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ZANUZZO, JOVIR ALCEU. "FOR A ETHICS MORE HUMAN: A REFLECTION UPON POSTMODERNITY ETHICAL REFERENCES AND THE ETHICAL PROPOSITION OF THE CHRISTIAN MESSAGE." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2009. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=31594@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIROCONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO
Por uma ética mais humana - uma reflexão sobre os referenciais éticos da pós-modernidade e a proposta ética da mensagem cristã aborda a sociedade pós-moderna neste tempo de constantes evoluções técnico-científicas, a hipermodernidade. As manifestações humano-sociais assumem uma configuração própria, conseqüência de um intenso processo de personalização. As frequentes inovações nem sempre produzem os frutos esperados. Muitas de suas conquistas são responsáveis por uma flagrante carência de valores e princípios éticos, por um indiferente subjetivismo e por um generalizado sintoma de vazio existencial. Cada vez mais vigoroso, o individualismo irresponsável torna-se uma real ameaça à sobrevivência humana. Essa situação interpela e desafia a todos, revelando a urgência de novos referenciais comportamentais que dinamizem novos relacionamentos e novas atitudes humanas, mais solidárias e mais responsáveis. Segundo Hans Kung, pelo poder de influência que ainda possuem, as grandes religiões são capazes de fomentar e dinamizar novos princípios e valores éticos. Para isso, é necessário buscar um consenso mínimo, sustentado no diálogo e no respeito mútuo. Levando em consideração a análise feita por Gilles Lipovetsky e a proposta ética ecumênica de Hans Kung, esta dissertação se propõe apresentar a mensagem cristã como uma autêntica proposta ética, capaz de dar uma significativa contribuição à humanidade nestes tempos de vulnerabilidade. Acreditamos que a Boa Nova do Evangelho se reveste de uma significativa preocupação com a dignidade humana e com a vida em todas as suas manifestações, oferecendo as bases fundamentais para edificar um mundo mais justo e mais humano.
For a ethics more human - A reflection upon postmodernity ethical references and the ethical proposition of the Christian message presentes the postmodern society at times of constant technical-scientific evolution, the hypermodernity. Being subjected by constant technical-scientific evolution, postmodern society has achieved its summit. According to Gilles Lipovetsky, we have reached hypermodernity, in which the human-social manifestations take on a particular configuration, consequence of an intense process of personalization. This society characterizes itself by frequent innovations which don t always yield the pretended purpose. Many of its achievements are responsible for flagrant shortage of ethical values and principles, indifferent subjectivism and a generalized symptom of existential emptiness. While getting more vigorous, the irresponsible individualism becomes a real threat to human survival. This situation questions e dares everyone, revealing the urgency of new behavioral references that could stimulate new relationships and human attitudes, more solidary and responsible. As stated by Hans Kung, through the power of influence that they still possess, major religions are able to promote and stimulate novel ethical values and principles. Therefore, it is necessary to search for a minimum consensus, based on dialog and mutual respect. Reflecting upon the analysis accomplished by Gilles Lipovetsky and the ecumenical ethical proposition of Hans Kung, the present dissertation means to present the Christian message as an authentic ethical proposition, capable of bestowing a significant contribution to humanity in such vulnerable times. It is believed that Gospel s Good News overlays itself with significant worry towards human dignity and life in all its manifestations, offering the fundamental basis to build a more fair and human world.
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Fernandes, Bernardo Castro. "Cultura histórica, razão instrumental e ética pluralista: reflexões sobre as relações entre mídia e a guerra do Iraque." Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2011. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/5958.
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The historical culture produced by the media of mass communication conveys the idea of the world from the perspective of the big capital, which is the sponsor of the mediatic apparatus that forges the conscience of people, educating them for capitalism. These media, together with those economic interests form a large piece of the cultural production in the contemporary world. The power of the Capital upon the historical culture produced within the society brings harmful consequences for citizenship and democracy. These come to be mere accessories of the economic logic, which works with the principles of the instrumental reason. Our purpose with this thesis is to unfold the conditioning in the historical culture generated by the magazine Veja about the Iraq War that is underlying its speech. We intend to place these facts in the long duration and investigate how much the modern paradigm, responsible for forging the idea of superiority in the Western civilization, is present in the roots of the historical culture induced by this media. We seek to establish some ethical references, attached to multiculturalism emancipatory, in order to criticize the paradigm that legitimizes ideologically the fundamental actions which we intend to analyze. This critique must be used as raw material for the settings of the new conter-hegemonic historical culture. The cultural richness existing in the world may be contemplated, according to the Educational National Plan of the Human Rights in Brazil.
A cultura histórica produzida pelos grandes meios de comunicação de massa veicula uma visão de mundo ligada aos interesses do grande capital, financiador de todo o aparato midiático, que forja a consciência das pessoas, educando-as para o capital. Estas mídias, atreladas a tais interesses econômicos, constituem uma larga parcela da produção cultural no mundo contemporâneo. O poder do capital sobre a cultura histórica produzida na sociedade traz conseqüências danosas para a cidadania e a democracia, que passam a ser meros acessórios da lógica econômica, ligada aos princípios da razão instrumental. Objetivamos, com este trabalho, descortinar os condicionamentos existentes na cultura histórica produzida pela revista Veja acerca da Guerra do Iraque, e que estão subjacentes ao seu discurso, procurando colocar este acontecimento dentro da longa duração e investigando o quanto o paradigma moderno, forjador da idéia de superioridade da civilização ocidental, está presente nas raízes da cultura histórica produzida por esta publicação. Procuramos, também, estabelecer alguns referenciais éticos, atrelados ao multiculturalismo emancipatório, de forma a fazer uma crítica ao paradigma que legitima ideologicamente as ações imperiais que nos propomos a analisar. Esta crítica deve servir de matéria-prima para a configuração de uma nova cultura histórica contra-hegemônica, na qual a riqueza cultural existente no mundo possa ser contemplada, de acordo com o Plano Nacional de Educação em Direitos Humanos.
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Mahada, Livhuwani Paul. "Ethical dilemmas of circumcision school with reference to the Venda." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/49950.
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Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2004.Full text to be digitised and attached to bibliographic record.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Morbidity and mortality are national problems that affect a vast number of children and young adults each year in Circumcision Schools. The number of children who either get sick or die of traditional circumcision school is probably high. "In one study of penile mutilation practice (in 1990) of the Xhosa tribe of Southern Africa, 9 % of mutilated boys died: 52 % lost all or most of their penile shaft skin: 14 % developed severe infectious lesions: 10% lost their glans penis; and 5 % lost their entire penis. This represents only those boys who made it to the hospital," (Denniston and Milos, 1997: v). The problem is still the same and this could mean that the true complication statistics is likely to be much higher if the entire South Africa is taken into consideration. Although traditional circumcision was well intended, the recent spate of death puts it under threat. Besides, there are many other controversial acts that are taking place within the school itself. There are many illegal schools instituted by inexperienced traditional surgeons. The plight is further worsened by the commercialisation of the traditional institution. It is painful to note that the camps which were normally held in winter for children to heal faster are now also held in summer. The outmoded system of administration in this institution and the health hazards experienced, confronts parents, children and the entire community with a dilemma - a dilemma that warrants ethical reflection. The dilemma poses a serious challenge to the cultures that practice the traditional ritual of circumcision. Many of the advisers of this thesis agree (the likes of Prof. C.S. van der Waal, Prof G. Tangwa, Chief T.l Ramovha, Traditional healer Mashudu Dima and Dr D. Sidler) that we don't have to do away with the school as such, but that there is a need to either change and improve certain things in this school. Social change and medical awareness seem very important in this regard. The hurdle created by this dilemma, though daunting, can be overcome. We need education, cooperation, dialogue, rationality and true reflection on our culture to work this problem out. Until our children are safe from the threat of morbidity and mortality, no one is safe. I therefore think that many human errors could paint an unfavourable picture on the traditional Circumcision School, whereby creating ethical dilemmas. The ethical dilemma could be a starting point for critical reflection on culture and tradition with the hope for change and future progress. It is such a challenge that Circumcision Schools should face and which they urgently need.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Ernstige beserings en 'n hoë dodetal in besnyding-skool is 'n nasionale probleem wat elke jaar talle kinders en jong volwassenes affekteer. Die getal kinders waarvan die gesondheid aangetas word of wat selfs sterf in dié tradisionele besnyding-skole is waarskynlik haag. "In one study of penile mutilation practice (in J 990) of the Xhosa tribe of Southern Africa, 9% of mutilated boys died: 52% lost all or most of their penile shaft skin: J4% died developed serious infectious lesions: J0% lost their glans penis; and 5% lost their entire penis. This represents only the boys who made it to hospital" (Denniston and Milos, 1997:v). Dié probleem bestaan voort, en dit mag beteken dat die ware ongevalle syfer veel hoër mag wees, sou die hele Suid Afrika in berekening gebring word. Alhoewel besnyding tradisioneel welbedoeld is, word dié praktyk nou bedreig deur die onlangse vlaag van sterftes. Daarbenewens is daar vele ander kontroversïele praktyke wat in dié skole self bedryf word. 'n Groot aantal van die skole is onwettig en word deur onervare tradisionele sjirurge bedryf. Dié problem word verder vererger deur die kommersialisering van dié tradisionele institusie. Dit is ook kommerwekkend om daarop te let dat waar dit gebruiklik was om dié kampe in die winter te hou - vir die sneller herstel van die kinders - hulle nou ook in die somer beslag neem. Die verouderde sisteem waarmee dié institusie se administrasie bedryf word, sowel as die gesondheids-gevare wat daarmee gepaard gaan, stelouers, kinders en die gemeenskap as geheel voor 'n dilemma - 'n dilemma wat etiese nadenke verg. Dié dilemma bied 'n ernstige uitdaging tot die kulture wat steeds die instelling van besnyding huldig. Soveel as sekere van die bydraes binne die vervolgende verhandeling (bv. Dié van Proff. c.S. De Waal, G. Tangwa, Hoofman T.J. Ramovha, Tradisionele heler Mashudu Dima en Dr. D. Sidler) saamstem dat daar nie ingeheel van die skole afgesien hoef te word nie, is daar wel 'n nood om sekere aspekte daarvan te hersien en verbeter. Sosiale verandering en 'n mediese perspektief is van groot belang hiertoe. Die struikelblok wat deur hierdie dilemma veroorsaak word - hoewel intimiderend - kán weloorkom word. Daar is 'n nood vir opvoeding, samewerking, dialoog, redelikheid en 'n ware nadenke oor ons kultuur om hierdie probleem die hoof te bied. Tot tyd en wylons kinders veilig staan van die dubbele gevare van besering en dood, is niemand veilig nie. Ek dink dus dat, terwyl verskeie etiese dilemma's ongunstige beeld skep van menslike foute, hulle ook vra om insigte rondom die menslike kultuur, en om hoop vir toekomstige vooruitgang. Dit is wat tradisionele besnyding-skole benodig.
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Lochhead, Hayley. "Ethics and complexity : exploring the significance and application of complexity thinking in ethical theory with special reference to the graphic novel Watchmen." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1447.
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The current era, or postmodern context, is characterized by an overwhelming amount of anxiety concerning humanity’s future, tied to a general perception of the postmodern context as one that is defined by ‘crisis.’ This anxiety-provoking sense of crisis is, I believe, the product of a much more significant destabilization of the paradigmatic base upon which the human worldview is established. The period that extends from the Newtonian era to the late Twentieth Century has been informed by what Edgar Morin calls a ‘paradigm of simplicity’ in terms of which the universe was understood as a perfectly knowable, deterministic system. Following a series of revolutionizing discoveries throughout the Twentieth Century, however, it has come to light that this deterministic paradigm is no longer suitable as a way of understanding the universe. Instead, a ‘paradigm of complexity,’ in which the universe is understood as a complex, self-organizing system that is never totally knowable, has been posited by thinkers such as Morin and Paul Cilliers. Further, both of these thinkers, among others, argue that the acknowledgment of complexity is an inherently ethical matter, since complex systems (such as human communities) present one with difficult choices to make in uncertain situations, rather than determinate sets of rules to follow. This study aims to show that a complexity view of the human lifeworld, does not cast the uncertainty of humanity’s future as a threatening cause of anxiety and dread, but offers us a valuable opportunity for growth, adaptation and the creation of new ethical values. Certainly, an inability to come to grips with this new paradigm has led to desperately reactionary measures on the part of some to secure a semblance of the stability and control that the ‘paradigm of simplicity’ made normative. As a result, the complex reality of the human lifeworld is negated in favour of the misleading belief in the certainty and security provided by a particular metanarrative. By contrast, Jacques Lacan’s fecund poststructuralist theory of subjectivity and Jacques Derrida’s poststructuralist logic offer useful heuristics for the navigation of complexity thinking that neither mistakenly negate moments of uncertainty, anomaly and paradox for the sake of certainty, nor swing to the opposite, equally unacceptable, extreme of absolute relativism. Poststructuralist logic points to the notion of a ‘complexity ethics’ which issues a challenge to the idea, stemming from the ‘paradigm of simplicity’, that it is ever possible for agents to adopt an uncompromised ethical stance. The upshot of this is to argue that it is essential for contemporary humans to learn to live with ethical uncertainty, paradox, compromise, contamination and other figures of complexity, rather than search for an impossible certainty, since this strategy leads to more realistic, moderate, and therefore less dangerous, ethical reasoning. Good popular culture texts, such as the graphic novel Watchmen, which represent the reality of a complex human lifeworld, have the power to communicate these rather difficult philosophical ideas concerning the complexity of the human lifeworld to a wide audience in a very accessible format. An analysis of the varying ethical stances taken by certain characters demonstrates, in concrete terms, just how precisely the novel confirms the poststructuralist argument concerning inescapable ethical contamination. Thus, it is with recourse to such texts that one might begin to answer more concretely the questions, ‘what does complexity imply for ethical theory?’ and ‘what might an ethics for the complex lifeworld entail?'.
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Ticciati, Susannah. "Job : a hermeneutical and ethical interpretation, with reference to Karl Barth." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.620079.
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Mnyaka, Mluleki Michael. "Tolerance as an ethical issue with special reference to South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1020852.
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From Introduction: It was a feature of South African political life to have senseless and continued political violence especially in areas such as KwaZulu Natal and Gauteng., There were certain places that were demarcated as "no-go areas" in other parts of the country for political rivals* This research has been directed by the cries of many South Africans pleading for political tolerance. Tolerance was a term used by both politicians and ordinary people alike and therefore open to misuse and various interpretations. As a term it was therefore without adequate clarification on its meaning. It is an attempt of this study to clarify and promote this value of tolerance. In Chapter One, the value of tolerance is examined. It is described as putting up with what is disliked or disapproved for the sake of others. But it is deliberate and is therefore a virtue. Positive attitudes, motives and power are central to tolerance. For tolerance to be sustained, solid foundations such as education, respect for others and their freedoms, democracy, justice, stability and reciprocity are to be laid. A light is also being shed on the limits of this virtue. Considerations and circumstances which need to be taken when deciding on each an action are the very motives and conditions for tolerance. This further makes the issue of tolerance to be complex. Church history shows that tolerance does not come naturally. It is a difficulty because of certain principles that are at stake. When viewed from the twentieth century perspective many of Church history's periods were of intolerance because the church had power. Tolerance was an exception, a plea of those without power. South Africa has to unlearn much of intolerance because of the past that militated against tolerance. Fortunately tolerance is now being firmly entrenched as law. Even though it is so, the tension of being tolerant and intolerant still exists especially in the whole area of abortion. Let us examine why tolerance is such a complex issue and a virtue to be promoted.
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Shapiro, Ivor. "The ethics of homicide : a contextual critique of the sanctity-of-life principle with particular reference to abortion and revolutionary violence." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/15879.
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Bibliography: pages 299-306.Society never absolutely prohibits homicide: there are "grey areas" in which it is sometimes tolerated or even encouraged. Moral discussion of each area is usually carried on in isolation from the others, and perhaps for this reason, frequently ignores or underestimates the complexities of the morality of killing. This thesis attempts to identify a general method for analysing such issues, so that they can enrich one another. A contemporary theological survey indicates that there should be a balance in Christian ethical method between the polar values of obedience in respect of general standards, and freedom to exercise individual responsibility. This implies recognising a place for intuitions, and specifying a way in which these can be subjected to criticism. In contrast, the Sanctity-of-Life Principle seeks to impose a universal prohibition on the killing of "innocent" human beings. While the Principle provides a useful general guideline, it is deficient as a moral norm - partly because of fatal difficulties associated with the concept of innocence. The method adopted in this thesis is that suggested by Philip Wagaman: methodological presumptions are identified and then tested in a utilitarian way. For the ethics of homicide, I propose a primary presumption favouring the preservation of life, and various secondary and linguistic presumptions. The contextual framework of the thesis is limited to two specific issues - abortion and revolutionary violence.
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Gerrie, James B. "Some ethical and public policy implications of technological dependency with reference to Innis, McLuhan and Grant." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0002/NQ40370.pdf.
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Ratjomana, Wilson Mmameda. "The promotion of ethical conduct in Limpopo Province with reference to the Department of Local Government & Housing." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2005. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-02132007-192205/.
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Wykes, Michael. "The ethical bases and limits of patent rights discussed with special reference to global access to essential medicines." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.413031.
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Kadikon, Sulaiman. "An analysis of Islamic environmental ethics with special reference to Malaysia." Thesis, University of Wales Trinity Saint David, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.503614.
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Ahsan, Mohammad Kamrul. "Sustainable development and environmentalism : an ethical framework for policy and decision making in developing countries with special reference to Bangladesh." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2012. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/41969/.
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There is a growing consensus that the currently dominant economic practices, which excessively rely on incessant profitability‘, fails appropriately to value ethical components of environmental problems: valuation of bearers of intrinsic value (e.g. all creatures), or again bearers of inherent and instrumental value (e.g. species and ecosystems). This has led to a systematic defect in relevant decision-making with diverse associated economic, social and environmental disbenefits. Although the UN formulation of sustainable development (as opposed to the currently dominant development paradigm) provides us with guidance on formulating an alternative framework for sustainable development, it involves some serious problems. Some of these problems suggest the need for revisions, while others seem fatal to the definitions as they stand. This study argues that a different revision, suggested by the basic needs approach, can surmount the various problems, and present and defend a revised definition accordingly. The revised account recognises economic inequality and social injustice as the underlying causes for environmental injustice and thus appropriately focuses on the principles of environmental justice. This conveys a framework for corresponding systemically the interconnectedness between the seemingly competing aspects of sustainable development, the dynamic flux between development needs and environmental limits. I defend Attfield‘s version of biocentric consequentialism, which supplies a strong theoretical basis for such an ethically informed and comprehensive policy framework for sustainable development. Furthermore, I tackle different approaches to security and argue that it is hardly possible to attain a sustainable future,while disregarding the human security view in its wider sense. The study examines in close detail the applicability of the proposed policy framework for sustainable development to developing countries, with special reference to Bangladesh. It offers a list of recommendations for Bangladesh and concludes that a sustainable future for Bangladesh (and developing countries at large) is for the most part reliant on the successful implementation of recommendations of the broad general kind made in this study.
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Hunter, Lynne St Clair. "On the concept of humanitarian intervention, with particular reference to New Labour theorising about an ethical dimension to foreign policy." Thesis, University of Hull, 2010. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:4688.
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This dissertation explores the moral and political assumptions contained within the concept of humanitarian intervention in the three areas of political science, political philosophy and politics itself. It is argued that far from shedding light on the concept, many attempts at definition have been built on assumptions regarding the moral and the political, which cloud the issue rather than clarify it. The political aspect of humanitarian intervention in particular has often been disregarded usually due to a tendency to approach the concept from an almost entirely moral standpoint. In consequence, the tensions between the moral and the political aspects in humanitarian intervention have been overlooked. The thesis explores the problems presented by definitions which ignore this. The thesis begins with a short history of the concept, which is traced back to the late 19th century. Although ideas pertaining to the concept may certainly be traced back beyond this, the thesis is only concerned with the term itself, which has no linguistic existence in the English language earlier than the 1820s. The thesis then proceeds to examine definitions of the concept in the literature of political science, political philosophy, and politics. The final part of the thesis applies the discussions from the preceding chapters to New Labour’s attempts to situate humanitarian intervention within its broader ideal of an ethical dimension to foreign policy. This results in a further confusion of the moral and the political. The dissertation concludes by claiming that any discussion of the concept of humanitarian intervention raises questions not only about the part played in it by the political, but also about the academic study of politics from its beginnings as a distinct university discipline until the present day.
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Doherty, Sean. "Moral theological method in the theological ethics of Martin Luther and Arthur Rich, with particular reference to their economic ethics." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:6264cb39-4d3d-494f-bc9b-5e226cc527db.
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This thesis seeks to expand the self-critical resources of contemporary theological economic ethics by bringing the method of a pre-modern theologian and social commentator, Martin Luther (1483-1546), into interaction with that of a modern contribution to social ethics, the Swiss theologian Arthur Rich (1910-92). This thesis is the first substantial treatment in English of Rich’s magnum opus, Wirtschaftsethik. The demonstration of the thesis is undertaken by a close engagement with a selected publication of Luther (his 1519/20 Großer Sermon von dem Wucher) and of Rich (his masterwork, Wirtschaftsethik, published in two volumes in 1984 and 1990 respectively). The thesis does not simply describe Luther’s and Rich’s economic ethics, but demonstrates the way in which they operate, that is, their method. An introduction sets out the thesis, and defends its method. Chapter 1 introduces Luther’s sermon on usury, and situates it in its context. It then gives a commentary on Luther’s method, discussing its genre, the way in which Luther deploys Scripture and exploits doctrines with respect to ethics, and his concept of the twofold government of God. It analyses how Luther brings these theological motifs to bear on a particular economic question. Chapter 2 sketches Arthur Rich’s life and work, and presents Rich’s method as set out in Wirtschaftsethik. It discusses his understanding of ethics, his approach to Scripture, and his adoption of the thought of Max Weber and John Rawls. Chapter 3 brings our study of Luther to bear on Rich’s approach, noting strengths and weaknesses of Rich’s method. It questions some of Rich’s assumptions, and notes ways in which a more self-critical approach could have made his project more successful. A conclusion then summarises the argument, and makes tentative suggestions as to the wider applicability of the critical questions posed to Rich’s method by the analysis of Luther.
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Gibson, Timothy John. "Issues in Christian ethics : a study of method in Christian ethics with reference to the Church of England's debate about homosexuality." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.436318.
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Cox, Morris Brenton. "Teaching believers a theological frame of reference for decision making." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1992. http://www.tren.com.
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Shachaf, Pnina, and Sarah Horowitz. "Are virtual reference services color blind?" Elsevier, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/106524.
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This study reports an experiment that examines whether librarians provide equitable virtual reference services to diverse user groups. The relative absence of social cues in the virtual environment may mean greater equality of services though at the same time greater inequalities may arise as librarians can become less self-aware online. Findings indicate that the quality of service librarians provide to African Americans and Arabs is lower than the quality of service they provide to Caucasian, Hispanic, Asian, and Jewish students. This study adds to the knowledge of subjective bias in the virtual environment by specifying those that are discriminated against online, identifying the kinds of discriminatory actions of virtual reference librarians, and identifying the type of queries that more frequently result in unbiased service.
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Reed, Stephen Graham. "The challenge of transformation : an analysis of the ethical and strategic need for transformation with special reference to the Employment Equity Act." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53617.
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Thesis (MPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2003.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Since 1994 South Africa has undergone numerous social and political transformations. Transformation in this country has different meanings for different people, depending on the individuals perspective. The process of transformation has been slow for some, particularly those people who are eager to break away from a past, which has denied them basic individual rights. For others transformation has been too fast and thus a threat to their status quo. In view of this, transformation must be embraced by all through the realisation and admission that the apartheid era was inherently unfair to sections of the population and change must therefore be regarded as the levelling of the playing field. This study focuses on the generation of inequality, the uprooting of this evil and the implementation of equity. In addition, this study particularly focuses on how equity can be implemented in the workplace, why it is important to do so and what are the possible barriers to successful implementation. I will consider some of the theories that may be useful in initiating change. Finally, I will discuss the merits of the Employment Equity Act as legislation to enforce equity in the workplace.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Vanaf 1994, het Suid Afrika verskillende sosiale en politieke veranderings ondergaan. Hierdie veraderings het verskillende betekenis vir verskillende mense, afhangend van die individuele se insig. Die proses van veranderings was te stadig vir sommige persone, veral diegene wie angstig was om weg te breek van die verlede, wat hulle ontneem het van hulle basiese individuele regte. Vir andere was die veraderings veels te vinning en was meer 'n bedreiging vir hulle onveranderlike hoë belangrike posisies. Met hierdie faktor insig, moet veranderings omhels word deur almal se opregte beseffing en erkenning dat die apartheid jare se alleen regte vir die een groep baie onregverdig was teenoor die ander groepe, dus moet veranderings aanvaar word as gelykmaking van alle onreelmatinghede. Hierdie studie is die fokus gerig op die jare van vasgevangheid in onregverdigheid en dat hierdie ongeregtigheid kan ontwortel word met die aanbeveling of vervangs van geregtigheid. Die fokus lê veral klem op hoe om gelyke regte by die werksplekke toe te pas.
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Rampersad, Renitha. "Significance of corporate social investment within the field of public relations with specific reference to selected Kwazulu Natal corporations." Thesis, Port Elizabeth Technikon, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/35.
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This study is a qualitative investigation into the areas of corporate social investment and public relations. The study examines the significance of corporate social investment within the field of public relations with specific reference to selected KwaZulu Natal corporations. The study looks at the corporate social investment and public relations departments of five corporations in the KwaZulu Natal region. The corporations that were interviewed were selected based on their location, and the number of years of experience in the field. The five companies, namely, The South African Sugar Association, NBS Boland Bank, Hillside Aluminium (Alusaf), McCarthy Retail and Richards Bay Minerals received immense coverage on their corporate social investment initiatives, in the Mail and Guardian’s April 1998 issue, ‘Investing in the future, special focus on social investment.’ The report presents an in-depth literature review, which examines the history of both corporate social investment and public relations. It thereafter examines the current practices of public relations and corporate social investment from a South African perspective. The prevalent approach to corporate social investment is also addressed. Apart from the study of the five corporations, the report also comments on other dedicated corporate social investment programmes. The programmes of each of the five companies are contrasted with current and relevant documentation from the 1999 Business and Marketing Intelligence report. Graphs and tables complement this information. The findings reveal that there is little public relations involvement in corporate social investment initiatives because corporate social investment practitioners do not see the need for the involvement of public relations practitioners in all areas of their corporate social investment initiatives. The results of the interviews gives the reader a broad perspective of corporate social investment and public relations within each company. The findings suggest that the role of public relations needs to be re-examined in the new millennium.
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Addison, Rachel Helen. "The problem of moral ambivalence : revisiting Henry Sidgwick's theory of 'Rational Benevolence' as a basis for moral reasoning, with reference to prenatal ethical dilemmas." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/27454.
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This thesis addresses the conflict traditionally found within moral philosophy between deontological and utilitarian schools of thought. Using the example of the serious moral ambivalence experienced by individuals who are deciding whether to end or continue a difficult pregnancy, it is argued that this ambivalence is the result of both absolute principles (such as the intrinsic value of human life) and outcome based considerations (such as the desire to avoid causing pain and suffering) appearing to be morally reasonable, while also being fundamentally opposed: Each course of action is at once morally defensible on the basis of its own reasonableness, and, conversely, reprehensible due to the reasonableness of the other. This lived experience of moral ambivalence is directly reflected by the tension between deontology and utilitarianism as it occurs at the moral philosophic level, where the deontological emphasis on the unconditional rightness of certain principles is seen to be at irreconcilable odds with the utilitarian emphasis on the attainment of certain ends. The thesis’ central claim is that such ambivalence strongly indicates that human morality is neither exclusively one type or the other, and that both types of moral property are in fact reasonable, and thus have moral value. It is theorised that accounting for this dual reasonableness would lead to the most accurate and helpful representation of the human moral experience – but that the philosophic ‘divide’ between the two types of principle has led to an either/or situation, which has largely prevented this sort of understanding from being developed. The thesis argues that Victorian philosopher Henry Sidgwick developed a view in which neither deontological nor utilitarian principles can be fully realised without reference to the other, precisely on the basis that both can be found to be ultimately rational. This thesis aims to revitalise that theory – represented by the term ‘Rational Benevolence’ - to show that Sidgwick reconciled the divide between absolute and end based principles in such a way that the relationship between them becomes a ‘synthesis’. In this synthesis, deontological and utilitarian concepts are both seen as essential components of morality, that combine to form a dynamic whole in which the value of each principle is both indicated and naturally limited by the value of the other, on account of their respective rationalities. It is argued that this provides a more comprehensive understanding of the reality of the human moral experience, and better moral justification for either course of action in situations of complex and sensitive ethical decision making.
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Evangelisti, Linda. "Adolescent pregnancy resolution with special reference to pre-abortion counselling." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/51567.
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Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2000.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: An exploratory study of the extent and nature of adolescent pregnancy resolution and pre-abortion counselling was undertaken. Little research has been done on pre-abortion counselling in South Africa since the Choice of Termination of Pregnancy Act (92 of 1996) was passed in February 1997. This study emphasised pre-abortion counselling since this is a new field for most counsellors. A literature study was conducted on adolescent pregnancy, focussing on the factors and possible consequences of the choice to carry the pregnancy to term or to terminate it. Adolescents, more than adults, need assistance to make this decision. Crisis intervention was explored as a possible counselling model for pregnancy resolution and pre-abortion counselling. The preliminary investigation included interviews with social workers and nursing professionals in Mossel Bay. Nursing professionals were included in the study since they administer the pregnancy tests and are therefore the first professionals with whom the pregnant adolescent comes into contact. This investigation revealed that nurses, not social workers, do most of the preabortion counselling in Mossel Bay. The Choice on Termination of Pregnancy Act emphasises the importance of supplying pre and post-abortion counselling at the facility providing the termination of pregnancy. The Act also envisages this as primarily a medical concern, with the implication that nursing professionals should do the counselling. The role of professional counsellors such as social workers is not mentioned in the Act. The Act lays down that training will be provided to equip nursing professionals with necessary skills to render this service. The empirical study examined the training and skills of nursing professionals and social workers to determine whether they were adequately qualified to render these services. The respondents' attitude towards pregnant adolescents who choose abortion was also investigated, since this would influence their counselling skills. The investigation revealed that many of the nurses did not seem confident in their counselling although they felt that they were adequately qualified to counsel pregnant adolescents. The nurses explained that they did not feel that they had enough knowledge of the different options, especially foster care and adoption and therefore referred patients to a social worker or Options Pregnancy Centre (a volunteer based counselling centre). The social workers felt confident in counselling adolescents who decided to carry pregnancy to term. The counselling model used was crisis intervention, which is most appropriate for pre-abortion counselling as well. However they felt that they did not have enough information of abortion procedures and emotional consequences of abortion to counsel a pregnant adolescent requesting an abortion effectively. The study showed that respondents felt empathy and understanding for the adolescents' situation and the seriousness of the decision needing to be made. The study also found that social workers and nurses were willing to attend further training in order to improve their knowledge and their counselling skills. The training should therefore not focus on attitudes but simply on improving counselling skills. Training should focus on the nature of a crisis and the steps of crisis intervention.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: 'n Studie is gedoen om die aard en omvang insake die besluitneming ten opsigte van tienerswangerskappe en berading voor 'n aborsie te ondersoek. Sedert die Wet op Beëindiging van Swangerskap (92 van 1996) in Februarie, is weinig navorsing in Suid-Afrika gedoen oor berading voor 'n aborsie. Hierdie studie beklemtoon voorafgaande berading aangaande aborsie, aangesien dit 'n onbekende terrein vir baie beraders is. 'n Literatuurstudie oor tienerswangerskap is geloods met die fokus op faktore en moontlike gevolge van die keuse om die volle termyn van die swangerskap te voltooi of die beëindiging daarvan. Adolessente het meer ondersteuning nodig as volwassenes om so 'n keuse uit te oefen. Krisis-ingryping is ondersoek as 'n moontlike model vir die beslissing van 'n swangerskap en berading wat 'n aborsie voorafgaan. Met die voor-ondersoek is onderhoude met maatskaplike werkers en verpleegkundiges in Mosselbaai gevoer. Verpleegkundiges was deel van die studie aangesien hulle die eerste kundiges is met wie die swanger tiener in aanraking kom, omdat hulle die swangerskaptoetse uitvoer. Dié navorsing toon dat verpleegsters in Mosselbaai (nie maatskaplike werkers nie) grotendeels die berading voor 'n aborsie hanteer. Die Wet benadruk hoe belangrik dit is om beradingsdienste vir voor- en na-aborsie te voorsien by die plek waar die aborsie toegepas word. Dié Wet beskou dit ook primêr as 'n mediese aangeleentheid, gevolglik behoort verpleegkundiges die berading te doen. Daar word egter nie melding gemaak van die rol van professionele beraders soos maatskaplike werkers, in dié verband nie. Die Wet bepaal ook dat verpleegkundiges opleiding sal ontvang om hulle met vaardighede toe te rus om so 'n diens te lewer. Die opleiding en vaardighede van verpleegkundiges en maatskaplike werkers is dus getoets aan die hand van studies, gegrond op praktiese ervaring, om te bepaal of hulle bevoegd is om die dienste te lewer. Daar is ook ondersoek ingestel na die respondente se houding teenoor die swanger adolessent wat 'n aborsie verkies, aangesien hul vermoë om die berading te hanteer, beïnvloed kan word. Die ondersoek toon dat baie verpleegsters onseker voorgekom het tydens berading, hoewel hulle gevoel het dat hulle bekwaam is om swanger adolessente te adviseer. Hulle verklaar dat hulle nie genoeg kennis oor die verskillende opsies, veral pleegsorg en aanneming, gehad het nie, en dus pasiënte na 'n maatskaplike werker of Options Pregnancy Centre verwys het. Maatskaplike werkers het berading aan swanger adolessente wat die termyn van die swangerskap wou voltooi, met sekerheid hanteer. In die proses is krisis-ingryping uitgeoefen wat dan ook gepas is vir berading voor 'n aborsie. Die maatskaplike werkers het egter gevoel dat hulle nie genoeg inligting oor die aborsieproses en die emosionele gevolge daarvan gehad het om die swanger adolessent wat 'n aborsie verlang, effektief voor te lig nie. Die studie het getoon dat respondente die adolessent se situasie en die erns van die besluit wat gemaak moes word, met empatie en begrip hanteer het. Met die studie is ook bevind dat maatskaplike werkers en verpleegsters bereid was om verdere opleiding te ontvang en sodoende hul kennis en vaardighede te verbeter. Die opleiding moet dus nie op houdings fokus nie, maar eerder die ontwikkeling van vaardighede. Dit behoort te fokus op die aard van die krisis en die stappe van krisis-intervensie.
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Poulson, Anna Louise. "An examination of the ethics of contraception with reference to recent Protestant and Roman Catholic thought." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2006. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/an-examination-of-the-ethics-of-contraception-with-reference-to-recent-protestant-and-roman-catholic-thought(f20ad0c1-2706-416f-bf6f-b95f901e888c).html.
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Cowley, Catherine Elizabeth. "The application of Catholic social teaching to business ethics with particular reference to the finance sector." Thesis, Heythrop College (University of London), 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.395823.
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Muers, Rachel Ellen. "Responsible silence and the theological ethics of communication : with special reference to the theology of Bonhoeffer." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.620223.
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Cronin, Kieran James. "The value of the language of rights in Christian ethics, with particular reference to reproductive rights." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/19662.
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Kwon, Moon Sang. "A study of Scottish kenoticism : the interpretation of the self-emptying of Christ in ethical categories with particular reference to A.B. Bruce and H.R. Mackintosh." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.327399.
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Koh, Kah Soon Daniel. "A Christian social ethic for Singapore with reference to the works of Ronald H. Preston." Thesis, Durham University, 2000. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/4247/.
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This thesis proposes a contextual Christian social ethic for a plural Singapore where Christianity, as a late arrival in East and Southeast Asia, is still regarded by most Asians as a foreign religion, mainly because of its association with past colonial exploits and present Euro-North American value-systems. Our thesis begins with an historical overview of Singapore from its founding as a British colony to its present position as an independent prosperous republic. Drawing on two failed attempts at Christian social engagement in post- colonial Singapore as examples, we argue against uncritical adoption of any social ethical model which is not culture-sensitive to the peculiar contextual concerns of that city-state. We show that an appropriate and credible Christian social ethic for Singapore can be found, not so much in Liberation Theologies or Ecclesiological Ethics, though they have rightly attracted a lot of attention in recent years, but rather in the social theology of Ronald. Preston and the tradition he represents. Preston's social theology, informed very much by a doctrine of creation, recognises God's grace at work in the life of all people and social structures. It encourages and facilitates constructive Christian social engagement in the political arena and the economic sphere where Christians, as members of overlapping communities, live and work with people of other faiths and those with no religious affiliation. When critically adapted and appropriately supplemented by other theological and philosophical materials in areas where we find deficiencies, Preston's social theology provides the congenial theological resources which can be used to frame a contextual Christian social ethic to meet the multi-faceted challenges of a plural, post-colonial Singapore.
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Ajulu, Deborah. "Holistic empowerment for rural development from a biblical perspective, with special reference to sub-Saharan Africa." Thesis, University of Reading, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.362053.
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Luteran, Martin. "Some Issues Relating to Proportionality in Law and Ethics, with Special Reference to European Human Rights Law." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.517226.
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Chen, Yen-Hsin. "The professional ethics of teaching : a philosophical discussion, with special reference to the thought of Isaiah Berlin." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2007. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10020775/.
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Horn, Roelof Combrinck. "The legal regulation of corporate governance with reference to international trends." Thesis, Link to the online version, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/1042.
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Daly, Todd T. "A theological analysis of life extension via aging attenuation with particular reference to ascetic practice in the Desert Fathers." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/2588.
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In this thesis I offer a theological analysis of biomedical efforts to extend the healthy human lifespan by attenuating the aging process, situating this project within the Christian quest to holiness. The potential of even modestly extended life spans has profound social, familial, political, economic, religious, and environmental implications, and warrants considerable theological reflection, hitherto largely absent from contemporary ethical discussion. Hence, I critique the biomedical attempt to extend human life via aging retardation by considering the historical attitudes towards one’s aging body and longevity within the Christian tradition, paying particular attention to shifts in attitude regarding aging and decay, and by examining the Christian discipline of fasting as practiced by the Desert Fathers, who believed that an attenuated rate of aging was one physiological outcome (among others) subsumed under a larger moral project of character transformation. While the concept of a normative lifespan as derived from Scripture is highly tenuous, a relationship between finitude and a wisdom that recognizes one’s bodily limits does emerge. While key figures in the history of the Church have acknowledged both the difficulties of earthly life and the promise of bodily resurrection leading to a general ambivalence concerning the length of life and its extension, such attitudes were challenged by Francis Bacon and mirrored during the theological upheavals of the Great Awakenings in America. Drawing upon the work of Charles Taylor and Thomas R. Cole, I discuss the theological shifts whereby spiritual growth was segregated from physical aging via an increasingly instrumental stance towards aging and its mutability, increasing one’s fear of death. In the remainder of the thesis I examine St. Antony’s ascetic regime which enabled him to ‘remake’ his body as part of reordering and refining his soul to be the leader of his body, a regime which entailed an attenuated rate of aging. Drawing upon Karl Barth’s christological anthropology who locates the unity and order of soul and body in the person of Jesus Christ, I demonstrate how current attempts to retard aging exacerbate the ‘disorder’ and segregation of body and soul, described as ‘sloth’ and ‘care,’ negating the role of the body and its limitedness in the formation of one’s soul, and failing to mitigate the fear of death occasioned by such a disorder. Finally, I situate the Christian discipline of fasting as an alternative to life extension within the context of the practices of faith communities, understood minimally as baptism and the Lord’s Supper.
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Pater, Susan, Dr Peder Cuneo, James English, Dean Fish, Tim Kock, Dr John Marchello, and Bob Peterson. "Quality Assurance and Food Safety: Trainer's Reference." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/144704.
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73 pp.Originally developed in Iowa and adapted for Arizona. Arizona Youth Livestock Quality Assurance Member Manual; Arizona Youth Livestock Quality Assurance Activity Guide.
This trainer's reference is for use in implementing the youth livestock quality assurance program. The curriculum is designed to provide youth and adults with a better understanding of the risks involved in the food production industry, better understand the Good Production Practices (GPP's) that can help them produce a safer product and therefore, implement these GPP's in their own livestock production system.
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Stanio, Mariola. "Is there a dividing line between national security and human rights? : the Obama Administration's standpoint given to the Guantanamo prisoners in reference to three different ethical views." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för samhällsvetenskaper, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-18471.
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The Guantanamo issue refers to the classic question concerning the role of ethics in international relations. That is why the purpose of this research was to, by relating to the dilemma between national security and human rights, study the current Obama Administration's standpoint given to the Guantanamo prisoners in reference to three different ethical views. These three ethical views are Joseph Nye's innovative perspective on morality within international relations, which constitute the theoretical frameworks of this research and they are sceptics, state moralists and cosmopolitans. With help of the descriptive and explanation approaches within ideology and argumentation method, I studied speeches of the representatives of the Obama Administration as well as executive orders and reports which focus on the Administration's statements and decisions given to the Guantanamo issue. The analysis of the material in reference to the theorethical framework of this research, lead to a conclusion that the Obama Administration underlines the importance of both national security and human rights given to the Guantanamo prisoners. Analysis of this research displays also that the Obama Administration has not change its line of argumentation since 2008 as well as the Administration's decisions are affected first and foremost by state moralist view point.
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Hall, Jeremy David Rumney. "Towards a postmodern ethics : representation, memory,responsibility with particular reference to literature of the Holocaust, Communist Czechoslovakia and apartheid of South Africa." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1999. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/1360/.
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Kohl-Garrity, Elisa Myriam [Verfasser], Dittmar [Gutachter] Schorkowitz, Matthias [Gutachter] Kaufmann, and Manduhai [Gutachter] Buyandelger. "The weight of respect : Khündlekh Yos - frames of reference, governmental agendas and ethical formations in modern Mongolia / Elisa Myriam Kohl-Garrity ; Gutachter: Dittmar Schorkowitz, Matthias Kaufmann, Manduhai Buyandelger." Halle (Saale) : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Sachsen-Anhalt, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1231792620/34.
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Chen, Yi-Lin. "A philosophical examination of character education with special reference to a debate about character between situationism and virtue ethics." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2010. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10006500/.
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The researcher into character education faces two interlocking conceptual questions: the definition of character, and the definition of character education. The current debate about character provides a vantage point from which a dialectic between two conceptions of character respectively proposed by situationism and virtue ethics is critically scrutinised, and a conceptually profound, as well as empirically more adequate, notion of character is determined from it, which gives consideration both to the complex and multifaceted dimensions of character, and the actual prevalence of local traits. A fresh insight into the inculcation of virtues is thus derived, specifically via the idea of converting local virtues into more global ones. Local virtues serve as an unavoidable relay station in the time-consuming educational process between lack of virtue and full virtue. The more global the acquired local virtues become, the more virtuous one is. Given that the individualisation of moral character necessarily accompanies the inculcation of virtues, this more personal aspect of character development, and its corollary of the varieties of moral personality, enable us to have a proper expectation of the goal of character education. The influence exerted by temperament on the inculcation of virtues indicates that not all virtues are equally available to each of us, and the situational luck of moral upbringing highlights the limitation of one's agency over character. The correct recognition of the effects of different kinds of moral luck on the inculcation of virtues enables us to adopt a sound attitude by which to confront our responsibility for character. Finally, a localist account of character is proposed to provide an appropriate language in which character trait attributions and evaluations can be made. The thesis concludes by highlighting the importance of conducting a constructive dialogue between ethics and psychology in the interest of character education.
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MacLaren, Gordon. "Ethical decision making in the National Health Service : a theoretical analysis of clinical negligence with reference to the existential writings of Søren Kierkegaard, Emmanuel Levinas, and Jean-Paul Sartre." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2013. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/8e8fd67e-e395-4237-8de2-f5a78737f33a.
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Jean Paul Sartre proposed that: Historical situations vary…What does not vary is the necessity for him to exist in the world, to be at work there, to be there in the midst of other people, and to be mortal there. The limits are neither subjective nor objective, or rather, they have an objective and a subjective side. Objective because they are to be found everywhere and are recognizable everywhere; subjective because they are lived and are nothing if man does not live them, that is, freely determine his existence with reference to them (Sartre 1987: 38, 39). The Existential philosophy as outlined by Sartre, Levinas, and Kierkegaard cares about the lived experiences of individuals. Such a view is in contradistinction to other philosophical views which have a tendency to reduce human experience, or to lose the individual in abstraction. This thesis has a central concern for the ethical care of patients in the National Health Service. In order to explore the concrete experiences of patients it is necessary to consider the care providers. To that end, the individual health professional then becomes the focus of study. To assist in this approach a double narrative runs through the thesis, which comprises exploring ethical decision making in the NHS, and also on the legal concept of clinical negligence. These two concepts are intertwined in that legal hearings and rulings have a normative influence upon health care practice, and also influence public expectations. The explicit purpose of this approach was to ensure that the theory was explored and developed; grounded upon everyday clinical NHS practice, which includes legal and political influences. The first four chapters of the thesis constructs the three main areas of analysis; Philosophical, legal, and political. With this framework established, the critical analysis of five legal cases of clinical negligence (Chapters Five and Six), establishes convergences in the work of Sartre, Levinas, and Kierkegaard in relation to the subject, freedom and the ethical. The Kierkegaardian concept of kinesis is applied to explore the transition from possibility to actuality in ethical action. During this process a range of dynamics are identified in creating the concept as best described by Levinas as totalisation . Where previously the argument was located at the individual (subject) and organisational (system) level, in Chapter Seven it moves outwards to consider how the authentic individual can create a civil society. Given the recalcitrant barriers identified in the analysis, Chapter Eight considers existentialism as a theory of community and as contributing to epistemology. Together these theories are proposed as addressing the real needs of individuals, by promoting their freedom, and achieving unity in diversity. The recommendations in Chapter Nine are based upon the interplay of two main dialectics uncovered in the body of the thesis concerning ethics and epistemology. Deontology, Utilitarianism, and Virtue ethics were found to all contribute towards professional conduct. However, they were found to be insufficient because they reduce patients and health professionals’ existence to the same as everyone else. Further, Virtue ethics reverses the way in which ethical behaviour is evaluated in comparison to the other two main normative theories. That is, behaviour is evaluated against the virtue being foundational, as opposed to the act performed. However, there is no discussion on how the individual health professional would decide which approach to use. All three approaches then lack a crucial factor which is the existential dimension. Existential ethics is then presented as a possible approach to facilitate the development (kinesis) of health professionals to the ethical sphere of care. Existential ethics emphasises the pre-theoretical aspect in caring for patients. That is, it appreciates the individual and their difference, prior to any conceptualization which has the potential to reduce individual difference to sameness. From this perspective recommendations are outlined for facilitating individuals to develop the ethical aspect of care, for health care pedagogy, and for leadership within the NHS.
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Hirt, Hans C. "The enforcement of directors' duties in Britain and Germany : a comparative study with particular reference to large companies /." Oxford [u.a.] : Lang, 2004. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/383089581.pdf.
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O'Reilly, Matthew P. "The body and the future : a socio-rhetorical approach to Paul's ethics, with special reference to the resurrection of the body." Thesis, University of Gloucestershire, 2016. http://eprints.glos.ac.uk/5213/.
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This study investigates how Paul’s attitude towards future bodily resurrection functions in relation to his expectations for believers’ use of their bodies in the present, both as individuals and as a community. I argue that embodiment is essential to Paul’s anthropology, and that Paul understands future bodily resurrection primarily in social terms. Drawing on insights from the social sciences and rhetorical studies, I also argue that future bodily resurrection functions in the letters under consideration as a future possible social identity that contributes to Paul’s persuasive strategies with regard to his expectations for believers’ behavior. In general, it will become clear that Paul expects his recipients to use their bodies in ways that stand in continuity with the resurrection-oriented future social identity. After an introductory chapter orienting the reader to questions, method, and relevant scholarly discussion, chapter 2 sheds light on the social dynamics of Paul’s attitude toward future bodily resurrection in general and the function of the resurrection-oriented future identity in particular through a close reading of 1 Cor 15:12–58; 6:12–20; and 2 Cor 4:7–5:10. Chapter 3 offers a detailed analysis of the relationship between resurrection and practice in Rom 6:1–23 and 8:9–25 to argue that Paul’s understanding of that relationship provides a framework for understanding table fellowship as bodily practice in Rom 14 and 15. Chapter 4 takes up Phil 3:12–4:1 and argues that Paul’s language of resurrection fosters a common ingroup identity that serves the letter’s double goal of mitigating faction and strengthening the recipients to persevere in the face of persecution. A final chapter synthesizes the overall findings of the research.
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Bulbeck, Helen Jane. "Educative ethics in Fin de Siecle thought with special reference to educational hermeneutics in the life and works of Oscar Wilde." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.392595.
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Vincent, Elizabeth Carlson. "Ethics from above or below? : a study in the development of the ethics of Karl Barth, with special reference to his doctrine of revelation and his theological ordering of gospel and law." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/30877.
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The theology and ethics of Karl Barth have, over many decades, proven to be provocative. Barth's dialectical methodology in approaching questions of theology emphasized the gap that exists between a holy God and a fallen humanity. However, Barth's Christology bridges the gap between a transcendent and imminent God. In this work, the author seeks to examine the ethics of Karl Barth, with special reference to his doctrine of revelation and theological ordering of gospel and law. This thesis intends to discuss the link between Barth's theology and ethics; a link we believe was established as early as 1924 with the anhypostasis-enhypostasis Christological formula. By establishing a bridge between the 'wholly otherness' of God through the anhypostasis-enhypostasis formula and therefore a fully divine-fully human Christ, Barth found a means by which to bring God into history, and thus into the affairs of humanity, including ethics. Because Barth's doctrine of revelation elucidates the God who is gracious from eternity, Barth re-defines the inversion of law and gospel: gospel and law for Barth, symbolizes the YES of God to humanity - a YES that will impact Barth's entire approach to ethics. As all of humanity is under the realm of redemption, so too, is ethics. This placing of ethics within the sphere of redemption creates problems for Barth such as absolutism and subjectivism. Reinhold Niebuhr provides a helpful launching point for our own critique of the Barthian ethic, as seen through its response to communism in Hungary in the 1950s. This work will, therefore, not only examine the development of Barth's doctrine of revelation and ordering of gospel and law, but will also discuss the implications of these two subjects for Barth's ethics.
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Daniel, Dafydd Edward Mills. "Conscience and its referents : the meaning and place of conscience in the moral thought of Joseph Butler and the ethical rationalism of Samuel Clarke, John Balguy and Richard Price." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:427a4657-7701-4c68-bb05-353100ee9a73.
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Joseph Butler's moral thought and the ethical rationalism of Samuel Clarke, and his followers, John Balguy and Richard Price, are frequently distinguished, as a result of: (a) Butler’s empirical method (e.g., Kydd, Sturgeon); (b) Butler's emphasis upon self-love in the 'cool hour passage' (e.g., Prichard, McPherson); (c) Butlerian conscience, where, on a neo-Kantian reading, Butler surpassed the Clarkeans by conveying a sense of Kantian 'reflective endorsement' (e.g., Korsgaard, Darwall). The neo-Kantian criticisms of the Clarkeans in (c) are consistent with (d) Francis Hutcheson's and David Hume's criticisms of the Clarkeans; (e) modern criticisms of rational intuitionism that follow Hutcheson and Hume (e.g., Mackie, Warnock); and (f) the contention that the Clarkeans occupied an uneasy position within 'post-restoration natural law theory' (e.g., Beiser, Finnis). (d)-(e) thus underpin the distinction between Butler and the Clarkeans in (a)-(c), where the Clarkeans, unlike Butler, are criticised for representing moral truth as the passive, and self-evident, perception of potentially uninteresting facts. This study responds to (a)-(f), by arguing that Butlerian and Clarkean conscience possessed more than one referent; so that conscience meant an individual's experience of his own judgement and God’s judgement and the rational moral order. As a result of their shared theory of conscience, Butler and the Clarkeans held the same theory of moral development: moral agents mature as they move from obeying conscience according to only one of conscience's referents, to obeying conscience because to do so is to satisfy each of conscience's referents. In response to (a)-(b), this study demonstrates that the Clarkeans agreed with Butler’s method and 'cool hour': natural considerations of individual judgement and self-interest were necessary aspects of the progress towards moral maturity in both Butler and the Clarkeans. With respect to (c), it is argued that Butler and the Clarkeans shared the same understanding of practical moral reasoning as part of their shared understanding of conscience and moral development. This study places limits upon proto-Kantian readings of Butler, and neo-Kantian criticisms of the Clarkeans, while making it inconsistent to divide Butler and the Clarkeans on the basis of Butlerian conscience. In answer to (c)-(f), Clarkean conscience shows that the Clarkeans were neither complacent nor ‘externalists’. Clarkean conscience highlights how the Clarkeans positioned themselves within the tradition of Ciceronian right reason and Thomistic natural law. Consequently, in both Butler and the Clarkeans, the intuition of moral truth was not the passive perception of an 'independent realm' of normative fact, but the active encounter, in conscience, with reason qua the law of God’s nature, human nature, and the created universe.
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Haho, A. (Annu). "Hoitamisen olemus:hoitotyön historiasta, teoriasta ja tulkinnasta hoitamista kuvaviin teoreettisiin väittämiin." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2006. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9514282590.
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Abstract The present study investigates phenomena of caring from the point of view of nursing work in the Western society, approaching the topic from historical and theoretical frames of reference. The historical frame of reference is an entity where descriptions of the concepts and phenomena of nursing, nursing ethics and caring are explored from the point of view of hermeneutic interpretation of history. Data from an earlier period include publications, text books and research papers from the years 1903–1938 on nursing in Finland, nursing ethics and caring and also material on the life work of Ms. Naima Kurvinen (1876–1933), matron at the Oulu Province Hospital. Data from a later period consist of articles, literary work and research papers on nursing work, nursing ethics and caring from the years 1979–2004. The theoretical frame of reference will here be approached from the points of view of phenomenology and philosophical hermeneutics. The data include philosophical literature on phenomenology, philosophical hermeneutics, and the essence, ethics and knowledge of humanity. Heidegger's philosophy of the mind of being proved to be a central theory in interpreting the phenomenon of caring. Morality, autonomy and universality were the three theoretical statements of caring found in the study. Central characteristics describing the moral essence of caring were grouped under four theses as follows: 1. Moral statements describing caring are normative, i.e. they contain moral principles which guide our actions. The good of another individual emerged as the expressed function of caring. 2. Some values, such as humaneness, dignity, health, and well-being can intuitively be named as the good within caring. 3. The act of caring is to place oneself to take care of another person. This is based on freedom, authentic presence and ability to assume another person's preferences. The combination of these qualities describes altruism within caring. 4. The humane essence of man and interaction with others include ethical meanings of caring. Caring is action that protects, maintains and enriches life and involves hope. The autonomous nature of caring is here described with the following three theses: 1. The autonomy of caring signifies the nurse's independence and the special nature of the context. Knowledge and the ability to place oneself to take care of another person are essential prerequisites. 2. The practical knowledge of caring is ethical in nature. 3. Prerequisites explaining caring, such as ethicality, knowledge, and awareness and meanings of nursing describe the phenomenological features of caring, making the act of caring an autonomous one. The following two theses are used to argue for the universal essence of nursing: 1. Our humane and historical qualities are part of universally recognized humane values. Concern represents the manner of being within caring, describes meanings and values given to it and, finally, attaches one's awareness to the real world. 2. The moral of caring is universal in natureTiivistelmä Tarkastelen tässä tutkimuksessa hoitamisen ilmiötä länsimaisen hoitotyön näkökulmasta. Tutkimuksen lähestymistavaksi valitsin historiallisen ja teoreettisen viitekehyksen. Historiallinen viitekehys on kokonaisuus, jossa hoitotyön, hoitoetiikan ja hoitamisen käsitteiden ja ilmiöiden kuvaukset muodostavat historiallisen aineiston, jota tarkastelen hermeneuttisen historiantulkinnan näkökulmasta. Varhaisempi aineisto sisältää suomalaista hoitotyötä, hoitoetiikkaa ja hoitamista käsitteleviä julkaisuja, oppikirjoja ja dokumentteja vuosilta 1903–1938 sekä Oulun lääninsairaalan ylihoitajatar Naima Kurvisen (1876–1933) elämäntyöhön liittyvän aineiston. Myöhäisempi aineisto koostuu hoitotyötä, hoitoetiikkaa ja hoitamista käsittelevistä artikkeleista, teoksista ja tutkimuksista vuosilta 1979–2004. Historiallinen viitekehys on opastanut minua hoitamisen alkuperäistä luonnetta esittävien kysymysten etsimisessä, tutkimuskohdetta kuvaavan aineiston löytämisessä ja sen hedelmällisessä tulkitsemisessa. Teoreettisen viitekehyksen tarkastelunäkökulmiksi valitsin fenomenologian ja filosofisen hermeneutiikan. Aineisto sisältää fenomenologiaa ja filosofista hermeneutiikkaa sekä ihmisyyden olemusta, etiikkaa ja tietoa käsittelevää filosofista kirjallisuutta. Teoreettinen viitekehys mahdollisti tutkimuskulun ymmärtämisen sekä sen esittämisen. Heideggerin olemisen mielen filosofia osoittautui keskeiseksi teoriaksi hoitamisen ilmiön tulkitsemisessa. Hoitamisen ensimmäisen väittämän, moraalisuuden, ominaispiirteet esitän seuraavissa teeseissä: 1. Hoitamista kuvaavat moraalilausumat ovat normatiivisia eli ne sisältävät toimintaa ohjaavia moraaliperiaatteita. Niissä ilmaistu hoitamisen funktio on toisen ihmisen hyvä. 2. Joitakin arvoja voidaan nimetä intuitiivisesti hoitamisen hyvän määritelmiksi. Näitä ovat inhimillisyys, arvokkuus, terveys ja hyvinvointi. 3. Hoitaminen on asettautumista toisen ihmisen hoitamiseen. Asettautumisen perustana on vapaus ja autenttinen läsnäolo sekä kyky toisen preferenssien omaksumiseen. Nämä ominaisuudet yhdessä kuvaavat altruismia hoitamisessa. 4. Ihmisen inhimillinen olemus ja kanssakäyminen toisten ihmisten kanssa sisältävät hoitamisen eettisyyden merkityksiä. Hoitaminen on elämää suojelevaa, ylläpitävää ja rikastavaa sekä toivoa sisältävää. Toisen väittämän, autonomisuuden, olemusta kuvaavat ominaispiirteet esitän seuraavasti: 1. Hoitamisen autonomisuus tarkoittaa hoitajan itsenäisyyttä ja kontekstin erityislaatuisuutta. Tieto ja asettautuminen ovat sen välttämättömiä ehtoja. 2. Hoitamisen praktinen tieto on eettistä. 3. Hoitamista perustelevat ennakkoehdot, kuten eettisyys, tieto ja tiedostaminen sekä hoitamisen merkitykset, kuvaavat hoitamisen fenomenologisia ominaisuuksia. Nämä tekevät hoitamisesta autonomisen. Hoitamisen universaalia olemusta perustelen kahden teesin avulla: 1. Ihmisen inhimilliset ja historialliset ominaisuudet kuuluvat yleismaailmallisesti esiintyviin humaanisiin arvoihin. Huoli ilmentää hoitamisen olemisen tapaa, kuvaa sille annettuja merkityksiä ja arvoja sekä kiinnittää tietoisuuden reaaliseen maailmaan. 2. Hoitamisen moraalin luonne on yleinen
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Behr, John. "Godly lives : asceticism and anthropology, with special reference to sexuality in the writings of St. Irenaeus of Lyons and St. Clement of Alexandria." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1995. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:cf34ec7b-4b0c-4f4c-ba86-89e438f84db5.
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This thesis aims to restore the balance of modern investigations into Christian asceticism and anthropology by reading the texts of Sts. Irenaeus and Clement within their theological perspectives, and thereby examine the presuppositions determining how we think about sexual difference. In the Introduction I examine the projects of M. Foucault and P. Brown, arguing that they do not remain faithful to the concerns of the texts which they treat. In Part One, I show how asceticism, for Irenaeus, is the expression of the human living the life of God in the body, that which is most characteristically human and the image of God. Sexuality is fundamental to human existence, forming a permanent part of the framework within which humans grow towards God. This growth results from humans acting responsively to the creative activity of God. That God is the source of the life which is lived by humans, demands an openness on their part towards God. Any attempt to avoid the reality of their created nature, for instance, through a self-imposed continence, overturns the basic structure of this relationship. In Part Two, I consider the asceticism proposed by Clement, which strives, through human effort, to achieve a godlike life, buttressing the rational mind, that which is properly human and in the image of God, by the exercise of virtues, so protecting it from disturbances, especially those arising from the body and the vulnerability of dependency. Whilst Clement has a vivid sense of the new life granted in baptism, and praises marriage, this desire for a divine life leads inexorably to the restriction of human sexuality to the function of procreation and its redundancy thereafter. After summarizing, I indicate possible lines for further investigation, and suggest that only within the Irenaean perspective can the issue of sexual difference be raised meaningfully.
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Kim, JinHyok. "The spirit of God and the Christian life : a constructive study of Karl Barth’s Pneumatology with special reference to his incomplete doctrine of redemption." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:849dd89e-753b-4aa1-b5e0-c9beae28edc7.
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My study centres on Karl Barth’s pneumatology with special attention to its inseparable relationship with his vision of the Christian life. Many critics say that Barth’s emphasis upon the gracious God revealed in Christ improperly undermined both the role of the Spirit and the importance of human agency. In contrast, my research will demonstrate that it is possible to read Barth as offering a robust Spirit theology, which resulted in rich reflection upon the Christian life. More specifically, my thesis will first examine Barth’s pneumatology within the context of his incomplete doctrine of redemption. I will show that his unique understanding of redemption was largely shaped by his exegesis of Paul’s Spirit theology, in which he developed central pneumatological motifs, including the Spirit’s incorporation of humanity into the intra-divine fellowship, mediation in the form of pneumatic prayer, and the shaping of moral agency. I will, then, examine these redemptive works of the Spirit within a more comprehensive context of his theology, coordinating synchronic and diachronic approaches. In particular, I will read ‘through’ and ‘across’ Barth, tracing underpinning pneumatological themes, with special focus on the three modes of the Spirit’s work in the opera ad extra – the mediation of divine and human logic in revelation, the drawing of creation into God’s self-glorification movement through beauty, and the calling of individuals through community into God’s drama of salvation. In short, unlike criticisms that Barth reduced pneumatology to the subjective possibility of revelation, my study will show that his pneumatology is mainly about our prayerful participation in God, the constitution of human agency and a new vision of the Christian life under the direction of the Spirit.
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Gonzalez, Estepa Francisco Javier. "Conceptualisations of educational technology in distance education : with special reference to the British Open University, the Spanish Universidad Nacional de Educacion a Distancia, and the Portuguese Universidade Aberta." Thesis, Open University, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.390812.
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Liu, Yu-Chung. "Towards an ethical ontology of human subjectivity in education : a critical review of western conception of human subjectivity with particular reference to the tradition of Chinese philosophy and the Lu-Wang school of new Confucianism." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.405676.
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Muriithi, Paul Mutuanyingi. "A case for memory enhancement : ethical, social, legal, and policy implications for enhancing the memory." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2014. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/a-case-for-memory-enhancement-ethical-social-legal-and-policy-implications-for-enhancing-the-memory(bf11d09d-6326-49d2-8ef3-a40340471acf).html.
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The desire to enhance and make ourselves better is not a new one and it has continued to intrigue throughout the ages. Individuals have continued to seek ways to improve and enhance their well-being for example through nutrition, physical exercise, education and so on. Crucial to this improvement of their well-being is improving their ability to remember. Hence, people interested in improving their well-being, are often interested in memory as well. The rationale being that memory is crucial to our well-being. The desire to improve one’s memory then is almost certainly as old as the desire to improve one’s well-being. Traditionally, people have used different means in an attempt to enhance their memories: for example in learning through storytelling, studying, and apprenticeship. In remembering through practices like mnemonics, repetition, singing, and drumming. In retaining, storing and consolidating memories through nutrition and stimulants like coffee to help keep awake; and by external aids like notepads and computers. In forgetting through rituals and rites. Recent scientific advances in biotechnology, nanotechnology, molecular biology, neuroscience, and information technologies, present a wide variety of technologies to enhance many different aspects of human functioning. Thus, some commentators have identified human enhancement as central and one of the most fascinating subject in bioethics in the last two decades. Within, this period, most of the commentators have addressed the Ethical, Social, Legal and Policy (ESLP) issues in human enhancements as a whole as opposed to specific enhancements. However, this is problematic and recently various commentators have found this to be deficient and called for a contextualized case-by-case analysis to human enhancements for example genetic enhancement, moral enhancement, and in my case memory enhancement (ME). The rationale being that the reasons for accepting/rejecting a particular enhancement vary depending on the enhancement itself. Given this enormous variation, moral and legal generalizations about all enhancement processes and technologies are unwise and they should instead be evaluated individually. Taking this as a point of departure, this research will focus specifically on making a case for ME and in doing so assessing the ESLP implications arising from ME. My analysis will draw on the already existing literature for and against enhancement, especially in part two of this thesis; but it will be novel in providing a much more in-depth analysis of ME. From this perspective, I will contribute to the ME debate through two reviews that address the question how we enhance the memory, and through four original papers discussed in part three of this thesis, where I examine and evaluate critically specific ESLP issues that arise with the use of ME. In the conclusion, I will amalgamate all my contribution to the ME debate and suggest the future direction for the ME debate.
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Seeliger, Leanne. "On the value of environmental pragmatism in economic decision-making : with special reference to the work of Bryan Norton." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1357.
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Thesis (DPhil (Philosophy))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.This thesis sets out to uncover why environmental concerns are not being effectively addressed in economic decision-making. It investigates this by analyzing the key values underpinning neo-classical economics and ecological economics, and concludes that both approaches remain trapped in a form of moral monism and are thus unable to express the full range of environmental values that exist. This results in a form of reductionism in economic thinking where all environmental value is expressed in the form of exchange value. In order to escape from this reductionism, it is asserted that ecological economics needs to adopt a moral pluralist philosophy that can accommodate both exchange values and subjective intrinsic value. Mindful of the quagmires of moral relativism, the thesis seeks out an approach to economic decision-making that is able to justify courses of action amid seemingly competing economic and environmental values. Environmental pragmatism, a form of moral pluralism, that focuses on the contextual nature of truth and value, is found fitting for the task. It uses experience to reduce uncertainty and moves decision-makers towards courses of action that can support a plurality of values within a given context. Environmental pragmatist Bryan Norton’s philosophy of adaptive management, with its guidelines of experimentalism, multi-scalar analysis and localism, is found to be particularly helpful in achieving this. The second half of the thesis concentrates on demonstrating the value of environmental pragmatism in economic decision-making by using it to analyse the South African National Budget of 2005. Norton’s guidelines are first used as critical tools of analysis to show up the gaps and inconsistencies in the budget process and then, secondly, as creative tools to reconstruct the budget process. To demonstrate what this would mean in concrete terms, the Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, the Department of Trade and Industry and the Department of Agriculture budget votes are analysed using the sustainability indicators of The City of Cape Town’s Sustainability Report of 2005 and the 2020 goals of The City of Cape Town’s Integrated Development Plan of 2004/5.