally the main frequency shifts are analyzed. A detailed study is given on magnetic shield properties, hysteresis and the design of the active magnetic compensation. The objective is to reduce the uncertainty of the second order Zeeman effect within few 10-17. The temperature determination of the atomic environment is also detailed and the goal is to reach an uncertainty on the blackbody frequency shift in the 10-17 range. A preliminary budget on the frequency accuracy of PHARAO on ground is evaluated at 1.1 10-15. This value is compatible with the expected accuracy budget of 3x10-16 when the clock will operate in microgravity. In the next step all the ACES instruments will be assembled for a launch scheduled on 2016
Lisowski, Caroline. "Ions calcium uniques pour un étalon de fréquence optique." Phd thesis, Université de Provence - Aix-Marseille I, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00009617.
Full textHerbane, Mustapha Saïd. "Piégeage et refroidissement laser d'ions calcium pour un étalon de fréquence optique." Aix-Marseille 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002AIX11008.
Full textPlimmer, Mark David. "Etudes de systèmes atomiques par spectroscopie laser. Tests de physique fondamentale et développement d'un étalon de fréquence optique." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Paris-Nord - Paris XIII, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00005070.
Full textPoulin, Michel. "Étalon de fréquence optique absolue à 1556 nm utilisant la transition à deux photons du rubidium à 778 nm." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD_0021/NQ56843.pdf.
Full textBadr, Thomas. "Réalisation d'une source laser de haute pureté spectrale : application à la spectroscopie à deux photons de l'atome d'argent." Paris 6, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA066532.
Full textSolve, Stéphane. "Réalisation et détermination des caractéristiques métrologiques d'un étalon primaire transportable, à réseau de jonctions Josephson, délivrant une tension continue de 10 V." Paris, CNAM, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008CNAM0720.
Full textDepuis 1994, le Bureau international des poids et mesures (BIPM) organise et coordonne des comparaisons bilatérales directes, de références de tension continue primaires à effet Josephson, à 10 V, sur site, avec les laboratoires nationaux de métrologie des Etats membres du BIPM. La section Electricité du BIPM remplit ainsi ses missions de réalisation et de dissémination de l’unité des forces électromotrices et des différences de potentiels du SI : le volt. Depuis le 1er janvier 1990, la représentation de cette unité est fondée sur la recommandation du Comité Consultatif d’Electricité et Magnétisme (CCEM) du Comité international des poids et mesures (CIPM), à partir de la relation Josephson :U = n f / KJ-90, où n est un nombre entier, et U, la tension aux bornes d’un réseau de jonctions Josephson lorsque celui-ci est irradié par une source de polarisation radiofréquence de fréquence f. KJ-90 est la valeur conventionnelle de la constante de Josephson adoptée par le CCEM telle que :KJ-90 = 483597,9 GHz / V. Suite à l’intérêt manifesté par les laboratoires pour participer à ces comparaisons, la réalisation d’un nouvel étalon Josephson voyageur à 10 V, dans les laboratoires du BIPM, a été décidée en 2004. Ce manuscrit présente la démarche et la description des travaux scientifiques réalisés pour la construction de l’étalon voyageur autour d’un réseau à jonctions Josephson hystérétiques SIS (Supraconducteur / Isolant / Supraconducteur) comportant 20 000 jonctions en série et fonctionnant à des fréquences de polarisation comprises dans un intervalle de 72 GHz à 78 GHz. Un paramètre critique au fonctionnement de ce type de réseau est leur sensibilité avérée aux conditions d’environnement électromagnétique dans lesquels ils opèrent. Ainsi la protection du réseau contre les sources de bruit externes a largement été prise en considération dans la construction de la référence de tension continue. Les problèmes d’encombrement et de poids ont été résolus, en particulier, en testant avec succès un guide d’onde escamotable et en étudiant une source de polarisation radiofréquence compacte. Une source de polarisation continue capable de sélectionner rapidement une marche de Shapiro du réseau préalablement sélectionnée, a également été construite. Chacun des instruments constituant l’étalon voyageur a été étudié en détail indépendamment les uns des autres, avant d’être assemblé autour du réseau. La caractérisation métrologique de l’étalon voyageur a été réalisée par comparaison avec la référence de tension continue primaire du BIPM. Une différence de tension inférieure à 1 nV a été mesurée. Ce résultat a été validé par l’élaboration d’un bilan d’incertitude dont chaque composante a été l’objet d’expériences destinées à en évaluer au mieux l’implication sur l’exercice de comparaison. Les composantes prépondérantes apparaissent être liées à la justesse de la chaîne de mesure, à l’effet des forces thermo-électromotrices non compensées et dérivantes, aux tensions résiduelles au niveau des inverseurs de polarité ainsi qu’aux phénomènes d’interférences électromagnétiques au niveau du détecteur de zéro
De, Beauvoir Béatrice. "Réalisation d'un étalon de fréquence à 778 nm : mesure absolue des fréquences 2S-8S/D des atomes d'hydrogène et de deutérium et détermination de la constante de Rydberg." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 1996. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011903.
Full textCourtillot, Irene. "Première observation de la transition fortement interdite 1S0-3P0 du strontium, pour une horloge optique à atomes piégés." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00004039.
Full textSabot, Benoît. "Étalonnage des instruments de mesure de l'activité volumique du thoron (²²⁰Rn) dans l'air." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLS122/document.
Full textThe goal of this PhD is to develop an activity standard for use in calibrating monitors used to measure the thoron (²²⁰Rn) concentration in air. The device, which has been designed to be the standard, is a volume with a silicon semi-conductor detector and an electric field which allows the charged decay products of thoron to be trapped on the detector surface. A finite element method has been used for the electric field simulations. This electric field is high enough to catch the decay products of thoron at the detector surface even with the high flow rate inside the volume. Monte-Carlo calculations were used to define the detection efficiency of the system and to optimise the geometry shape and size. The calculated detection efficiencies have been compared with the results obtained for a reference radon (²²²Rn) atmosphere produced with a new gas dilution setup. These experiments allowed the sensitivity of the system to be evaluated, as a function of the air properties. It has been demonstrated that the measurement system is independent of the pressure, the relative humidity and the flow rate for a large range of values. Through the analysis of measured alpha spectra the experimental gas detection efficiency was found to be consistent with the Monte-Carlo simulations. This portable system can now be used to evaluate precisely the thoron activity concentration with a well-defined associated uncertainty. Comparison measurements have been performed at the Italian metrological institute. Both systems are consistent within their uncertainties
Westergaard, Philip. "Horloge à réseau optique au Strontium : en quête de la performance ultime." Phd thesis, Télécom ParisTech, 2010. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00560080.
Full textVincent, Paul. "Développement d'un étalon de pression acoustique de référence et d'une méthode d'étalonnage associée pour l'étalonnage de capteurs infrasonores à 1 Hz." Thesis, Le Mans, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LEMA1025/document.
Full textCurrently, there is no reference standard for the dynamic infrasonic pressures physical quantity. The request for calibration of such a quantity has recently appeared, in response to geophysical issues, studying the propagation of acoustic waves in the atmosphere between 20 Hz and 0.001 Hz, supported by the monitoring of the respect of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT). In order to meet this challenge, the aim of this thesis is to realize a primary standard for this quantity. The metrological context and some existing calibration benches, using infrasonic dynamic pressure generators, are presented. To design the primary calibration bench, the amplitude and phase responses of the CEA infrasound generator are characterized analytically and experimentally. In addition, the definition of the standard model is based on the primary method models for pressure calibration of standard microphones in the acoustic pressure range, using cylindrical cavities. The limits of the acoustic transfer admittance standard formulations for these cavities are identified for frequencies below 100 Hz. Two alternative solutions are proposed, allowing the frequency range to be extended to the infrasound domain. The validity of these formulations is demonstrated experimentally. Finally, based on this work, the development of the primary bench is detailed, with its analytical model and the associated mechanical choices
Baillard, Xavier. "Horloge à réseau optique à atomes de Strontium." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00267252.
Full textTampon, Benjamin. "Qualification expérimentale de la μTPC LNE-IRSN-MIMAC comme instrument de référence pour les mesures en énergie et en fluence de champs neutronique entre 27keV et 6,5 MeV." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAY083/document.
Full textIn France, the references associated to the neutron fluence and the deriva-ted dosimetric quantities are under the responsability of the micro-irradiation and neutronmetrology and dosimetry laboratory (LMDN)of IRSN. In order to improve the definition ofreferences in fluence and energy of the monoenergetic neutron fields, produced at AMANDEfacility, a micro-TPC gaseous detector, called LNE-IRSN-MIMAC, is developping in collabo-ration with LPSC.In a previous work, the detector was qualified for neutron fields in the energy rangebetween 27 keV and 565 keV. The objective of the present work is to extend the range of theμTPC above 1 MeV. The choice of the gas, the development of an analysis method and thedetector characterization allowed to validate the detector capacity to perform measurements inmonoenergetic neutron fields ranging from 250 keV up to 6,5 MeV with a relative uncertaintyof 3% and 2,5% respectively in energy and fluence
Bosch, Cédric. "Etude de la relation entre la corrosion sous contrainte et la fatigue corrosion basse fréquence de l'alliage 600 en milieu primaire des réacteurs à eau sous pression." Bordeaux 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998BOR1A577.
Full textWang, Ye. "Evaluation de la Performance des Réglages de Fréquence des Eoliennes à l'Echelle du Système Electrique : Application à un Cas Insulaire." Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale de Lille, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00778698.
Full textVaillant, Fanny. "Impact fonctionnel et métabolique d'une réduction de la fréquence cardiaque induite par un inhibiteur du courant If, l'ivabradine : approche expérimentale chez le porc et la souris." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00817208.
Full textTaforeau, Julien. "Un spectromètre à pixels actifs pour la métrologie des champs neutroniques." Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01065781.
Full textLusson, Charlotte. "Influence des facteurs non syntaxiques sur l'accord en nombre : approche développementale." Phd thesis, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00949029.
Full textVaillant, Fanny. "Impact fonctionnel et métabolique d’une réduction de la fréquence cardiaque induite par un inhibiteur du courant If, l’ivabradine : approche expérimentale chez le porc et la souris." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LYO10225/document.
Full textIschemic cardiopathies are a major cause of cardiovascular mortality potentially leading tosudden death by ventricular fibrillation (VF). In patients with coronary disease, onetherapeutic goal is to reduce oxygen requirements via slowing of heart rate (SHR). Severalmedicinal drugs, such as beta-blockers and calcium inhibitors can achieve this goal, but canresult in altered cardiac contractility and various adverse effects, which restricts their use. Wefocused our interest on the effects of a selective inhibitor of the pacemaker current If, namelyivabradine (IVA), which can reduce sinusal heart rate. The aim of the present work was toevaluate the impact of SHR on the propensity to VF and to better understand thephysiological and metabolism mechanisms involved. The first study was performed on a pigmodel of acute myocardial ischemia leading to VF. In the second study, the impact of SHRwas evaluated using a mouse model of isolated perfused working heart. Our resultsdemonstrated that IVA induced SHR in both models and this was associated in vivo withenhanced coronary flow, conservation of mitochondrial structure and myocardial energeticstatus, thus reducing the risk of triggering ischemia-induced VF. Moreover, ex vivo, theobserved SHR did not change the selection of substrates for energy production. From atherapeutic point of view, it is critical to improve the conditions within tissues and to reducethe loss of substrates during myocardial ischemia. IVA apparently met this goal. Indeed, viaspecific effects on sinusal automaticity, it can act both preventively and curatively
Wang, Ye. "Evaluation de la Performance des Réglages de Fréquence des Eoliennes à l’Echelle du Système Electrique : Application à un Cas Insulaire." Thesis, Ecole centrale de Lille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ECLI0027/document.
Full textThe increasing development of wind power that does not participate in frequency control leads to new challenges in the management of electrical power systems. The problems are more significant in weak power grids. The present thesis aims to evaluate the performance and the reliability of frequency response from wind turbines on a system-wide scale. Studies are applied onto an isolated power grid.First of all, the impact of high levels of wind penetration on primary reserve allocation and on grid dynamic behaviour is characterized. It is shown that the participation of wind turbines in frequency regulation is technically required for maintaining power system security from a certain wind penetration rate.Two solutions allowing wind turbines to contribute to frequency control are then studied through dynamic simulations. The performance of emulated inertia is characterized by taking into account the impact of initial wind operating point and controller parameters. The contribution of wind power reserve to system dynamic performance improvement is also identified.In order to assess the potential and the reliability of wind primary reserve, the last part of this research work is devoted to statistical analyses considering the variability and the prediction uncertainty of wind generation. Two strategies for reserve allocation are proposed and compared. The impact of forecast errors on the potential of wind power reserve is also highlighted. Finally the power frequency characteristic of a wind farm as well as the droop adjustment range is characterized
Carron, Romain. "Hypersynchronisation précoce des réseaux du cortex moteur chez la souris modèle génétique de la maladie de Parkinson : Impact de la stimulation à haute fréquence du noyau subthalamique." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM4071.
Full textThe excess of synchronization of neuronal activities within the cortico-basal ganglia network is a hallmark of the pathophysiology of Parkinson’s disease. High frequency deep brain stimulation (DBS) applied to various basal ganglia nuclei dampens the synchronized activity in the whole network, and brings about a significant motor improvement. However it is not to date established whether an early presymptomatic abnormal pattern of synchronization is present in the primary motor cortex long before motor signs, nor whether its antidromic modulation via the hyperdirect cortico-subthalamic pathway is sufficient to remove its excess of synchronization. To answer these questions we studied the synchronization of spontaneous activities in the primary motor cortex of PINK-/- mice (genetic rodent model of Parkinson’s (PARK6), a progressive model) and compared it with age-matched control mice (P14-16 (wild-type)) by means of two-photon calcium imaging. Secondly, we analyzed in vitro the impact of the high frequency stimulation of cortico-subthalamic fibers on the pattern of synchronization of cortical networks. We show that, (1) at an early stage of development, there is an excess of synchronized activity in primary motor cortical networks and that, (2) antidromic modulation of cortical activity is a key mechanism to account for the normalization of hyper synchronized activity. These results show that a neurodegenerative adult pathology may begin early during development (neuroarcheology) though clinical signs appear late in adulthood. Moreover, antidromic invasion of a network seems to be a key mechanism of deep brain stimulation
Cardozo, Arteaga Carmen. "Optimisation of power system security with high share of variable renewables : Consideration of the primary reserve deployment dynamics on a Frequency Constrained Unit Commitment model." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLC024/document.
Full textThe Unit Commitment problem (UC) is a family of optimisation models for determining the optimal short-term generation schedule to supply electric power demand with a defined risk level. The UC objective function is given by the operational costs over the optimisation horizon. The constraints include, among others, technical, operational and security limits. Traditionally, the security constraints are given by the requirement of a certain volume of on-line spare capacity, which is called the reserve and is meant to handle uncertainty, while preventing the interruption of power supply. It is commonly specified following a static reliability criterion, such as the N-1 rule.Nevertheless, in small systems the fixed, and a priori defined, reserve constraint could entail a violation of the N-1 criterion, although the reserve constraint was met. More recently, the increasing share of variable generation from renewable sources (V-RES), such as wind and solar, may lead to UC solutions that no longer ensure system security. Therefore, different impact mitigation techniques have been proposed in literature, which include the revision of UC models to provide a better representation of the system dynamics. This subfamily of UC models is formally defined in this work as the frequency constrained UC problem (FCUC), and aims to keep the frequency above a certain threshold, following pre-defined contingencies, by adding enhanced security constraints. In this work this topic is addressed in four parts.The first part identifies the main challenge of formulating the FCUC problem. Indeed, the frequency minimum, also called the frequency nadir, constraint is strongly non-linear on the decision variables of the UC model. Moreover, the behaviour of the frequency nadir regarding the binary decision variables is hard to approximate by analytical functions. Thus, a sequential simulation approach is proposed, based on a classic UC model and a reduced order model of the primary frequency response. The potential benefits of a smarter allocation of the primary reserve is revealed.The second part of this work investigates the impact of V-RES sources on the primary frequency response. The underlying processes that lead to the increase of the Under-Frequency Load Shedding (UFLS) risk are thoroughly discussed. The need of formulating more accurate FCUC models is highlighted.The third part of this work examines the cost/benefit and limitation of FCUC models based on indirect constraints over certain dynamic parameters of the generating units. A methodology is proposed that assesses the effectiveness and optimality of some existing V-RES impact mitigation techniques, such as the increase of the primary reserve requirement, the prescription of an inertia requirement, the authorisation of V-RES dispatch-down or the consideration of fast non-synchronous providers of frequency regulation services. This study showed the need for new methods to properly handle the frequency nadir constraint in order to ensure optimality, without compromising the optimisation problem’s tractability.The fourth part of this work offers a new formulation of the FCUC problem following a Bender’s decomposition approach. This method is based on the decomposition of an optimisation problem into two stages: the master and the slave problems. Here, the master problem deals with the generating unit states and the slave problem handles the frequency nadir constraints through a cutting plane model. Simulation results showed that the more accurate representation of the frequency nadir in the slave problem reduces the risk of UFLS and the security cost, with respect to other FCUC models, such as those based on inertia constraints. In addition, the optimality of the global solution is guaranteed; although the convergence of the master problem is slow, due to the well-known tailing off effect of cutting plane methods
Mejri, Sinda. "Horloge à réseau optique de mercure neutre : Détermination de la longueur d'onde magique." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00806792.
Full textMarshansky, Serguei. "Analyse des réponses neuronales du cortex visuel primaire du chat à la fréquence spatiale suite à des adaptations répétées." Thèse, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/4763.
Full textPrimary visual cortex neurons in adult cat are selective to different image properties as orientation, contrast and spatial frequency. This selectivity is characterized by action potentials as electrical activity from the visual neurons. This response occurs during the presentation of a luminous bar in the receptive fields of the neurons. Spatial frequency is the amount of luminous bars in a grating presented from a precise distance from the eyes and is measured in cycles per degree. Furthermore, it was establish until recently that cortical organisation in the adult remains inflexible following the critical period after birth. However, our results have revealed that spatial frequency selectivity is able to change after an imposition of a non-preferred spatial frequency, also called adapter. Following cortical activity recordings, there is a shift of the spatial frequency tuning curves in the direction of the adapter. A second adaptation at the same non-preferred spatial frequency produced a different neural response from the first adaptation. This “short-term plasticity” was already observed in the primary visual cortex for orientation selective neurons but not yet for spatial frequency. The results presented in this study suggest that such plasticity is possible and that visual neurons regulate their electrical responses through modulation of the weights of their synaptic afferences.
Bouchard, Marilyn. "Étude de la plasticité à court terme pour la fréquence spatiale dans le cortex visuel primaire du chat adulte." Thèse, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/17072.
Full textL'Heureux, Lise. "Les effets de féminisation et de fréquence d'occurrence sur la production de lettres muettes dérivables chez les enfants du primaire." Mémoire, 2011. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/4477/1/M10696.pdf.
Full textPrévost, François. "Développement physiologique des voies visuelles chez le rat normal et chez celui ayant subi des convulsions hyperthermiques." Thèse, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/4861.
Full textNeurons in superficial layers of the rat superior colliculus and primary visual cortex are sensitive to highly contrasted low spatial frequencies drifting at fast speeds. Between post-natal days 27-30 and adulthood, the optimal temporal frequencies of neurons in the primary visual cortex increase, whereas their contrast thresholds decrease. However, the optimal spatial frequencies, spatial resolution values and spatial bandwidths of these neurons are, soon after eyelid opening, similar to those observed in the adult rat. These neuronal response profiles suggest that the retino-collicular and retino-geniculo-cortical projections are mainly innervated by magnocellular and koniocellular retinal ganglion cells. Neurons in the primary visual cortex of rats having experienced hyperthermic seizures are, soon after eyelid opening, sensitive to low optimal spatial frequencies and show broad directional and temporal bandwidths, as well as elevated contrast thresholds when compared to neurons of normal rats. At adulthood, low optimal temporal frequencies and broad spatial bandwidths are also observed in rats having experienced hyperthermic seizures. The alteration of response profiles of neurons in the primary visual cortex of rats having experienced hyperthermic seizures suggests an unbalance between excitatory and inhibitory mechanisms in this cortical structure. These results also suggest that a single episode of febrile seizures could be sufficient to impede the development of the spatio-temporal receptive field properties of neurons in the primary visual cortex.