Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Ethernet based bus systems'

Electrohydraulic drives are primarily used whenever a low power/weight ratio, a compact build and/or large forces are required for individual applications. These drives are often used together with electric drive technology in machines. However, in terms of automation, unlike electric drives, electrohydraulic drives are still largely connected via analog interfaces and centralized closed control loops today. To compensate for this competitive disadvantage of hydraulic drive technology and, at the same time, significantly enhance its performance and diagnostics capability, a consistent automation solution has been developed that can be configured for both centralized and decentralized solutions. This contribution firstly gives an overview over this complete solution already available and its classification in the automation world. In a second step, the subset of decentralized drive solutions contained therein is presented in more detail and their benefits are explained on the basis of some exemplary applications.

Fast paced improvement of Ethernet technology has also received attention in the industry field like it did in other fields and ways of usage have started to be studied. As it is understood that the standard Ethernet protocols cannot be used due to the unsatisfied real time requirements, industrial and academic researchers have started to develop solutions to overcome this deficiency. In this thesis, the real hardware adaptations of Real Time Ethernet and RTXX protocol algorithms are implemented and their behaviors on the hardware are observed. Each parameter that affects the system&rsquo
s real time behavior is individually examined and the solution proposals are discussed.

Due to concerns about the negative impacts of powering vehicles using fossil fuel and the future availability of fossil fuel, there has been an increased focus on electric vehicles. However, current electric vehicle energy efficiency is a key problem as these vehicles are not as efficient as fossil-fueled vehicles. One way of decreasing a vehicle’s energy consumption is to reduce the weight of the vehicle, while still ensuring the safety and reliability of the vehicle. Controller Area Network (CAN) systems have been used in vehicles to realize real-time applications, however the low peak data rates of CAN have begun to limit the applications that can be realized. This bachelor’s thesis project focuses on secure communication within a vehicle using Ethernet. Additionally, the use of Power over Ethernet can be used for powering some of the network attached devices within the vehicle. The goal is to reduce the number of components and the weight of the vehicle while continuing to ensure the security and reliability of the communication – even when the network grows in size (either in physical size or in number of connected devices). This thesis shows that an Ethernet based system can serve as a possible replacement candidate for the CAN system due to its low latencies and high bandwidth. Ethernet is also a very scalable system with none of the limitations that a CAN system have.
Den negativa påverkan av fossila bränslen har de senaste årtionden haft en negativ på planeten, mängden fossila bränslen över världen konsumeras även i en högre takt än vad som produceras. Därför har fokusen för att finna förnybara energi källor som både är effektiva och inte påverkar miljön på ett negativt sätt ökat. Därför är elbilar en viktig del i konverteringen av enheter som drivs av fossila bränslen till förnybara energikällor. Ett av problemen i en elbil är att energi konsumptionen är inte lika effektiv som fossila bränslen inom bil industrin. Ett sätt att sänka energi konsumptionen är att minska mängden komponenter inom en bil för att minska på vikten, utan att påverka säkerheten och tillförlitligheten. Tidigare har man använt sig av ett CAN system för att försäkra sig om systemet fungerar felfritt i realtid, problematiken med detta system är att när nätverket ökar i storlek så sätter de fysiska begränsningarna av detta system stop för den garanterade säkerheten. Detta kandidatexamensarbete kommer att fokusera på den interna kommunikationen i en elbil med hjälp av ett ethernet baserat kommunkations system över CAN systemet. Power over Ethernet tekinken kommer att tillämpas för de systemen som kan drivas av detta system. Målet är att reducera antalet komponenter som behövs och att garantera säkerheten och tillförlitligheten av den interna kommunikationen när nätverket av komponenter ökar i storlek. Det här kandidatarbetet visar att Ethernet kan ersätta det nuvarande CAN systemet ef-tersom att Ethernet erbjuder låga latenser och hög bandbredd. Detta arbete visar även att Et-hernet är väldigt skalbart och har inte begränsingarna som ett CAN system har.

ITC/USA 2014 Conference Proceedings / The Fiftieth Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 20-23, 2014 / Town and Country Resort & Convention Center, San Diego, CA
Ethernet-based data acquisition systems are becoming more and more common in the Flight Test Instrumentation environment. Digitized analog sensor output and various other types of digital data is captured and inserted into Ethernet packets using a "packet fill" strategy that in general is under control of the user. This paper discuss and compares two strategies "FILL-TO-TIME" and "FILL-TO- SIZE" for the acquisition of ARINC-429 digital data bus.

[eng] When Distributed Embedded Systems (DESs) operate in evolving environments, changing requirements might be imposed on the system, and thus the system needs the ability to adapt to them. Furthermore, when such systems are employed for real-time (RT) critical applications, both support for satisfying stringent RT guarantees and attaining a high level of reliability must be provided. The Flexible Time-Triggered (FTT) communication paradigm provides support for changing real-time traffic requirements in adaptive RT DESs, i.e., it provides RT flexibility. The different implementations of FTT on Ethernet have recently added to FTT advantages of Ethernet such as high bandwidth, low cost and, since Ethernet is the de facto Link Layer standard of many communication systems, also an easier potential integration. A specific FTT implementation on Ethernet, called Flexible Time-Triggered Ethernet Star (FTTRS), has been recently proposed to add mechanisms to tolerate faults in the channel as a means to increase the reliability of the final system. However, it is known that to reach a very high level of system reliability it is crucial to also tolerate faults in the computation nodes. This is so because the computation nodes are usually the most complex components of a DES and, hence, they are less reliable than most of the components that constitute the channel, e.g. the links. This thesis proposes a node replication architecture and appropriate node faulttolerance (FT) mechanisms so as to attain a high level of reliability for critical RT DES. The proposed architecture and FT mechanisms are based on an active node replication strategy with distributed majority voting. The mechanisms are designed on top of FTTRS in order to take advantage of the features that the FTT paradigm and the FTTRS communication subsystem already provide in terms of channel RT flexibility and channel fault tolerance. We start by introducing the concepts, terminology and methodology used to specify, design and test a fault-tolerant system. Special attention has been paid to describing the specific fault-tolerance techniques used in this dissertation. Also, we present the foundations on top of which we develop our node FT mechanisms. In particular we present the FTT communication paradigm and the details of the FTTRS itself. Then, we describe the main contributions of this dissertation. We start by a general description of the overall system. Then, we clarify what types of faults (fault model) we address, and we thoroughly describe and classify all the manners in which these faults may manifest (failure model). Afterwards we focus on describing the proposed FT mechanisms based on both active node replication and FTTRS. Once this description is completed, we propose a realization of the designed FT mechanisms for the specific case of control applications. Moreover, in order to test and verify the correctness of our node replication architecture and FT mechanisms, we present a simulation model as well as a real prototype. We use these simulation model and real prototype to thoroughly inject faults (in terms of all the manners in which faults can manifest according to the failure model) and, then, we inspect if the mechanisms function as intended in both of them. Finally, we build a dependability model to quantify the level of reliability attainable by a DES relying on our node replication architecture and FT mechanisms. By means of the work described in the current dissertation we prove the following thesis statement: “It is possible to attain high levels of reliability of adaptive critical RT DES that rely on a reliable and flexible RT communication subsystem based on an FTT implementation on Ethernet by providing FT mechanisms for the nodes.”
[spa] Los sistemas empotrados distribuidos son sistemas compuestos por un conjunto de nodos interconectados que trabajan para lograr un objetivo común y que forman parte de un sistema mecánico o eléctrico más grande. Los nodos suelen estar interconectados por medio de una red de comunicación. En cuanto a las redes de comunicación, en las últimas décadas Ethernet se ha convertido en una de las tecnologías más populares debido a sus muchas ventajas tales como simplicidad, anchos de banda siempre crecientes y bajo coste, entre otras. Cuando los sistemas empotrados distribuidos forman parte de sistemas más grandes que ejecutan aplicaciones críticas, a menudo existe la necesidad de proporcionar un soporte para requisitos de respuesta en tiempo real y para la consecución de una muy elevada fiabilidad. La tecnología original de Ethernet no proporciona ningún soporte de este tipo. Por lo tanto, en esta disertación usamos el recientemente propuesto subsistema de comunicación que recibe el nombre de Flexible Time-Triggered Replicated Star (FTTRS) como medio para interconectar los nodos de los sistemas empotrados distribuidos que ejecutan aplicaciones críticas. FTTRS toma la tecnología de red Ethernet como base y sobre ella proporciona mecanismos para soportar respuesta en tiempo real y elevada fiabilidad. La respuesta en tiempo real es proporcionada por el uso del paradigma de comunicación Flexible Time-Triggered (FTT) implementado sobre el protocolo Ethernet el cual, además de la provisión de garantías de tiempo real, también proporciona flexibilidad, en concreto, la capacidad de modificar el comportamiento de la red en tiempo de ejecución mientras se mantienen las garantías de tiempo real comprometidas. La elevada fiabilidad en FTTRS se logra mediante mecanismos que toleran los fallos que podrían afectar a la comunicación entre nodos. Sin embargo, proporcionar tolerancia a fallos únicamente al subsistema de comunicación no es suficiente para satisfacer los requisitos de fiabilidad más exigentes de las aplicaciones críticas. Para alcanzar altos niveles de fiabilidad, los fallos en los propios nodos del sistema empotrado distribuido también deben ser tratados. En consecuencia, hemos diseñado varios mecanismos de tolerancia a fallos para tratar los fallos que puedan afectar al correcto funcionamiento de los nodos. Estos mecanismos aprovechan las características del subsistema de comunicación FTTRS y del paradigma de comunicación FTT subyacente. Concluyendo, en esta tesis veremos cómo podemos, con la introducción de mecanismos específicos para tolerar los fallos de los nodos de un sistema empotrado distribuido basado en FTTRS, lograr muy elevados niveles de fiabilidad para el sistema en su conjunto. Además del diseño de los mecanismos de tolerancia a fallos de los nodos, también mostraremos cómo se puede evaluar la fiabilidad resultante y estableceremos cuál es el beneficio obtenido, comparando dicha fiabilidad con la de una versión no tolerante a fallos del mismo sistema.
[cat] Els sistemes encastats distribuïts són sistemes composts per un conjunt de nodes interconnectats que treballen per aconseguir un objectiu comú i que formen part d’un sistema mecànic o elèctric més gran. Els nodes solen estar interconnectats mitjançant una xarxa de comunicació. Quant a les xarxes de comunicació, en les últimes dècades Ethernet s’ha convertit en una de les tecnologies més populars a causa dels seus molts avantatges tals com a simplicitat, amples de banda sempre creixents i baix cost, entre d’altres. Quan els sistemes encastats distribuïts formen part de sistemes més grans que executen aplicacions crítiques, sovint existeix la necessitat de proporcionar un suport per a requisits de resposta en temps real i per a la consecució d’una molt elevada fiabilitat. La tecnologia original d’Ethernet no proporciona cap suport d’aquest tipus. Per tant, en aquesta dissertació usem el recentment proposat subsistema de comunicació que rep el nom de Flexible Time-Triggered Replicated Star (FTTRS) com a mitjà per interconnectar els nodes dels sistemes encastats distribuïts que executen aplicacions crítiques. FTTRS pren la tecnologia de xarxa Ethernet com a base i sobre ella proporciona mecanismes per suportar resposta en temps real i elevada fiabilitat. La resposta en temps real és proporcionada per l’ús del paradigma de comunicació Flexible Time-Triggered (FTT) implementat sobre el protocol Ethernet el qual, a més de la provisió de garanties de temps real, també proporciona flexibilitat, en concret, la capacitat de modificar el comportament de la xarxa en temps d’execució mentre es mantenen les garanties de temps real compromeses. L’elevada fiabilitat en FTTRS s’aconsegueix mitjançant mecanismes que toleren les fallades que podrien afectar a la comunicació entre nodes. En qualsevol cas, proporcionar tolerància a fallades únicament al subsistema de comunicació no és suficient per satisfer els requisits de fiabilitat més exigents de les aplicacions crítiques. Per aconseguir alts nivells de fiabilitat, les fallades en els propis nodes del sistema encastat distribuït també han de ser tractades. En conseqüència, hem dissenyat diversos mecanismes de tolerància a fallades per tractar les fallades que puguin afectar al correcte funcionament dels nodes. Aquests mecanismes aprofiten les característiques del subsistema de comunicació FTTRS i del paradigma de comunicació FTT subjacent. Concloent, en aquesta tesi veurem com podem, amb la introducció de mecanismes específics per tolerar les fallades dels nodes d’un sistema encastat distribuït basat en FTTRS, aconseguir molt elevats nivells de fiabilitat per al sistema en el seu conjunt. A més del disseny dels mecanismes de tolerància a fallades dels nodes, també mostrarem com es pot avaluar la fiabilitat resultant i establirem quin és el benefici obtingut, comparant aquesta fiabilitat amb la d’una versió no tolerant a fallades del mateix sistema.

Avec l’évolution des technologies de l’internet, les applications et plus généralement lessystèmes distribués sont de plus en plus conçus en composant et interconnectant un ensemblede services distribués. Ces services pouvant être très hétérogènes, plusieurs approches etsolutions pour la gestion de l’intégration et l’interopérabilité ont été proposées. De toutes cespropositions, les bus de services (ESB – Enterprise Service Bus) ont été désignés commeétant la solution la plus adaptée. Toutefois, le problème avec les ESB est qu’ils sont déployésdans un contexte très évolutif et très dynamique; un contexte dans lequel un grand nombre deservices peuvent être fournis et utilisés de façon concurrente à travers le bus. L’utilisationconcurrente de ces services mais aussi des ressources sous-jacentes allouées au bus (mémoire,processeur, etc.) peut conduire à des événements imprévisibles tels qu’une surcharge du bus,une indisponibilité des services, des temps de réponse élevés, une diminution de la fiabilité,etc. Dans ce contexte, des solutions efficaces permettant de garantir ou d'améliorer à la fois laqualité de service et l'évolutivité offertes par les ESB sont nécessaires. Le but de cette thèse est de proposer les principes architecturaux pour la mise en place un busde service autonome (ASB) qui offre une solution de communication scalable guidée par lestransactions des systèmes interconnectés, mais aussi par les ressources disponibles. L’ASBoffre aussi un service d’intégration différentiée en fonction des exigences en termes de qualitéde service spécifiques aux systèmes interconnectés
With the accelerated evolution of Internet, distributed systems are more and more designed asa composition of distributed services that need to be composed to implement complexbusiness processes. Diversity and heterogeneity of these services raise important integrabilityand interoperability requirements. To meet these needs, the Enterprise Service Bus (ESB) hasbeen proposed as a mediator based on open and standard interfaces facilitating theintegrability and interoperability of services. However, in very active and dynamic contextswhere a large number of concurrent services can be provided and consumed via the ESB, thecompetition for using shared services, but also the underlying computing resources allocatedto the ESB (memory, processor, etc.) can lead to unpredictable events such as serviceunavailability, high response time, decrease of reliability, etc. Such anomalies need to beaddressed by proposing efficient strategies able to guarantee or to improve both the QoS andscalability offered by the ESB. The aim of this thesis is to propose an architectural framework for a QoS-aware AutonomicService Bus (ASB) able to offer in an autonomic way a scalable communication solutionguided by distributed systems transactions and the state of the underlying computingresources. The ASB offers also a differentiated integration service based on the QoSrequirements of interconnected systems

ITC/USA 2005 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-First Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 24-27, 2005 / Riviera Hotel & Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada
The telemetry industry anticipates the tremendous potential value of adding full networking capability to telemetry systems. However, much of this potential can be realized while working with legacy equipment. By adding modules that interface transparently to existing equipment, continuous telemetry data can be encapsulated in discrete packets for over the air transmission. Packet fields can include header, sequence number and bytes for error detection and correction. The RF packet is transmitted without gaps through a standard serial interface and rate adjusted for the packet overhead – effectively making packetization transparent to a legacy system. The receiver unit performs packet synchronization, error correction, extraction of stream quality metrics and re-encapsulation of the payload data into an internet protocol (IP) packet. These standard packets can then be sent over the existing network transport system to the range control center. At the range control center, the extracted stream quality metrics are used to select the best telemetry source in real-time. This paper provides a general discussion of the path to a fully realized, packet-based telemetry network and a brief but comprehensive overview of the Hypernet system architecture as a case study.

The current regulatory and planning environment means that road-based public transport in UK urban areas (with the exception of London) tends to be planned on a piecemeal basis, and there are often conflicts between the needs and priorities of operators, passengers and planners. In consequence, several local authorities are considering adopting an alternative regulatory environment using quality contracts, with a consequent shift towards centralised service planning. There are though no tools readily available to ensure this centralised service planning will lead to a situation which provides a better balance between the interests of the different stakeholders. This thesis describes the development of a methodology to fill this gap, using Southampton as a case study to diagnose issues with its current bus network, and to explore the corresponding improvement methods which could be applied based on the alternative regulatory environment. Gravity-based accessibility levels from population-weighted centroids of postcodes to key services were calculated as an indicator to measure the performance of the current bus network in Southampton. Based on the accessibility analysis, service improvements, including both route planning and frequency setting, can be developed for the Southampton bus system under the alternative regulatory environment. This service improvement problem is then solved by making use of an optimisation technique, the tabu search algorithm, developed under the environment of ArcObjects for Java. The methodology described above has been shown to work well for the Southampton case study, and the outputs from the optimisation model indicate that the model can deliver a bus network which provides a higher level of accessibility under the alternative regulatory environment. While the methodology is developed in the UK context, the general principles used could be applied more widely to improve transit network planning.

In the last years the steady development of autonomous driving technology has enabled the deployment of more mature autonomous vehicles. These vehicles have been applied in several pilot projects worldwide, most commonly in the form of small buses. At the same time, the amount of people traveling in especially urban areas is continuously growing, resulting in more trips in the transportation system. An efficient transportation system is therefore required to serve the growing passenger demand. Autonomous buses (AB) are assumed to have lower operational costs and with that public transport (PT) systems can potentially be designed more efficiently to facilitate the increased demand better. In this study, an AB specific simulation-based optimization framework is proposed which allows analyzing the impacts AB have on line-based PT systems. The thesis focuses on the transition from existing PT systems towards line-based PT systems operated partially or exclusively by AB. Existing work on PT service design is extended so that realistic AB systems can be investigated. This is achieved by (i) using AB specific operator cost formulations, (ii) integrating infrastructure costs required for AB operations, (iii) utilizing a dynamic, stochastic and schedule-based passenger assignment model for the simulation of PT networks and by (iv) formulating a multi-objective optimization problem allowing to investigate the stakeholder-specific impacts of AB. In Paper I the effects of AB, concerning service frequency and vehicle capacity, on fixed-line PT networks are investigated. Among other metrics, the changes are evaluated based on differences in level of service and passenger flow. Additionally, the sequential introduction of AB in existing PT systems is studied. The framework addresses a case study in Kista, Sweden. The study confirmed the initial hypothesis that the deployment of AB leads to an increase in service frequency and a marginal reduction in vehicle capacity. Furthermore, it could be seen that the deployment of AB increases the passenger load on AB lines and that passengers can shift from other PT modes towards the AB services. Paper II incorporates a multi-objective heuristic optimization algorithm in the simulation framework. The study investigates changes in transport network design based on the deployment of AB. The differences in user-focused and operator-focused network design are analyzed and the impact of AB on these is quantified. This study is applied to a case study in Barkarby, Sweden where a full-sized, line-based PT network is designed to exclusively operate AB. Among other findings, we show that the autonomous technology reduces the number of served bus stops and reduces the total PT network size. Additionally, average passenger waiting time can be reduced when deploying AB on user-focused PT networks, which in turn leads to a further reduction of user cost.
De senaste årens framsteg inom autonom körteknik har lett till mer mogna autonoma fordon. Dessa fordon har setts tillämpas i flera pilotprojekt över hela världen, oftast i form av små bussar. Samtidigt växer mängden människor som reser, särskilt i stadsområden, kontinuerligt vilket resulterar i fler resor i transportsystemet. Därför krävs ett effektivt transportsystem för att tillgodose det växande antalet passagerare. Autonoma bussar (AB) antas ha lägre driftskostnader och därmed kan system för kollektivtrafik (public transport, PT) potentiellt utformas mer effektivt för att underlätta den ökade efterfrågan bättre. I denna studie föreslås ett AB-specifikt simuleringsbaserat optimeringsramverk som gör det möjligt att analysera effekterna AB har på linjebaserade PT-system. Avhandlingen fokuserar på övergången från befintliga PT-system till linjebaserade PT-system som delvis eller uteslutande drivs av AB. Befintligt arbete med PT-tjänstdesign utvidgas så att realistiska AB-system kan undersökas. Detta uppnås genom att (i) använda AB-specifika operatörskostnadsformuleringar, (ii) integrera infrastrukturkostnader som krävs för AB-verksamhet, (iii) använda en dynamisk, stokastisk och schemabaserad modell för att tilldela passagerare vid simulering av PT-nät samt genom att (iv) formulera ett multifunktionellt optimeringsproblem som gör det möjligt att undersöka AB: s intressespecifika effekter. I artikel I undersöks effekterna av AB, med avseende på servicefrekvens och fordonskapacitet, på fasta linjer i PT-nät. Förändringar utvärderas bland annat utifrån skillnader i servicenivå och passagerarflöde. Dessutom studeras den sekventiella introduktionen av AB i befintliga PT-system. Det föreslagna ramverket tillämpas på en fallstudie i Kista, Sverige. Studien bekräftade den initiala hypotesen att utplaceringen av AB leder till en ökning av servicefrekvensen och en marginell minskning av fordonens kapacitet. Vidare kunde man se att utplaceringen av AB ökar passagerarbelastningen på AB-linjer och att passagerare kan skifta från andra PT-former mot AB-tjänsterna. Artikel II integrerar en multifunktionell heuristisk optimeringsalgoritm i ramverket för simuleringen. Studien undersöker förändringar i transportnätverkets design baserat på implementeringen av AB. Skillnaderna i användarfokuserad och operatörsfokuserad nätverksdesign analyseras och AB: s inverkan på dessa kvantifieras. Denna studie tillämpas på en fallstudie i Barkarby, Sverige, där ett fullstort linjebaserat PT-nät är utformat för att exklusivt driva AB. Vi visar bland annat att den autonoma tekniken reducerar antalet använda busshållplatser och reducerar den totala PT-nätstorleken. Dessutom kan implementeringen av AB på användarfokuserade PT-nät ytterligare förbättra servicenivån främst genom att minska den genomsnittliga väntetiden per passagerare.

Multispectral analysis methods are exercised using AVHRR channels 3, 4, and 5 to improve upon single-wavelength thermal imagery at night. An algorithm was developed yielding cloud location and water vapor distribution from channel 3-4 and 4-5 differences, respectively. Water vapor effects on pixel registration for cloud were examined using two candidate subscenes, one cloudy and dry, the other, cloudy and moist. A positive water vapor/cloud-free correlation was found using statistical techniques on the candidate subscene scatter plots. TOVS water vapor channels verified the analyzed water vapor pattern in the 4 - 5 difference image. V-shaped cloud/clear thresholds were applied to various subscene scatter plots to account for the positive correlation of water vapor-to-cloud registration. Results showed that in regions of higher water vapor concentrations, pixels nearest cloud boundaries were likeliest to be misclassified as clear. Images containing significant water vapor gradients and cloud variations required threshold refinement for best results

Nous évaluons dans cette thèse deux performances temporelles des architectures d’automatisation distribuées sur Ethernet commuté et utilisant un modèle de coopération client/serveur : Le temps de réponse entre une occurrence d’un événement d’entrée et l’occurrence de l’événement de sortie correspondant ; Le temps de cycle réeseau pour la scrutation par un contrôleur de l’ensemble de ses modules d’entrées / sorties déportées. La conjonction de trois mécanismes de consommation de temps rend ces deux performances variables et difficiles à déterminer de manière analytique. Par conséquent, la méthode proposée se base sur la simulation d’un modèle en réseau de Petri temporisé et coloré du comportement dynamique de l’architecture complète. Les résultats obtenus sur six architectures test permettent de : Montrer que les architectures multi-contrôleurs utilisant le modèle de coopération client / serveur donnent des temps de cycle réseau plus rapide que celles basées sur les modèles maître / esclave et producteur / consommateur ; Quantifier l’influence du réseau et des mécanismes de consommation du temps
In this work, two time performances of switched Ethernet automation systems that use a client/server cooperation model are evaluated : The response time from an occurrence of an input event to the occurrence of the corresponding output event ; The network cycle time for the scanning by a controller of the whole set of its remote inputs / outputs modules. The conjunction of three time consumption mechanisms makes both time performances variable and difficult to compute in an analytic fashion. Thus, the proposed method is based on simulation of a timed and coloured Petri net model of the dynamic behaviour of the whole automation architecture. The results which have been obtained on six benchmark architectures enabled us : To show that multi-controllers architectures using a client/server cooperation model provide faster network cycle times than those based on master/slave and producer/consumer models ; To quantify the influence of the time consumption mechanisms on these performances

Urban areas are currently facing challenges in terms of traffic congestion due to city expansion and population increase. In some cases, physical solutions are limited. For example, in certain areas it is not possible to expand roads or build a new bridge. Therefore, making public transpiration (PT) affordable, more attractive and intelligent could be a potential solution for these challenges. Accuracy in bus running time and bus arrival time is a key component of making PT attractive to ridership. In this thesis, a dynamic model based on Kalman filter (KF) has been developed to predict bus running time and dwell time while taking into account real-time road incidents. The model uses historical data collected by Automatic Vehicle Location system (AVL) and Automatic Passenger Counters (APC) system. To predict the bus travel time, the model has two components of running time prediction (long and short distance prediction) and dwell time prediction. When the bus closes its doors before leaving a bus stop, the model predicts the travel time to all downstream bus stops. This is long distance prediction. The model will then update the prediction between the bus’s current position and the upcoming bus stop based on real-time data from AVL. This is short distance prediction. Also, the model predicts the dwell time at each coming bus stop. As a result, the model reduces the difference between the predicted arrival time and the actual arrival time and provides a better understanding for the transit network which allows lead to have a good traffic management.

Traffic simulation is a safe and efficient tool to investigate infrastructural changes as well as traffic conditions. This master thesis aims to analyse a microscopic traffic simulation method for evaluation of bus terminal capacity. The evaluation is performed by investigating a case study of the bus terminal at Norrköping travel centre. The analysed method, referred to as terminal logic in the thesis, uses a combination of time based and event based simulation. Through the combination of time and event, it is possible to capture all movements within the terminal for individual vehicles. The simulation model is built in the software Vissim. A new travel centre for Norrköping is under development. Among the reasons for a new travel centre is the railway project Ostlänken in the eastern part of Sweden. An evaluation of the bus terminal is interesting due to a suspicion of overcapacity and the opportunity of redesigning. To investigate both the terminal capacity and the terminal logic, three scenarios were implemented. Scenario 1: Current design and frequency Scenario 2: Current design with higher frequency Scenario 3: Decreased number of bus stops with current frequency The results from the scenarios confirm the assumption of overcapacity. The capacity was evaluated based on several different measures, all indicating a low utilization. Even so, the utilization was uneven over time and congestion could still occur when several buses departed at the same time. This was also seen when studying the simulation, which showed congestions when several buses departed at the same time. The case study established the terminal logic to be useful when evaluating capacity at bus terminals. It provides a good understanding of how the terminal operates and captures the movements. However, it was time-consuming to adjust the logic to the studied terminal. This is a disadvantage when investigating more than one alternative. The thesis resulted in two main conclusions. Firstly, a more optimised planning of the buses at Norrköping bus terminal would probably be achievable and lead to less congestions at the exits. Secondly, the terminal logic is a good method to use when evaluating bus terminals but it is not straight forward to implement.

Current global business competition has resulted in significant challenges for manufacturing and production sectors focused on shorter product lifecyc1es, more diverse and customized products as well as cost pressures from competitors and customers. To remain competitive, manufacturers, particularly in automotive industry, require the next generation of manufacturing paradigms supporting flexible and reconfigurable production systems that allow quick system changeovers for various types of products. In addition, closer integration of shop floor and business systems is required as indicated by the research efforts in investigating "Agile and Collaborative Manufacturing Systems" in supporting the production unit throughout the manufacturing lifecycles. The integration of a business enterprise with its shop-floor and lifecycle supply partners is currently only achieved through complex proprietary solutions due to differences in technology, particularly between automation and business systems. The situation is further complicated by the diverse types of automation control devices employed. Recently, the emerging technology of Service Oriented Architecture's (SOA's) and Web Services (WS) has been demonstrated and proved successful in linking business applications. The adoption of this Web Services approach at the automation level, that would enable a seamless integration of business enterprise and a shop-floor system, is an active research topic within the automotive domain. If successful, reconfigurable automation systems formed by a network of collaborative autonomous and open control platform in distributed, loosely coupled manufacturing environment can be realized through a unifying platform of WS interfaces for devices communication. The adoption of SOA- Web Services on embedded automation devices can be achieved employing Device Profile for Web Services (DPWS) protocols which encapsulate device control functionality as provided services (e.g. device I/O operation, device state notification, device discovery) and business application interfaces into physical control components of machining automation. This novel approach supports the possibility of integrating pervasive enterprise applications through unifying Web Services interfaces and neutral Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) message communication between control systems and business applications over standard Ethernet-Local Area Networks (LAN's). In addition, the re-configurability of the automation system is enhanced via the utilisation of Web Services throughout an automated control, build, installation, test, maintenance and reuse system lifecycle via device self-discovery provided by the DPWS protocol.

FPGAs are frequently used in network systems to provide the performance and flexibility that is required of modern computer networks while allowing network vendors to bring products to market quickly. Like all electronic devices, FPGAs are vulnerable to ionizing radiation which can cause applications operating on an FPGA to fail. These low-level failures can have a wide range of negative effects on the performance of a network system. As computer networks play a larger role in modern society, it becomes increasingly important that these soft errors are addressed in the design of network systems.This work presents a framework for testing the soft-error reliability of FPGA-based networking systems. The framework consists of the NetFPGA development board, a custom traffic generator, and a custom high-speed JTAG configuration device. The NetFPGA development board is versatile and can be used to implement a wide range of network applications. The traffic generator is used to exercise the network system on the NetFPGA and to determine the health of that system. The JTAG configuration device is used to manage reliability experiments, to perform fault injection into the FPGA, and to monitor the NetFPGA during radiation tests.This thesis includes soft-error reliability tests that were performed on an Ethernet switch network system. Using both fault injection and accelerate radiation testing, the soft error sensitivity of the Ethernet switch was measured. The Ethernet switch design was then mitigated using triple module redundancy and duplication with compare. These mitigated designs were also tested and compared against the baseline design. Radiation testing shows that TMR provides a 5.05x improvement in reliability over the baseline design. DWC provides a 5.22x improvement in detectability over the baseline design without reducing the reliability of the system.

Ethernet-based real-time network communication technologies are nowadays a promising communication technology for industrial applications. It offers high bandwidth, scalability and performance compared to the existing real-time networks. Time-Sensitive Networking is an enhancement for the existing Ethernet standards thus offers compatibility, cost efficiency and simplified infrastructure, like previous prioritization and bridging standards. Time-Sensitive Networking is suitable for networks with both time-critical and non-time-critical traffic. The timing requirements of time-critical traffic are undisturbed by the less-critical traffic due to TSN features like the Time-Aware Scheduler. It is a time-triggered scheduling mechanism that guarantees the fulfilment of temporal requirements of highly time-critical traffic. Features like the Credit-Based Shapers and preemption result in a more efficiently utilized network. This thesis focuses on the effects that the preemption mechanism has on network performance. Simulation-based performance analysis of a singe-node and singe-egress port model for different configuration patterns is conducted. The simulation tool used is a custom developed simulator called TSNS. The configuration patterns include having multiple express traffic classes. In a single-egress port model, the most significant performance contributor is the response time and this is one of the simulation measurements obtained from the TSNS network simulator. The comparison between the results of these different network configurations, using realistic traffic patterns, provides a quantitative evaluation of the network performance when the network is configured in various ways, including multiple preemption scenarios.

Factory shop floors of the future will see a significant increase in interconnected devices for monitoring and control. However, if a Service Orientated Architecture (SOA) is implemented on all such devices then this will result in a large number of permutations of services and composite services. These services combined with other business level components can pose a huge challenge to manage as it is often difficult to keep an overview of all the devices, equipment and services. This thesis proposes an SOA based novel assimilation architecture for integrating disparate industrial hardware based processes and business processes of an enterprise in particular the plastics machinery environment. The key benefits of the proposed architecture are the reduction of complexity when integrating disparate hardware platforms; managing the associated services as well as allowing the Micro Injection Moulding (µIM) process to be monitored on the web through service and data integration. An Enterprise Service Bus (ESB) based middleware layer integrates the Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) based environmental and simulated machine process systems with frontend Google Gadgets (GGs) based web visualisation applications. A business process framework is proposed to manage and orchestrate the resulting services from the architecture. Results from the analysis of the WSN kits in terms of their usability and reliability showed that the Jennic WSN was easy to setup and had a reliable communication link in the polymer industrial environment with the PER being below 0.5%. The prototype Jennic WSN based µIM process monitoring system had limitations when monitoring high-resolution machine data, therefore a novel hybrid integration architecture was proposed. The assimilation architecture was implemented on a distributed server based test bed. Results from test scenarios showed that the architecture was highly scalable and could potentially allow a large number of disparate sensor based hardware systems and services to be hosted, managed, visualised and linked to form a cohesive business process.

Energy and environmental impacts are two factors that will influence urban region composition in the near future. One emerging issue is the effect on water usage resulting from changes in regional or urban transportation trends. With many regions experiencing stresses on water availability, transportation planners and users need to combine information on transportation-related water consumption for any region and assess potential impacts on local water resources from the expansion of alternative transportation modes. This thesis will focus on use-phase water consumption factors for multiple vehicle modes, energy and fuel pathways, roads, and vehicle infrastructure for a given transportation network. While there are studies examining life cycle impacts for energy generation and vehicle usage, few repeatable models exist for assessing overall water consumption across several transportation modes within urban regions. As such, the question is: is it possible to develop a traceable decision support model that combines and assesses water consumption from transportation modes and related mobility infrastructure for a given mobility network? Based on this, an object-oriented system model of transportation elements was developed using the Systems Modeling Language (SysML) and Model-Based Systems Engineering principles to compare water consumption across vehicle modes for assessing the resiliency of existing infrastructure and water resources. To demonstrate the intent of this model, daily network usage water consumption will be analyzed for current and alternative network scenarios projected by policies regarding the expansion of alternative energy. The model is expected to show variations in water consumption due to fluctuations in energy pathways, market shares, and driving conditions, from which the model should help determine the feasibility of expanding alterative vehicles and fuels in these networks. While spatially explicit data is limited compared to the national averages that are used as model inputs, the analytical framework within this model closely follows that of existing assessments and the reusable nature of SysML model elements allows for the future expansion of additional transportation modes and infrastructure as well as other environmental analyses.

Real-time distributed control and simulation systems have broad applications in automotive, aerospace and industrial automation industries. Ethernet is the most popular network standard in the world because it is simple, fast, and cost-effective with its rapid evolution of new technology. However, it does not support real-time communication. This thesis investigates the possibility of adding a higher-level TDMA protocol to Ethernet to provide real-time capability so that it can provide a cost-effective solution for real-time distributed systems. The thesis describes the design and implementation of an Ethernet based real-time distributed system framework including real-time driver development, a general testing and verification method, an accurate clock synchronization method and a TDMA protocol on Ethernet. The new approach is verified with experiments to demonstrate the performance of Ethernet based real-time distributed systems.

Distributed control and simulation based on Ethernet networks has become increasingly common in recent years due to its superior performance and cost over other networking technology. In order to systematically design such distributed systems, which combine Ethernet network components and mechanical systems, a modular modelling and simulation approach for this class of systems is necessary. In this thesis, an innovative modular modelling and simulation approach is developed to predict the behaviour of distributed mechanical systems based on Ethernet (IEEE 802.3 protocol) networks. The main objective is to predict the overall time delay of transmitted packets and estimate the real-time performance of Ethernet/mechanical systems in different topologies for both normal and abnormal operating conditions. The approach is based on discrete finite state machine (FSM) models developed for the main types of Ethernet network components (NIC, bus, hub, and switch). The FSM models are implemented in C++ and encapsulated using Simulink S-functions. This allows the network models to be easily combined with Simulink mechanical system models that are common in control and simulation applications. The new approach is tested for a number of case studies to test its capability to predict time delays that arise from network communication. Finally, combined network/mechanical simulations are performed to illustrate the application of the new approach to distributed simulation problems. Together, these results provide a new approach for simulation of Ethernet based mechanical systems that can be used to design distributed control and simulation systems.

This project consists of a video surveillance system with an integrated quality of service (QoS) manager that operates online, constantly monitoring and setting the QoS parameters.This manager has two components: one that manages the network bandwidth, distributing it through the cameras according to their needs; and another that controls the compression applied by the cameras to each frame in order to use the bandwidth efficiently. The project will focus mainly on the first, which is built on Linux Traffic Control, a Linux service that allows the user to configure traffic scheduling and shaping.

This project consists of a video surveillance system with an integrated quality of service (QoS) manager that operates online, constantly monitoring and setting the QoS parameters.This manager has two components: one that manages the network bandwidth, distributing it through the cameras according to their needs; and another that controls the compression applied by the cameras to each frame in order to use the bandwidth efficiently. The project will focus mainly on the first, which is built on Linux Traffic Control, a Linux service that allows the user to configure traffic scheduling and shaping.

碩士
國立中山大學
資訊工程學系研究所
93
Modern system-on-chip consists of an increasing number of highly complex modules. The quality of the interfaces and throughput of communication connections between these components are crucial to the performance of the system, since communication is often the main bottleneck in modern application domains like multimedia. In this thesis, a bus-based communication architecture synthesis approach is proposed. Given the result of hardware/software partitioning and pipelined scheduling, the proposed approach constructs a communication topology which meets the constraints. We begin with the minimum number of AHB and an APB, each time we add an AHB and do some transformation such as merging or setting local buses. Our goal is to find the bus architecture which has minimum area. We use integer programming to construct a bus architecture each time, until the bus architecture with the minimum area are found. By this approach, we can save a lot of time required to design the communication architecture manually.

碩士
國立成功大學
電機工程學系碩博士班
98
As technology shrinking, more and more applications such as H.264, MPEG4 etc. could be integrated into a single chip for versatile demands. In bus-based design, the communication architecture plays an important role in system performance and power due to increasingly complexity of communication among Intellectual Properties (IPs). We proposed an efficient bus-based communication architecture exploration methodology for multi-mode systems using ant colony algorithm. The proposed method can explore communication architecture that not only meet performance constraints for all operating modes but also optimize the power consumption of the system on communication. The proposed exploration method focusing on hybrid communication architecture, capable of mixing a bus matrix and shared buses, that may achieve high utilization on bandwidth with feasible hardware cost and low power consumption. In the experimental results, the proposed methodology demonstrates its effectiveness in searching efficiency and accuracy. Furthermore, power/performance trade-off thus obtained can reveal the needs of transforming from shared bus to bus matrix and help designers to realize hardware under different constraints.

碩士
國立成功大學
電機工程學系碩博士班
97
Integrating various applications such as H.264, MPEG etc. into a chip and forming to a multi-mode IP are increasingly important for meeting versatile consumers’ demands. In bus-based design, data transfer among the communication architecture may become the bottleneck of system performance and power consumption. We proposed an efficient bus-based communication architecture exploration method for a multi-mode system using a multi-objective genetic algorithm. The proposed method can explore communication architectures that not only meet performance constraints for all modes but also optimize the power on system communication. Experimental results indicate the proposed method is close to the optimal solution within 7%, we also overcome the inefficient searching in the genetic algorithm and obtain time improvement by up to 59% without compromising the quality of the solution.

碩士
國立虎尾科技大學
電機工程研究所
96
This thesis presents an integrated analysis program and supervisory control using Ethernet-RS485 bidirectional interfaces for industrial power distribution systems, which improves efficiency and coordinating mechanism among planning, manipulation and management. Based on the Bus Impedance Matrix building algorithm, the proposed software program organizes power flow analysis, short circuit capacity calculation, simulation of large motor starting characteristics, and power factor correction into a multi-function integrated program, which is superior to several mono-function conventional programs. All functions are operated in a user-friendly man-machine interface environment which includes two major visual windows of element-data and icon-control. Numerical analyses in the default graph-text format are displayed on the output windows such that the user can observe or revise the system real time. In addition, in order to implement a theoretical case, this dissertation combines the high expanding advantage of Ethernet with the long-range transmitting characteristic of RS485 to perform a data-collecting integrated circuit, Ethernet-RS485. In industrial power distribution systems the integrated circuit with a star-type topological structure is used to execute supervisory control accurately, speedily and effectively.

碩士
國立成功大學
工程科學系碩博士班
98
Most of today's industrial computers are applied to embedded systems because the industrial computers can be implanted with the operating systems to manage the peripheral equipments. The industrial computer can deal with multi-tasking efficiently by process scheduling. The digital signal processor has the advantage of highly computational capability, but it can’t deal with multi-tasking because of the lack of operating systems. This thesis is based on controller area network (CAN) bus network to construct a distributed real-time monitoring and control system. This system consists of subsystems of master, slave, and monitor. The master subsystem is constructed by a PC/104+, Linux-RTAI operating system and PCI to CAN communication interface. There are two slaves with the cores of digital signal processors (DSP). One is to control an inverted pendulum using the LQR controller, the other is to control a dc motor using the PID controller. The monitor subsystem consists of a monitoring interface and universal serial bus (USB) to CAN communication interface. In the experiments, the master subsystem sends the control commands to the slaves. The slaves excute the control tasks according to the received commands and return the responses to the monitor. The monitor is able to show the system responses on the screen to facilitate the system analysis. This thesis verifies the performance of the distributed control system through experiments.

Dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Geospatial Technologies
The octilinear schematic map, layout recognized worldwide in metro maps, is an important transit informative tool. This research investigates how algorithms for the visualization of schematic maps can be availed in mobile web devices context in order to empower the efficiency in transmitting information of bus transit maps. A genetic algorithm for path octilinear schematization technique has been used and tested to create the schematic data. Location-based and interactivity functionalities were embedded to the resulting digital maps in order to create personalized maps to meet specific user needs. A prototype of a web application and real transit data of the city of Castellón in Spain was used to test the methodology. The results have shown that real time schematizations open possibilities concerning usability that add extra value to schematic transit maps. Additionally, suggested improvements have been made to the genetic algorithm and performance tests show that genetic algorithms are adequate, in terms of efficiency, to sketch bus transit maps automatically.