Relevant bibliographies by topics / Ethiopia – Economic conditions – 1974-

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Academic literature on the topic 'Ethiopia – Economic conditions – 1974-'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 15 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Ethiopia – Economic conditions – 1974-"

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Ango, Tola Gemechu, Kristoffer Hylander, and Lowe Börjeson. "Processes of Forest Cover Change since 1958 in the Coffee-Producing Areas of Southwest Ethiopia." Land 9, no. 8 (August 18, 2020): 278. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land9080278.

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We investigated the spatial relations of ecological and social processes to point at how state policies, population density, migration dynamics, topography, and socio-economic values of ‘forest coffee’ together shaped forest cover changes since 1958 in southwest Ethiopia. We used data from aerial photos, Landsat images, digital elevation models, participatory field mapping, interviews, and population censuses. We analyzed population, land cover, and topographic roughness (slope) data at the ‘sub-district’ level, based on a classification of the 30 lowest administrative units of one district into the coffee forest area (n = 17), and highland forest area (n = 13). For state forest sites (n = 6) of the district, we evaluated land cover and slope data. Forest cover declined by 25% between 1973 and 2010, but the changes varied spatially and temporally. Losses of forest cover were significantly higher in highland areas (74%) as compared to coffee areas (14%) and state forest sites (2%), and lower in areas with steeper slopes both in coffee and highland areas. Both in coffee and highland areas, forest cover also declined during 1958–1973. People moved to and converted forests in relatively low population density areas. Altitudinal migration from coffee areas to highland areas contributed to deforestation displacement due to forest maintenance for shade coffee production in coffee areas and forest conversions for annual crop production in highland areas. The most rapid loss of forest cover occurred during 1973–1985, followed by 2001–2010, which overlapped with the implementations of major land and forest policies that created conditions for more deforestation. Our findings highlight how crop ecology and migration have shaped spatial variations of forest cover change across different altitudinal zones whilst development, land, and forest policies and programs have driven the temporal variations of deforestation. Understanding the mechanisms of deforestation and forest maintenance simultaneously and their linkages is necessary for better biodiversity conservation and forest landscape management.
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Addis, Hailu Kendie, Atikilt Abera, and Legese Abebaw. "Economic benefits of soil and water conservation measures at the sub-catchment scale in the northern Highlands of Ethiopia." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 44, no. 2 (September 26, 2019): 251–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309133319878118.

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Soil and water conservation (SWC) interventions are needed to control rainfall-driven erosion, and profitability of SWC measures at the sub-catchment scale emerges as the principal reason for their adoption. This study carried out a cost–benefit analysis of SWC measures in mountainous agricultural catchments. Physical data were obtained through field measurements of discharge, sediment and nutrient loss at the sub-catchment scale with and without SWC measures. The major cost benefits of various measures implemented in the study area were quantified using net present value (NPV), and direct market prices were employed in valuing the cost of items required for crop production. The results revealed that sediment loss decreased by 8.78 Mg ha−1 y−1 (46.8%) due to SWC measures, and the cost of production inputs, such as fertilizer (urea) and lime, was reduced by $17.97 ha−1 y−1 and $3.63 ha−1 y−1, respectively. Furthermore, crop yield was enhanced by 13% for teff, 19.4% for sorghum and 19.42% for chickpeas, which is equivalent to economic returns of $102, $96.9 and $140.25 ha−1 y−1, respectively. The total discounted cost of SWC interventions was about $331.74. This includes establishment costs, maintenance costs, input costs and the costs resulting from lost productive land. In sum, the total discounted benefits of SWC measures were the enhancement of crop production, a reduction in lime requirement and a reduction in the loss of total nitrogen and sediment, estimated at about $809.42. Hence, it is possible to deduce that SWC measures reduced nutrient depletion and greatly improved crop yield with a NPV of $477.68 ha−1. The results strongly suggest that SWC measures in the study sub-catchment, as well as in nearby areas with a similar indigenous SWC adoption strategy, topographic conditions and agroclimatic characteristics, should be maintained.
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McCann, James C., and Shiferaw Bekele. "An Economic History of Modern Ethiopia, Vol. I: The Imperial Era, 1941-1974." International Journal of African Historical Studies 29, no. 3 (1997): 657. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/221400.

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Zimmermann-Steinhart, Petra, and Yakob Bekele. "The Implications of federalism and decentralisation on socio-economic conditions in Ethiopia." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 15, no. 2 (May 25, 2017): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2012/v15i2a2480.

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This paper analyses impacts of the federal system and the decentralisation of functions to the district level on Ethiopia's socio-economic development. Firstly we will highlight the principles of the Ethiopian federal system as well as those of the 2001/2002 decentralisation process. Secondly we will show how the decentralisation has impacted on two of the decentralised sectors, health and education, by comparing pre-federal, pre- and post-decentralisation data.In both cases an overall increase in allocated budgets and an increase in the scale of the services offered since decentralisation started in 2001 has been found. Studies also show that the increase in services is not homogenous across regional states. Within the four larger regions, strongly disadvantaged woredas at the outset of the decentralisation process have profited most, which shows that the constitutional imperative of equal access to services is being implemented. Some of the regions where decentralisation was started later have still not caught up with the other regions, a phenomenon which is mostly due to capacity deficits.The article concludes that decentralisation in combination with consistent development policies has led to an overall improvement in service delivery, while some challenges regarding quality and equity still need to be addressed.
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Araya, Mesfin. "The Eritrean Question: an Alternative Explanation." Journal of Modern African Studies 28, no. 1 (March 1990): 79–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x00054239.

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There has been an armed struggle for independence in Eritrea since the dismantling of its ‘federation’ with Ethiopia in 1962. Particularly since the fall of the imperial régime in 1974, the war has claimed many lives, and continues to cause economic and social dislocation in the region. Despite what has happened during the past three decades, however, the so-called ‘Eritrean question’ remains a widely misunderstood phenomenon, not least because there is no authoritative and scholarly modern political history of this part of Africa.
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Arega, Mekoro. "The Impact of Human Capital on Economic Growth in Ethiopia: Evidence from Time Series Analysis." Studies in Humanities and Education 1, no. 1 (December 28, 2020): 51–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.48185/she.v1i1.95.

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The general objective of the study was to analyze the impact of human capital development on economic growth in Ethiopia over the period 1974/5 -2018/9. The econometric models of Johnesan cointegration, VECM and causality tests were applied to analysis short-run and long-run impact of Human capital on Economic growth. The result of the error correction model shows that the model is adjusting at a relatively stable rate of 74.3% towards the long-run equilibrium. Furthermore, the result shows that human capital proxied of (primary and secondary school enrolments) and active labour force have a positive statistical significant long run and short-run effect on economic growth in Ethiopia. Such findings are consistent with the endogenous growth theories which argue that an improvement in human capital (skilled workers) improves productivity. In addition, results reveal that education expenditure and life expectancy at birth have a positive and statistically significant long-run effect on economic growth. However, the expenditure on health, secondary school enrolment and official development assistance are statically significant and have an unexpected negative impact on long-run economic growth. Furthermore, the short-run causality tests results reveal that public expenditure on education, primary school enrolment, secondary school enrolment and RGDP have unidirectional causal effects. Hence policymakers and/or the government give prioritize to create institutional capacity that increase school enrolment and strengthening the infrastructure or investment of educational and health institutions that produce quality of manpower to increase productivity.
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Carmichael, Calum M. "Economic Conditions and the Popularity of the Incumbent Party in Canada." Canadian Journal of Political Science 23, no. 4 (December 1990): 713–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008423900020813.

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AbstractThis study measures the effects of macroeconomic conditions upon the popularity of the incumbent party in Canadian federal general elections from 1945 to 1988. In so doing it uses a model similar to the retrospective voting models used in electoral studies in the United States. The results suggest that for the elections from 1945 to 1972, bad economic conditions preceding the election benefited the incumbent party. For the elections from 1974 to 1988, these effects were diminished or reversed. Such results have precedents in separate studies that use Canadian poll data. However, they contradict the general conclusion of American studies that bad conditions hurt the incumbent. This contradiction suggests that the model's assumptions about voting behaviour, which appear to be verified by the American studies, do not apply universally.
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Tesfaye, Habtamu, Abadi Amare, Shahid Nazir, and Ahmed Yasine. "Erratum to: Major metacestodes in small ruminants slaughtered at Dessie municipal abattoir, Eastern Ethiopia: prevalence, cyst viability, organ distribution and economic implications." Comparative Clinical Pathology 24, no. 1 (August 2, 2014): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00580-014-1974-y.

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Honwana, Frissiano Ernest, and Sileshi Fanta Melesse. "Socio-Economic and Demographic Determinants of Under-Five Mortality in Ethiopia, 2011." Open Public Health Journal 10, no. 1 (September 26, 2017): 160–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874944501710010160.

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Background: Although the economic conditions in Ethiopian households have recently improved, under-five mortality has remained one of the major problems in the country. Identification of the risk factors for under-five mortality is an important problem that needs to be addressed. This study aimed to estimate the effect of socio-economic and demographic factors on under-five mortality in Ethiopia. Methods: Data consisting of a nationally representative sample of 26370 children in the 2011 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey was analyzed. The survey logistic regression model was adopted for analysis. The outcome variable was the child’s survival status i.e. the child being either alive or dead. The explanatory variables were the socio-economic and demographic factors for mother and child, respectively. Results: The overall significance of all variables was investigated, and the following variables were found to have significant effect on the under-five mortality in Ethiopia: the sex of child, mother’s age at birth, the region, area of residence and educational of the mother. Conclusion: This study suggests that improving the educational level of mothers and reducing the regional disparity can reduce child mortality in Ethiopia.
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Asfaw, Hamelmal, and Gebrehiwot Tadesse. "Economic Contribution of Cart Horses to the Livelihoods of Families in Gondar Town Ethiopia." Momona Ethiopian Journal of Science 12, no. 1 (April 30, 2020): 135–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/mejs.v12i1.9.

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Equines are providing traction power and transport services, like pulling cart, packing and riding, at low cost in both rural and urban areas of Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Gondar city from November 2014 to April 2015 to assess major health problems and to investigate the economic contribution of cart horses to livelihood of the community. Cart horses were randomly selected from the study area. Observational study was also conducted and semi-structured questionnaire survey was administered to all cart horse owners. The study revealed that behavioral responses, skin coat and dental conditions were significantly associated with body condition and age of cart horses (p<0.05). Wound and musculoskeletal problem had no significant association with body condition and age of working horses. Young horses with good body conditions were more prone to wounds (75%) than the older horses with poor body conditions. The majority of the carthorse owners used their horses for transportation for long hours (> 8 hours) per a day, 5-6 days per week and loaded them 500-700 kg. The income in cash for the cart horse owners was recorded as 80-100 ETB per day. The current study indicated that the cart horse contribution to livelihood of communities is considerable. The working animals deserve better husbandry and veterinary care to sustain their contribution. We suggest a more detailed and systematic study be conducted in the study area to influence policy makers towards better regulation in animal welfare. Keywords: Cart horses, Economic contribution, Gondar, Ethiopia.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Ethiopia – Economic conditions – 1974-"

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Abebe, Alpha. "Building the plane as you fly it : young diasporan engagement in Ethiopian development." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:d34e9f4a-f585-4fa8-9cc7-a5a3158ee0a8.

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This thesis explores the relationship between identity, social interaction, and social practice, through a case study of young diasporans of Ethiopian origin (YDEOs) from North America and their engagements in Ethiopian development initiatives. Specifically, I examine the ways in which people of Ethiopian descent born and/or raised in Canada and the U.S. construct a diasporic identity and engage with Ethiopian development initiatives through a mutually constitutive process. My methods were qualitative and involved conducting semi-structured in-depth interviews with 55 YDEOs and attending 8 community events in Toronto, Washington, D.C., and Addis Ababa. All of the YDEOs I interviewed had actively engaged in initiatives (based in North America or Ethiopia) intended to contribute towards the social, political, and/or economic development of Ethiopia. Their initiatives included fundraising events, establishing local NGOs, volunteer missions, and taking professional positions within the Ethiopian development sector, among others. Utilising an interactionist theoretical framework, I unpack YDEO motivations for engaging in Ethiopian development, the nature of the development activities themselves, and the ways in which these experiences have shaped YDEO relationships, identities, and trajectories in life so far. Engaging in Ethiopian development was rarely expressed as an extension of a pre-existing sense of Ethiopian patriotism; rather, YDEOs used these practices to explore, test, or build a sense of connection to their country of origin. Further, the development framework made it possible for them to forge a relationship that also resonated with their other social identities, and could even be leveraged to further other personal and professional goals. YDEO engagements in Ethiopian development were not simply interventions; they were fundamentally social processes defined by social interactions. In the process of organising fundraising events, volunteering at orphanages, and working on project reports, YDEOs were also building personal connections, gaining social capital, and redefining attitudes towards their families, communities, development, and Ethiopia itself. This thesis contributes an in-depth and critical analysis of the diaspora/development nexus - a nexus that emerges as a contested space, where people act and are acted upon, where identities are reified and transformed, and where institutions and social structures are both strengthened and challenged. The insights from migrant descendant experiences, such as YDEOs, highlights the ways in which diasporic identities take shape and are imbued with meaning through social practice, and how these practices are connected to broader human psychosocial needs, aspirations, and behaviours.
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Taffesse, Alemayehu Seyoum. "Three essays on Ethiopian farm households." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.670231.

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Orkin, Kate. "The role of aspirations and identities in decisions to invest in children's schooling." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:ea4bcbb5-1c00-4111-bbb2-525f45f3fead.

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I demonstrate that household investments in children's education in Ethiopia are affected by parents' self-beliefs (such as their locus of control), parents' aspirations for children's educational attainment, children's conceptions of their roles and identities in the household and at school, and children's own preferences, all concepts not widely studied in development economics. Two empirical chapters report on a field experiment in which randomly selected adults watched documentaries about role models who were poor but succeeded in agriculture or small business. Six months later, parents' self-beliefs and aspirations for children's education were higher in the treatment than in the placebo and control groups. Enrolment of children in school, spending on education, saving and use of credit also increased. A third empirical chapter draws on longitudinal qualitative research to argue that children's preferences for their time allocation between work and school are strongly influenced by the desire to comply with valued identities as students and as independent earners and contributors to the household. The fourth chapter suggests that understanding children's preferences might improve predictions about their reaction to education policies. The literature predicts an increase in time in school will not improve test scores: children will reduce effort because they desire a limited amount of learning. I find a reform to lengthen the Ethiopian primary school day improves test scores. Although this could occur through many mechanisms, one possibility is that children do not prefer to limit their desired amount of learning. This suggests that better evidence on children's preferences might improve prediction of the effects of policies to alter school inputs. The conclusion reflects on whether the empirical relevance of concepts of self-beliefs, aspirations and identities implies that assumptions in standard models of decision-making in economics about the characteristics of beliefs and preferences ought to be rejected. I argue that these ideas can be captured by existing economic concepts of beliefs and preferences and by standard assumptions about these concepts. I suggest that, contrary to recent accounts building on human capital theory, self-beliefs should be viewed as beliefs, not non-cognitive skills. I consider aspirations as a type of preference, shaped by both objective constraints and self-beliefs. I consider identity as a preference for complying with a social role, but highlight that such preferences are often altruistic, rather than self-interested. In conclusion, I argue that economics should draw further on other social sciences, including psychology, to develop substantive theories of the formation and characteristics of beliefs and preferences. Doing so will suggest when it is appropriate to apply standard models and how their assumptions can be modified if their predictions do not hold.
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Shimeles, Abebe. "Essays on poverty, risk and consumption dynamics in Ethiopia /." Göteborg: Department of Economics, School of Economics and Commercial Law, Göteborg University, 2006. http://www.handels.gu.se/epc/archive/00004856/01/Abebe%5Ffull.pdf.

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Mirotchie, Mesfin. "Productivity analysis of private and socialized agriculture in Ethiopia." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/54246.

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The system of cereal grain production in Ethiopia has been stratified into private, cooperative and state farms since the 1975 land reform. The private farms are being gradually replaced by the cooperative farms while the state farms are receiving increased technical and budgetary assistance by the Ethiopian government. lt is, however, not clear if these policies are consistent with the technical characteristics of these three modes of production. This study, therefore, evaluated technical efficiency, impacts of known and latent input factors, and returns to scale parameters for each farm type. Sample data were collected from Ethiopia on five cereal crops, namely, barley, com, sorghum, teff and wheat and several input factors, including labor, land, oxen, traditional farm implements, tractors, machinery services, modern yield·increasing inputs, livestock, education and rainfall over 77 awrajjas for the 1980-1986 production period. A covariance regression model was applied with these data to determine an appropriate functional form between the Cobb-Douglas and translog production functions. The Translog functional form was selected for the analysis on the basis of statistical tests. Results of the analysis suggest that the producer cooperatives collectively appear to have a potential to generate increased gross income per hectare at a declining rate with respect to an equiproportionate increase in all inputs, except land, upon an increasing average cost of production per unit of cereal output. The private and state farms appear to be operating with a close to fixed proportions type of production technology with a constant average cost of production per unit of cereal output per hectare. Moreover, the range of substitutability between input factors tends towards a complementary relationship as the institutional transformations and management techniques of the cereal producing farms shift from the traditional to a more advanced and centrally managed state mode of production. Partial income elasticity parameters suggest that (a) the private sector’s gross income per hectare is most responsive to traditional hand tools, fertilizer, labor, human capital at primary level of education, and rain in August and September; (b) the cooperative sector’s gross income per hectare is most responsive to the use of tractors and September rain; whereas (c) gross income per hectare of the state farms is most responsive to the use of traditional labor, machinery services and rain in June and August. Thus, Ethiopia’s agricultural income production per hectare is likely to be revitalized by: (a) qualitative changes in the traditional inputs, water management, and introduction of modem technical inputs such as fertilizer and farmer education in the private sector; (b) increased traditional labor employment, improved management of water, machinery and modem yield-increasing inputs on the state farms; and (c) a better usage of tractors and collaborative input factors, improved water management, and a substantial increase in capital investment to achieve full employment of the seemingly redundant labor and oxen input factors on the cooperative farms. It seems unlikely that the producer cooperatives will achieve the goal of maximum cereal output per hectare with the most prevalent composition of the redundant traditional input factors which contribute insignificantly at the margin without a major change in the current production techniques and structural policies of the sector.
Ph. D.
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Tsakloglou, Panagiotis. "Aspects of inequality and poverty in Greece, 1974, 1982." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1989. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/55889/.

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This study attempts to document the state and nature of inequality and poverty in Greece using the primary consumption expenditure data of two Household Expenditure Surveys conducted in 1974 and 1982. Chapter 1 provides an outline of recent developments in the Greek economy, a survey of the literature on inequality and poverty in Greece and a comparison of the above data with data from other sources. In Chapter 2 it is argued that the distribution of consumption expenditure per equivalent adult is a fairly good approximation to the (unobservable) distribution of economic welfare, and three models of equivalence scales for the cost of children are estimated. Based on these results, the distributions of consumption expenditure per equivalent adult are constructed for both survey years. Chapter 3 provides the results of measurement and decomposition of inequality. One-way decomposition is carried out when the population is grouped according to ten factors, of which five are used to subdivide the population into small homogeneous socioeconomic groups for the purposes of the multivariate decomposition of inequality. The main finding of the one-way decompositions is that disparities "between groups" play a far less important role in determining aggregate inequality than disparities "within-groups". Even in the multivariate decomposition, variations "between-groups" account for only one third of aggregate inequality in 1974 and for even less in 1982. The results of measuremenat nd decompositiono f poverty, reportedi n Chapter4 , suggest that poverty is closely associated with certain occupational characteristics of the household head. These characteristics are employment in the agricultural sector or no employment. Households headed by farmers and retired persons account for around two thirds of aggregate poverty in both survey years. Intertemporal changesi n inequality and poverty are examined in Chapter5 . It is demonstrated that inequality and relative poverty declined substantially between 1974 and 1982, while the decline in absolute poverty was spectacular. The impact on inequality of changes in the structure of the population was negligible, but the improvement in the educational level of HH heads had a strong negative effect on poverty. Further, the results of some cross-country inequality and welfare comparisons presented in this chapter show that inequality is higher, and welfare lower, in Greece than in most of the other EEC countries. Finally, Chapter 6 summarizes the principal findings and discusses briefly their policy implications
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Weis, Toni. "Vanguard capitalism : party, state, and market in the EPRDF's Ethiopia." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:c4c9ae33-0b5d-4fd6-b3f5-d02d5d2c7e38.

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Since the fall of the Derg regime in 1991, Ethiopia has undergone a remarkable economic transformation. Shunning liberal policy advice yet avoiding the pathologies of patrimonialism, its experience is increasingly presented as an example for others to follow. However, there has been surprisingly little research, and even less consensus, on what actually constitutes this 'Ethiopian model.' The present thesis provides an answer to this question by focusing on the role of the EPRDF - the former insurgency movement which has governed Ethiopia since 1991 - and the fundamental reconstruction of state and market it has overseen. It argues that the resulting political economy is best characterised as a form of 'vanguard capitalism,' which combines the centralising political logic of a Leninist movement party with the expansive logic of capitalist markets. At its base lies the monopolisation of state-society relations by the EPRDF which, in turn, allows for the creation, centralisation and strategic use of economic rents by its administration. The two processes of illiberal state- and market-building are complementary, and their outcomes mutually reinforcing: a state that seeks to derive legitimacy from 'developmental' interventions in the economy, and an economy that advances a particular vision of the Ethiopian state. To bear out this argument, the thesis traces the evolving relationship between party, state, and market through four distinct periods in the EPRDF's Ethiopia. While the administrative and economic institutions built during the wartime years were all subsumed into the movement's thrust toward military victory, structural adjustment during the 1990s led to a gradual differentiation between party, state, and market. The propagation of an Ethiopian 'developmental state' in the early 2000s implied a re-centralisation of economic rents, yet without a corresponding degree of control over society the party was left vulnerable. After the electoral near-defeat of 2005 the EPRDF thus reclaimed its 'vanguard' role, again fusing party, state, and market into a campaign for economic transformation that it presents as a logical extension of the original struggle for liberation. The thesis draws on over one hundred stakeholder interviews conducted during ten months of field research in Addis Ababa, Mekelle, and among the Ethiopian diaspora, as well as on extensive archival research.
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Driessen, Miriam. "Asphalt encounters : Chinese road building in Ethiopia." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:160b0802-8bb6-4ddb-8bb1-e9c8cd3f11d7.

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Over the past decade, road construction has come to represent Chinese engagement with Ethiopia. This study considers the lives of Chinese workers at the lower end of one such project in Tigray, northern Ethiopia. By examining the ways in which Chinese road workers tried to make sense of daily life on the construction site, I reveal the inherent contradictions of a state rhetoric that promoted 'win-win cooperation' ('huying huli hezuo') and 'friendly collaboration' ('youhao hezuo') between China and Africa, and demonstrate the local manifestations of the much-debated 'China Model'. Initial expectations coloured by state narratives, as well as the migrants' own experiences with domestic development, stood in sharp contrast to realities on the ground. Convinced of the goodwill nature of their activities, Chinese workers were puzzled by and resentful of the apparent ingratitude of local Ethiopians, their lack of cooperation, and, worse, repeated attempts to sabotage the construction work. Chinese workers' struggles with development in Africa, I argue, should be understood in relation to their background as upwardly mobile rural migrants at the bottom of the corporate hierarchy, successors of engineers dispatched under Mao Zedong who had enjoyed a respectable reputation at home - a reputation current workers felt they were about to lose - and as citizens aware of their country's status in the world as superior to Africa and inferior to the West. The workers sought to live up to Chinese ideals of development by demonstrating and promoting the virtues of self-development, simultaneous development, and entrepreneurialism. Ethiopians, however, did not concede to these ideas, and their lack of cooperation stirred resentment and expressions of self-pity on the part of the Chinese, who blamed the Ethiopian labourers, their suzhi (human quality), and wenhua (culture) for the limited success of the projects. What Chinese workers failed to realise was that the attitude of Ethiopians was in fact a response to asymmetrical and contested power relations that did not allow for win-win cooperation and friendly collaboration.
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Wilson, John Campbell. "A history of the UK renewable energy programme, 1974-88 : some social, political, and economic aspects." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2012. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/3121/.

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Following the global oil crisis of October 1973 the UK government funded and administered a range of R&D programmes in renewable energy. Despite the discoveries of large deposits of oil and gas in the North Sea during the late 1960s and continuing faith in nuclear energy the government was keen to explore the potential of renewable energy as what it described as an ‘insurance technology’. This thesis examines the creation and evolution of the UK renewable energy programme from 1974 until its demise prior to the privatisation of the UK’s nationalised energy industries in the late 1980s. The thesis shows the important role that social movements - in this case, the new environmentalism - played in the promotion of renewable energy in the UK. This will suggest that the programme can be seen in some senses as a tokenistic gesture by the government acting within the uncertain political, social, and economic landscape of the 1970s. This thesis shows that government decisions on renewable energy were continually driven by socio-political factors which overwhelmed the unreliable economic case for renewables at that time. This is achieved by a close historical account of the two key elements of the wider programme: the Wave Energy Programme and the Wind Energy Programme. Using a mix of the existing literature, historical archive and interviews this thesis builds a historical account of renewable energy R&D in the UK between 1974 and 1988.
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Covas, António. "Les enjeux socio-politiques de l'intégration agricole du Portugal dans le système communautaire." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/213426.

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Books on the topic "Ethiopia – Economic conditions – 1974-"

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The Ethiopian economy, 1974-94: Ethiopia Tikdem and after. London: Routledge, 1995.

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Benti, Getahun. Addis Ababa: Migration and the making of a multiethnic metropolis,1941-1974. Trenton, NJ: Red Sea Press, 2007.

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Addis Ababa: Migration and the making of a multiethnic metropolis,1941-1974. Trenton, NJ: Red Sea Press, 2007.

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Henze, Paul B. Contrasts in African development: The economies of Kenya and Ethiopia, 1975-1984. Santa Monica, CA (P.O. Box 2138, Santa Monica 90406-2138): Rand, 1989.

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Underdevelopment in Ethiopia. Addis Ababa: Organisation for Social Science Research in Eastern and Southern Africa, 2004.

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Kay, Sharp, Yared Amare, and University of Sussex. Institute of Development Studies., eds. Destitution in Wollo, Ethiopia. Brighton: Institute of Development Studies, 2003.

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Growth and foreign debt: The Ethiopian experience, 1964-86. Nairobi: African Economic Research Consortium, 1992.

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Ethiopia: From empire to federation. Addis Ababa: Ethiopian International Institute for Peace and Development, 2001.

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derejet, Ya'Ityoṗyā kārtā śerā. National atlas of Ethiopia. [Addis Abeba]: Ethiopian Mapping Authority, 1988.

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Ethiopia, breaking new ground. Oxford, UK: Oxfam, 1995.

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Book chapters on the topic "Ethiopia – Economic conditions – 1974-"

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Mariam, Mesfin Wolde. "4. The Socio-Economic Conditions of Peasant Life." In Rural Vulnerability to Famine in Ethiopia - 1958-1977, 71–101. Rugby, Warwickshire, United Kingdom: Practical Action Publishing, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780445847.004.

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Nicolau, Lurdes. "Roma at School: A Look at the Past and the Present. The Case of Portugal." In Social and Economic Vulnerability of Roma People, 153–63. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52588-0_10.

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AbstractThe schooling process has become more widespread among the Portuguese Roma population since 1974, with the end of the Estado Novo dictatorship and the establishment of democracy. Nevertheless, the Roma nomadism or semi-nomadism, financial shortcomings and the absence of social/cultural/family stimuli are some of the reasons that explain their low school attendance rates. Only in the last decades has such attendance increased, as a result of the implementation of several public policies, particularly of the Social Integration Income. This social policy, implemented in 1996, introduced important changes in this population, especially in areas such as schooling, personal hygiene, housing, health, or sedentism.Recent research has shown an increase in the educational level of the Roma population, but school dropouts and failure remain high. This tendency was also studied in the northeast of Portugal, in a PhD thesis about the relationships between the Roma and school. In the present research work, a qualitative methodology was adopted, using direct and participant observation, as well as interviews to some Roma parents and non-Roma teachers. Both groups emphasize the main difficulties of Roma children at school.The conclusions show that several factors affect these students’ schooling nowadays, especially poor housing conditions, parents’ illiteracy or low schooling, lack of daily study monitoring at home, absence of models in their environment, non-attendance of pre-school, and discrimination against them.
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"The Socio-Economic Condition of the Peasantry in Arsiland (1941–1974)." In Conquest and Resistance in the Ethiopian Empire, 1880 - 1974, 273–98. BRILL, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004265486_010.

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Maldonado-Macías, Aide Aracely, María del Rocío Camacho-Alamilla, Jorge Luis García-Alcaraz, and Juan Luis Hernández-Arellano. "A Descriptive Study About Burnout Syndrome and Obesity in Senior and Middle Managers." In Strategic Human Capital Development and Management in Emerging Economies, 219–49. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-1974-4.ch010.

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Burnout syndrome (BS) and obesity have a high economic impact on different fields. This chapter presents a descriptive study of both conditions among middle and senior managers in the maquiladora industry of Ciudad Juarez. The Maslach Burnout Inventory General Survey- was administered to six companies. A sample of 361 participants informed their weight and height. Five levels of Burnout were obtained. Obesity was studied according to the World Health Organization criteria. Results found that 29.8% is exempt from BS, 10.5% has low level, 12.9% has a middle level, 28.2% a fairly level and 18.5% an extreme level of BS. In addition, 34% of the sample suffers from some degree of obesity. Work psychosocial aspects and their effects on human capital development in the industrial sector are not sufficiently studied in developing countries so that to develop strategies for the prevention and effective handling of both BS and obesity.
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Chirisa, Innocent, Liaison Mukarwi, and Abraham Rajab Matamanda. "Social Costs and Benefits of the Transformation of the Traditional Families in an African Urban Society." In Advances in Electronic Government, Digital Divide, and Regional Development, 179–97. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-2659-9.ch009.

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This chapter analysed the social costs and benefits of changing lifestyles and livelihoods adopted by the families in Africa to fit in the obtaining urban environments. The transformation is in a way to minimise the cost and maximise the benefits of urbanism. The net overall effect of the transformation has been increasing household poverty signified by poor incomes, family instability, increased nucleation of families and disbanding of family rural ties for the city. In most cases, this means increased vulnerability and insecurity of the traditional family. How then do the urbanised traditional families cope with city pressures? The study draws cases from South Africa, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Nigeria, Ethiopia and Egypt these being countries where urbanisation levels are in critical variation due to varying circumstances including the removal of apartheid restrictions, armed conflict, economic instability, population explosion, existence of pristine conditions, possibility of overurbanisation and proclivity to maintaining tradition, respectively.
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Driessen, Miriam. "Entangled in Lawsuits." In Tales of Hope, Tastes of Bitterness, 132–56. Hong Kong University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5790/hongkong/9789888528042.003.0007.

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In the courtroom, Ethiopian workers have proved even more successful in challenging Chinese management and the power hierarchies that lend them authority. To the consternation of their Chinese employers, the damages awarded to Ethiopian laborers in the courts keep rising. The wereda courts, the lowest-level state courts in Ethiopia, have come to play a principal role in negotiating the employment conditions of Ethiopian laborers. Judges make Ethiopian workers aware of their rights and remind Chinese employers of their obligations regarding contractual procedures, wage levels, and recruitment and dismissal practices. Together with professional writers and law student interns, the wereda courts enhance the leverage of the Ethiopian workforce over Chinese managers. Lost legal battles frustrate the managers; the unconditional support of the authorities for the local workforce goes against their idea of the local state’s role as bolstering economic growth by supporting foreign investment.
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Lambert, Matthew M. "The Postpastoral City." In The Green Depression, 99–130. University Press of Mississippi, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781496830401.003.0004.

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This chapter focuses on ways that depression-era authors use urban pastoralism to call attention to the value and effects of “green” spaces and nonhuman nature in urban landscapes—from parks and other recreational spaces to overgrown vacant lots and “commensal” animals. While James T. Farrell’s Young Lonigan (1932) and Nelson Algren’s Never Come Morning (1942) depict parks as largely unable to counter overly individualistic and masculine forms of “place” valued by their urban characters, Mike Gold’s Jews Without Money (1930) and Tillie Olsen’s Yonnondio: From the Thirties (1974) envision ways that working-class characters attempt to create alternative social and environmental interactions in vacant lots and neighborhood dumps. In Native Son (1939), Richard Wright uses rats to symbolize the poor economic and environmental conditions of Chicago’s “Black Belt” and to model forms of mobility and defiance for his characters, both of which challenge what constitutes human and nonhuman “pests.”
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"in mid-1982. Data are scarce in Ethiopia and, even when available, are not always reliable. Caution is necessary, therefore, in interpreting the data. In view of this, this study does not aim to be empirical in the strict sense of the term and uses carefully selected data mainly for illustrative purposes. The article is organised as follows. In the second section, the structural changes that have already occurred since 1974, the transitional forms which have emerged as a result of the changes and the growth experience of this period, are discussed. In the third section, the economic logic of transition to a collective agriculture is examined. In the fourth section, the government's programme of co-operativisation is outlined and its major weaknesses are highlighted. In the fifth section, the problem of integrating a growth strategy with a strategy of institutional transformation is addressed." In The Agrarian Question in Socialist Transitions, 135–42. Routledge, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203043493-14.

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"5 Population change 1980–90 216 9.6 Ethnic minorities in the USA 217 9.7 The foreign-born population of the USA 218 9.8 Maize yields in selected countries, 1931–90 219 9.9 Employment in agriculture in the United States 220 9.10 The US manufacturing belt 220 9.11 Foreign direct investment in US manufacturing as a percentage 221 of all investment 9.12 Contribution of states to US exports 225 10.1 Natural environments of Canada and Australia compared 237 10.2 Rainfall in Australia and winter temperatures in Canada 238 10.3 Economic conditions in Canada and Australia 239 10.4 The St Lawrence Seaway 241 10.5 Wheat yields in selected countries, 1931–90 242 10.6 Transport links in Australia 243 10.7 Similarities between Canada and Australia-New Zealand 244 11.1 General map of Latin America 251 11.2 A comparison of population structures (a) Younger age groups in Cuba, Argentina and Brazil 255 (b) Peru and Ethiopia 255 11.3 Countries and cities of (a) Central America and the Caribbean, 256 (b) South America." In Geography of the World's Major Regions, 661. Routledge, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203429815-171.

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"inputs in the same regions. Further, some of these areas, especially Shoa, form the industrial backbone of Ethiopia. This is due, of course, to Addis Ababa and its strong gravitational pull on new industries. The danger with such extreme concentrations is that they tend to soak up a wide range of scarce resources. Indeed, from a short run point of view, allocational choices could further exacerbate the position. The availability of a reliable and relatively efficient infrastructure would no doubt invite planners to place important new industrial enterprises in this heartland, just as the need to extract a high marketed proportion from incremental agricultural output would further divert scarce chemical fertilisers to the already developed and high income agricultural regions. And inexorably small-scale industries also prosper in these developed areas. Thus, of the total number 1,485 private manufacturing establishments, 1,164 are located in Addis Ababa, Shoa and Eritrea; these account for 82 per cent of the 15200 persons employed. It is also clear that some agriculturally prosperous regions score well on certain nutritional indicators, while highly industrialised ones do better than most on other indicators which are dependent on urban services. Those which are neither fare poorly. These data also point out the abysmally low general levels of these indicators across the board (see Saith [1983: Tables 2, 3]). One major source of regional disparities lies in the variations in geo-natural conditions. Areas with variable weather are not conducive to agricultural or local industrial growth. The scattered and semi-nomadic populations of Wollo, Hararghe and Sidamo are thus subjected to frequent disasters through droughts which decimate both people and livestock. It has been argued in the case of Wollo and Hararghe that the famines of 1974/5 were due to exchange entitlement failures (see Sen [1981: Chapter 7]). While the stricken population certainly lost most of its purchasing power, this should not hide the fundamentally fragmented nature of the Ethiopian regional economy. This implies a lack of market integration of an extreme kind. Very considerable grain movements would be required in normal times to compensate for the wide regional variations in the degree of self-sufficiency in foodgrains [Ghose, this volume: Table 7]. In theory, the flow of such movements would be governed by regional price variations which would invite food inflows up to a point where the disposition of supplies would equilibrate prices after adjusting for transport costs. Reality appears to follow a rather different course. Tables 1 and 2 reveal remarkably high price differentials across the board. The average quotations are taken from important markets at awraja or woreda levels in October 1981, and hence can be used as an index of market integration. Gojjam displays the lowest variability in intra-regional prices for most crops, while Tigrai, Wollo, Gamo Goffa and Bale seem highly volatile. The food deficit areas expectedly show higher prices, but the differentials are remarkably high, as a comparison of Hararghe and Tigrai with Gojjam and Gondar reveals. The variability is generally greater in the case of the four inferior crops on which the poorer population depends. Thus, teff and wheat have the lowest coefficients of variation, and sorghum the highest. Relative prices of the different crops also alter ranks frequently. Detailed data indicate a remarkably dissimilar price structure and growth rates even between contiguous, well-connected awrajas of the same province, with." In The Agrarian Question in Socialist Transitions, 159–61. Routledge, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203043493-19.

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