Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Ethic dilemma'

Mestrado em Gestão de Recursos Humanos<br>O presente trabalho tem por objetivo estudar os dilemas éticos existentes, em contexto profissional, dos estudantes de GRH formados pelo ISEG. A amostra é constituída por vinte profissionais que frequentaram a unidade curricular de Ética Empresarial. O levantamento dos dilemas existentes e o investimento que as empresas onde trabalham fazem para proporcionar um clima ético dentro das suas organizações, foram duas das componentes analisadas. Com esta investigação constatou-se que são profissionais preparados para lidar com questões éticas nas organizações, embora demonstrem algumas fragilidades no que diz respeito a decisões que envolvem o distanciamento das suas emoções e relações afetivas.<br>The presented report has as it's main purpose to study the existing ethical dilemmas, in a professional context, of the students of HRM, educated by the ISEG. The sample is based on 20 professional individuals that attended the curricular unit of Business Ethics. The research upon the existing dilemmas and the investment that the companies - where they work - make to maintain an ethical environment within their organizations, are two of the analyzed components. With this investigation, it can be stated that they are professionally qualified individuals, ready to deal with ethical issues within their organizations, although they also demonstrate some weaknesses in the emotional distancing area and their sentimental relationships.<br>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

<p>Syftet med denna uppsats var att undersöka hur studie- och yrkesvägledare på Jobbtorg arbetar med de dilemman som kan uppstå kring de etiska riktlinjerna. Författarnas hypotes har varit att det är svårt att tillämpa de etiska riktlinjerna i en målstyrd verksamhet som Jobbtorg. En kvalitativ metod har används där fem slumpmässigt utvalda studie- och yrkesvägledare på Jobbtorg Stockholm har intervjuats. Resultatet visar på att studie- och yrkesvägledarna upplever dilemman kring deras yrkesetik, men har utarbetat olika strategier för att hantera dessa dilemman. Det visade sig att studie- och yrkesvägledarna hade skapat sig ett stort arbetsutrymme kring studie- och yrkesvägledningen på Jobbtorg. Dilemman som de intervjupersonerna istället belyste var bland annat ekonomiska riktlinjer inom försörjningsstöd, att förmedla objektiv information och aspiranternas önskan om expertutlåtanden.</p><br><p>The purpose of this essay was to examine how the guidance counselour on Jobbtorg Stockholm works with the dilemmas which may arise over the ethical guidelines. The authors' hypothesis has been that it is difficult to apply the ethical guidelines of a targeted activity such as Jobbtorg. A qualitative approach was used in which five randomly selected guidance counselours on Jobbtorg Stockholm were interviewed. The result shows that guidance counselours experience dilemmas about their professional ethics, but have developed different strategies to deal with these dilemmas. It turned out that the guidance counselours have created a wide space around the guidance and counseling on Jobbtorg. Dilemmas that the interviewees rather highlighted, among other was economic policies, to provide objective information and the clients desire for expert advice.</p>

Mestrado em Gestão de Recursos Humanos<br>Este trabalho foi conceptualizado na tentativa de perceber se a realidade Portuguesa seria diversa da realidade Norueguesa no que à ética empresarial concerne. É comum vermos, em estudos económicos, que as posições destes países, em rankings que se relacionem com dados económicos, são quase diametralmente opostas. Será assim no que concerne à ética?<br>This essay was meant to try to understand how different was the Portuguese reality from the Norwegian reality in the matter of business ethics. In economical rankings these two countries are, usually, quite far apart. Would it be so in business ethics matters?

Etiska aspekter av vårdyrket spelar inte en framträdande roll i sjuksköterskeutbildningen. Etik är den teoretiska referensramen för ett korrekt moraliskt handlande och sjukvård handlar om att ge rätt omvårdnad till en individ i behov av detta. När moraliska värderingar och verkligheten kolliderar kan en konflikt uppstå, vilket i sin tur kan leda till moralisk stress. Psykisk ohälsa har på senare tid ökat bland sjukvårdspersonal som en direkt följd av moralisk stress. Syftet med denna empiriska enkätstudie är att undersöka i vilken grad undersköterskor och sjuksköterskor upplever moralisk stress i det dagliga arbetet. Studien har utförts på en medicinklinik på UMAS där alla undersköterskor och sjuksköterskor på avdelningen har inkluderats. Ett modifierat validerat mätinstrument har används för att mäta vilka situationer som är särskilt känsliga för moralisk stress samt i vilken grad detta ger dåligt samvete. Resultatet visar att det förekommer moralisk stress på avdelningen. Det finns inte någon skillnad mellan yrkeskategorierna i förekomsten av de utvalda situationerna däremot finns det en signifikant skillnad i vissa situationen när det gäller graden av dåligt samvete.<br>Ethical aspects of health care profession do not take a prominent role in nursing programme. Ethics is the theoretical reference for proper moral behavior and healthcare is about providing the right care to an individual in need of it. When moral values and reality collide a conflict can arise, which in turn can lead to moral stress. Psychological illness has recently increased among healthcare professionals as a direct result of moral stress. The aim of this empirical survey is to examine to which degree staff nurses and nurses experiencing moral stress in their daily work. The study was conducted at a medical clinic at UMAS where all the staff nurses and nurses in the department were included. A modified validated questionnaire has been used to measure the situations that are particularly sensitive to moral stress and to which degree these situations give troubled conscience. The result indicates that moral stress exists in the department. There is no difference in the presence of the selected situations between staff nurses and nurses, however, there is a significant difference between staff nurses and nurses in some situations to which they contribute troubled conscience.

Este estudo teve como objetivos revelar os dilemas éticos do cotidiano de enfermeiros de instituições de medicina diagnóstica, e o que consideram na tomada de decisão frente a esses dilemas. Para compreender o vivencial desses enfermeiros nesse contexto, optei pela abordagem qualitativa, vertente fenomenológica, segundo a modalidade “estrutura do fenômeno situado”. Foram realizadas nove entrevistas com duas questões norteadoras: “Em seu cotidiano, você identifica situações que envolvam dilemas éticos? Fale sobre a sua vivência.” e “Frente a um dilema ético, o que você leva em consideração para a tomada de decisão?”. Após a descrição dos discursos, foi realizada a análise ideográfica, a partir da qual surgiram sete temas: “(Não) Reconhecimento da existência de dilemas éticos”; “Falta de autonomia profissional”; “(Des) Valorização profissional”; “Fatores envolvidos na tomada de decisão”; “Humanização no relacionamento com a equipe e com o cliente”; “Postura ética” e “Valorização da dimensão técnica”. Com a análise nomotética realizada posteriormente, buscou-se revelar as convergências e divergências das unidades de significado interpretadas, com o intuito de perceber a estrutura geral do fenômeno. Com as proposições foi possível desvelar que em Medicina Diagnóstica, os dilemas éticos são percebidos como situações desencadeadas pelo cliente, família, profissionais e instituição. As enfermeiras tomam decisões através da participação de todos os envolvidos na situação, ponderando o custo-benefício de uma ação para o cliente, agindo de forma humanizada, através de suas crenças, respeitando a hierarquia institucional e procurando respaldo médico quando sentem insegurança. A decisão para mudar uma rotina só é tomada quando existem recursos no trabalho. Cumprir normas e condutas da empresa, ser imparcial e humana com a equipe de enfermagem e cliente e ver o que é certo e errado para tomar a posição correta diante de uma situação ética, também são fatores considerados na tomada de decisão.<br>This study tried to reveal the ethical dilemmas in wich nurses from institutions of medicine diagnostic live every day, and what they consider when they make a decision. To understand the nurse’s experience in this context, I chose the qualitative analysis, according to phenomenological orientation in which there is the modality “structure of the phenomenon situated”. Nine interviews were realized with two guiding questions: “In your ordinary day, do you identify situations involving ethical dilemmas? Speak about your experience.” and “In front of an ethical dilemma, what do you take into consideration for making a decision?” After describing the speeches, there was an ideographic analysis in which apperead seven themes: “(No) Acknowledgement of the existence of ethical dilemmas”; “Lack of professional autonomy”; “Professional (de) valuation”; “Factors involved in making decision”; “Humanization in the relationship with the team and the customer”; “Ethical attitude” and “Valuation of the tecnique dimension”. The nomothetic analysis was in order to show the convergences and divergences of the units of meaning interpreted, with the purpose of understanting the general structure of the phenomenon. With the propositions it was possible to unveil that the ethical dilemmas in Medicine Diagnostic are perceived like situations created by costumer, family professionals and institution. The nurses make a decisions by regarding the participation of people involved in the situation, analyse the cost-benefit of an action for the customer, humanize their actions, in their beliefs, respect the institucional hierarchy and look for a medical opinion when they feel insecurity. The only decide to change a routine when there are resources at work. Other factors are also considered for making a decision: execute rules and behaviours inside the company, be impartial and humane with the nursing team and the customer and identify what is right and wrong to know how to make a correct decision in an ethic situation.

<p> This dissertation explores some of the difficulties that arise when using the cognitive development model to explain ethical behaviour in the world of work. An alternative theoretical position is explored, one that was originally developed in anthropology by Richard Shweder and Jonathan Haidt. This position asserts that ethical behaviour is not universal, it is instead highly contextual and may be influenced by both organisational and ethnic/national culture. The influence of culture on ethical behaviour is explored using narrative research techniques. The research is based on thirty in depth interviews with senior executives who frequently faced ethical dilemmas at work. Interviewees represented a number of diverse cultural backgrounds (including British, Dutch, US, Indian, Saudi, Colombian and Brazilian) and a number of strong organisation cultures. The conclusions emphasize the importance of personal networks as a resource for resolving ethical dilemmas and the importance of different cultural approaches to managing power relations within personal networks. The conclusions question both the current and future role of compliance functions in global corporations and the effectiveness of leadership development and staff training in the field of values and ethics</p>

This bachelor's thesis aims to shed light on the professional ethical dilemmas that may arise in public libraries, what tools the librarians use, and what role experience plays in ethical thinking. With a theoretical framework based on Dreyfus and Dreyfus, as well as Säljö, we paint a picture of how ethical learning takes place in accordance with the five-step model, as well as how different tools can be used at the different levels of learning. Our findings suggest that experience is not equal to be an ethical expert, and that the tools that the librarians uses are useful on the lower levels of awareness, but that the librarians tends to act with more intuition when he/she grows more in their experience, although there are some cases where the expert still uses rules.

pt. 1. Stories and moral dilemmas : an introduction--pt. 2. Loyalty and personal relationships--Black and blue--Amnesia of the heart--Sarah Salvation--Rosy--A different justice--Stray dogs--A harmless little romance--The end is near--pt. 3. Duties to self and others--Rasheed's ticket--Invisible boy--Short-cut--The big picture--Special of the week--It's too bad about Tommy--Ballad of the Wafflehouse queen--Truth teller--pt. 4. Justice and redemption--The open door--Prison lullabies--Tin spoke parade--Thunder for Mally--Best intentions--The cracker jack gospel--The mercy seat--As is.<br>https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu_books/1103/thumbnail.jpg

pt. 1. Stories and moral dilemmas : an introduction--pt. 2. Loyalty and personal relationships--1. Black and blue--2. Amnesia of the heart--3. Sarah Salvation--4. Rosy--5. A different justice--6. Stray dogs--pt. 3. Duties to self and others--7. Rasheed's ticket--8. Invisible boy--9. The big picture--10. Special of the week--11. It's too bad about Tommy--12. Truth teller--pt. 4. Justice and redemption--13. The open door--14. Prison lullabies--15. Tin spoke parade--16. Thunder for Mally--17. The mercy seat--18. As is.<br>https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu_books/1102/thumbnail.jpg

Målet med detta examensarbetet är att undersöka hur sex religionslärare inom det svenskagymnasiet anger att dem arbetar med etiska dilemman i momentet etik och moral ur ettdidaktiskt perspektiv. Examensarbetet kommer att samla lärarnas tankar och ståndpunkterangående etiska dilemman genom en kvalitativ intervjustudie. Resultaten visar att de flestalärarna anger liknande åsikter och att deras åsikter stämmer överens med vad tidigare forskninginom etik och moral hävdar är de bästa arbetssätten ur ett didaktiskt perspektiv. Majoriteten avlärarna anger att etiska dilemman främst används som ett kognitivt verktyg för eleverna attförstå normativa etiska teorier. Lärarna är även överens om att etiska dilemman som är tagnafrån vardagssituationer som eleverna kan relatera till är dem bästa. Sist anger lärarna att de helstarbetar med etiska dilemman elevaktivt i klassrummet.<br>The aim of this essay is to examine how six teachers in religious education within the Swedishupper secondary school say they use ethical dilemmas within their ethics and morals classesfrom a didactic perspective. The essay will gather the six teachers’ thoughts and standpoints onethical dilemmas with the help of a qualitative interview method. The results show that most ofthe teachers have very similar opinions to each other and what the previous studies in this topicsay is the best course to take with dilemmas in education. Most of the teachers primarily useethical dilemmas a cognitive tool for which to understand ethical theories. The teachers alsochoose their dilemmas from everyday events that are relevant for their students. Lastly, theteachers work with dilemmas in a way that makes the students have an active learning role inthe classroom.

Detta arbete redogör för effekterna tillgången eller avsaknaden av omfattande karaktärsinformation samt information om beslutens direkta konsekvenser har på spelarens beslutsprocess i narrativa prohibition dilemman. Då det finns avsaknad av konsensus om dess effekter i ämnesområdet och en frånvaro av objektiva studier för att undersöka de aktuella ståndpunkterna, är studien nödvändig för att förbättra kunskapen inom området och för att generera objektiva resultat av dess effekter på spelare. För att undersöka problemformuleringen skapades två likadana textbaserade spel, där skillnaden mellan dem var att den ena gav spelaren omfattande karaktärsinformation och information om beslutens direkta konsekvenser i spelet narrativa prohibition dilemman, medan den andra artefakten saknade den informationen. Respektive artefakt testades på en separat testgrupp för att generera resultat om dess respektive effekt på testgruppen som spelade den. Resultaten var blandade i de olika testgrupperna. Det gick dock att finna tendenser i resultaten i de olika grupperna. När spelare inte hade omfattande karaktärsinformation samt information om beslutens konsekvenser, var de mer benägna att välja de beslut de kände var rätt utifrån deras egna värderingar när de inte kunde härleda beslutens konsekvenser. När de kunde härleda beslutens konsekvenser valde de ofta det val vilket gav dem den mest fördelaktiga utkomsten. När spelaren hade tillgång omfattande karaktärsinformation samt information om beslutens direkta konsekvenser motiverades deras beslut av att väga fördelarna och nackdelarna av respektive beslutsalternativ mot varandra, utifrån en strategisk och/eller moralisk basis, där de tog det alternativ som gav dem den mest optimala utkomsten. I fall där spelarna hade en emotionell investering i besluten valde de oftast oavsett mängden tillgänglig information vid beslutet att välja det beslut som kändes rätt. Något som även framkom i studien var att bättre resultat för att besvara problemformuleringen och explorativt undersöka ämnesområdet, skulle vara att göra ett liknande test av artefakterna på grupper av definierade spelartyper. Det skulle ge en bättre översikt av respektive utgångspunkts påverkan på specifika spelartyper och generera tydligare samt mer användbara resultat att besvara problemformuleringen med.

This thesis provides an ethical discussion about the merits of rehabilitation as well as retributivism within the modern American penal system.  By utilizing arguments by philosophers Ronald Dworkin and Immanuel Kant I conclude that under certain circumstances the seemingly dissimilar approaches of the rehabilitationist and the retributivist can co-exist.

I denna studie uppmärksammas lärares resonemang om bedömning i etik med fokus på moraliska dilemman. Studiens empiriska data består av fyra kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer med lärare som arbetar som So-lärare i skolåren 4-6. Resultatet från analysen presenteras utifrån tre olika delar. Den första delen behandlar lärares syn på etik och bedömning av ett moralisk dilemma. Den andra delen visar att lärarna har olika uppfattningar när det kommer till bedömning av ett moraliskt dilemma där elevsvaret går emot skolans värdegrund. Den tredje delen uppmärksammar de svårigheter lärarna ställs inför när de bedömer elevers etiska förmågor. De resonerar om elevers resonemangsförmåga samt vad som egentligen kan godtas som ett etiskt begrepp.<br>This study draws attention to how teachers reason when assessing moral dilemmas. The study's empirical data consist of four qualitative semi-structured interviews with teachers working with pupils in primary school years 4-6. The result from the analysis is presented in three parts. The first part is about teachers' view of ethics and the assessment of moral dilemmas. The second part shows that the teacher have slightly different perceptions when it comes to assessing a moral dilemma where the pupil argues against the value of the school. The third part draws attention to the difficulties the teachers experince when assessing the pupils' ethical knowledge. They argue about how developing a reasoning must be for certain grade and what they can accept as an ethical concept.

Submitted by MAYRA MARQUES DA SILVA GUALTIERI KAPPANN null (mayragualtieri@hotmail.com) on 2016-03-24T00:47:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE ÉTICA, JUSTIÇA E DEMOCRACIA EM SALA DE AULA - Texto completo - Mayra M S Gualtieri-Kappann.pdf: 1904768 bytes, checksum: db56dc7cf7943334fafa8b2d4f2c3388 (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-03-24T13:59:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 gualtierikappann_mms_dr_mar.pdf: 1904768 bytes, checksum: db56dc7cf7943334fafa8b2d4f2c3388 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-24T13:59:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 gualtierikappann_mms_dr_mar.pdf: 1904768 bytes, checksum: db56dc7cf7943334fafa8b2d4f2c3388 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-23<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)<br>Partindo da preocupação sobre uma melhor compreensão do desenvolvimento do agente ético na educação e na busca por novas estratégias e recursos pedagógicos para intervenções eficazes nas escolas, esta pesquisa buscou conhecer a realidade do ensino da Ética nas escolas brasileiras, mais especificamente nas do estado de São Paulo, a partir da perspectiva dos documentos oficiais e de diretores, coordenadores e professores em exercício e também desenvolver, apresentar, testar e avaliar junto a professores um novo método de discussão de dilemas morais para a educação. Para tanto, realizamos um estudo quanti-qualitativo sobre as noções de ética, justiça e democracia em sala de aula, experimentando nossa proposta de discussão com professores do Ensino Médio de uma escola estadual de uma cidade do interior de São Paulo e o submetemos às suas análises críticas a respeito de sua estruturação, conteúdo, aplicação e critérios de viabilidade e eficácia para a aplicação nos contextos educacionais brasileiros e a uma avaliação psicométrica de seus possíveis efeitos. Foi realizada também uma avaliação qualitativa do conteúdo das discussões. Participaram da pesquisa a diretora da escola, dois coordenadores pedagógicos e quinze professores. A pesquisa envolveu, além de um estudo documental e bibliográfico, duas fases de realização. Na primeira fase, os instrumentos utilizados foram uma entrevista semidirigida coletiva com a diretora e os coordenadores pedagógicos e um Grupo Focal com os professores acerca de questões sobre ética e educação, além de uma pré-testagem com MJT_xt (Moral Judgment Test - extended version) com este grupo. Após isto, foi realizada junto aos professores uma intervenção com cinco discussões de dilemas utilizando a nova metodologia. A avaliação psicométrica foi realizada através de uma nova e comparativa testagem com o MJT_xt. A avaliação qualitativa do método utilizou como instrumento a Técnica do Grupo Focal. A avaliação qualitativa do conteúdo das discussões e argumentos utilizou a Técnica de Análise de Conteúdo e Categorias Temáticas de Bardin e a teoria de Kohlberg para suas análises. Concluímos que o método se mostrou eficaz no sentido de exercitar a reflexão, a crítica e um retorno ao diálogo no espaço escolar. Percebemos que há uma carência de uma formação escolar que privilegie a formação integral do ser humano e não somente sua formação teórica ou técnica. De modo geral, não parece haver uma formação dos professores voltada para práticas pedagógicas que incluam a dimensão ética nas práticas docentes, nem uma estruturação democrática das escolas que privilegie esta vivência no meio escolar. Nossa proposta é que os cursos de formação de professores atentem, desde a graduação, para a necessidade de considerar a dimensão ética e a epistemológica como de igual importância para a formação dos educadores, a fim de que o professor chegue à sala de aula como um prático reflexivo que ajude a formar novos agentes reflexivos e práticos em suas áreas específicas de conhecimento e de ação coletiva. No vasto universo de necessidades da educação, acreditamos que novas e aprofundadas pesquisas devam ser realizadas e os educadores encorajados a pensar e a avaliar juntos novas estratégias para a construção de uma educação emancipadora do ser humano, em que nosso modo de discurso expresse também nosso modo de educar.<br>Starting from the concern about a better understanding of the development of ethical agent in education and in the search for new strategies and teaching resources for effective interventions in schools, this research aimed to know the reality of the ethics education in Brazilian schools, specifically in the state of São Paulo, from the perspective of official documents and directors, coordinators and teachers in exercise and also develop, introduce, test and evaluate with teachers a new method of moral dilemmas discussion for education. To this end, we conducted a quantitative and qualitative study on the notions of ethics, justice and democracy in the classroom, experiencing our proposal for discussion with high school teachers of a public school in a city in São Paulo state and submit to their critical analysis about its structure, content, application and feasibility and efficacy criteria for the application in the Brazilian educational contexts and to a psychometric assessment of their possible effects. It also carried out a qualitative assessment of the content of the discussions. The participants were the school principal, two coordinators and fifteen teachers. The research involved, as well as a documentary and bibliographical study, two phases of realization. In the first phase, the instruments used were a collective semistructured interview with the director and educational coordinators and focus groups with teachers on issues of ethics and education, as well as a pre-test with MJT_xt (Moral Judgment Test - extended version) with this group. After this, was done with teachers an intervention with five dilemmas discussions using the new methodology. The psychometric assessment was carried out through a new and comparative testing with MJT_xt. The qualitative assessment of the method used as an instrument of the Technical Focus Group. The qualitative assessment of the content of the discussions and arguments used the Content Analysis Technique and Thematic categories of Bardin and Kohlberg's theory to their analysis. We conclude that the method has proved effective to exercise reflection, criticism and a return to the dialogue at school. We realize that there is a lack of an education that favors the integral formation of the human being and not just a theoretical or technical training. Overall, it seems not to have a formation teachers dedicated to pedagogical practices that include the ethical dimension in teaching practices, nor a democratic structure of schools that favors this experience at school. Our proposal is that the teacher training courses, consider, from the undergraduate, to the need to consider the ethical dimension and the epistemological as its equal importance to the training of teachers, so that the teacher could comes to the classroom as a reflective practice that helps form new reflective and practical agents in their specific areas of expertise and collective action. In the vast universe of educational needs, we believe that new and further research should be conducted and educators encouraged to think and evaluate together new strategies for the construction of an emancipating education of the human being, when our discourse so also expresses our way to educate.

Idag föreligger ett stort intresse för att placera i etiska fonder, men det råder delade meningar om vad en etisk fond innebär. Det finns ingen universell applicerbar kod utan det är upp till fondbolagen själva att definiera vad som är etiskt för dem. Det är således svårt att fastställa något entydigt begrepp för vad som kan anses vara etiskt eller inte då begreppet etik är såväl subjektivt och relativt samt varierar över tiden. Allt oftare uppdagas hur företag världen över kopplas till svåra missförhållanden eller är inblandade i oetiska verksamheter. Flera av dessa företag ägs indirekt av oss konsumenter genom våra pensionsmedel och privat sparande i fonder. Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka vad som menas med etisk fond. Uppsatsen kommer att genomföras utifrån en kvalitativ ansats med intervjuer av utvalda fondbolag på den svenska fondmarknaden.  En ökad transparens är önskvärt för att se hur fondbolagen arbetar. Sammanfattningsvis har konsumenterna ett relativt stort ansvar att undersöka vad som faktiskt gömmer sig bakom respektive fondnamn om de vill ha kontroll över sina sparpengar.

This workplace study examined the every day ethical dilemmas of a multidisciplinary team in one acute psychiatric setting and the social factors affecting their moral domain of practice. The research design was a case study involving both qualitative and quantitative data. The context that shaped the team's process of ethical dilemma identification was conceptualised for the purpose of this research within a systems theory framework of interrelated factors at a societal, organisational and clinical level with ethics theory pervading the entire scene. The findings indicated that dilemmas arose in situations concerning patient care, team strain, and limited resources with the most common dilemma across disciplines arising from lack of community resources. Further findings suggested that clinicians were aware of various forces shaping practice but these ideas were not well connected conceptually. Staff felt wary of identifying ethical dilemmas because they were unsure of the process and sensed a reticence in the unit's social processes around negotiation and problem solving. Important social factors that were perceived to affect their abilities around ethical dilemma identification included rational economics, professional socialisation, medical-legal monopoly with a concomitant use of the ethic of justice, and managerial strategies. The concept of transference and countertransference issues within the staffing group was explored. These results are useful for the team to understand the nature of their own particular dilemmas and what factors constrain and enhance their abilities to identify dilemmas. Other health care settings may find that replication of the research results in a similar way may raise awareness of their moral situation. Generalisability at a theoretical level contributes to the current research agenda in applied ethics about the effect of context in the ethical domain of clinical practice.

Mestrado em Gestão de Recursos Humanos<br>Este trabalho tem como principal objetivo analisar quais os principais dilemas éticos no processo de seleção de trabalhadores em contexto organizacional. Para atingir este objetivo utilizou-se uma metodologia qualitativa através da realização de entrevistas semi-diretivas. A amostra foi constituída por oito profissionais de Gestão de Recursos Humanos, onde a grande maioria desempenha funções de consultoria. As dimensões analisadas foram os processos e procedimentos usados na seleção de trabalhadores, as práticas "justas" no processo de seleção e o impacto que os códigos de conduta ética têm nos processos de seleção de recursos humanos. Com este estudo, conclui-se que no geral as organizações utilizam procedimentos éticos na seleção dos trabalhadores, não discriminando os candidatos em função do sexo, raça ou etnia. Contudo, apesar de as organizações considerarem importante a existência de um código de ética enquanto dimensão estratégica de regulação das boas práticas, em algumas este ainda não existe, de forma a definir os procedimentos éticos da organização.<br>This research aims to analyze the main ethical dilemmas in the process of selecting workers in an organizational context. To achieve this objective, a qualitative methodology was used through semi-directive interviews. The sample include eight human resources management professionals, most of whom performed consulting functions. The dimensions analyzed were the processes and procedures used in the selection of workers, the "fair" practices in the selection process and the impact that codes of ethical conduct have on human resource selection processes. With this study, we concluded that organizations generally use ethical procedures in the selection of workers, not discriminating candidates according to gender, race or ethnicity. However, if organizations consider the existence of a code of ethics important to the regulation of good practices, some of them do not have a code in order to define the ethical procedures of the organization.<br>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Utgångspunkten för studien var att sjuksköterskor inom psykiatrin är en yrkesgrupp som konfronteras med olika etiska dilemman inom vardagen. Det undersöktes sjuksköterskornas upplevda etiska dilemman inom deras verksamhetsområde som var psykiatrisk sluten- och öppenvård samt kommunal psykiatri för att få djupare förståelse om vad de som erfarna psykiatrisjuksköterskor ansåg som generella etiska dilemman och vilka tankar de hade kring potentiella lösningar. Sju sjuksköterskor med vidareutbildning inom psykiatrin intervjuades om sina erfarenheter av etiska dilemman. Intervjuerna analyserades enligt Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). De två huvudteman som identifierades var lojalitetskonflikter och samarbete inom hierarkiska strukturer. Respondenterna upplevde etiska dilemman i situationer där de kände sig tvungna att välja mellan lojaliteten med patienten, mot organisationen eller mot sig själv som sjuksköterska. Som svårast uppfattades det att behöva agera i strid med egna värderingar. När känslor var involverade mindes dilemman starkast. Arbetsgruppen och läkaren på avdelningen beskrevs som potentiellt stöd i hanteringen av dilemman. Däremot upplevdes de också som utlösande faktorer för etiska dilemman, framförallt då sjuksköterskan blir medveten om den egna rollen inom den hierarkiska strukturen. Studien bidrar till möjliga lösningsansatser för att motverka de negativa konsekvenser som etiska dilemman medför såväl för personal som för patienter.<br>The basis of the study was that nurses in psychiatry is a profession who are faced with various moral dilemmas in everyday life. It was examined nurses' perceived moral dilemmas within their field which was psychiatric inpatient and outpatient care and public psychiatry to gain a deeper understanding of what experienced psychiatric nurses considered that general ethical dilemmas are and what thoughts they had about potential solutions. Seven nurses with further education in psychiatry were interviewed about their experiences with ethical dilemmas. It was used Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) using verbatim transcriptions of the semi-structured interviews. The two main themes which were identified were conflicts of loyalty and cooperation in hierarchical structures. Ethical dilemmas were not experienced by the respondents mostly by the compulsory treatment, respectively coercion - as it could be expected - but in situations where they felt forced to choose between loyalty to the patient, organization or herself as professional. The hardest perceived dilemmas were those that forced the nurses to act against their own values. When emotions were involved, dilemmas were remembered strongest. The working team and the doctor on the ward was considered as part of the solution of moral dilemmas. On the other hand they were experienced equally as triggering factor for moral dilemmas, especially when nurses got aware of the role they play within the hierarchical structure. The study contributes to potential solution approaches to counteract the negative consequences that moral dilemmas entails both for personnel and for patients.

This thesis examines the ethical challenges faced by technical communicators working in global virtual teams. Virtual teams usage are becoming increasingly more popular and diverse. As a result, it is valuable for technical communicators to understand and recognize the challenges that are faced within global virtual teams in order to find solutions and preventive measures for these challenges. The ethical challenges present in global virtual teams were determined by examining the literature on virtual teams and intercultural ethics and conducting a survey of practicing technical communicators who have experience in virtual teams. The purpose of the survey was to determine the ethical challenges that are present for technical communicators and how these issues were resolved. The survey results reveal valuable approaches to resolving and preventing ethical challenges in virtual teams. This thesis contributes to a better understanding of virtual teams and intercultural ethics and examines the ethical challenges that are faced by technical communicators. Furthermore, the thesis presents preventive measures for addressing ethical challenges. Finally, the thesis also provides suggestions for future research into the ethical challenges that are faced within global virtual teams, particularly those related to cultural differences.<br>M.A.<br>Masters<br>English<br>Arts and Humanities<br>English; Technical Communications

La presa de decisions morals és entesa com un fenomen molt rellevant que ha despertat un gran interès en molt diversos camps d’estudi. Per exemple, s’ha estudiat des de camps com la filosofia i la psicologia fins a l’àmbit de la robòtica. Aquest interès en la moralitat no solament s’aprecia en l’amplitud de camps d’estudi interessats, sinó també en la permanent presència a través dels segles de filòsofs, pensadors i polítics entre altres, que han dedicat esforços a conceptualitzar i entendre aquest fenomen. Des de la psicologia s’ha despertat en els últims anys un gran interès en l’estudi de la moralitat. Aquest interès s’ha materialitzat en una gran quantitat de treballs que aporten nou coneixement a la comprensió de la moral/ètica. Cal destacar que des de la psicologia l’estudi de la presa de decisions morals ha estat orientada en els últims anys cap a la identificació de les vies cerebrals que regulen les cognicions, emocions i conductes morals. Des de la neurociència, un dels instruments que més atenció han rebut són els escenaris sacrificials. La mateixa estructura d’escenari s’ha repetit en moltes versions del mateix, on s’ha canviat el contingut però sempre s’ha conservat l’essència del cèlebre dilema del tramvia. Per una part la inevitable mort d’éssers humans. D’altra la possibilitat de decidir i actuar per a escollir quants d’aquests moriran. Habitualment, s’enfronta la decisió de deixar morir a cinc persones o matar a una persona. Aquests tipus de dilemes els considerem en aquest treball com a dilemes sacrificials difícils. Les variables de personalitat que s’han estudiat com a relacionades amb la resposta en aquest tipus d’escenaris són dimensions molt amplies tals com la psicopatia o la humilitat. En aquesta tesi utilitzem una aproximació diferent, ja que fem servir a més dels escenaris sacrificials, escenaris més propers a l’experiència i de demolició amb l’objectiu d’explorar diferències individuals i efectes dels factors situacionals en la resposta a aquests. A més, en els escenaris que utilitzem, no enfrontem en la mateixa decisió afavorir a cinc persones contra una assumint tàcitament que el valor de cinc persones és cinc vegades el valor d’una persona. En el present treball enfrontem el valor personal d’elements que han estat jerarquitzats d’acord amb el seu valor subjectiu utilitzant la Subjective Utilitarian Theory. Les diferències individuals que hem utilitzat per a realitzar aquesta tesi són variables més concretes del caràcter moral de les que s’han utilitzat prèviament com a predictors del caràcter moral utilitzant escenaris. En aquesta tesi proposem una àmplia varietat de mesures pròpies del caràcter moral com la integritat moral, la preocupació per les conseqüències futures i immediates, la propensió a experimentar culpa i vergonya, etc. A més, també hem inclòs variables més àmplies com les dimensions de personalitat de l’HEXACO, de la triada fosca i una aproximació a la intel·ligència fluida. L’estructura d’aquesta tesi consta de dos estudis previs i un estudi principal: en el primer estudi previ “Buscant els ítems” identificàrem el valor personal dels ítems que utilitzarem en l’elaboració dels escenaris. En el segon estudi previ “Buscant els escenaris” elaboràrem escenaris estandarditzats tant de demolició, sacrificials i basats en l’experiència. Utilitzàrem una aproximació a través de l’awareness moral per a identificar les situacions basades en l’experiència més moralment dilemàtiques i properes a l’experiència d’una bateria de situacions extretes del joc Scruples. Posteriorment vàrem redactar els escenaris amb una estructura estandarditzada i vàrem incloure en els escenaris els elements amb valor personal seleccionats a través del primer estudi previ. En l’estudi principal d’aquesta tesi vam aplicar un paradigma d’exclusió social (Cyberball) per a estudiar l’efecte d’un factor situacional com l’ostracisme en la presa de decisions moral. També administràrem una bateria de diferències individuals per a estudiar el caràcter moral dels participants amb una proposta de mesures específiques del caràcter moral i utilitzant avançades tècniques estadístiques, com l’anàlisi de perfils latents hem classificat als participants segons el seu caràcter moral en persones més morals, normals o menys morals. Finalment administràrem 18 escenaris morals (6 de demolició, 6 sacrificials i 6 basats en l’experiència) amb valor subjectiu a cada participant amb l’objectiu de capturar les respostes als mateixos d’acord amb dos criteris; l’afavoriment de l’element amb un elevat valor moral i el criteri deontològic. En els resultats d’aquest estudi trobem que el caràcter moral influeix en la presa de decisions en escenaris basats en l’experiència quan el criteri que seguim és deontològic i en els escenaris sacrificials quan és el criteri basat en el valor personal dels elements implicats el que tenim en compte i observem també una tendencia a la significació en els escenaris de demolició amb una grandària de l’efecte menor. La condició d’ostracisme per si mateix no presenta efectes en la presa de decisions moral en cap mena d’escenari mentre que la interacció entre el caràcter moral i l’ostracisme sí que mostra efectes en la presa de decisions moral en escenaris basats en l’experiència quan el criteri és l’afavoriment de l’element amb més valor personal implicat en l’escenari. A continuació, utilitzant les mesures proposades per a mesurar el caràcter moral presentem un sistema d’equacions estructurals del compromís moral amb un bon ajust relatiu del “Model de Schwartz: Good and Bad Apples”. Finalment es discutiran els resultats d’aquesta tesi i s’oferiran conclusions i recomanacions futures de recerca. També es presentaran limitacions rellevants d’aquest estudi.<br>Moral decision-making is understood as a very important phenomenon that has aroused great interest in a wide variety of fields of study. For example, it has been studied in philosophy, psychology and even robotics. The interest in morality is not only appreciated in the scope of interested fields of study, but also in the permanent presence through centuries in many philosophers, thinkers, and politicians, among others, who have dedicated efforts to conceptualize and understand this phenomenon. In the field of psychology, a great interest in the study of morality has aroused in recent years. This interest has materialized in numerous works that bring new knowledge to the understanding of morality/ethics. It should be noted that in the field of psychology, the study of moral decision- making has been oriented towards the identification of the brain areas or connections that regulate moral cognition, emotion, and behavior in recent years. In neuroscience, sacrificial scenarios are one of the most important instruments. Thus, the same scenario structure, based on the famous trolley dilemma, has been repeated in many versions. On the one hand, in the trolley dilemma, we find the inevitable death of human beings. On the other hand, the possibility of choosing how many of them will die. Usually, there is always the same structure of decision: to let five people die or kill a person. These dilemmas are considered in the present thesis as difficult sacrificial dilemmas. Traditionally, the personality variables studied in relation to the response in this type of scenarios are very broad dimensions such as psychopathy or humility. In the present thesis, we use a different approach that includes everyday- based and demolition scenarios in order to explore individual differences and the effects of situational factors in their response. In addition, we do not present dilemmas where we take for granted that the value of five people is five times the value of a person. We take into account the subjective value given to different individuals depending on our relationship with them, hierarchized according to the Subjective Utilitarian Theory. In this thesis, we also propose a wide variety of measures of moral character such as narrow variables like moral integrity, concern for the future and immediate consequences, propensity to experience guilt and shame, etc. We have also included wider variables such as the HEXACO personality dimensions, the dark triad and an approximation to fluid intelligence. This thesis is structured with two previous studies and one main study. In the first previous study entitled “Searching for the items” we identified the personal value of the items that we will use to elaborate the scenarios. In the second previous study entitled “Looking for the scenarios”, we developed demolition, sacrificial and experience-based standardized scenarios. We used moral awareness measurement to identify moral dilemmas based on experience from the game Scruples. Later, we wrote the scenarios with a standardized structure, and included elements with personal value. In the main study of this thesis, we applied a paradigm of social exclusion (Cyberball) to study the effect of a situational factor such as ostracism in making moral decisions. We administered a battery of individual differences to study the moral character of the participants with a proposal of specific measures of moral character and using advanced statistical techniques, such as the analysis of latent profiles. We classified the participants according to their moral character in more moral, normal or less moral people. Finally, we administered 18 moral scenarios (6 demolition, 6 sacrificial and 6 experience-based) with subjective value to each participant in order to capture the responses to them according to two criteria; the favoring of the element with a high moral value and deontological criteria. In the results of this study we found that the moral character influences the moral decision-making in scenarios based on the experience when the criterion that we follow is deontological and in the sacrificial when we consider the personal value as the criteria of the elements involved. We also found demolition scenarios with a smaller size effect tend to be significant. We found no effect of ostracism in moral decision-making in our study. The interaction between moral character and ostracism showed effects on moral decision-making in scenarios based on experience when we considered the personal value of the elements involved. Then, using the measures proposed to measure the moral character we present a structural equation model with a good relative adjustment for moral commitment from Schwartz’s Good and Bad Apples model. Finally, the results of this thesis will be discussed and future research conclusions and recommendations will be offered. Limitations of this study will be presented too.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, Dept. of Spanish and Portuguese Literature, 2008.<br>Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on Feb. 8, 2010). Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 70-05, Section: A, page: 1666.

Thesis advisor: Lisa Sowle Cahill<br>The existence of moral and tragic dilemmas is highly debated within philosophy. Tragic dilemmas are a special kind of moral dilemma that involve great tragedy. Traditionally, philosophy tends to deny dilemmas because obligations cannot truly conflict and an ethical system must always guide agents in deliberation. For the most part, Christian theology dismisses the possibility of moral dilemmas. A highly influential theological rejection comes from Aquinas. Philosopher Bernard Williams famously challenged traditional ideas, worrying that a focus on reason to the exclusion of feelings has prevented ethicists from recognizing important aspects of the moral life, including the existence of moral and tragic dilemmas. This omission renders ethics unable to capture moral experience, and what good is ethics if it doesn’t speak to the moral life as we experience it? This presents a challenge for theology as well. This dissertation takes seriously Williams’s concerns and investigates the possibility of tragic dilemmas within a Christian context. I develop a defense of tragic dilemmas within a Christian virtue framework using feminist insights. I argue that in a tragic dilemma an agent deliberates on, with sufficient knowledge, an issue that involves non-negotiable moral requirements in line with Christian obligations to protect human life and the vulnerable. A tragic dilemma causes great harm and can “mar” the agent’s life. The agent is morally responsible for the harm caused and/or the obligation not acted upon. However, culpability is mitigated due to the constraints of the situation as long as the agent acts with “repugnance of the will.” When involvement in a tragic dilemma produces emotional harm this has the power to undermine character because, as I argue, passions and the moral life are inextricably related. In turn, the agent’s life is “marred.” In light of this, Christian healing is necessary after involvement in a tragic dilemma. In the first half of this dissertation, I investigate moral dilemmas in general. In Chapter 1, I layout the major philosophical debates surrounding moral dilemmas and I highlight touchstones, questions, ambiguities, and problems to bring to theology—issues around logic, autonomy, the nature of moral requirements, blame, restitution, and what constitutes a tragic dilemma. In Chapter 2, I assess the theological response to moral dilemmas vis-à-vis Aquinas. Although Aquinas explicitly denies the possibility for moral dilemmas that are not the agent’s fault, I find new points of contact between Aquinas and moral dilemma theorists. In light of this, there is space for the possibility of moral dilemmas in a Christian virtue context, but this understanding is beyond the boundaries set-up by Aquinas. In the second half of the dissertation, I move to discuss tragic dilemmas, specifically. In Chapter 3, I use Christian thought and feminist insights to develop my definition of tragic dilemmas. As real-life cases of moral injury from war show, tragic dilemmas can cause emotional harm. In Chapter 4, I offer Christian strategies for healing from tragic dilemmas. Because we are social beings and because society often bears some blame for the occurrence of tragic dilemmas, healing must also happen in, with, and among the community member<br>Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2018<br>Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences<br>Discipline: Theology

As a skill, ethical decision making requires cultivation through training and practice. However, for Department of Defense acquisition employees, ehtical training has been more of an orientation to legal requirements and restrictions, than as a guidance f

This thesis examines how select participants came to be involved in DiY punk culture, what they do in it, and how, if they do, they exit from the culture. Underpinning this will be an ethnographic examination of how the ethics of punk informs their views of remaining authentic and what they consider to be a sell out and betrayal of these values. I illustrate how such ethics have evolved and how they inform the daily practice of two chosen DiY punk communities in Leeds and Bradford. I show how these communities reciprocally relate to each other. I ask such questions as what do the participants get out of what is often experienced as hard work and toil, particularly where it is fraught with a series of dilemmas bound up in politics, ethics, identity and integrity. I offer a grounded theory of how and what ways those involved in DiY punk authenticate themselves in their actions. This will demonstrate how and, more importantly, why DiY punks distinguish their ethical version of punk over and above what are taken as less favourable forms of punk. What happens if previous passionately held DiY beliefs are surrendered? Severe consequences follow should a participant sell out. I present an account of these and suggest that what they involve is not the clear-cut question that is sometimes assumed, either sincerely or selfrighteously.

Litteraturstudiens syfte är att utforska vad tidigare forskning säger om hur lärare kan hanterar etikundervisningen i religionsämnet. Genom att ställa frågorna; hur kan lärare förhålla sig till formandet av etikundervisningen samt vilka svårigheter etikundervisningen kan utgöra för lärare till tidigare forskning inom området har syftet besvarats. Metoden för litteraturstudien har varit en systematisk litteraturstudie och den analysmetod som använts är en kvalitativ innehållsanalys av forskningslitteraturen som valts ut genom en systematisk sökning i olika databaser. Resultatet visar brister i lärares ämnesdidaktiska kompetens vilket leder till oreflekterad undervisning som till stor del bygger på lärarens eget tyckande i kombination av etikrepresentationen i läroböckerna. Det finns dock metoder som lärare kan använda för att skapa en heltäckande förståelse för etikämnet i form av läran av och läran om etik kombinerat med ett existentiell och samhällsorienterat synsätt. Detta bidrar till att fånga etikens komplexitet som grundas i läroplanens öppna formulering av etik begreppet. Vidare problematiseras vems perspektiv som blir representerat i etikundervisningen samt vilka som exkluderas och hur lärare kan arbeta för att medvetandegöra eleverna om detta i undervisningen.

<p>The purpose of this study is to investigate ethical dilemmas and ethical difficulties experienced by psychologists in Sweden and South Africa. The study is a replication of previous studies conducted by Colnerud (1997) and Slack and Wassenaar (1999). A sample of 295 psychologists in Sweden and 312 psychologists in South Africa were asked to describe situations that they identified as ethically difficult. 53 psychologists in Sweden described 61 incidents and 21 psychologists in South Africa described 24 situations. This corresponds to a response rate of 20% in Sweden and 8% in South Africa. The reported dilemmas were categorized according to a qualitative content analysis developed by Pope and Vetter (1992). The contribution of this study is that the results confirm that confidentiality is a prominent ethical dilemma for psychologists in Sweden and South Africa. This finding is consistent with findings in comprehensive international research. Furthermore, the results indicate that psychologists, especially in Sweden, experience ethical problems due to weakened legitimacy when conducting assessments. The results are discussed taking into consideration the different contexts in which psychologists work, the application of different ethics codes and different levels of ethical awareness. The weaknesses of the study and the method used are also discussed.</p>

This research study explores the intersection of school leadership and ethics. This study used the hermeneutic phenomenological approach described by Max Van Manen (1990, 2014) to explore the question: How do school leaders experience ethical dilemmas in their role as school leaders? Hermeneutic phenomenology seeks to find the meaning of a phenomenon, which in this case is the experience of an ethical dilemma. Hermeneutic refers to the interpretive-reflective-analytical component and phenomenological refers to the descriptive concrete life-experience phenomenon component (Creswell, 2007; Van Manen, 1990, 2014; Vagle, 2014). This study looked at experiences recounted by four practicing school leaders and found that the experience of an ethical dilemma involves contemplating (cognition) the uncertainty (chance) about the moral merit (values conflict) of a situation and ones capacity (power) and opportunity (options) to act in response. The lived experience themes of time and being watched were also found to be of particular relevance. These hermeneutic themes were drawn from experiences that the school leaders who participated in the study shared during rounds of conversational and analytical interviews. 'Lived experience is the starting point and the end point of phenomenological research....[which] is to transform lived experience into a textual expression of its essence' (Van Manen 1990, p 36). The experiences include experiences of ethical dilemmas regarding student behavior, teacher supervision, program changes, decisions that other school leaders make, parents, and complex systems with multiple actors.<br>Ph. D.

This research study explores the intersection of school leadership and ethics. This study used the hermeneutic phenomenological approach described by Max Van Manen (1990, 2014) to explore the question: How do school leaders experience ethical dilemmas in their role as school leaders? Hermeneutic phenomenology seeks to find the meaning of a phenomenon, which in this case is the experience of an ethical dilemma. Hermeneutic refers to the interpretive-reflective-analytical component and phenomenological refers to the descriptive concrete life-experience phenomenon component (Creswell, 2007; Van Manen, 1990, 2014; Vagle, 2014). This study looked at experiences recounted by four practicing school leaders and found that the experience of an ethical dilemma involves contemplating (cognition) the uncertainty (chance) about the moral merit (values conflict) of a situation and ones capacity (power) and opportunity (options) to act in response. The lived experience themes of time and being watched were also found to be of particular relevance. These hermeneutic themes were drawn from experiences that the school leaders who participated in the study shared during rounds of conversational and analytical interviews. 'Lived experience is the starting point and the end point of phenomenological research....[which] is to transform lived experience into a textual expression of its essence' (Van Manen 1990, p 36). The experiences include experiences of ethical dilemmas regarding student behavior, teacher supervision, program changes, decisions that other school leaders make, parents, and complex systems with multiple actors.<br>Ph. D.

Advertising, as an industry, reflects contemporary values whilst creating new symbols and changing both behaviour and public opinion. In the last hundred years, advertising has pervaded most areas of life, and spaces that are commer-cial free are becoming rare. The aim of this dissertation is to explore and map various social objects that create the perception of morality that exists within an advertising agency. The approach can be described as qualitative, descriptive, analytical and constructionist. The study belongs within a research field that borders on business economics/business ethics and philosophy/descriptive eth-ics. Fundamental to my study is the exploration of stories told by different key advertising practitioners. Using a symbolic interactionist approach I iden-tify important meaning carriers that together create and identify the social object “morality”. The empirical material is based on a total of 36 inter-views conducted 1998-2000 with advertising practitioners from 15 Swedish advertising agencies. In addition to the interviews, an observational study was conducted for eight months in 1998 along with a literature study. In my analysis two related areas for morality emerged; one area focusing mo-rality related to clients/consumers, and one area focusing morality within the agency/branch. Two models illustrating the results were constructed. Ethics, economics and aesthetics often find themselves on opposing sides in various situations and at different levels in the work process at the agency. The need for profit gives precedence to the economic aspect mak-ing it superior to the other two aspects, ethics and aesthetics. However, advertising practitioners that prioritise the aesthetic aspects may find them-selves be awarded a golden egg at some yearly gala. Hence, to stretch a little on morality and sin with refinement may be quite rewarding. The dissertation was preceded by and builds on a licentiate dissertation in busi-ness economics by Larsson-Eklund (2002) - “Med skaparkraft som etiskt argu-ment. En explorativ studie om moral och yrkesetik inom reklambranschen ur ett internt relationsperspektiv” (enclosed in appendix 6).

This Master´s thesis analyses ethical dilemmas through a theory of three administrative ethics. These three ethics derives from the aspects of sustainable development. The purpose is to combine modern scholars’ requirements of administrative ethics, ideas of how public officials should work and sustainable development as a high ethical goal. Hence the aim is to design an approach and practical understanding of sustainable ethics within public administration. The research applies an empirical and qualitative method, including three elite interviews and a case study. Ethical dilemmas as an ethical phenomenon is used as an analytic tool the can test a practical use of the theory. The interviews are meant to collect experiences from public officials on ethical dilemmas in relation to sustainable development. One case was studied in debt, namely a dilemma situation in Swedish municipality Enköping, where politicians in the Environmental board actively and repeatedly chose not to follow the Environmental Code. A conclusion from the results is that ethical dilemmas in many cases can be illustrate with the theory of sustainable ethics. Moreover, the results show that the interviewees have a restrictive view of how they can and should work as public servants compared with modern scholars’ arguments of more political working public officials. The title of this research ends with a question mark that intend to challenge the reader with a mindset that sustainable ethics requires more than one specific ethic.

Mestrado em Gestão de Recursos Humanos<br>Esta tese tem como principal objetivo explorar a utilização dos Códigos de Ética pelos gestores de Recursos Humanos dentro das organizações. Pretendemos aferir a importância desse documento e o seu peso relativo nas tomadas de decisão nas empresas. Optámos por uma metodologia qualitativa, com a realização de dez entrevistas semidiretivas a gestores de Recursos Humanos de empresas de áreas de atuação e dimensões diferentes. As entrevistas foram posteriormente sujeitas a uma análise de conteúdo. Alguns dos principais resultados desta investigação demonstram que a maioria dos gestores de Recursos Humanos vê o Código de Ética como uma componente indispensável na organização. Verificamos também que, enquanto documento que enuncia e defende uma série de valores a manter, o Código de Ética é central na disseminação dos padrões morais de comportamento que a empresa pretende implementar; tendo também um peso inegável na maioria das tomadas de decisão dos gestores de Recursos Humanos. No entanto, verificamos também que isto só acontece se este documento for claro, bem implementado, bem difundido, bem interiorizado, e reforçado ao longo do tempo.<br>The main objective of this thesis is to explore the use of Codes of Ethics in organizations by Human Resources managers. We intend to assess the importance of this document in organizations, as well as its weight in decision-making. We chose a qualitative methodology, gathering ten semi-directive interviews with Human Resources managers working in companies with different dimensions and areas of activity. These interviews were subsequently subjected to a content analysis process. Some of the main results of this research show us that most Human Resources managers see the Code of Ethics as an important and indispensable component in the organization. This being the document which lists and defends the moral values the company wants to uphold, we were also shown that the Code of Ethics is crucial to the dissemination of moral behavioral patterns the company wants to implement. At the same time, it factors undeniably in the majority of Human Resources managers’ decision-making processes. However, we were also shown that this only happens if the document has clear content, is well implemented, well publicized, well internalized, and reinforced throughout time.<br>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Introduktion: Mötet med personer med demens utgör en utmaning på flera nivåer för sjuksköterskor och i och med en ökande äldre befolkning kommer även antalet personer med demens öka. Syftet med litteraturstudien var att belysa etiska utmaningar som vårdpersonal möter i vård av patienter med demens Metod: Litteraturstudie. Sökord valdes ut och användes i två databaser. Artiklar som framkom i sökningen valdes ut och granskades. Totalt granskades tio artiklar, nio från databassökning och en artikel från en manuell sökning. Dataanalys: Artiklarna granskades och 3 kategorier framkom: Tvångsåtgärder, kommunikation och tolkningssvårigheter. Resultat: I de valda artiklarna beskrev vårdpersonal olika situationer och etiska utmaningar inom vården av patienter med demens. Situationerna handlade om kommunikationsproblem, etiska värderingar och kränkning av patientens rättigheter. Slutsats: Det fanns många etiska utmaningar för vårdpersonal i mötet med patienter med demens. Vårdpersonalens berättelser visade att svårigheten var att ta beslut åt patienten och genomföra en god omvårdnad utan att kränka patientens rättigheter. Personalen var ofta medvetna om felen som uppstod inom vården och det var en etisk utmaning att hitta en lösning som gjorde att alla delaktiga blev nöjda med vårdarbetet.

The opioid epidemic is a public health crisis. How the crisis developed, how to mitigate its effects, and how to prevent it from spreading is less transparent. The practice of pain management poses a myriad of ethical challenges. The following essay will examine ethical dilemmas that arise during the decision-making process with regards to pain management in the context of addiction after a brief history of pain management and discussion of the corresponding legal and medical regulations.

These three papers examine "productive failure" as a viable learning design to improve problem solving skills using open-ended problems. Productive failure, a teaching method, is based on the premise of unsuccessful learning performance in solving for complex problems with little to no support while yielding productive learning for subsequent problems. Kapur (2008) argues that hidden efficacies of learning exist in failure in which learners potentially learn through experimentation from their exploration and struggle in solving complex problems in a way that learners must first try and solve complex, novel problems on their own, but ultimately will fail to reach a solution. We have limited understanding if this type of design would be effective on complex problems with multiple solutions since previous studies on productive failure focused on problems with a canonical solution. In the three papers, I examine the extent to which students learn how to solve moral dilemmas in productive failure (PF) compared to lecture and practice (LP) and to what extent instruction in PF helps students learn skills in transferable problem solving. One paper describes a pilot study that was conducted with 21 second-year dental hygiene students. In the randomized-controlled study, analysis did not show significant differences on moral reasoning (p = .06) and transfer of knowledge (p = .58) between PF and LP instructional method. However, the effect size on students' posttest scores was high (d = .76) which as a result of the educational intervention, suggests that PF students demonstrated acquisition of new thinking and approached the complex problem in a more sophisticated moral way of thinking. To replicate these findings, the results from the pilot study were used to make adjustments in instructional and research design for a full-scale study. The second study on 77 second-year dental hygiene students from four dental hygiene programs further shows that PF students gained a deeper conceptual understanding and were better prepared for subsequent problems. PF students, I found, demonstrated greater shifts from simplistic thinking to post conventional thinking compared to LP students. Although PF students performed similarly when compared to LP students on their posttest scores in the moral responses, LP students scored lower than their pretest problem and the difference between pretest and posttest scores in LP School had a moderate effect in a negative direction (d= -.64). Findings in both studies suggest that productive failure design has the potential to help students reach a deeper conceptual understanding when they 1) analyze their own failure; 2) use the learned concept to build upon their own prior knowledge; and 3) repair existing mental models to successfully solve complex problems. As such, continued exploration of various instructional approaches like productive failure is still needed as alternatives to lecture and practice for developing problem solving skills.

Throughout the last decade wars have created a certain interest in reflection upon rights, justice and the causes for which people may or may not be killed. Soldiers are expected to make decisions about life and death in extremely difficult circumstances and complex situations during war. With conflicting obligations, they are forced to choose between orders, duty and ethical values in situations where not all can be met at the same time. Scholars in military ethics argues that ethical challenges and dilemmas can be overcome by using ethical reasoning processes such as moral judgement, moral competence and through different moral principles in the conduct of war. This study investigates how Swedish soldiers reason between moral dilemmas they might encounter in their professional practice and aims to explore if there is a conflict between their moral obligations and duty. It aims to improve the understanding of how Swedish soldiers justify the use of lethal force and obeying orders, and what underlying ethical and moral factors that affect their judgements and justifications. Qualitative scenario-based results show that their moral judgements are based foremost on consequentialist grounds, with good moral competence to adapt their judgements when faced with moral dilemmas. Subconsciously they follow the rules and moral principles of war, putting great emphasis on their trust and dependence on fellow soldiers as well as higher military bodies, although they are likely to disobey orders when it doesn’t seem morally justified.