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Journal articles on the topic 'Ethanol formation'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 4 February 2022

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1

Löser, C., A. Schröder, S. Deponte, and T. Bley. "Balancing the Ethanol Formation in Continuous Bioreactors with Ethanol Stripping." Engineering in Life Sciences 5, no. 4 (August 2005): 325–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elsc.200520084.

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2

Cronholm, T. "Hydrogen transfer between ethanol molecules during oxidoreduction in vivo." Biochemical Journal 229, no. 2 (July 15, 1985): 315–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2290315.

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Rates of exchange catalysed by alcohol dehydrogenase were determined in vivo in order to find rate-limiting steps in ethanol metabolism. Mixtures of [1,1-2H2]- and [2,2,2-2H3]ethanol were injected in rats with bile fistulas. The concentrations in bile of ethanols having different numbers of 2H atoms were determined by g.l.c.-m.s. after the addition of [2H6]ethanol as internal standard and formation of the 3,5-dinitrobenzoates. Extensive formation of [2H4]ethanol indicated that acetaldehyde formed from [2,2,2-2H3]ethanol was reduced to ethanol and that NADH used in this reduction was partly derived from oxidation of [1,1-2H2]ethanol. The rate of acetaldehyde reduction, the degree of labelling of bound NADH and the isotope effect on ethanol oxidation were calculated by fitting models to the found concentrations of ethanols labelled with 1-42H atoms. Control experiments with only [2,2,2-2H3]ethanol showed that there was no loss of the C-2 hydrogens by exchange. The isotope effect on ethanol oxidation appeared to be about 3. Experiments with (1S)-[1-2H]- and [2,2,2-2H3]ethanol indicated that the isotope effect on acetaldehyde oxidation was much smaller. The results indicated that both the rate of reduction of acetaldehyde and the rate of association of NADH with alcohol dehydrogenase were nearly as high as or higher than the net ethanol oxidation. Thus, the rate of ethanol oxidation in vivo is determined by the rates of acetaldehyde oxidation, the rate of dissociation of NADH from alcohol dehydrogenase, and by the rate of reoxidation of cytosolic NADH. In cyanamide-treated rats, the elimination of ethanol was slow but the rates in the oxidoreduction were high, indicating more complete rate-limitation by the oxidation of acetaldehyde.

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3

Pérez-Mañá, Clara, Magí Farré, Mitona Pujadas, Cristina Mustata, Esther Menoyo, Antoni Pastor, Klaus Langohr, and Rafael de la Torre. "Ethanol induces hydroxytyrosol formation in humans." Pharmacological Research 95-96 (May 2015): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2015.02.008.

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4

Tkalec, Gabrijela, Željko Knez, and Zoran Novak. "Formation of polysaccharide aerogels in ethanol." RSC Advances 5, no. 94 (2015): 77362–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra14140k.

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5

Ying Liu, 刘莹, 邵华 Hua Shao, 倪晓武 Xiaowu Ni, and 陆建 Jian Lu. "Formation mechanism of ethanol-water excimer." Chinese Optics Letters 6, no. 2 (2008): 154–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col20080602.0154.

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6

Lewis, Russell J., Robert D. Johnson, Mike K. Angier, and Nicole T. Vu. "Ethanol formation in unadulterated postmortem tissues." Forensic Science International 146, no. 1 (November 2004): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.03.015.

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7

Alexandre, Hervé, Fanny Bertrand, and Claudine Charpentier. "Effect of ethanol on yeast film formation." OENO One 33, no. 1 (March 31, 1999): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.1999.33.1.1037.

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<p style="text-align: justify;">In this study, we have investigated the influence of ethanol on yeast film formation and cell surface hydrophobicity (CSH). A yeast strain (P3) previously isolated from film yeast was grown in a medium containing increasing ethanol concentration ranging from 0 to 14 p. cent (v/v). It results from this study that up to 10 p. cent ethanol, the greater was the ethanol concentration, the greater was the growth of film. Using two different techniques (phase partition method, magnobead assay), we have shown that ethanol altered the CSH of the yeast. The measured hydrophobicity (p. cent) of cells grown without ethanol was 65 p. cent compared with 81 p. cent with 14 p. cent (v/v) ethanol. Taking into account the increase in CSH with increasing ethanol concentration which leads to greater film development, it seems likely that CSH alteration constitutes an adaptation mechanism which allows the cell to rise to the surface where growth conditions are favoured i.e oxydative metabolism. The role of CSH on yeast film formation was sustained by using a wine strain (3079) enable to form a film on the liquid surface, thus we have shown that this yeast possess a lower CSH (50 p. cent) compared to P3 strain (80 p. cent). However, CSH is not the only determinant for film formation since a respiratory deficient mutant (P3 <em>rho<sup>-</sup></em>) with high cell surface hydrophobicity (80 p. cent) could not form a film. Treatment of cells with lyticase which dramatically reduced CSH of P3 strain from 80 to 15 p. cent points out the protein or glycoprotein nature of the component responsible for CSH.</p>

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8

Owens, Charlene K., Larry V. Mclntire, and Andrew Lasslo. "Ethanol Inhibition of Thrombus Formation on Collagen-Coated Glass." Thrombosis and Haemostasis 63, no. 03 (1990): 510–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1645075.

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SummaryEpi-fluorescent video microscopy was used to evaluate the effect of ethanol on platelet mural thrombus formation. Whole blood, treated with ethanol, was perfused over collagen coated glass in a parallel-plate flow chamber at a shear rate of 1,000/s. Digital image processing and photodiode measurements were used to analyze the dynamics of thrombus growth on this surface. Ethanol concentrations as low as 0.02% v/v were found to inhibit 45 + 33% (± S.D.) of normal platelet accumulation on the slide while 0.2% v/v ethanol effected an 82 ± 15% inhibition of mural thrombus formation. While platelet adhesion to the collagen surface appeared unaffected by ethanol concentrations up to 0.1% v/v, 0.2% v/v ethanol had an effect on adhesion as well as aggregation. These results imply that low ethanol concentrations inhibit the formation of mural thrombi in a model of a damaged blood vessel at physiological shear rates. This inhibition would not be detected in systems which measure bulk aggregation, e.g. in aggregometric determinations.

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9

Mizukami, Masashi, and Kazue Kurihara. "Ethanol Cluster Formation on Silicon Oxide Surface in Cyclohexane–Ethanol Binary Liquids." Chemistry Letters 29, no. 3 (March 2000): 256–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1246/cl.2000.256.

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10

Dinda, P. K., M. G. Buell, O. Morris, and I. T. Beck. "Studies on ethanol-induced subepithelial fluid accumulation and jejunal villus bleb formation. An in vitro video microscopic approach." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 72, no. 10 (October 1, 1994): 1186–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y94-168.

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Jejunal intraluminal ethanol causes morphological and mucosal microvascular injury. The purpose of the present study was to understand the mechanism of the morphological alterations caused by ethanol without the influence of ethanol's effect on the microcirculation. Therefore, we have investigated the ethanol-induced morphological changes in the absence of blood flow (i.e., in the jejunum in vitro) and compared these changes with those reported to occur in the presence of microcirculation (i.e., in the jejunum in vivo). The mucosa of jejunal segments was exposed to a control solution and to solutions containing 0.8, 1.6, and 4.8% (w/v) ethanol, using a specially designed apparatus. The morphological response of the mucosa to these solutions was continuously examined employing a video microscopic technique, and the changes were morpho-metrically evaluated on subsequent playback of videotapes. Ethanol caused a concentration-dependent increase in the number of villi with subepithelial fluid accumulation, i.e., blebs, and a decrease in the height of the villus core (i.e., lamina propria). With 0.8 and 1.6% ethanol, the contracted core remained partially attached to the epithelium and the total villus height (villus core plus epithelial layer) decreased. With 4.8% ethanol, the villus core contraction was so rapid that the stroma fully separated from the epithelium. Thus, among other factors, the rapidity of the villus core contractions appears to play a role in the subepithelial bleb formation and in the appearance of the bleb. The ethanol-induced changes in vitro are similar to those reported to occur in the jejunum in vivo. Therefore, we conclude that the effect of ethanol on morphology is independent of its action on the microcirculation.Key words: video microscopy, villus contraction, villus core contraction, bleb formation, jejunal injury.

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11

Willetts, Andrew. "Ester formation from ethanol by Candida pseudotropicalis." Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 56, no. 2 (August 1989): 175–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00399980.

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12

Köhler, Gottfried. "Exciplex formation between excited triethylamine and ethanol." Chemical Physics Letters 126, no. 3-4 (May 1986): 260–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0009-2614(86)80080-x.

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13

Ballestin, R., A. Molowny, M. P. Marin, G. Esteban-Pretel, A. M. Romero, C. Lopez-Garcia, J. Renau-Piqueras, and X. Ponsoda. "Ethanol Reduces Zincosome Formation in Cultured Astrocytes." Alcohol and Alcoholism 46, no. 1 (December 1, 2010): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/agq079.

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14

Larsen, M. Joost, A. Thorsen, and S. J. Jensen. "Ethanol-induced formation of solid calcium phosphates." Calcified Tissue International 37, no. 2 (March 1985): 189–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02554840.

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15

Strasberg, S. M. "Effect of Ethanol on Formation of Bile." Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 5, no. 1 (February 1, 2008): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.1981.tb04874.x.

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16

Wang, Yi, and Graciela W. Padua. "Formation of Zein Microphases in Ethanol−Water." Langmuir 26, no. 15 (August 3, 2010): 12897–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la101688v.

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17

Volfová, Olga, Olga Suchardová, Jan Panoš, and Vladimír Krumphanzl. "Ethanol formation from cellulose by thermophilic bacteria." Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 22, no. 4 (August 1985): 246–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00252024.

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18

Qasim, Zahraa S. "The Effect of Ginkgo biloba Extracts on Candida albicans Isolated from Healthy Persons." Iraqi Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences ( P-ISSN: 1683 - 3597 , E-ISSN : 2521 - 3512) 29, no. 2 (December 29, 2020): 122–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.31351/vol29iss2pp122-126.

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The objective was to study the effect of prepared ginkgo biloba extracts against Candida albicans isolated from healthy persons. Conducting susceptibility test, biofilm formation test, phytochemical screening test, and antioxidant activity test. One hundred oral swabs sample were obtained from healthy persons with oral lesion attending dentistry teaching hospital in dentistry college, their age ranged from 1-30 years of both sexex. The studied samples collected through 8 months (April - December / 2018). This study included two different types of ginkgo bilola extracts were prepared as aqueous and ethanolic extracts. Many tests were used, which included isolation and identification of C.albicans, conduct susceptibility test, biofilm formation test, phytochemical screening test, and antioxidant activity test for both aqueous and ethanol ginkgo biloba extracts. From 100 healthy person involved in this study, there were 21(21%) C. albicans isolates revealed from clinical specimens. Aqueous and ethanol ginkgo biloba extracts were used to study their effects against C.albicans. Zone of inhibition was higher in ethanol than aqueous extracts. Three 3 (15%) isolates showed positive biofilm formation in tube method, phytochemical reaction in ethanol extract showed 5 phytochemical compounds, while aqueous extract showed 4 phytochemical compounds, in addition to antioxidant activity in ethanol extract was higher than aqueous. In conclusion C. albicans is the only species from genus Candida isolated from oral lesion in this study, ethanol ginkgo biloba extract have a good antifungal activity, higher number of phytochemical compounds and a higher antioxidant activity than aqueous extract.

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19

Burdette, D., and J. G. Zeikus. "Purification of acetaldehyde dehydrogenase and alcohol dehydrogenases from Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus 39E and characterization of the secondary-alcohol dehydrogenase (2° Adh) as a bifunctional alcohol dehydrogenase-acetyl-CoA reductive thioesterase." Biochemical Journal 302, no. 1 (August 15, 1994): 163–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3020163.

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The purification and characterization of three enzymes involved in ethanol formation from acetyl-CoA in Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus 39E (formerly Clostridium thermohydrosulfuricum 39E) is described. The secondary-alcohol dehydrogenase (2 degrees Adh) was determined to be a homotetramer of 40 kDa subunits (SDS/PAGE) with a molecular mass of 160 kDa. The 2 degrees Adh had a lower catalytic efficiency for the oxidation of 1 degree alcohols, including ethanol, than for the oxidation of secondary (2 degrees) alcohols or the reduction of ketones or aldehydes. This enzyme possesses a significant acetyl-CoA reductive thioesterase activity as determined by NADPH oxidation, thiol formation and ethanol production. The primary-alcohol dehydrogenase (1 degree Adh) was determined to be a homotetramer of 41.5 kDa (SDS/PAGE) subunits with a molecular mass of 170 kDa. The 1 degree Adh used both NAD(H) and NADP(H) and displayed higher catalytic efficiencies for NADP(+)-dependent ethanol oxidation and NADH-dependent acetaldehyde (identical to ethanal) reduction than for NADPH-dependent acetaldehyde reduction or NAD(+)-dependent ethanol oxidation. The NAD(H)-linked acetaldehyde dehydrogenase was a homotetramer (360 kDa) of identical subunits (100 kDa) that readily catalysed thioester cleavage and condensation. The 1 degree Adh was expressed at 5-20% of the level of the 2 degrees Adh throughout the growth cycle on glucose. The results suggest that the 2 degrees Adh primarily functions in ethanol production from acetyl-CoA and acetaldehyde, whereas the 1 degree Adh functions in ethanol consumption for nicotinamide-cofactor recycling.

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20

Neirinck, Leonard G., C. S. Tsai, John L. Labelle, and Henry Schneider. "Xylitol as a carbon source for growth and ethanol production by Pachysolen tannophilus." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 31, no. 5 (May 1, 1985): 451–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m85-084.

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A number of yeasts that produce ethanol from D-xylose also coproduce xylitol. Such coproduction is undesirable if ethanol is the desired product because of the detrimental effect on yield. The utilization of xylitol, thought to be the first catabolite of D-xylose, has been reported not to lead to the formation of appreciable amounts of ethanol. As part of an effort to improve the yield of ethanol, the use of xylitol for growth and ethanol formation by Pachysolen tannophilus under aerobic conditions was reinvestigated. The polyol was found to be used for ethanol formation. However, the conditions required for this process, as well as for growth, were more stringent than with D-xylose. Notably, xylitol supported growth only when its concentration was relatively high, while ethanol formation occurred over a range of concentrations, provided high cell densities were used.

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21

Widya Puteri, Tia, and Mindriany Syafila. "Screening The Effect of Cu, Mn, and Mg on Ethanol Formation in Degradation Process of Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) under Anaerobic Condition Using Two-Level Factorial Design Method." MATEC Web of Conferences 147 (2018): 04003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201814704003.

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Anaerobic digestion can be used for the treatment of POME to reduce organic content and generate some substances, such as volatile acids, ethanol, and various gasses. During anaerobic fermentation process, microorganism requires the presence of trace elements for growth to improve their performance. This research will be carried out as a study of the presence of trace elements, such as metals (Cu2+, Mn2+, and Mg2+) that has significant effects on ethanol formation. Circulating Bed Reactor was used and operated in a batch system for 48 hours. Metal ions were screened and analyzed by using two-level factorial design method whether there is any correlation effect between the addition of Cu2+, Mn2+, and Mg2+ and ethanol formation. Several parameters which consists of Total Volatile Acids (TVA), dissolved Chemical Oxygen Demand (CODs), Volatile Suspended Solid (VSS), pH, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), and ethanol were measured every sampling. Mn metal is proven statistically affect both TVA and ethanol formation while Mg metal only affect TVA formation. Cu2+ and Mg2+ metals combination affect ethanol formation with largest detected ethanol concentration is 7,483.07 mg/L. The result from this study had identified the metal ions which has significant effect as a foundation for optimization ethanol formation.

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22

Black, DS, N. Chaichit, BM Gatehouse, and GI Moss. "Unusual Formation of New Indole-Containing Heterocyclic Ring Systems." Australian Journal of Chemistry 40, no. 12 (1987): 1965. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch9871965.

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The oxazinoindoletrione (3) underwent reaction with aqueous ammonia in methanol or ethanol to yield the polycyclic methyl or ethyl esters (4) and (5) respectively. Reaction of trione (3) with gaseous ammonia in dry ethanol gave the aminobenzodiazepinone (7). This compound lost ammonia on heating in toluene to give compound (11) and in the presence of methanol or ethanol gave the methyl or ethyl esters (9) and (10) respectively. The structures of compounds (4), (7) and (10) were all established by X-ray crystallography.

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23

Wang, Qiong, Ning Hu, Jincan Lei, Qiurong Qing, Jing Huang, Ke Tao, Shixian Zhao, Ke Sun, and Jun Yang. "Formation of Giant Lipid Vesicles in the Presence of Nonelectrolytes—Glucose, Sucrose, Sorbitol and Ethanol." Processes 9, no. 6 (May 27, 2021): 945. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9060945.

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Lipid vesicles, especially giant lipid vesicles (GLVs), are usually adopted as cell membrane models and their preparation has been widely studied. However, the effects of some nonelectrolytes on GLV formation have not been specifically studied so far. In this paper, the effects of the nonelectrolytes, including sucrose, glucose, sorbitol and ethanol, and their coexistence with sodium chloride, on the lipid hydration and GLV formation were investigated. With the hydration method, it was found that the sucrose, glucose and sorbitol showed almost the same effect. Their presence in the medium enhanced the hydrodynamic force on the lipid membranes, promoting the GLV formation. GLV formation was also promoted by the presence of ethanol with ethanol volume fraction in the range of 0 to 20 percent, but higher ethanol content resulted in failure of GLV formation. However, the participation of sodium chloride in sugar solution and ethanol solution stabilized the lipid membranes, suppressing the GLV formation. In addition, the ethanol and the sodium chloride showed the completely opposite effects on lipid hydration. These results could provide some suggestions for the efficient preparation of GLVs.

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24

Abdullah, Abdullah, and Dessy Ariyanti. "Enhancing Ethanol Production by Fermentation Using Saccharomyces cereviseae under Vacuum Condition in Batch Operation." International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 1, no. 1 (February 13, 2012): 6–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.1.1.6-9.

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Ethanol is one of renewable energy, which considered being an excellent alternativeclean-burning fuel to replaced gasoline. In fact, the application of ethanol as fuel still blended withgasoline. The advantages of using ethanol as fuel are that the raw material mostly from renewableresources and the product has low emission which means environmental friendly. Ethanol can beproduced by fermentation of sugars (glucose/fructose). The constraint in the ethanol fermentationbatch or continuous process is the ethanol product inhibition. Inhibition in ethanol productivityand cell growth can be overcome by taking the product continuously from the fermentor. Theprocess can be done by using a vacuum fermentation. The objective of this research is toinvestigate the effect of pressure and glucose concentration in ethanol fermentation. The researchwas conducted in laboratory scale and batch process. Equipment consists of fermentor withvacuum system. The observed responses were dried cells of yeast, concentration of glucose, andconcentration of ethanol. Observations were made every 4 hours during a day of experiment. Theresults show that the formation of ethanol has a growth-associated product characteristic undervacuum operation. Vacuum condition can increase the cell formation productivity and the ethanolformation, as it is compared with fermentation under atmospheric condition. The maximum cellsproductivity and ethanol formation in batch operation under vacuum condition was reached at166.6 mmHg of pressure. The maximum numbers of cells and ethanol formation was reached at141.2 mm Hg of pressure. High initial glucose concentration significantly can affect the productivityand the yield of ethanol.

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25

Matsumura, Hisashi, Fumitaka Mafuné, and Tamotsu Kondow. "Formation of NaI Aggregates on Ethanol Solution Surface." Journal of Physical Chemistry B 103, no. 5 (February 1999): 838–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp9832037.

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26

POLLACK, J. H., and T. HASHIMOTO. "Ethanol-induced Germ Tube Formation in Candida albicans." Microbiology 131, no. 12 (December 1, 1985): 3303–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/00221287-131-12-3303.

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27

Konnova, T. A., D. A. Faizullin, T. Haertle, and Yu F. Zuev. "β-casein micelle formation in water-ethanol solutions." Doklady Biochemistry and Biophysics 448, no. 1 (January 2013): 36–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1607672913010092.

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28

Gereben, Orsolya, and László Pusztai. "Cluster formation and percolation in ethanol-water mixtures." Chemical Physics 496 (October 2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemphys.2017.09.003.

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29

Shimoda, Masahiro, Mitsufumi Ono, and Ichiro Okura. "Ethanol formation from ethane with Methylosinus trichosporium (OB3b)." Journal of Molecular Catalysis 52, no. 3 (July 1989): L37—L39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-5102(89)85038-2.

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30

Idriss, K. A., A. S. El-Shahawy, M. S. Abu-Bakr, A. A. Harfoush, and E. Y. Hashem. "Molecular complex formation of thiosalicylic acid with ethanol." Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular Spectroscopy 41, no. 9 (January 1985): 1063–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0584-8539(85)80006-4.

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31

Diamond, Terrence, Daniel Stiel, Michael Lunzer, Margaret Wilkinson, and Solomon Posen. "Ethanol reduces bone formation and may cause osteoporosis." American Journal of Medicine 86, no. 3 (March 1989): 282–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0002-9343(89)90297-0.

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32

Michalska-Domańska, Marta, Piotr Nyga, and Mateusz Czerwiński. "Ethanol-based electrolyte for nanotubular anodic TiO2 formation." Corrosion Science 134 (April 2018): 99–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2018.02.012.

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33

Costa and Spikes. "Interactions of Ethanol with Friction Modifiers in Model Engine Lubricants." Lubricants 7, no. 11 (November 15, 2019): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/lubricants7110101.

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When employed as an engine fuel, ethanol can accumulate in the lubricant during use. Previous work has shown that ethanol contamination affects friction and elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) film formation, and also the growth and stability of anti-wear tribofilms. The present work uses spacer-layer ultrathin interferometry and MTM tests to investigate how ethanol (both hydrated and anhydrous) interacts with friction modifiers in model lubricants. Small proportions (5 wt %) of ethanol were added to solutions of friction modifiers (one MoDTC and three organic friction modifiers) in a Group I base oil. For the three organic friction modifiers, the presence of ethanol promoted the formation of thick viscous boundary films so that very low friction coefficients were measured at low entrainment speeds. For the MoDTC additive, the presence of ethanol prevented the formation of a low friction film at low speeds at 70 °C, but this effect disappeared at 100 °C, probably due to ethanol evaporation.

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34

Bai, Li, and Wen Tao Chang. "Haze Formation and the Influence of Ethanol Gasoline of Severe Cold Area on Haze." Applied Mechanics and Materials 665 (October 2014): 528–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.665.528.

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By analyzing the composition of haze and its formation mechanism, this thesis studies the impact of ethanol gasoline combustion products: aerosol particles, particulate matter, additional products (aldehydes and ketones, etc.) and water on severe cold area regional haze formation. The results show that the effect of ethanol gasoline combustion products on haze formation is also very serious. Therefore, this article does not recommend excessive use of ethanol gasoline in the cold winter.

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35

Masum, B. M., M. A. Kalam, H. H. Masjuki, and S. M. Palash. "Study on the Effect of Adiabatic Flame Temperature on NOx Formation Using Ethanol Gasoline Blend in SI Engine." Advanced Materials Research 781-784 (September 2013): 2471–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.781-784.2471.

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Active research and development on using ethanol fuel in gasoline engine had been done for few decades since ethanol served as a potential of infinite fuel supply. This paper discussed analytically and provides data on the effects of compression ratio, equivalence ratio, inlet temperature, inlet pressure and ethanol blend in cylinder adiabatic flame temperature (AFT) and nitrogen oxide (NO) formation of a gasoline engine. Olikara and Borman routines were used to calculate the equilibrium products of combustion for ethanol gasoline blended fuel. The equilibrium values of each species were used to predict AFT and the NO formation of combustion chamber. The result shows that both adiabatic flame temperature and NO formation are lower for ethanol-gasoline blend than gasoline fuel.

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36

Jado, Demelash, Khalid Siraj, and Nathan Meka. "Electron Donor-Acceptor Interaction of 8-Hydroxyquinoline with Citric Acid in Different Solvents: Spectroscopic Studies." Journal of Applied Chemistry 2014 (August 17, 2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/484361.

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Charge transfer complex formation between 8-hydroxyquinoline as the electron donor and citric acid as the electron acceptor has been studied spectrophotometrically in ethanol and methanol solvents at room temperature. Absorption band due to charge transfer complex formation was observed near 320 and 325 nm in ethanol and methanol, respectively. The stoichiometric ratio of the complex has been found 3 : 1 by using Job’s and conductometric titration methods. Benesi-Hildebrand equation has been applied to estimate the formation constant and molecular extinction coefficient. It was found that the value of formation constant was larger in ethanol than in methanol. The physical parameters, ionization potential, and standard free energy change of the formed complex were determined and evaluated in the ethanol and methanol solvents.

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37

Zhao, Liang, Yuhang Yang, Hongfang Zhou, Zhengle Que, and Yadi Pan. "Ethanol decomposition in supercritical water: An operating parametric experimental and kinetic study." BioResources 15, no. 4 (September 23, 2020): 8515–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.15.4.8515-8528.

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Ethanol is an intermediate of the supercritical water decomposition of lignocellulosic biomass or biomass-derived compounds. In this study, experiments on ethanol decomposition in supercritical water were performed at different reaction temperatures (500 °C to 600 °C), residence times (6 s to 12 s), and initial ethanol concentrations (0.05 mol·L-1 to 0.20 mol·L-1). Temperature had larger impacts on the ethanol conversion than the other factors. Higher temperatures and feedstock concentrations facilitated gas production. In addition, the higher temperature promoted the scissions of C-C and C-O bonds of ethanol. However, longer residence times did not improve the yields of H2, CO, and C2. Because the H2-to-CO2 ratio was much greater than 1, the water-gas shift reaction was not the dominant route during the ethanol conversion process. Further, the mechanism and kinetic model of ethanol supercritical water decomposition were proposed. The kinetics revealed that ethanol gasification in supercritical water was mainly dominated by ethanol dehydrogenation, the hydrogenation of intermediates, and the coke formations of CO and CH4. In addition, H2 was mainly formed via ethanol dehydrogenation and consumed via the hydrogenation of intermediates. The rate of coke formation was relatively low during ethanol decomposition.

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Doan, Chi Diem, and Supratim Ghosh. "Formation and Stability of Pea Proteins Nanoparticles Using Ethanol-Induced Desolvation." Nanomaterials 9, no. 7 (June 29, 2019): 949. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9070949.

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Protein nanoparticles have recently found a lot of interests due to their unique physicochemical properties and structure-functionality compared to the conventional proteins. The aim of this research was to synthesize pea protein nanoparticles (PPN) using ethanol-induced desolvation, to determine the changes in secondary structures and the particle stability in an aqueous dispersion. The nanoparticles were prepared by diluting 3.0 wt% pea protein solutions in 1–5 times ethanol at pH 3 and 10 at different temperatures. Higher ratios of ethanol caused greater extent of desolvation and larger sizes of PPN. After homogenization at 5000 psi for 5 min, PPN displayed uniform size distribution with a smaller size and higher zeta potential at pH 10 compared to pH 3. PPN prepared from a preliminary thermal treatment at 95 °C revealed a smaller size than those synthesized at 25 °C. Electron microscopy showed roughly spherical shape and extensively aggregated state of the nanoparticles. Addition of ethanol caused a reduction in β-sheets and an increase in α-helices and random coil structures of the proteins. When PPN were separated from ethanol and re-dispersed in deionized water (pH 7), they were stable over four weeks, although some solubilization of proteins leading to a loss in particle size was observed.

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Lo, Jonathan, Tianyong Zheng, Shuen Hon, Daniel G. Olson, and Lee R. Lynd. "The Bifunctional Alcohol and Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Gene,adhE, Is Necessary for Ethanol Production in Clostridium thermocellum and Thermoanaerobacterium saccharolyticum." Journal of Bacteriology 197, no. 8 (February 9, 2015): 1386–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.02450-14.

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ABSTRACTThermoanaerobacterium saccharolyticumandClostridium thermocellumare anaerobic thermophilic bacteria being investigated for their ability to produce biofuels from plant biomass. The bifunctional alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenase gene,adhE, is present in these bacteria and has been known to be important for ethanol formation in other anaerobic alcohol producers. This study explores the inactivation of theadhEgene inC. thermocellumandT. saccharolyticum. Deletion ofadhEreduced ethanol production by >95% in bothT. saccharolyticumandC. thermocellum, confirming thatadhEis necessary for ethanol formation in both organisms. In bothadhEdeletion strains, fermentation products shifted from ethanol to lactate production and resulted in lower cell density and longer time to reach maximal cell density. InT. saccharolyticum, theadhEdeletion strain lost >85% of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) activity. Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity did not appear to be affected, although ALDH activity was low in cell extracts. Adding ubiquinone-0 to the ALDH assay increased activity in theT. saccharolyticumparent strain but did not increase activity in theadhEdeletion strain, suggesting that ALDH activity was inhibited. InC. thermocellum, theadhEdeletion strain lost >90% of ALDH and ADH activity in cell extracts. TheC. thermocellumadhEdeletion strain contained a point mutation in the lactate dehydrogenase gene, which appears to deregulate its activation by fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, leading to constitutive activation of lactate dehydrogenase.IMPORTANCEThermoanaerobacterium saccharolyticumandClostridium thermocellumare bacteria that have been investigated for their ability to produce biofuels from plant biomass. They have been engineered to produce higher yields of ethanol, yet questions remain about the enzymes responsible for ethanol formation in these bacteria. The genomes of these bacteria encode multiple predicted aldehyde and alcohol dehydrogenases which could be responsible for alcohol formation. This study explores the inactivation ofadhE, a gene encoding a bifunctional alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenase. Deletion ofadhEreduced ethanol production by >95% in bothT. saccharolyticumandC. thermocellum, confirming thatadhEis necessary for ethanol formation in both organisms. In strains withoutadhE, we note changes in biochemical activity, product formation, and growth.

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Nugrahani, Ilma, and Silvana Anggraeni. "EFFECT OF ETHANOL-WATER COMPOSITION ON CLINDAMYCIN HYDROCHLORIDE PSEUDOPOLYMORPHISM." International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 8, no. 11 (October 28, 2016): 269. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijpps.2016v8i11.14132.

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Objective: Formation of clindamycin hydrochloride (clindamycin HCl) in monohydrate-ethanolate from the recrystallization process with ethanol–water (5:2) has been reported a long time ago. However, the effect of ethanol-water compositions into pseudo-polymorphism formation and its stability of was not reported yet. This study aimed to investigate the effect of ethanol-water proportion on the formation of clindamycin HCl-monohydrate and its ethanol solvate.Methods: Clindamycin HCl was recrystallized with the various percentages of ethanol. The fresh and after storage for 24 h at humidity and room temperature (25±2 °C, RH: 70±1%) crystals were characterized by FTIR (Fourier transform infra-red), PXRD (powder x-ray diffractometer), and DTA (differential scanning calorimeter). The study of desolvation/dehydration then was observed with a polarization microscopy-plate heater.Results: The results showed that monohydrate crystal was obtained from recrystallization in a concentration less than 50% ethanol in water. Next, the ethanolate was produced from the solvent of>70% ethanol. Meanwhile, the 50–70 % ethanol produced a hydrate–ethanolate, crystal, which has both hydrate and ethanol in its lattice. This hydrate-ethanolates was unstable, even in ambient temperature.Conclusion: Concentration of ethanol in water as the solvent will determine the clindamycin HCl pseudo polymorphism, which will back to its original crystal form by the time of storage.

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Zhou, Kai, Lorenzo Siroli, Francesca Patrignani, Yuanming Sun, Rosalba Lanciotti, and Zhenlin Xu. "Formation of Ethyl Carbamate during the Production Process of Cantonese Soy Sauce." Molecules 24, no. 8 (April 15, 2019): 1474. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24081474.

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The aim of this work was to clarify the formation of ethyl carbamate (EC) and its influence factors throughout the production process of Cantonese soy sauce. The results showed that EC was not detected in the koji-making and early moromi fermentation stages, but started to be generated when pH of the moromi decreased to about 4.9—at the same time, the levels of ethanol, urea and citrulline increased significantly. Most EC was formed during raw soy sauce hot extraction (40.6%) and sterilization (42.9%) stages. The EC content exhibited the highest correlation with ethanol throughout the whole production process (R = 0.97). The simulation soy sauce produced in laboratory led the same conclusion—moreover, the contents of EC, ethanol and citrulline were higher in soy sauce fermented at 30 °C than in soy sauce fermented at 15 °C. Extraction of raw soy sauce by squeezing contributed little to EC formation. Further research showed that citrulline and ethanol led to significant increases in EC levels in raw soy sauce upon heating. These results indicate that ethanol and citrulline are two critical precursors of EC and that EC is mainly formed during the heat treatment stage of soy sauce.

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Radek, Katherine A., Elizabeth J. Kovacs, Richard L. Gallo, and Luisa A. DiPietro. "Acute ethanol exposure disrupts VEGF receptor cell signaling in endothelial cells." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 295, no. 1 (July 2008): H174—H184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00699.2007.

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Physiological angiogenesis is regulated by various factors, including signaling through vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptors. We previously reported that a single dose of ethanol (1.4 g/kg), yielding a blood alcohol concentration of 100 mg/dl, significantly impairs angiogenesis in murine wounds, despite adequate levels of VEGF, suggesting direct effects of ethanol on endothelial cell signaling (40). To examine the mechanism by which ethanol influences angiogenesis in wounds, we employed two different in vitro angiogenesis assays to determine whether acute ethanol exposure (100 mg/dl) would have long-lasting effects on VEGF-induced capillary network formation. Ethanol exposure resulted in reduced VEGF-induced cord formation on collagen and reduced capillary network structure on Matrigel in vitro. In addition, ethanol exposure decreased expression of endothelial VEGF receptor-2, as well as VEGF receptor-2 phosphorylation in vitro. Inhibition of ethanol metabolism by 4-methylpyrazole partially abrogated the effect of ethanol on endothelial cell cord formation. However, mice treated with t-butanol, an alcohol not metabolized by alcohol dehydrogenase, exhibited no change in wound vascularity. These results suggest that products of ethanol metabolism are important factors in the development of ethanol-induced changes in endothelial cell responsiveness to VEGF. In vivo, ethanol exposure caused both decreased angiogenesis and increased hypoxia in wounds. Moreover, in vitro experiments demonstrated a direct effect of ethanol on the response to hypoxia in endothelial cells, as ethanol diminished nuclear hypoxia-inducible factor-1α protein levels. Together, the data establish that acute ethanol exposure significantly impairs angiogenesis and suggest that this effect is mediated by changes in endothelial cell responsiveness to both VEGF and hypoxia.

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Huang, Wenjing, Yanjie Tong, Wangxiang Huang, Ke Wang, Qiming Chen, Yuanxin Wu, and Shengdong Zhu. "Influence of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium Chloride on the Ethanol Fermentation Process of Pichia pastoris GS115." Open Biotechnology Journal 9, no. 1 (August 25, 2015): 109–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874070701509010109.

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To evaluate the influence of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([Bmim]Cl) on the ethanol fermentation process of Pichia pastoris GS115, this paper investigated the yeast growth, ethanol formation and the fermentable sugars consumption during the ethanol fermentation process of Pichia pastoris GS115 at different [Bmim]Cl concentrations in the medium. The results indicated that the [Bmim]Cl had no influence on the ethanol fermentation process at its concentration less than 0.0001 g.L-1. The [Bmim]Cl inhibited the yeast growth and had a negative effect on ethanol formation at its concentration higher than 0.0001 g.L-1. The final biomass and ethanol concentration, and the overall ethanol yield from the fermentable sugars all decreased with its concentration increasing. The yeast growth was very slow and nearly no ethanol formed when its concentration reached 5 g.L-1. Compared to Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the growth of Pichia pastoris GS115 was more sensitive to the [Bmim]Cl, and its ethanol fermentation had lower final ethanol concentration and overall ethanol yield from fermentable sugars at the same [Bmim]Cl concentration. This work provides useful information on selecting suitable strains for ethanol fermentation containing the [Bmim]Cl in the medium.

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Tian, Liang, Jonathan Lo, Xiongjun Shao, Tianyong Zheng, Daniel G. Olson, and Lee R. Lynd. "Ferredoxin:NAD+Oxidoreductase of Thermoanaerobacterium saccharolyticum and Its Role in Ethanol Formation." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 82, no. 24 (September 30, 2016): 7134–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02130-16.

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ABSTRACTFerredoxin:NAD+oxidoreductase (NADH-FNOR) catalyzes the transfer of electrons from reduced ferredoxin to NAD+. This enzyme has been hypothesized to be the main enzyme responsible for ferredoxin oxidization in the NADH-based ethanol pathway inThermoanaerobacterium saccharolyticum; however, the corresponding gene has not yet been identified. Here, we identified the Tsac_1705 protein as a candidate FNOR based on the homology of its functional domains. We then confirmed its activityin vitrowith a ferredoxin-based FNOR assay. To determine its role in metabolism, thetsac_1705gene was deleted in different strains ofT. saccharolyticum. In wild-typeT. saccharolyticum, deletion oftsac_1705resulted in a 75% loss of NADH-FNOR activity, which indicated that Tsac_1705 is the main NADH-FNOR inT.saccharolyticum. When both NADH- and NADPH-linked FNOR genes were deleted, the ethanol titer decreased and the ratio of ethanol to acetate approached unity, indicative of the absence of FNOR activity. Finally, we tested the effect of heterologous expression of Tsac_1705 inClostridium thermocellumand found improvements in both the titer and the yield of ethanol.IMPORTANCERedox balance plays a crucial role in many metabolic engineering strategies. Ferredoxins are widely used as electron carriers for anaerobic microorganism and plants. This study identified the gene responsible for electron transfer from ferredoxin to NAD+, a key reaction in the ethanol production pathway of this organism and many other metabolic pathways. Identification of this gene is an important step in transferring the ethanol production ability of this organism to other organisms.

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McVicker, Benita L., Karuna Rasineni, Dean J. Tuma, Mark A. McNiven, and Carol A. Casey. "Lipid Droplet Accumulation and Impaired Fat Efflux in Polarized Hepatic Cells: Consequences of Ethanol Metabolism." International Journal of Hepatology 2012 (2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/978136.

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Steatosis, an early manifestation in alcoholic liver disease, is associated with the accumulation of hepatocellular lipid droplets (LDs). However, the role ethanol metabolism has in LD formation and turnover remains undefined. Here, we assessed LD dynamics following ethanol and oleic acid treatment to ethanol-metabolizing WIF-B cells (a hybrid of human fibroblasts (WI 38) and Fao rat hepatoma cells). An OA dose-dependent increase in triglyceride and stained lipids was identified which doubled (P<0.05) in the presence of ethanol. This effect was blunted with the inclusion of an alcohol metabolism inhibitor. The ethanol/ OA combination also induced adipophilin, LD coat protein involved in the attenuation of lipolysis. Additionally, ethanol treatment resulted in a significant reduction in lipid efflux. These data demonstrate that the metabolism of ethanol in hepatic cells is related to LD accumulation, impaired fat efflux, and enhancements in LD-associated proteins. These alterations in LD dynamics may contribute to ethanol-mediated defects in hepatocellular LD regulation and the formation of steatosis.

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Yoshida, Koji, Junko Kawaguchi, Sannum Lee, and Toshio Yamaguchi. "On the solvent role in alcohol-induced α-helix formation of chymotrypsin inhibitor 2." Pure and Applied Chemistry 80, no. 6 (January 1, 2008): 1337–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200880061337.

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The circular dichroism (CD) spectra of chymotrypsin inhibitor 2 (CI2) have been measured as a function of alcohol mole fraction in aqueous mixtures of methanol, ethanol, trifluoroethanol (TFE), and hexafluoro-iso-propanol (HFIP). Small-angle X-ray and neutron scattering (SAXS and SANS) of CI2 was also measured as a function of ethanol mole fraction in ethanol-water mixtures. The CD spectra have shown that the secondary structure of CI2 changes from β-strand to α-helical structure at alcohol mole fractions characteristic of the individual alcohols in an order of HFIP > TFE > ethanol > methanol in effectiveness, where the structure transition of solvent clusters takes place from the typical tetrahedral-like water to the chain-like alcohol clusters in alcohol-water mixtures previously reported. The radius of gyration of CI2, obtained from the analysis of the SANS data, increased with an increase in ethanol mole fraction up to around 0.2 and then gradually decreased. The SAXS data have shown that the shape of CI2 changes from a sphere to a rod-like one at a 0.1 ethanol mole fraction. A possible role of solvent clusters played in alcohol-induced α-helix formation of CI2 is discussed from a viewpoint of the solvent clusters.

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KAWAMURA, Daizo, and Yoshinobu TSUCHIYA. "Yeasts Improved in Ethanol Formation at 42 Degrees Celsius." JOURNAL OF THE BREWING SOCIETY OF JAPAN 91, no. 10 (1996): 753–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.6013/jbrewsocjapan1988.91.753.

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Gaisina, L. I., E. M. Movsumzade, Yu A. Khamzin, A. R. Karimova, and N. A. Rudnev. "EFFECT OF ETHANOL ADDITIVE ON TRIMETILPENTEN ISOMERS FORMATION SELECTIVITY." Oil and Gas Business, no. 4 (September 2018): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.17122/ogbus-2018-4-100-116.

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Resta, A., J. Blomquist, J. Gustafson, H. Karhu, A. Mikkelsen, E. Lundgren, P. Uvdal, and J. N. Andersen. "Acetate formation during the ethanol oxidation on Rh(111)." Surface Science 600, no. 24 (December 2006): 5136–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.susc.2006.08.039.

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Li, Heng, Jia Cai Nie, Jin Chai Li, and Sándor Kunsági-Máté. "Ethanol induced formation of graphene fractions suspended in acetonitrile." Carbon 54 (April 2013): 495–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2012.12.003.

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