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Journal articles on the topic 'Ethical decision making models'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 11 December 2022
Last updated: 26 January 2023

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1

Zhilla, Fabian, Layal Abou Daher, Cenk Lacin Arikan, and Moufid El-Khoury. "Conceptualizing the determinants of ethical decision making in business organizations." Problems and Perspectives in Management 16, no. 4 (October 17, 2018): 30–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.16(4).2018.03.

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Understanding the role of the determinants of the ethical decision making in business organizations has become increasingly appealing to the field of business ethics. Various ethical decision making models put more emphasis on a narrow set of determinants. In concert with other contextual factors, these determinants appear to drive the ethical decision making in business organizations. However, in the literature there seems to be room for a more holistic set of determinants, which can explain effectively and holistically the diverse ethical rationales underlying the decision making more effectively. In this paper, the authors set out several ethical models and extract the predominant determinants. After portraying the main literature, the authors conclude that the most recent models are based on the first generation of ethical models, which tend to be more theoretical than empirical. They note the lack of empirical research in this area, which can be explained by both the nature and the intricateness of business ethics. They find that empirical analysis, when it exists, tends to focus on specific variables. The authors highlight at the end of the paper the need for integrative ethical models, which tackle not only the “how” but also the “why” of ethical decision making.
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Carvalho, Luiz Paulo, Flávia Maria Santoro, and Jonice Oliveira. "Representing ethical decision-making graphically." Journal on Interactive Systems 13, no. 1 (August 25, 2022): 166–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/jis.2022.2603.

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Ethical Decision-Making Models (EDMMs) can formalize the course of action through which agents reach their decision-making processes, concerning morals and ethics. The interest in ethical decision-making both from academia and practitioners in Business Computing has increased recently due to the applied computing advances, specially regarding Artificial Intelligence. Research is mainly focused on theoretical models to explain ethical decision-making, factors that influence it or measuring tools to assess it. However, to the best of our knowledge there is an absence of a graphic resource to represent the elements of an EDMM that goes beyond the textual scope. This paper is a first proposal in thinking-making a graphical representation that includes elements of EDMM, enables a more complete information panorama as possible, documents ethical decision-making and facilitates the visualization of these knowledge assets.
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Jangsiriwattana, Thamarat, Sanober Salman, and Boonthipa Jiantreeangkool. "Ethical Decision- Making Model for Thai Context." International Journal of Human Resource Studies 8, no. 2 (May 21, 2018): 337. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijhrs.v8i2.13174.

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The ethics issue has been receiving massive attention of today’s managers due to the publicized scandals and cases of fraud, bankruptcy and others. For managerial convenience numerous ethical decision making models were proposed by researchers, but six models are widely accepted by ethics based practitioners (Ferrell, Fraedrich & Ferrell, 2008). Each model has unique characteristics, which enhances understanding about ethical dilemma. This paper reviewed the relevant literature and utilized seven models: (Kelly & Elm, 2003; Jones, 1991; Ferrell, Gresham & Fraedrich, 1989; Hunt & Vitell, 1986; Trevino, 1986; Ferrell & Gresham, 1985; Kohlberg, 1969) and then cultivated ethical decision-making model for Thai context. In addition, the authors also reviewed the literature on Thai culture and focused on Buddhist philosophy, beliefs, values and norms of Thai people. Finally, the Seven ethical decision making models and Buddhist philosophy were integrated together to propose a model for ethical decision making for Thai organization.
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4

Berends, Lynda. "Ethical decision-making in evaluation." Evaluation Journal of Australasia 7, no. 2 (September 2007): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1035719x0700700206.

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While ethical concerns are a central issue in evaluation, few evaluators have formal training in this area and consensus has not been reached about what evaluators seek in regard to ethics. In this article, different approaches to ethical review are described, drawing from: existing research on how evaluators currently deal with these concerns; the formal process put forward by Australia's National Health and Medical Research Council, and theoretical models of decision-making. Findings from a regional forum on ethics and evaluation, which was held in Melbourne in 2006, are also reported. The Australasian Evaluation Society should continue to promote discussion on ethics to further the knowledge and skills of evaluators and the AES may also have a role in educating human research ethics committees, to increase their capacity to respond appropriately to evaluation proposals.
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Cooper, Richard Jason. "Making the case for ethical decision-making models." Nurse Prescribing 10, no. 12 (December 2012): 607–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/npre.2012.10.12.607.

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6

Kalajtzidis, Ján. "Ethical decision making during disasters1." Human Affairs 26, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): 18–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/humaff-2016-0003.

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Abstract Neither in theory nor in practice does there exist a single model of decision making. It is very difficult to identify a model, or models, which would be most useful during and after a disaster. Within the disaster timeframe (a difficult and complex situation), specific moral dilemmas arise. All the decision making theories tend to be associated with different assumptions about human nature, the quality of the decisions made and the manner in which they are made. Different assumptions may result in different tools being used and subsequently different consequences. The paper will provide a general introduction to the ethical decision making model, and will suggest two ways in which decisions in ethics might be made. The paper will try to deepen the discussion, and suggest answers to questions such as which type of ethical decision making is better in a specific situation such as a disaster? Is there any need to use a different decision making model (from an ethical point of view) in a disaster than in another event? Nonetheless, the article does not provide explicit solutions to these questions, since providing them would require further investigation than is the aim of this paper.
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7

Gupta, Seema, and Shilpa Bhandari. "Dual Process Ethical Decision-Making Models: Need for Empirical Examination." Business Ethics and Leadership 6, no. 3 (2022): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/bel.6(3).47-56.2022.

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The main purpose of the study is to examine various ethical decision-making models based on Dual Process Theory (DPT) and to determine the features of their application in business management. Systematization of the literary sources and approaches for solving the problem of managerial decision-making indicates that despite a significant number of data publications, the issue of the implementation and effectiveness of ethical models is poorly researched and requires a more detailed analysis. The object of research is secondary data contained in scientific articles published in journals. The paper examines the social-intuitive-emotional context of the ethical decision-making process, which can help understand the management context of these models. The results of the empirical analysis of the features of the use of the Social-Intuitionist (S-I), Cognitive-Intuitionist (C-I), and Cognitive-Affective models (C-A) models in the decision-making process proved the existence of significant differences between them. The methodological tools of the research were the theories of emotion and intuition, as they directly relate to the “Integrated Ethical Decision Making” (I-EDM) model, which is the most practiced in the actual business setting. The article proposes a conceptual integrated R-S-I-E Ethical Decision-Making model, which can be used in testing theoretical research questions and hypotheses related to business ethics. This model considers individual factors, personal moral philosophy (deontology, teleology), and the moral intensity managers feel during a moral dilemma. Based on the research results, the consequences of overcoming the gap between the existing theoretical developments on these issues and the peculiarities of the decision-making process in practice are summarized. The research results can be used in the empirical evaluation of ethical models in different cultural conditions (including India) and be helpful for the management of companies in making ethical decisions.
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8

Tarvydas, Vilia M. "Decision Making Models in Ethics: Models for Increased Clarity and Wisdom." Journal of Applied Rehabilitation Counseling 18, no. 4 (December 1, 1987): 50–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0047-2220.18.4.50.

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The importance of appropriate decision-making models in ethical judgment by rehabilitation counseling practitioners is discussed. Several prominent models for decision making in ethics are reviewed, including professional self-exploration, moral reasoning discourse, developmental process, and multidimensional, integrative process models.
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9

Fan, L. C. N. "Decision-making models for handling ethical dilemmas." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Municipal Engineer 156, no. 4 (December 2003): 229–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/muen.2003.156.4.229.

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10

Park, Hyeoun-Ae, Miriam E. Cameron, Sung-Suk Han, Sung-Hee Ahn, Hyo-Sook Oh, and Kyeong-Uoon Kim. "Korean Nursing Students’ Ethical Problems and Ethical Decision Making." Nursing Ethics 10, no. 6 (November 2003): 638–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0969733003ne653oa.

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This Korean study replicated a previously published American study. The conceptual framework and method combined ethical enquiry and phenomenology. The research questions were: (1) What is nursing students’ experience of ethical problems involving nursing practice? and, (2) What is nursing students’ experience of using an ethical decision-making model? The participants were 97 senior baccalaureate nursing students, each of whom described one ethical problem and chose to use one of five ethical decision-making models. From 97 ethical problems, five content categories emerged, the largest being health professionals (69%). The basic nature of the ethical problems was the students’ experience of conflict, resolution and rationale. Using an ethical decision-making model helped 94% of the students. A comparison of the Korean and American results yields important implications for nursing ethics education, practice and research.
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Cameron, Miriam E., Marjorie Schaffer, and Hyeoun-Ae Park. "Nursing Students’ Experience of Ethical Problems and Use of Ethical Decision-Making Models." Nursing Ethics 8, no. 5 (September 2001): 432–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096973300100800507.

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Using a conceptual framework and method combining ethical enquiry and phenomenology, we asked 73 senior baccalaureate nursing students to answer two questions: (1) What is nursing students’ experience of an ethical problem involving nursing practice? and (2) What is nursing students’ experience of using an ethical decision-making model? Each student described one ethical problem, from which emerged five content categories, the largest being that involving health professionals (44%). The basic nature of the ethical problems consisted of the nursing students’ experience of conflict, resolution and rationale; 85% of the students stated that using an ethical decision-making model was helpful. Although additional research is needed, these findings have important implications for nursing ethics education and practice.
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12

Johnson, James F., and Shane Connelly. "Moral Disengagement and Ethical Decision-Making." Journal of Personnel Psychology 15, no. 4 (September 2016): 184–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1866-5888/a000166.

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Abstract. Process-focused models of ethical decision-making (EDM) have focused on individual and situational constraints influencing EDM processes and outcomes. Trait affect and propensity to morally disengage are two individual factors that influence EDM. The current study examines the moderating role of dispositional guilt and shame on the relationship between moral disengagement and EDM. Results indicate that moderate and high levels of dispositional guilt attenuate the negative relationship between moral disengagement and EDM, while low guilt does not. Dispositional shame does not moderate the relationship between moral disengagement and EDM. Implications for personnel selection are discussed.
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13

Miller, Bobbi J., and Paul Springer. "Ethics-Based Training for Clinicians: Moving Beyond Ethical Decision Making Models." Contemporary Family Therapy 42, no. 4 (May 5, 2020): 370–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10591-020-09537-7.

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14

Whittier, Nathan C., Scott Williams, and Todd C. Dewett. "Evaluating ethical decision‐making models: a review and application." Society and Business Review 1, no. 3 (September 2006): 235–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17465680610706319.

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15

Baer, Charold L. "Ethical Decision Making: Models for the Dialysis Dependent Patient." Critical Care Nursing Clinics of North America 10, no. 2 (June 1998): 245–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0899-5885(18)30219-3.

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16

Just, Alexandra. "Ethical decision making models in nursing and in medicine." Pflege 14, no. 5 (October 1, 2001): 309–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1012-5302.14.5.309.

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Bei der näheren Betrachtung von Publikationen zu ethischen Entscheidungsmodellen fällt auf, dass es in der Pflege sowie in der Medizin eine Vielzahl an monodisziplinären Modellen gibt und stets neue entwickelt werden. Fraglich ist, ob sich aus der Anwendung der Modelle divergierende Möglichkeiten und Konsequenzen für das Handeln der Entscheidungsbeteiligten ergeben. Aufgrund dieser Frage beschäftigt sich der Artikel mit zwei ausgewählten Modellen zur ethischen Entscheidungsfindung. Das von Illhardt (1998) entwickelte Modell resultiert aus einem medizinischen Blickwinkel, wohingegen Tschudin (1996) ihre Vorgehensweise aus einem pflegebezogenen Berufsverständnis heraus entwickelte. Die Anwendung der Modelle an einem fiktiven Fallbeispiel lässt deren Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede sichtbar werden und beleuchtet die damit zusammenhängenden Auswirkungen auf den Entscheidungsfindungsprozess. Rückblickend auf das Fallbeispiel ist die alleinige Entwicklung eigener ethischer Entscheidungsmodelle in der Pflege fragwürdig, wenn Entscheidungsbeteiligte vorgeben, ihr Ziel sei die Etablierung eines gemeinsamen interdisziplinären Vorgehens.
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17

Cottone, R. Rocco, and Ronald E. Claus. "Ethical Decision-Making Models: A Review of the Literature." Journal of Counseling & Development 78, no. 3 (July 2000): 275–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.2000.tb01908.x.

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18

Katafiasz, Heather, Rikki Patton, David Tefteller, and Momoko Takeda. "Ethical Decision-Making in Marriage and Family Therapy: A Review of the Literature." Journal of Systemic Therapies 39, no. 4 (December 2020): 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/jsyt.2020.39.4.29.

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It is common knowledge that marriage and family therapists are ethically obligated to provide competent care to their clients and that they need to engage in systematic decision-making processes to ensure they are providing the best care. Yet, a comprehensive guide for ethical decision-making specifically accounting for the unique nuances of working with relational-systemic clients from a relational-systemic conceptual lens is lacking. Thus, the aim of this article is to outline the current understandings of the unique ethical issues experienced when working with relational-systemic clients and to review currently utilized ethical decision making models in the hopes of providing guidance regarding the development of a specific relational-systemic ethical decision-making model.
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19

Kaklauskas, Artūras, and Valdas Pruskus. "INTERNETINĖ PARAMA PRIIMANT DAUGIAKRITERIUS ETINIUS SPRENDIMUS." Problemos 68 (January 1, 2005): 109–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/problemos.2005..4070.

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Didėjant šiuolaikinio gyvenimo spartai, sudėtingumui ir kompleksiškumui vis daugiau dėmesio skiriama įvairioms etinėms problemoms. Etiniai klausimai tampa visų svarbesnių socialinių, ekonominių ir kultūrinių problemų sprendimo sudedamąja dalimi. Todėl atsirado būtinybė įvairius etinius klausimus kvalifikuotai spręsti naudojant internetines sprendimų paramos sistemas. Nors pasaulyje sukurta daug etikos problemų sprendimų priėmimo modelių, tačiau mažai naudojamos informacinės technologijos. Be to, šiuos modelius ne visada galima tiesiogiai pasitelkti kuriant internetines sprendimų paramos sistemas. Straipsnyje pateikiamas autorių sukurtas internetinis daugiakriteris etinių sprendimų priėmimo modelis. Jis buvo kuriamas remiantis etiniais autonomiškumo, geradarystės, žalos ne darymo, teisingumo ir atsidavimo bei keliais sprendimų priėmimo (sprendimo ir jo pasekmių gyvavimo ciklo analizės, įvairių mokslų sąsajos, daugelio variantų sudarymo ir daugiakriterės alternatyvų analizės bei nagrinėjamų alternatyvų etiškumo laipsnio priklausomumo nuo suinteresuotų grupių ir jų tikslų) principais. Aptariami pagrindiniai etinių sprendimų priėmimo etapai, išryškinamos utilitarizmo deontologijos ir teisingumo teorijų nuostatos, kuriomis remiantis įvertinamos alternatyvos ir priimami sprendimai. Kad pasiūlytas modelis būtų vaizdesnis, straipsnyje pateikiamas jo pagrindu išspręstas pavyzdys.Reikšminiai žodžai: etika, etinių sprendimų priėmimas, daugiakriterė analizė, internetinė etinių sprendimų paramos sistema. THE USES OF INTERNET IN THE ETHICAL MULTIPLE CRITERIA DECISION-MAKINGArtūras Kaklauskas, Valdas Pruskus SummaryRecently more and more consumers apply Web-Based decision support systems in practice, because more people have gained the possibility to use the Internet. Also, special requirements for such system’s development have been applied. Therefore, traditional models of ethical decision-making cannot always be directly applied in such systems. In this paper the Web-Based Model of Multiple Criteria Ethical Decision-Making is developed by the authors that is based on ethical (autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, justice and fidelity) and decision-making (life-cycle analysis, multi-variant design and multiple criteria analysis, etc.) principles. This Model can help stakeholders to make the best feasible decision in given circumstances. The proposed Model does not make ethical decisions, but explains a process for investigating a situation.Keywords: ethics, multiple criteria analysis, ethical decision-making models, Web-Based decision support systems.
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Almpani, Sofia, Petros Stefaneas, and Panayiotis Frangos. "Argumentation-Based Logic for Ethical Decision Making." Studia Humana 11, no. 3-4 (December 1, 2022): 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sh-2022-0015.

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Abstract As automation in artificial intelligence is increasing, we will need to automate a growing amount of ethical decision making. However, ethical decision- making raises novel challenges for engineers, ethicists and policymakers, who will have to explore new ways to realize this task. The presented work focuses on the development and formalization of models that aim at ensuring a correct ethical behaviour of artificial intelligent agents, in a provable way, extending and implementing a logic-based proving calculus that is based on argumentation reasoning with support and attack arguments. This leads to a formal theoretical framework of ethical competence that could be implemented in artificial intelligent systems in order to best formalize certain parameters of ethical decision-making to ensure safety and justified trust.
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Dunn, Paul, and Barbara Sainty. "Professionalism in accounting: a five-factor model of ethical decision-making." Social Responsibility Journal 16, no. 2 (January 11, 2019): 255–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/srj-11-2017-0240.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to develop a model of ethical decision-making that applies to accountants and the accounting profession. Design/methodology/approach This model is an integration of five factors that influence ethical decision-making by accountants: professional codes of conduct; philosophical orientation; religious orientation; culturally derived values; and moral maturity. Findings This model is a synthesis of previous identified factors that influence ethical decision-making and incorporates them into a model that is specific to professional accountants. Research limitations/implications The authors develop a set of propositions and explain how this model can be tested and its implications for both the accounting profession and the teaching of business ethics. Originality/value This model presents a new way of viewing ethical decision-making by accountants that is predicated on the importance of professional codes of conduct that influence both behaviour and decision-making. The external certification of professional accountants provides a layer of accountability not previously incorporated into ethical decision-making models.
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Park, Eun-Jun. "An integrated ethical decision-making model for nurses." Nursing Ethics 19, no. 1 (December 7, 2011): 139–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733011413491.

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The study reviewed 20 currently-available structured ethical decision-making models and developed an integrated model consisting of six steps with useful questions and tools that help better performance each step: (1) the identification of an ethical problem; (2) the collection of additional information to identify the problem and develop solutions; (3) the development of alternatives for analysis and comparison; (4) the selection of the best alternatives and justification; (5) the development of diverse, practical ways to implement ethical decisions and actions; and (6) the evaluation of effects and development of strategies to prevent a similar occurrence. From a pilot-test of the model, nursing students reported positive experiences, including being satisfied with having access to a comprehensive review process of the ethical aspects of decision making and becoming more confident in their decisions. There is a need for the model to be further tested and refined in both the educational and practical environments.
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Shollenberger, Tara. "Characterizing Ethical Decision-Making and Its Influences — Examining Higher Education Leaders in Poland." ETHICS IN PROGRESS 5, no. 2 (September 1, 2014): 129–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/eip.2014.2.10.

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A review of literature revealed that cross-cultural research had not addressed the topic of ethical decision-making definitions (EDM), environmental factors and EDM models all of which could influence ethical decision-making especially within higher education. The present research study examined ethical decision-making, specifically how it was defined and its process. Then environmental factors were identified by experts as being influential to the process of EDM within higher education in Poland. The research provided focuses mainly on EDM and cultural aspects as related to Poland and higher education. In the conclusion, results were compared to a parallel study that focused on ethical decision-making within higher education in the U.S. This exploratory study used the Delphi research technique to identify an EDM definition that leaders use to make ethical decisions and identify the environmental factors that influence their decisions as well as an EDM model within Poland
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Yadav, Juhi, and Shalini Gupta. "New age issues in medical ethics - time to address." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 8, no. 2 (January 27, 2021): 998. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20210256.

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Medical technology advancements and understanding along with constricted resources in provision of care to the needed, has arised ethical dilemmas. These are associated with the necessity of making decisions dependent on conflicting priorities, in the absence of established polices about the choice of the decision maker and the guiding principles checklist. Varying values and ethical models conflict current code of medical ethics making it inadequate. This article summarises key issues in contemporary medical ethics and a special note of medical negligence.
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Hudha, Atok Miftachul, Mohamad Amin, Sutiman Bambang Sumitro, and Sa’dun Akbar. "THE EFFECTIVENESS OF OIDDE LEARNING MODEL IN THE IMPROVEMENT OF BIOETHICS KNOWLEDGE, ETHICAL DECISION, AND ETHICAL ATTITUDE OF BIOLOGY PRE-SERVICE TEACHERS." Journal of Baltic Science Education 17, no. 6 (December 10, 2018): 960–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.33225/jbse/18.17.960.

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The aim of this research was to (1) compare the effectiveness of OIDDE (Orientation, Identify, Discussion, Decision, and Engage in Behavior) learning model and conventional learning models in improving bioethics knowledge; (2) compare the effectiveness of OIDDE learning model and conventional learning models in improving ethical decision-making abilities; (3) comparing the effectiveness of OIDDE learning model and conventional learning model in improving ethical attitudes. The research design was a quasi experimental non-equivalent control group design pre-test post-test. The research population was the second semester students of the biology pre-service teachers’ department of biology education of the FTTE Muhammadiyah University of Malang. Sampling was done by simple random sampling and obtained 76 students were devided into 37 students in the experimental group and 39 students in the control group. Data collecting is carried out through bioethical knowledge tests, and ethical decision- making, and scoring of ethical attitudes. Data were analyzed by ANCOVA, Kolmogorv-Smirnov, and unpaired T test. The results showed that there were significant differences in the effectiveness of achieving improved bioethics knowledge, ethical decision making, and ethical attitudes between OIDDE and conventional learning models, namely the effectiveness of OIDDE learning models higher than conventional learning models. Keywords: bioethics knowledge, biology pre-service teachers, ethical attitudes, ethical decisions, OIDDE learning model.
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Ewing, Gregory, and Ibrahim Demir. "An ethical decision-making framework with serious gaming: a smart water case study on flooding." Journal of Hydroinformatics 23, no. 3 (March 18, 2021): 466–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2021.097.

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Abstract Sensors and control technologies are being deployed at unprecedented levels in both urban and rural water environments. Because sensor networks and control allow for higher-resolution monitoring and decision making in both time and space, greater discretization of control will allow for an unprecedented precision of impacts, both positive and negative. Likewise, humans will continue to cede direct decision-making powers to decision-support technologies, e.g. data algorithms. Systems will have ever-greater potential to effect human lives, and yet, humans will be distanced from decisions. Combined these trends challenge water resources management decision-support tools to incorporate the concepts of ethical and normative expectations. Toward this aim, we propose the Water Ethics Web Engine (WE)2, an integrated and generalized web framework to incorporate voting-based ethical and normative preferences into water resources decision support. We demonstrate this framework with a ‘proof-of-concept’ use case where decision models are learned and deployed to respond to flooding scenarios. Findings indicate that the framework can capture group ‘wisdom’ within learned models to use in decision making. The methodology and ‘proof-of-concept’ system presented here are a step toward building a framework to engage people with algorithmic decision making in cases where ethical preferences are considered. We share our framework and its cyber components openly with the research community.
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Alba, Barbara. "Factors that impact on emergency nurses’ ethical decision-making ability." Nursing Ethics 25, no. 7 (November 10, 2016): 855–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733016674769.

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Background: Reliance on moral principles and professional codes has given nurses direction for ethical decision-making. However, rational models do not capture the emotion and reality of human choice. Intuitive response must be considered. Research purpose: Supporting intuition as an important ethical decision-making tool for nurses, the aim of this study was to determine relationships between intuition, years of worked nursing experience, and perceived ethical decision-making ability. A secondary aim explored the relationships between rational thought to years of worked nursing experience and perceived ethical decision-making ability. Research design and context: A non-experimental, correlational research design was used. The Rational Experiential Inventory measured intuition and rational thought. The Clinical Decision Making in Nursing Scale measured perceived ethical decision-making ability. Pearson’s r was the statistical method used to analyze three primary and two secondary research questions. Participants: A sample of 182 emergency nurses was recruited electronically through the Emergency Nurses Association. Participants were self-selected. Ethical considerations: Approval to conduct this study was obtained by the Adelphi University Institutional Review Board. Findings: A relationship between intuition and perceived ethical decision-making ability ( r = .252, p = .001) was a significant finding in this study. Discussion: This study is one of the first of this nature to make a connection between intuition and nurses’ ethical decision-making ability. Conclusion: This investigation contributes to a broader understanding of the different thought processes used by emergency nurses to make ethical decisions.
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Yu, Yi-Ming. "Comparative Analysis of Jones’ and Kelley’s Ethical Decision-Making Models." Journal of Business Ethics 130, no. 3 (June 25, 2014): 573–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014-2245-1.

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NEUKRUG, EDWARD, CHRISTOPHER LOVELL, and RADHA J. PARKER. "Employing Ethical Codes and Decision-Making Models: A Developmental Process." Counseling and Values 40, no. 2 (January 1996): 98–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-007x.1996.tb00843.x.

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30

Cochrane, Thomas. "Ethical Issues in the Neurology of Pregnancy." Seminars in Neurology 37, no. 06 (December 2017): 724–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1607311.

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AbstractDecision making for pregnant women and fetuses who suffer brain injuries is emotionally difficult and conceptually challenging. Occasionally, both the pregnant woman and the fetus have suffered an injury that confers a poor neurological prognosis, and decisions about one of them will have implications for the other—making the process of decision making even more problematic. In this article, decision-making standards and principles are reviewed for both pregnant women and fetuses, using a real case from the author's institution. Practical suggestions are made regarding deliberative processes and consultative models that can help with these difficult cases.
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Cervantes, José-Antonio, Luis-Felipe Rodríguez, Sonia López, Félix Ramos, and Francisco Robles. "Cognitive Process of Moral Decision-Making for Autonomous Agents." International Journal of Software Science and Computational Intelligence 5, no. 4 (October 2013): 61–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijssci.2013100105.

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There are a great variety of theoretical models of cognition whose main purpose is to explain the inner workings of the human brain. Researchers from areas such as neuroscience, psychology, and physiology have proposed these models. Nevertheless, most of these models are based on empirical studies and on experiments with humans, primates, and rodents. In fields such as cognitive informatics and artificial intelligence, these cognitive models may be translated into computational implementations and incorporated into the architectures of intelligent autonomous agents (AAs). Thus, the main assumption in this work is that knowledge in those fields can be used as a design approach contributing to the development of intelligent systems capable of displaying very believable and human-like behaviors. Decision-Making (DM) is one of the most investigated and computationally implemented functions. The literature reports several computational models that enable AAs to make decisions that help achieve their personal goals and needs. However, most models disregard crucial aspects of human decision-making such as other agents' needs, ethical values, and social norms. In this paper, the authors present a set of criteria and mechanisms proposed to develop a biologically inspired computational model of Moral Decision-Making (MDM). To achieve a process of moral decision-making believable, the authors propose a cognitive function to determine the importance of each criterion based on the mood and emotional state of AAs, the main objective the model is to enable AAs to make decisions based on ethical and moral judgment.
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Verdegay, José Luis, M. ª. Teresa Lamata, David Pelta, and Carlos Cruz. "Inteligencia artificial y problemas de decisión: la necesidad de un contexto ético." Suma de Negocios 12, no. 27 (December 15, 2021): 104–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.14349/sumneg/2021.v12.n27.a2.

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Computers process information and make decisions. Until recently, the decisions they made were not complex, but due to the incessant technological advances that occur, systems based on Artificial Intelligence are achieving levels of competence in decision-making that in many contexts equal or exceed people. These are Autonomous Decision Systems that, although they can increase the capacity and efficiency of people in their fields of action, could also replace them, something that worries the whole of Society. Avoiding missfunctions in these systems is a priority social, scientific and technological objective, which requires having theoretical models that collect all the richness and variety of decision problems, that define precisely the elements that characterize them and that address the ethical approaches which should guide its operation. This paper describes each of these aspects in a separate section.
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Drettwan, Jacob J., and Andrea L. Kjos. "An Ethical Analysis of Pharmacy Benefit Manager (PBM) Practices." Pharmacy 7, no. 2 (June 14, 2019): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy7020065.

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The high costs associated with pharmaceuticals and the accompanying stakeholders are being closely evaluated in the search for solutions. As a major stakeholder in the U.S. pharmaceutical market, the practices of pharmacy benefit manager (PBM) organizations have been under increased scrutiny. Examples of controversial practices have included incentives driving formulary status and prohibiting pharmacists from disclosing information on lower-cost prescription alternatives. Ethical investigations have been largely omitted within the debate on the responsibilities of these organizations in the health care system. Ethical analysis of organizational practices is justified based on the potential impact during health care delivery. The objective of this study was to analyze several specific PBM practices using multiple ethical decision-making models to determine their ethical nature. This study systematically applied multiple ethical decision-making models and codes of ethics to a variety of practices associated with PBM-related dilemmas encountered in the pharmaceutical environment. The assessed scenarios resulted in mixed outcomes. PBM practices were both ethical and unethical depending on the applied ethical model. Despite variation across applied models, some practices were predominately ethical or unethical. The point of sale rebates were consistently determined as ethical, whereas market consolidation, gag clauses, and fluctuation of pharmacy reimbursements were all predominantly determined as unethical. The application of using provider codes of ethics created additional comparison and also contained mixed findings. This study provided a unique assessment of PBM practices and provides context from a variety of ethical perspectives. To the knowledge of the authors, these perspectives have not been previously applied to PBM practices in the literature. The application of ethical decision-making models offers a unique context to current health care dilemmas. It is important to analyze health care dilemmas using ethics-based frameworks to contribute solutions addressing complexities and values of all stakeholders in the health care environment.
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Rajeev, Priya, and Sanghamitra Bhattacharyya. "Regret and Disappointment: A Conceptualization of their Role in Ethical Decision-making." Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers 32, no. 4 (October 2007): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0256090920070406.

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Workplaces provide settings for the manifestation of an assortment of emotions that impact managerial decisions, ethical or otherwise, in a variety of ways. Most of the research work in this domain has concentrated on identifying and analysing the influence of positive affect on decision-making, with little work done on negative affect and its implications. To address this gap, the paper seeks to study the role of negative affect in ethical decision-making by managers. All decisions have outcomes. Post-decision affect may be negative when a decision appears to be wrong in retrospect, and ⁄ or when the outcome of a decision is not what was expected. How does negative affect experienced by an individual as a consequence of a decision impact his⁄her potential ethical decision-making process? In order to develop a model that illustrates how negative affect might impact the components of an individual's ethical decision-making process, this paper makes use of two negative emotions: Regret Dissappointment. Although regret and disappointment have a lot in common, they differ in ways that are relevant to decision-making. Unlike other emotions, regret is unique in its relation to decisionmaking and responsibility. Individuals regret an outcome when they could have taken a different decision and prevented that outcome. Being an outcome of individual choice and hence personal agency, its behavioural consequences comprise an active attempt to undo the unpleasant effects of the decision that went wrong. Disappointment on the contrary is experienced when the negative outcome is the result of a random procedure rather than choice. The behavioural consequences of disappointment might include complaining and talking about the event to others, feelings of powerlessness and a tendency to do nothing and get away from the situation. The paper discusses the possible behavioural consequences of the two emotions in terms of ethical decision-making. As numerous ethical decision-making models have succeeded in integrating personspecific, issue contingent, and organizational contributors to ethical decisions, the need now is to probe further into specific causalities. Understanding affect induced by work is important to gain further insights into the person-specific variables that impact ethical decisions. This paper is an attempt in that direction.
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Natasha Katuta, Mwila. "Fiery phoenix PLC – entrepreneurial survival in Zambia." Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 10, no. 4 (November 3, 2020): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eemcs-03-2020-0070.

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Learning outcomes The learning outcomes are as follows: students should be able to provide definitions for ethical dilemmas; students should be able to identify ethical dilemmas in a real business context; and students should be able to determine the outcomes of applying given decision-making models to a specific scenario. Case overview/synopsis The aim of this study is to demonstrate the complexity of ethical decision-making in start-up enterprises in emerging markets. The study draws on two well-known decision-making models to illustrate how their application in this context may lead to conflicting outcomes. The study data was collected through reflective entries provided by the business proprietor. These were followed up by three in-depth interviews. The data was supported by analysis of company documents provided by the case. The study demonstrates the crucible moments in entrepreneurial startups that give rise to ethical questions and the need for decision making. It demonstrates the complexity of ethical decision making in emerging contexts. The study business elected to maintain anonymity for commercial protection. This limits the scope of information that may be divulged. The study and the accompanying teaching note provide context for how to apply decision-making frameworks to real business dilemmas. This study contributes to scholarly work on teaching business ethics to undergraduate students. Complexity academic level Final Year Undergraduate. Supplementary materials Teaching Notes are available for educators only. Subject code CSS 3: Entrepreneurship.
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Grace, Becky, Tony Wainwright, Wendy Solomons, Jenna Camden, and Helen Ellis-Caird. "How do clinical psychologists make ethical decisions? A systematic review of empirical research." Clinical Ethics 15, no. 4 (May 31, 2020): 213–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1477750920927165.

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Given the nature of the discipline, it might be assumed that clinical psychology is an ethical profession, within which effective ethical decision-making is integral. How then, does this ethical decision-making occur? This paper describes a systematic review of empirical research addressing this question. The paucity of evidence related to this question meant that the scope was broadened to include other professions who deliver talking therapies. This review could support reflective practice about what may be taken into account when making ethical decisions and highlight areas for future research. Using academic search databases, original research articles were identified from peer-reviewed journals. Articles using qualitative ( n = 3), quantitative ( n = 8) and mixed methods ( n = 2) were included. Two theoretical models of aspects of ethical decision-making were identified. Areas of agreement and debate are described in relation to factors linked to the professional, which impacted ethical decision-making. Factors relating to ethical dilemmas, which impacted ethical decision-making, are discussed. Articles were appraised by two independent raters, using quality assessment criteria, which suggested areas of methodological strengths and weaknesses. Comparison and synthesis of results revealed that the research did not generally pertain to current clinical practice of talking therapies or the particular socio-political context of the UK healthcare system. There was limited research into ethical decision-making amongst specific professions, including clinical psychology. Generalisability was limited due to methodological issues, indicating avenues for future research.
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Bolhari, A., R. Radfar, M. Alborzi, A. Poorebrahimi, and M. Dehghani. "Perceived Possibility of Disclosure and Ethical Decision Making in an Information Technology Context." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 7, no. 2 (April 24, 2017): 1567–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.1133.

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To date, substantial research studies have been conducted in the field of ethical decision making in many disciplines. However, ethical efforts in the context of information technology have been limited. In this research, a focus has been put on modeling ethical decision making in cyberspace with emphasis on business intelligence scenarios. The model is comprised of six exogenous and two endogenous constructs, among them seven were delicately selected from valid and empirically tested ethical models and the eighth one is developed by the authors. After pre-testing the model by experts, reliability, convergent and discriminant validities were approved. Data were collected from 188 IT personnel in the banking industry of Iran. Results revealed that the perceived importance of an IT ethical issue, ethical judgment, ethical obligation, perceived possibility of disclosure, ego strength, and locus of control directly impact ethical intention. However, no impact from law on ethical obligation and codes of ethics on ethical intention was observed. As shown, a higher possibility on acting unethically occurs when the person feels confident that his/her actions will go unnoticed.
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Shaw, W. C., N. A. Mandall, and C. R. Mattick. "Ethical and Scientific Decision Making in Distraction Osteogenesis." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 39, no. 6 (November 2002): 641–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1597/1545-1569_2002_039_0641_easdmi_2.0.co_2.

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Objective To propose a prospective registry for distraction osteogenesis research. Results The search strategy identified 82 reports, of which 11 were review articles, 17 were animal studies, 5 were theoretical models, and 49 were case reports/series. Conclusions So far, the literature concerning distraction osteogenesis does not allow reliable choices to be made on the most appropriate form of distraction osteogenesis in different clinical decisions or whether it is superior to osteotomy or nontreatment. A prospective registry is proposed to hasten critical appraisal of distraction osteogenesis.
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Bartlett, Dean. "Management and Business Ethics: A Critique and Integration of Ethical Decision-making Models." British Journal of Management 14, no. 3 (September 2003): 223–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8551.00376.

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40

Solum, Linda L., and Marjorie A. Schaffer. "Ethical Problems Experienced by School Nurses." Journal of School Nursing 19, no. 6 (December 2003): 330–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10598405030190060501.

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This study explored school nurses’ experience of ethical conflict in school nursing through interviews with six school nurses. The study examined how school nurses resolved ethical problems and the rationale used to resolve them. Emergent themes of ethical problems were professional relationship conflicts, delegation to and supervision of health assistants, child protection reporting, maintaining confidentiality, Do Not Resuscitate policy, and pressure to work outside of nursing practice standards. School nurses did not use ethical decision-making models in resolving conflict but demonstrated the use of professional standards, ethical principles, and personal values as rationale to resolve ethical problems. Results of this study suggested that school nurses would benefit from additional knowledge about ethical decision-making models. School nurses would also profit from hearing each other’s voices through dialogue about ethical problems and decision making.
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Han, Sung Suk, Hyeoun Ae Park, Sung Hee Ahn, Miriam E. Cameron, Hyo Sook Oh, and Kyeong Uoon Kim. "Korean Nursing Students' Experience of Ethical Problems and Use of Ethical Decision-Making Models." Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 31, no. 5 (2001): 846. http://dx.doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2001.31.5.846.

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Boyd, Karen L. "Datasheets for Datasets help ML Engineers Notice and Understand Ethical Issues in Training Data." Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 5, CSCW2 (October 13, 2021): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3479582.

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The social computing community has demonstrated interest in the ethical issues sometimes produced by machine learning (ML) models, like violations of privacy, fairness, and accountability. This paper discovers what kinds of ethical considerations machine learning engineers recognize, how they build understanding, and what decisions they make when working with a real-world dataset. In particular, it illustrates ways in which Datasheets for Datasets, an accountability intervention designed to help engineers explore unfamiliar training data, scaffolds the process of issue discovery, understanding, and ethical decision-making. Participants were asked to review an intentionally ethically problematic dataset and asked to think aloud as they used it to solve a given ML problem. Out of 23 participants, 11 were given a Datasheet they could use while completing the task. Participants were ethically sensitive enough to identify concerns in the dataset; participants who had a Datasheet did open and refer to it; and those with Datasheets mentioned ethical issues during the think-aloud earlier and more often than than those without. The think-aloud protocol offered a grounded description of how participants recognized, understood, and made a decision about ethical problems in an unfamiliar dataset. The method used in this study can test other interventions that claim to encourage recognition, promote understanding, and support decision-making among technologists.
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Ling, Thomson J., Jessica M. Hauck, Caitlin J. Doyle, Kristy N. Percario, and Tiffany Henawi. "Evaluating the Use of Ethical Decision-Making Models for Art Therapy." Art Therapy 36, no. 2 (April 3, 2019): 93–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07421656.2019.1609330.

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Bagdasarov, Zhanna, James F. Johnson, Alexandra E. MacDougall, Logan M. Steele, Shane Connelly, and Michael D. Mumford. "Mental Models and Ethical Decision Making: The Mediating Role of Sensemaking." Journal of Business Ethics 138, no. 1 (March 19, 2015): 133–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2620-6.

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Sparks, John R., and Shelby D. Hunt. "Marketing Researcher Ethical Sensitivity: Conceptualization, Measurement, and Exploratory Investigation." Journal of Marketing 62, no. 2 (April 1998): 92–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002224299806200207.

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Theoretical models of marketing ethics propose that people first must perceive the presence of an ethical issue before the process of ethical decision making can begin. Through the concept of ethical sensitivity, the authors explore why some marketing researchers and not others recognize and ascribe importance to the ethical content in their decision situations. The authors examine two rival definitions of ethical sensitivity and develop a measurement procedure capable of discriminating between them. The procedure then is tested on two populations (marketing students and marketing research practitioners), and several determinants of ethical sensitivity are investigated. Results indicate that the two definitions of ethical sensitivity are empirically equivalent. Furthermore, results show that the ethical sensitivity of marketing researchers is a positive function of organizational socialization and perspective taking, but a negative function of relativism and formal training in ethics.
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Riggin, Brittany M., and Caleb W. Lack. "Ethical Decision-Making Models Across Mental Health Treatment: A Review and Expansion." Current Psychiatry Reviews 14, no. 3 (December 7, 2018): 171–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573400514666180816112109.

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Burkholder, Jessica, David Burkholder, and Martin Gavin. "The Role of Decision‐Making Models and Reflection in Navigating Ethical Dilemmas." Counseling and Values 65, no. 1 (April 2020): 108–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cvj.12125.

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Yilmaz, Levent, Ana Franco-Watkins, and Timothy S. Kroecker. "Computational models of ethical decision-making: A coherence-driven reflective equilibrium model." Cognitive Systems Research 46 (December 2017): 61–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsys.2017.02.005.

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Thomasma, David C. "Models of the Doctor-Patient Relationship and the Ethics Committee: Part One." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 1, no. 1 (1992): 11–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180100000050.

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Models of the doctor-patient relationship determine which value will predominate in the interaction of the parties. That value then significantly colors and even sometimers alters the nature of the ethical discussion. For example, if an institution predominately prides it-self on its competitive posture, ethical issues arising therein will necessarily be colored by entrepreurial rather than deontological ethics. By contrast, a physician who underlines patient decision making will tend to place autonomy first above all other principles, casting that relationship in a libertarian tone.
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Úriz Pemán, María Jesús, and Francisco Idareta Goldaracena. "La ética en las intervenciones sociales: algunos modelos de resolución de dilemas éticos." Aldaba, no. 42 (January 10, 2018): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/aldaba.42.2017.20807.

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A lo largo del presente artículo nos proponemos un doble objetivo: por un lado, destacar la importancia de la mirada ética como un elemento fundamental en las intervenciones sociales. Por otro, plantear la necesidad de contar con herramientas concretas para la toma de decisiones éticas. Para ello, explicaremos brevemente dos modelos de toma de decisiones: el de Loewenberg y Dolgoff (basado en una jerarquía entre principios éticos) y la propuesta no jerarquizada de Patricia Kenyon.The aims of this article are to emphasize the importance of the ethical view as a fundamental element in social interventions, and to analyze tools for making ethical decisions. We will briefly explain two decision-making models: Loewenberg and Dolgoff (based on a hierarchy of ethical principles) and Patricia Kenyon’s non-hierarchical proposal.
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