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Ango, Tola Gemechu, Kristoffer Hylander, and Lowe Börjeson. "Processes of Forest Cover Change since 1958 in the Coffee-Producing Areas of Southwest Ethiopia." Land 9, no. 8 (August 18, 2020): 278. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land9080278.
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We investigated the spatial relations of ecological and social processes to point at how state policies, population density, migration dynamics, topography, and socio-economic values of ‘forest coffee’ together shaped forest cover changes since 1958 in southwest Ethiopia. We used data from aerial photos, Landsat images, digital elevation models, participatory field mapping, interviews, and population censuses. We analyzed population, land cover, and topographic roughness (slope) data at the ‘sub-district’ level, based on a classification of the 30 lowest administrative units of one district into the coffee forest area (n = 17), and highland forest area (n = 13). For state forest sites (n = 6) of the district, we evaluated land cover and slope data. Forest cover declined by 25% between 1973 and 2010, but the changes varied spatially and temporally. Losses of forest cover were significantly higher in highland areas (74%) as compared to coffee areas (14%) and state forest sites (2%), and lower in areas with steeper slopes both in coffee and highland areas. Both in coffee and highland areas, forest cover also declined during 1958–1973. People moved to and converted forests in relatively low population density areas. Altitudinal migration from coffee areas to highland areas contributed to deforestation displacement due to forest maintenance for shade coffee production in coffee areas and forest conversions for annual crop production in highland areas. The most rapid loss of forest cover occurred during 1973–1985, followed by 2001–2010, which overlapped with the implementations of major land and forest policies that created conditions for more deforestation. Our findings highlight how crop ecology and migration have shaped spatial variations of forest cover change across different altitudinal zones whilst development, land, and forest policies and programs have driven the temporal variations of deforestation. Understanding the mechanisms of deforestation and forest maintenance simultaneously and their linkages is necessary for better biodiversity conservation and forest landscape management.
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Addis, Hailu Kendie, Atikilt Abera, and Legese Abebaw. "Economic benefits of soil and water conservation measures at the sub-catchment scale in the northern Highlands of Ethiopia." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 44, no. 2 (September 26, 2019): 251–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309133319878118.
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Soil and water conservation (SWC) interventions are needed to control rainfall-driven erosion, and profitability of SWC measures at the sub-catchment scale emerges as the principal reason for their adoption. This study carried out a cost–benefit analysis of SWC measures in mountainous agricultural catchments. Physical data were obtained through field measurements of discharge, sediment and nutrient loss at the sub-catchment scale with and without SWC measures. The major cost benefits of various measures implemented in the study area were quantified using net present value (NPV), and direct market prices were employed in valuing the cost of items required for crop production. The results revealed that sediment loss decreased by 8.78 Mg ha−1 y−1 (46.8%) due to SWC measures, and the cost of production inputs, such as fertilizer (urea) and lime, was reduced by $17.97 ha−1 y−1 and $3.63 ha−1 y−1, respectively. Furthermore, crop yield was enhanced by 13% for teff, 19.4% for sorghum and 19.42% for chickpeas, which is equivalent to economic returns of $102, $96.9 and $140.25 ha−1 y−1, respectively. The total discounted cost of SWC interventions was about $331.74. This includes establishment costs, maintenance costs, input costs and the costs resulting from lost productive land. In sum, the total discounted benefits of SWC measures were the enhancement of crop production, a reduction in lime requirement and a reduction in the loss of total nitrogen and sediment, estimated at about $809.42. Hence, it is possible to deduce that SWC measures reduced nutrient depletion and greatly improved crop yield with a NPV of $477.68 ha−1. The results strongly suggest that SWC measures in the study sub-catchment, as well as in nearby areas with a similar indigenous SWC adoption strategy, topographic conditions and agroclimatic characteristics, should be maintained.
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McCann, James C., and Shiferaw Bekele. "An Economic History of Modern Ethiopia, Vol. I: The Imperial Era, 1941-1974." International Journal of African Historical Studies 29, no. 3 (1997): 657. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/221400.
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Zimmermann-Steinhart, Petra, and Yakob Bekele. "The Implications of federalism and decentralisation on socio-economic conditions in Ethiopia." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 15, no. 2 (May 25, 2017): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2012/v15i2a2480.
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This paper analyses impacts of the federal system and the decentralisation of functions to the district level on Ethiopia's socio-economic development. Firstly we will highlight the principles of the Ethiopian federal system as well as those of the 2001/2002 decentralisation process. Secondly we will show how the decentralisation has impacted on two of the decentralised sectors, health and education, by comparing pre-federal, pre- and post-decentralisation data.In both cases an overall increase in allocated budgets and an increase in the scale of the services offered since decentralisation started in 2001 has been found. Studies also show that the increase in services is not homogenous across regional states. Within the four larger regions, strongly disadvantaged woredas at the outset of the decentralisation process have profited most, which shows that the constitutional imperative of equal access to services is being implemented. Some of the regions where decentralisation was started later have still not caught up with the other regions, a phenomenon which is mostly due to capacity deficits.The article concludes that decentralisation in combination with consistent development policies has led to an overall improvement in service delivery, while some challenges regarding quality and equity still need to be addressed.
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Araya, Mesfin. "The Eritrean Question: an Alternative Explanation." Journal of Modern African Studies 28, no. 1 (March 1990): 79–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x00054239.
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There has been an armed struggle for independence in Eritrea since the dismantling of its ‘federation’ with Ethiopia in 1962. Particularly since the fall of the imperial régime in 1974, the war has claimed many lives, and continues to cause economic and social dislocation in the region. Despite what has happened during the past three decades, however, the so-called ‘Eritrean question’ remains a widely misunderstood phenomenon, not least because there is no authoritative and scholarly modern political history of this part of Africa.
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Arega, Mekoro. "The Impact of Human Capital on Economic Growth in Ethiopia: Evidence from Time Series Analysis." Studies in Humanities and Education 1, no. 1 (December 28, 2020): 51–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.48185/she.v1i1.95.
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The general objective of the study was to analyze the impact of human capital development on economic growth in Ethiopia over the period 1974/5 -2018/9. The econometric models of Johnesan cointegration, VECM and causality tests were applied to analysis short-run and long-run impact of Human capital on Economic growth. The result of the error correction model shows that the model is adjusting at a relatively stable rate of 74.3% towards the long-run equilibrium. Furthermore, the result shows that human capital proxied of (primary and secondary school enrolments) and active labour force have a positive statistical significant long run and short-run effect on economic growth in Ethiopia. Such findings are consistent with the endogenous growth theories which argue that an improvement in human capital (skilled workers) improves productivity. In addition, results reveal that education expenditure and life expectancy at birth have a positive and statistically significant long-run effect on economic growth. However, the expenditure on health, secondary school enrolment and official development assistance are statically significant and have an unexpected negative impact on long-run economic growth. Furthermore, the short-run causality tests results reveal that public expenditure on education, primary school enrolment, secondary school enrolment and RGDP have unidirectional causal effects. Hence policymakers and/or the government give prioritize to create institutional capacity that increase school enrolment and strengthening the infrastructure or investment of educational and health institutions that produce quality of manpower to increase productivity.
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Carmichael, Calum M. "Economic Conditions and the Popularity of the Incumbent Party in Canada." Canadian Journal of Political Science 23, no. 4 (December 1990): 713–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008423900020813.
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AbstractThis study measures the effects of macroeconomic conditions upon the popularity of the incumbent party in Canadian federal general elections from 1945 to 1988. In so doing it uses a model similar to the retrospective voting models used in electoral studies in the United States. The results suggest that for the elections from 1945 to 1972, bad economic conditions preceding the election benefited the incumbent party. For the elections from 1974 to 1988, these effects were diminished or reversed. Such results have precedents in separate studies that use Canadian poll data. However, they contradict the general conclusion of American studies that bad conditions hurt the incumbent. This contradiction suggests that the model's assumptions about voting behaviour, which appear to be verified by the American studies, do not apply universally.
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Tesfaye, Habtamu, Abadi Amare, Shahid Nazir, and Ahmed Yasine. "Erratum to: Major metacestodes in small ruminants slaughtered at Dessie municipal abattoir, Eastern Ethiopia: prevalence, cyst viability, organ distribution and economic implications." Comparative Clinical Pathology 24, no. 1 (August 2, 2014): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00580-014-1974-y.
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Honwana, Frissiano Ernest, and Sileshi Fanta Melesse. "Socio-Economic and Demographic Determinants of Under-Five Mortality in Ethiopia, 2011." Open Public Health Journal 10, no. 1 (September 26, 2017): 160–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874944501710010160.
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Background: Although the economic conditions in Ethiopian households have recently improved, under-five mortality has remained one of the major problems in the country. Identification of the risk factors for under-five mortality is an important problem that needs to be addressed. This study aimed to estimate the effect of socio-economic and demographic factors on under-five mortality in Ethiopia. Methods: Data consisting of a nationally representative sample of 26370 children in the 2011 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey was analyzed. The survey logistic regression model was adopted for analysis. The outcome variable was the child’s survival status i.e. the child being either alive or dead. The explanatory variables were the socio-economic and demographic factors for mother and child, respectively. Results: The overall significance of all variables was investigated, and the following variables were found to have significant effect on the under-five mortality in Ethiopia: the sex of child, mother’s age at birth, the region, area of residence and educational of the mother. Conclusion: This study suggests that improving the educational level of mothers and reducing the regional disparity can reduce child mortality in Ethiopia.
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Asfaw, Hamelmal, and Gebrehiwot Tadesse. "Economic Contribution of Cart Horses to the Livelihoods of Families in Gondar Town Ethiopia." Momona Ethiopian Journal of Science 12, no. 1 (April 30, 2020): 135–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/mejs.v12i1.9.
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Equines are providing traction power and transport services, like pulling cart, packing and riding, at low cost in both rural and urban areas of Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Gondar city from November 2014 to April 2015 to assess major health problems and to investigate the economic contribution of cart horses to livelihood of the community. Cart horses were randomly selected from the study area. Observational study was also conducted and semi-structured questionnaire survey was administered to all cart horse owners. The study revealed that behavioral responses, skin coat and dental conditions were significantly associated with body condition and age of cart horses (p<0.05). Wound and musculoskeletal problem had no significant association with body condition and age of working horses. Young horses with good body conditions were more prone to wounds (75%) than the older horses with poor body conditions. The majority of the carthorse owners used their horses for transportation for long hours (> 8 hours) per a day, 5-6 days per week and loaded them 500-700 kg. The income in cash for the cart horse owners was recorded as 80-100 ETB per day. The current study indicated that the cart horse contribution to livelihood of communities is considerable. The working animals deserve better husbandry and veterinary care to sustain their contribution. We suggest a more detailed and systematic study be conducted in the study area to influence policy makers towards better regulation in animal welfare.
Keywords: Cart horses, Economic contribution, Gondar, Ethiopia.
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Issa, Hassen, and R. Mañus Madelyn. "Socio-economic conditions of street children: The case of Shashemene Town, Oromia National Regional State, Ethiopia." International Journal of Sociology and Anthropology 10, no. 8 (December 31, 2018): 72–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ijsa2017.0750.
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Takele, Astewel, Yihenew G. Selassie, and Fatih Yildiz. "Socio-economic analysis of conditions for adoption of tractor hiring services among smallholder farmers, Northwestern Ethiopia." Cogent Food & Agriculture 4, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 1453978. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2018.1453978.
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Jeong, Jin Mun. "Economic sanctions and income inequality: impacts of trade restrictions and foreign aid suspension on target countries." Conflict Management and Peace Science 37, no. 6 (February 10, 2020): 674–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0738894219900759.
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This research examines the relationship between economic sanctions and income inequality of sanctioned states. Economic sanctions have a discernible effect on target income inequality. I argue that such an effect significantly varies across sanctions instruments and economic conditions of sanctioned countries. Data analysis for 152 countries from 1974 to 2011 shows that import sanctions increase inequality of labor-abundant targets, but such an effect disappears in labor-scarce targets, whereas the findings provide no reliable evidence for the effect of export sanctions. The results also suggest that foreign aid sanctions reduce the inequality of targets that are significantly dependent on foreign assistance.
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Accornero, Guya. "Back to the revolution: The 1974 Portuguese spring and its "austere anniversary"." Historein 15, no. 1 (December 3, 2015): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/historein.275.
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<p>The 40th anniversary of the Portuguese revolution took place in 2014 in a context of deep social and economic crisis. In common with Greek, Spanish, and to an extent, Italian citizens, the Portuguese had suffered, in the previous three years, from the imposition of drastic austerity measures of fiscal contraction. These measures, aside from worsening the economic situation and increasing unemployment, have deeply undermined what in the country are considered the “conquests” of the 25 April 1974 revolution that ushered in Portugal’s democracy – a set of social rights in terms of labour law, healthcare and access to education. As in other countries, these conditions have not gone unchallenged by civil society, and there has been an intensification of protest. If the “conquests of April” seem to be targeted in particular by the austerity measures, references to the revolution have returned to be a constant element in the contestation of the “troika’s” impositions.</p>
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Семенович, В. С. "FINANCIAL RELATIONS OF RUSSIA WITH DEVELOPING COUNTRIES UNDER PANDEMIC CONDITIONS." Modern Science, no. 1 (July 5, 2021): 51–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.53039/2079-4401.2021.3.1.011.
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С 1988 года начался новый период экономических и политических отношений России с развивающимися странами Азии, Африки и Латинской Америки. Особо тесные торговые и финансовые отношения России сложились и поддерживаются с Венесуэлой, Бразилией, Индией, Эфиопией, Ливией, Ганой, Алжиром, Нигерией, Сирией, Ираком и другими развивающимися странами. Но с 2019 года это взаимодействие усложнилось в связи с мировым кризисом вследствие пандемии Covid-19. Все страны мира были вынуждены вносить коррективы в свои внешнеэкономические связи. Since 1988, a new period of economic and political relations between Russia and the developing countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America began. Particularly close trade and financial relations of Russia have developed and are maintained with Venezuela, Brazil, India, Ethiopia, Libya, Ghana, Algeria, Nigeria, Syria, Iraq and other developing countries. But since 2019, this interaction has become more complex due to the global crisis due to the Covid-19 pandemic. All countries of the world were forced to make adjustments to their foreign economic relations
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Gebrehiwot, Kidanemariam Gidey. "The Impact of Human Capital Development on Economic Growth in Ethiopia: Evidence from ARDL Approach to Co-Integration." American Journal of Trade and Policy 1, no. 3 (December 31, 2014): 127–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.18034/ajtp.v1i3.374.
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The main objective of the study was to investigate the long run and short run impact of human capital on economic growth in Ethiopia (using real GDP per capita, as a proxy for economic growth) over the period 1974/75-2010/2011. The ARDL Approach to Co-integration and Error Correction Model are applied in order to investigate the long-run and short run impact of Human capital on Economic growth. The finding of the Bounds test shows that there is a stable long run relationship between real GDP per capita, education human capital, health human capital, labor force, gross capital formation, government expenditure and official development assistance. The estimated long run model revels that human capital in the form of health (proxied by the ratio of public expenditure on health to real GDP) is the main contributor to real GDP per capita rise followed by education human capital (proxied by secondary school enrolment). Such findings are consistent with the endogenous growth theories which argue that an improvement in human capital (skilled and healthy workers) improves productivity. In the short run, the coefficient of error correction term is -0.7366 suggesting about 73.66 percent annual adjustment towards long run equilibrium. This is another proof for the existence of a stable long run relationship among the variables. The estimated coefficients of the short-run model indicate that education is the main contributor to real GDP per capita change followed by gross capital formation (one period lagged value) and government expenditure (one period lagged value). But, unlike its long run significant impact, health has no significant short run impact on the economy. Even its one period lag has a significant negative impact on the economy.
The above results have an important policy implication. The findings of this paper imply that economic performance can be improved significantly when the ratio of public expenditure on health services to GDP increases and when secondary school enrolment improves. Such improvements have a large impact on human productivity which leads to improved national output per capita. Hence policy makers and / or the government should strive to create institutional capacity that increase school enrolment and improved basic health service by strengthening the infrastructure of educational and health institutions that produce quality manpower. In addition to its effort, the government should continue its leadership role in creating enabling environment that encourage better investment in human capital (education and health) by the private sector.
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Mota, Nelson. "From House to Home:." Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 78, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 208–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jsah.2019.78.2.208.
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In From House to Home: Social Control and Emancipation in Portuguese Public Housing, 1926–76, Nelson Mota considers public housing policies in Portugal under the dictatorship that ruled there from 1926 to 1974 and during the two years that followed the democratic revolution of April 1974. He reviews key legislative initiatives and projects to show how the dictatorship's policies effectively commodified housing, exerted government control over the working class, and largely excluded the urban poor from the housing market. By contrast, programs developed under the postrevolutionary Serviço de Apoio Ambulatório Local, or SAAL, promoted self-help initiatives that aimed to improve housing conditions for Portugal's poorest citizens, thus securing their economic and social independence and their right to occupy urban space. During the “SAAL spring,” Mota concludes, building homes became more important than selling houses.
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Gebrecherkos, Gebregiorgis. "Engendering energy in Ethiopia: The role of solar energy in improving rural womens socio-economic conditions in Tigrai Region." International Journal of Sociology and Anthropology 7, no. 1 (January 31, 2015): 8–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ijsa2014.0550.
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Zetter, Roger. "The Greek-Cypriot Refugees: Perceptions of Return under Conditions of Protracted Exile." International Migration Review 28, no. 2 (June 1994): 307–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839402800204.
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Constituting a crucial element in the search for a permanent solution to the Cyprus problem, the needs and aspirations of the 180,000 refugees are examined in this article. Of the three durable solutions to refugee crises, repatriation has consistently been advocated as the only option for the Cypriot situation. Contrasting the images of temporariness and permanency of exile, the article examines the extent to which the refugees, in the light of the dramatic social and economic changes that have taken place in the refugee community since the exodus of 1974, might perceive of return as their sole feasible or potential objective. The article argues that the ambiguous identity of the refugees, as both insiders and outsiders, and the protracted political uncertainty of their status give contradictory messages about the likely scale, processes, and success of their return.
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De Kock, K. N., and C. T. Wolmarans. "The geographical distribution and habitats of three liver fluke intermediate hosts in South - Africa and the health implications involved." Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskap en Tegnologie 27, no. 1 (September 16, 2008): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/satnt.v27i1.78.
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Account is given of the distribution and habitats of the three Lymnaea species currently on recordin the National Freshwater Snail Collection (NFSC) of South Africa. A total number of 616, 353and 202 loci (1/16th square degrees) was respectively recorded for Lymnaea natalensis, L. columellaand L. truncatula. The number of loci in which the collection sites of each species was located, wasdistributed in intervals of mean annual air temperature and rainfall, as well as intervals of meanaltitude. A temperature index was calculated for all mollusc species in the database and the resultsused to rank them in order of their association with low to high climatic temperatures. Chi-squareand effect size values were calculated to determine the significance in differences between frequencies of occurrence of each species in, on, or at the different options for each of the variables investigated and also to determine the significance of the differences between the three species. None of the three Lymnaea species were well represented in the arid regions of the Northern ,Western and Eastern Cape Province, and only L. truncatula was reported from Lesotho. Lymnaeanatalensis is the most widespread of the three species, while the distribution of L. truncatula displaysa sporadic and limited pattern. The alien invader species L. columella was first reported from SouthAfrica in the early 1940’s but was so successful in its invasion of water-bodies in South Africa thatit is currently considered the third most widespread freshwater snail in the country. Lymnaea truncatula was the only one of the three species not recovered from all 14 water-body types represented in the database. The largest number of samples of L. truncatula by far, was yielded by marshes while the largest number of samples of the other two species was collected in rivers, streams and dams. The highest percentage occurrence of all three species was in habitats in which the water conditions were described as permanent, standing, fresh and clear. Although the highest percentage of samples of all three species was reported from loci that fell within the interval ranging from 16-20°C, a significant number of samples of L. truncatula came from loci falling with in the 11-15°C interval. In view of the fact that Lymnaea species are well known as intermediate hosts for liver fluke in South Africa and elsewhere in the world, the widespread occurrence of these snails could have considerable health and economic consequences. Lymnaea natalenis is the most important and probably the only intermediate host of Fasciola gigantica, the most common liver fluke in Africa but F. gigantica has been reliably reported only from Lesotho where its traditional intermediate host, L. truncatula is widespread. However, the epidemiology of fasciolosis in South Africa has been complicated by the invasion of many water-bodies by L. columella because this species has proved to be a successful host for F. hepatica where it had been introduced elsewhere in the world. To our knowledge its role in South Africa in this respect has not yet been evaluated. Due to the fact that no statistics are available in print, the results of positive serological tests on cattle herds all over South Africa were used to compile a map depicting the possible occurrence of Fasciola species in livestock in this country. Although human infections with Fasciola in Africa was considered as very rare in 1975 the situation has changed. It is considered an underrated and underreported disease in humans in Ethiopia and in Egypt an increase in cases of fasciolosis and prevalence’s as high as 12.8% in humans have also recently been reported. To our knowledge the only cases of human fasciolosis reported in literature for South Africa were from northern KwaZulu-Natal where F. hepatica infections were found in 22 out of 7 569 school children examined in 1981. Efforts to obtain recent statisticson human infections from various persons and authorities were totally unsuccessful. In view of statistics available for elsewhere in the world, it would be unwise to assume that no problems exist in this regard in South Africa. The number of people suffering from fasciolosis was already estimated at 2.4 million in 61 countries in 1995 and another 180 million at risk of becoming infected, with the highest prevalence’s reported from Bolivia, China, Ecuador, Egypt, France, Iran, Peru and Portugal. The results of recent serological assays for the detection of fasciolosis in cattle herds in selected areas in South Africa indicated positive cases from localities that closely correspond to the geographical distribution of the three Lymnaea species in this country. According to reports in the literature, the high prevalence of fasciolosis in livestock in the highlands of Ethiopia couldhave serious health implications for people in the area because they have to use the same water resources. In many rural areas in South Africa local populations also have no other options than to share natural water resources with their livestock. In most instances these water bodies harbour at least one of the Lymnaea species which can maintain the life cycle of fasciola. Under such conditions residents could daily be exposed to the risk of becoming infected. It is a matter of concern that epidemiological research with regard to human fasciolosis is such aneglected subject in South Africa. In our opinion epidemiological surveys should be conducted to determine the prevalence of human fasciolosis in specific areas which could be selected on the basis of using the geographical distribution of the three Linnaean species as guidelines. Efforts should also be made to conduct surveys to update the geographical distribution of the snail intermediate hosts and awareness programmes should be launched in rural areas at risk.
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Uslaner, Eric M., and M. Margaret Conway. "The Responsible Congressional Electorate: Watergate, the Economy, and Vote Choice in 1974." American Political Science Review 79, no. 3 (September 1985): 788–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1956844.
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Most analyses of the 1974 congressional elections have failed to find significant effects for either Watergate or personal financial conditions, despite the prominence of both of these issues in the campaign. An alternative thesis argues that the effect was indirect, through the selection of better-than-usual Democratic candidates and weaker Republican contestants for House seats. Reanalyzing campaign finance data, we challenge this thesis and then move on to a different type of analysis from that which traditionally has been done in retrospective voting studies. With the use of the 1972-1974 panel of the Center for Political Studies, we examine separately the voting behavior of what V. O. Key, Jr. called “standpatters” and “switchers.” The former are motivated primarily by party identification, with small Watergate effects. Our probit analylsis for switchers, on the other hand, finds much weaker party identification effects, but, interestingly, much more pronounced Watergate and economic impacts. Furthermore, an analysis of the sample compared to the population of districts in 1974 suggests that a more representative sample would lead to even more pronounced impacts for Watergate and the economy than even we have found.
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Okello, F. O., F. Stuer, A. Kidane, and M. Wube. "Saving the sick and improving the socio-economic conditions of people living with HIV in Ethiopia through traditional burial groups." Health Policy and Planning 28, no. 5 (October 11, 2012): 549–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czs097.
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Konde, Alemayehu. "Farmers' participation in agricultural research: experiences from Ethiopia." BSAP Occasional Publication 21 (1998): 101–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263967x00032110.
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AbstractLivelihoods of most farmers in different ecological settings are local, extremely complex, diverse, dynamic and unpredictable. The situation of low-income farmers is even more complex: poor infrastructure; diverse and risk-prone agro-ecological conditions; strong interactions between crop, livestock, tree and fodder components of the farming system, between agriculture and the management of common resources, combining cropping and herding with off-farm activities; and diverse socio-economic conditions.Until recently, agricultural research in developing countries had predominantly been conducted under conditions ‘controlled’ by researchers, on topics chosen predominantly by researchers and in ways largely determined by researchers. Concern over the complexity and diversity of situations faced, especially by low-income farmers, paved a way to the steady development of a range of participatory approaches which, in turn, led to the increasing recognition of farmers’ participation (though in varying degrees) in the research process, if research were to generate and spread appropriate agricultural technologies with some prospect of uptake by farmers.The purpose of this paper is to provide information on ‘Farmers’ Participatory Research’ (FPR), i.e. research in which smallholders play leading roles, from diagnosis through implementation to assessment of results and dissemination. With particular emphasis on recent experiences in Ethiopia, the rationale, techniques, application and some results of FPR, carried out in different settings at different times of the year, are reviewed.The paper highlights local peoples’ abilities in identifying and prioritizing their own problems; significant rôles, if allowed to participate, in identifying and prioritizing the ‘best-bets’ and, or, researchable issues, carrying out and evaluating research. The degree of smallholders’ participation in setting the research agenda, their involvement in the research process and ultimately success or failure depend on various factors. Of these: nature and state of problems limiting agricultural productivity; types and stages of research; expected duration of the research; time and resource availability; and favourable policy issues are considered to be amongst the most important.
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Schafer, Hans-Bernd. "Conditions of Agricultural Growth in Developing Countries (Invited Lecture)." Pakistan Development Review 27, no. 4I (December 1, 1988): 451–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v27i4ipp.451-472.
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Economic development is hardly possible without an increase in agricultural production. This holds especially true for the development of industry and other non-agricultural sectors. How else should a rapidly increasing population outside the agricultural sector be maintained with necessary agricultural goods? Though this is a simple truth agricultural production, especially food production increase has been far from satisfactory in many developing countries. Between 1974-76 and 1982-84 per capita food production in industrialized countries increased at a much higher rate than in developing countries and in almost 50 developing countries it has even declined during the same period. 1 Many developing countries are now heavily dependent on food imports to sustain their urban population, though they have comparative advantages to produce agricultural products. How is this defect to be explained? Technical reasons are not prevailing. Though only in Africa and South America unused arable land is available to a large extent but not in Asia, it would be possible to dramatically increase agricultural production by introducing new seed varieties, chemical fertilizer and irrigation. The main factors to hamper agricultural growth are political, social and economic. T. H. Schultz wrote in 1978: "What is needed are many Green Revolutions that would increase agricultural production throughout low income countries. They could be had, but they are presently suppressed by the lack of adequate incentives."2 In many developing countries the farm sector is exploited by the urban sector and a stream of agricultural surplus is channelled out of the farm sector to feed the nonagricultural population. Very often the prices of farm products are artificially held down.
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HOLDEN, STEIN, CHRISTOPHER B. BARRETT, and FITSUM HAGOS. "Food-for-work for poverty reduction and the promotion of sustainable land use: can it work?" Environment and Development Economics 11, no. 1 (January 30, 2006): 15–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x05002676.
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Food-for-work (FFW) programs are commonly used both for short-term relief and long-term development purposes. This paper assesses the potential of FFW programs to reduce poverty and promote sustainable land use in the longer run. There is a danger that such programs distort labor allocation or crowd out private investments and therefore have unintended negative effects. We explore this issue using survey evidence from northern Ethiopia that we use to motivate a simple theoretical model, a more detailed version of which we then implement through an applied bio-economic model calibrated to northern Ethiopia. The analysis explores how FFW project outcomes may depend on FFW project design, market conditions, and technology characteristics. We show that FFW programs may either crowd out or crowd in private investments and highlight factors that condition whether FFW promotes or undercuts sustainable land use.
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Yimere, Abay, and Engdawork Assefa. "Assessment of the Water-Energy Nexus under Future Climate Change in the Nile River Basin." Climate 9, no. 5 (May 18, 2021): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cli9050084.
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This study investigated the Water-Energy relationship in the Nile River Basin under changing climate conditions using an energy and water model. Climate change will likely affect both water and energy resources, which will create challenges for future planning and decision making, particularly considering the uncertainty surrounding the direction and magnitude of such effects. According to the assessment model, when countries depend heavily on hydropower for energy, power generation is determined by climate variability. For example, Ethiopia, Egypt, and Sudan are more hydropower-dependent than Burundi or Rwanda. As a result, the trading relationships and economic gains of these countries shift according to climate variability. Among 18 climate scenarios, four demonstrate a change in climate and runoff. Under these scenarios, trading partnerships and economic gains will favor Ethiopia and Egypt instead of Sudan and Egypt. This study examines the extent of potential climate challenges, their effects on the Nile River Basin, and recommends several solutions for environmental planners and decision makers. Although the proposed model has the novel ability of conducting scientific analyses with limited data, this research is still limited by data accessibility. Finally, the study will contribute to the literature on the climate chamber effects on regional and international trade.
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Pati, Rabindra Nath, and Selemawit Tekie. "Biocultural Dynamics of Teenage Pregnancies in Ethiopia: Medico Anthropological Appraisal." International Journal of Social Sciences and Management 3, no. 1 (January 21, 2016): 68–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijssm.v3i1.14368.
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Teenage pregnancy is a burning public health and demographic problem in Ethiopia.The adolescent girls of rural regions in Ethiopia account for alarming higher proportion of teenage pregnancies and contribute serious threats to health and development interventions by the Government.Teenage pregnancies and adolescent reproductive health hazards are burning global issues which have obstructed effective implementation of agenda of Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The UNICEF estimates that 80 per cent of teenage pregnancies are reported in least developed countries of the world.The multiple socio-cultural factors such as lack of parental control and guidance, gender inequality, poverty, social exclusion, peer pressure, adoption of transactional and intergenerational sex by unemployed adolescent girls in poor homes as coping mechanism, gender based sexual assault prevailing in and around schools have stimulated increased teenage pregnancies in rural regions of Ethiopia.This paper based on review of research articles and research synthesis argues that teenage pregnancies is a national concern of Ethiopia preventing a significant section of adolescent girls availing access to preparedness for adulthood, exercising reproductive rights, opportunities for skill development, education, safe sex and reproductive health.This paper is an attempt to develop framework of research hypothesis and research questions to be adopted for further research on this thematic area.In rural regions of Ethiopia, increased number of women headed families coupled with rising poverty; unemployment and family disorganization breed sexual exploitation of adolescent girls exposing them to high risk sexual transmitted diseases and HIV/AIDS.The growing teenage pregnancies in the country have drastically affected achievement of agenda in Millennium Development Goals (MGDs) in term of reduction of maternal death by 75 percent by 2015.The health inequalities is a major contributing factor to deprive women of equal opportunity and availing access to reach her health potential irrespective of social status, ethnicity, gender, religion and economic status.The socio-economic conditions of family and community in rural regions of Ethiopia contribute to increasing teenage pregnancies and adolescent motherhood.These factors are inadequate opportunity in community level for positive youth development, illiteracy, poverty and limited employment opportunities.The study recommends for a comprehensive community driven approach promoting childhood interventions and adolescent development programme towards minimizing unintended teenage pregnancy and gender discrimination prevailing in rural and urban region of Ethiopia.Int. J. Soc. Sci. Manage. Vol-3, issue-1: 68-77
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Neckerman, Kathryn M. "Divided Households." Social Science History 19, no. 3 (1995): 371–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200017417.
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The structure of the extended family is often described as a strategy for coping with poverty, unemployment, or migration (Agresti 1979). Whether extended kin relations are thought to be short-term and calculative (Anderson 1971) or bound by ties of reciprocity (Hareven 1982), the extended household itself is assumed to be adaptive to the material conditions under which working-class families live. This characterization is supported by studies of the present-day poor (Angel and Tienda 1982; Stack 1974; Stern 1993). Although Ruggles (1987) questions the importance of economic motives for nineteenth-century extended families, he suggests that by the early twentieth century there is evidence that extended households were increasingly strategic.
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Fojo, Gudina Abashula, and Carol Allais. "The Socio-cultural and Economic Conditions Contributed to Illegal Migration in Omo Nada District, Jimma Zone, Oromia National Regional State, South West Ethiopia." Research, Society and Development 8, no. 7 (May 18, 2019): e31871092. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v8i7.1092.
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Despite the fact that factors contributed to illegal migration (migrant smuggling and human trafficking) vary from context to context, there is scant of information for Omo Nada district, Jimma zone, Oromia National Regional State, South West Ethiopia. Thus, this study tried to explore the socio-cultural and economic factors that contributed to illegal migration of returnees to Omo Nada district. To this end, in-depth interviews, key informant interviews and focus group discussions were undertaken to collect qualitative data required for the study. The data was transcribed and analyzed thematically. Accordingly, the results of the findings showed that poverty, unemployment, lack of skills, influence of brokers/smugglers/traffickers, family pressure, religious and absence of legal means particularly for males are the major complex and reinforcing factors that gave rise to the illegal migration of the study participants. The returnees’ subjective experiences of these factors and the meaning they gave to migration such as “means to escape poverty, alternative way to success and a key to unlock poverty” also motivated them to migrate.
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Block, Paul, and Kenneth Strzepek. "Economic Analysis of Large-Scale Upstream River Basin Development on the Blue Nile in Ethiopia Considering Transient Conditions, Climate Variability, and Climate Change." Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 136, no. 2 (March 2010): 156–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)wr.1943-5452.0000022.
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Becker, Derick A., Derick A. Becker, and Hannah Wittmeyer. "Africa’s Land Rush and the Embedded Neoliberal State: Foreign Agricultural Investment in Ethiopia and Mozambique." Comparative Sociology 12, no. 6 (2013): 753–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691330-12341284.
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AbstractAs changes to traditional economic power relationships upend the global economy, there is a resurgent interest in Africa’s raw materials by an increasing number of states beyond the traditional post-colonial coterie. These states are not fundamentally altering Africa’s status as a small economic player supplying raw goods to the world. But the level of interest, the states involved, and the changing nature of Africa’s involvement are raising questions about the long-term benefits and consequences of this renewed interest. Of particular concern is the trend in scale and type of commercial agricultural projects where land deals are slowly consuming vast sections of Africa’s agricultural land for export crops. NGOs, a few academics and virtually any news story on the subject inevitably invoke the term neo-colonialism. Our argument, however, is that the neo-colonial thesis – as well as the embedded state and neoliberal state theses taken separately – fail to capture the complexity of African commercial agriculture, particularly in the cases of Ethiopia and Mozambique. Despite ample evidence of massive, opaque land deals, investments do not tend to be restricted in bi-lateral ways nor are the investing parties members of the traditional Western world. While the role of elites is similar to the embedded state thesis, deals are mediated via wider market relations and conditions and justified in neoliberal terms. We propose that a synthesis of these latter theoretical strands better captures both the character and outcomes of African land acquisitions in our two case studies, and Africa at large.
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KAHSAY, TEWODROS NEGASH, ONNO KUIK, ROY BROUWER, and PIETER VAN DER ZAAG. "THE ECONOMY-WIDE IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT IN THE NILE BASIN: A COMPUTABLE GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM APPROACH." Climate Change Economics 08, no. 01 (February 2017): 1750004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s201000781750004x.
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A multi-country, multi-sector computable general equilibrium (CGE) model is employed to evaluate the economy-wide impacts of climate change under the IPCC’s A2 and B1 scenarios and existing irrigation development plans in the Nile basin. The study reveals that climate change adversely affects mainly downstream Egypt and to a lesser extent Sudan, while it results in a limited impact in the upstream countries Ethiopia and the Equatorial Lakes region, where irrigated agriculture is still limited. The economic consequences for Egypt are especially substantial if the river basin countries pursue a unilateral irrigation development strategy. In order to prevent water use conflicts and ease water scarcity conditions, a cooperative water development strategy is needed as well as economic diversification in favor of less water-intensive sectors, combined with investments in water-saving infrastructure and improved irrigation efficiency.
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Morrow-Jones, H. A. "The Housing Life-Cycle and the Transition from Renting to Owning a Home in the United States: A Multistate Analysis." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 20, no. 9 (September 1988): 1165–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a201165.
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In this paper the concepts of the housing life-cycle and housing occupancy patterns in the United States are examined. The focus is on the move from renting to owning a home in the young adult years of life. Data from the national American Housing Survey, for the years 1974–1983, are combined with the techniques of multistate demography to produce housing life summary statistics and rates of movement by age. Parameterized curves are fitted to the empirical age-rate schedules and exogenous variables used to explain variation in the parameters related to young adults. Three simple, projection scenarios are also examined. The results indicate the importance of life-cycle factors and economic conditions in the shift from renting to owning a home.
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Semrau, Maya, Oumer Ali, Kebede Deribe, Asrat Mengiste, Abraham Tesfaye, Mersha Kinfe, Stephen A. Bremner, et al. "EnDPoINT: protocol for an implementation research study to integrate a holistic package of physical health, mental health and psychosocial care for podoconiosis, lymphatic filariasis and leprosy into routine health services in Ethiopia." BMJ Open 10, no. 10 (October 2020): e037675. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-037675.
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IntroductionNeglected tropical diseases (NTDs) causing lower limb lymphoedema such as podoconiosis, lymphatic filariasis (LF) and leprosy are common in Ethiopia. Routine health services for morbidity management and disability prevention (MMDP) of lymphoedema caused by these conditions are still lacking, even though it imposes a huge burden on affected individuals and their communities in terms of physical and mental health, and psychosocial and economic outcomes. This calls for an integrated, holistic approach to MMDP across these three diseases.Methods and analysisThe ‘Excellence in Disability Prevention Integrated across NTDs’ (EnDPoINT) implementation research study aims to assess the integration and scale-up of a holistic package of care—including physical health, mental health and psychosocial care—into routine health services for people with lymphoedema caused by podoconiosis, LF and leprosy in selected districts in Awi zone in the North–West of Ethiopia. The study is being carried out over three phases using a wide range of mixed methodologies. Phase 1 involves the development of a comprehensive holistic care package and strategies for its integration into the routine health services across the three diseases, and to examine the factors that influence integration and the roles of key health system actors. Phase 2 involves a pilot study conducted in one subdistrict in Awi zone, to establish the care package’s adoption, feasibility, acceptability, fidelity, potential effectiveness, its readiness for scale-up, costs of the interventions and the suitability of the training and training materials. Phase 3 involves scale-up of the care package in three whole districts, as well as its evaluation in regard to coverage, implementation, clinical (physical health, mental health and psychosocial) and economic outcomes.Ethics and disseminationEthics approval for the study has been obtained in the UK and Ethiopia. The results will be disseminated through publications in scientific journals, conference presentations, policy briefs and workshops.
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Wolle, HS, P. Barberi, and S. Carlesi. "Effect of homegarden and parkland agroforestry practices in Ethiopia on selected soil properties." African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 21, no. 05 (July 6, 2021): 18115–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.100.19220.
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Ethiopian agricultural lands are fragile due to inherent unfavourable soil properties, over-exploitation, mismanagement (deforestation, over-grazing and inappropriate land use systems) and harsh weather conditions. These factors are worsened by changing climatic conditions, leading to significant problems in terms of soil erosion and loss of soil fertility. The consequences of such processes can be detected at the economic (agricultural production is currently being jeopardized)and biological (risks of biodiversity loss and habitat fragmentation)levels. However, the use of tree/shrub species in various agroforestry practices can increase soil nutrient supply through nitrogen fixation, improve soil structure, reduce soil erosion and nutrient losses. A study was carried out in the Amhara region, Ethiopia to evaluate the effect of home garden and parkland agroforestry practices on selected soil chemical properties. Soil samples were taken from 20x20m square plots established in home garden agroforestry and adjacent agricultural land without trees (control). In parkland agroforestry practice, two dominant tree species in each of the five villages were chosen. Soil samples were taken from the tree at the midpoint of the canopy projection, at 0-15 and 15-30 cm depths. The collected soil samples were air-dried, homogenized and passed through a 2 mm sieve for subsequent soil chemical analysis. The results indicated that all soil chemical properties except total nitrogen were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) affected by the agroforestry practices.Higher soil organic carbon, organic matter, available phosphorus,and exchangeablepotassium were found in the home garden agroforestry practice, while the lowest values were recorded in without-tree fields (control). All soil chemical properties except soil pH decreased as the soil depth increased. Higher value of organic carbon, available phosphorus, and exchangeable potassium were found in the home garden agroforestry likely because of a higher proportion of deep-rooted tree/shrub species and species belonging to the legume functional group. Therefore, the home garden agroforestry practice can be used as an ecologically friendly and sustainable alternative to maintaining soil fertility.
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Tiruneh, Daniel, Getachew Baye, and Yosef Beco Dubi. "A Critical Discourse Analysis of COVID-19 in Ethiopia: Rethinking the Past and Defining the Present." Journal of Language and Literature 20, no. 2 (October 5, 2020): 318. http://dx.doi.org/10.24071/joll.v20i2.2608.
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<p><em>The purpose of this study is to unearth the landscape of social media and analyse the contents. Contents of social media, in Ethiopia, are varying over the course of changes in politics, health, socio-economic conditions of the country. Some of the contents are reflected in the forms of narratives, comments, briefings, anecdotes, and verses to list a few. Contents changing the way people interact with each other and share information, personal messages, and opinions about situations, objects, and past experiences- rethinking the past, themes are linked to the present and define the present Ethiopia. In order to attain the stated objective, the researchers developed critical discourse analysis as a research methodology and adapted Norman Fairclough’s model of Analysis as a theoretical framework. Most social media texts are short online conversational posts or comments that do not contain enough information for a full textual analysis. Therefore, using purposive sampling six excerpts were collected from various discourses of the social media platforms, particularly Facebook, Facebook messenger, and YouTube. Based on the contexts of the discourses, the analysis was categorized thematically. The study concluded that social media users used the platform as a means to reflect both the status quo of the past and linking to the current COVID-19 and its socio-economic impacts. COVID-19 is depicted as a disease, resulting from human wrongdoings, very dangerous which is deadly even to Satan. It is also depicted as a warrior, an extremely hungry predator looking for its prey, ready to eat up human being ravenous without a need for proper chewing. </em></p>
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Degarege, Gebeyaw Ambelu, and Brent Lovelock. "Institutional barriers to coffee tourism development: insights from Ethiopia – the birthplace of coffee." International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research 15, no. 3 (August 17, 2021): 428–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijcthr-11-2020-0273.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to identify pathways to improve the performance and competitiveness of Ethiopia's tourism sector using coffee as one essential tourism experience, thereby improving the socio-economic conditions of the local communities who depend on coffee for their livelihoods. Design/methodology/approach Based upon qualitative focus group discussions undertaken with key informants in both the coffee and tourism sectors in Ethiopia. Findings Despite the existing tourism development potential, Ethiopia has not yet fully exploited this position. While the country uses coffee to assist its destination marketing strategies, practical interventions to position coffee as a primary tourism product are absent and remain of critical importance. Research limitations/implications In this exploratory study key informant participants from government and industry share their experience within this policy domain. It is acknowledged that future research aiming to provide a fuller picture of governance in this domain would also include the perspective of community-level coffee growers. Practical implications Paramount among the implications of this study is the need to enhance cross-sectoral planning and collaboration and to establish a bridging organisation that will help integrate the agricultural (coffee) sector and the tourism sector. Social implications This study identifies key governance-related obstacles to addressing rural poverty through coffee-related agri-tourism initiatives in Ethiopia. Originality/value This paper addresses, from a governance perspective, the obstacles and opportunities for coffee as a tourism product/experience in Ethiopia. The paper identifies what interventions and innovations in policy and practice are necessary to enhance the role of Ethiopia's coffee culture in the performance of the country's tourism sector.
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Rossouw, Laura, and Hana Ross. "Understanding Period Poverty: Socio-Economic Inequalities in Menstrual Hygiene Management in Eight Low- and Middle-Income Countries." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 5 (March 4, 2021): 2571. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052571.
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Menstrual hygiene management and health is increasingly gaining policy importance in a bid to promote dignity, gender equality and reproductive health. Effective and adequate menstrual hygiene management requires women and girls to have access to their menstrual health materials and products of choice, but also extends into having private, clean and safe spaces for using these materials. The paper provides empirical evidence of the inequality in menstrual hygiene management in Kinshasa (DRC), Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Rajasthan (India), Indonesia, Nigeria and Uganda using concentration indices and decomposition methods. There is consistent evidence of wealth-related inequality in the conditions of menstrual hygiene management spaces as well as access to sanitary pads across all countries. Wealth, education, the rural-urban divide and infrastructural limitations of the household are major contributors to these inequalities. While wealth is identified as one of the key drivers of unequal access to menstrual hygiene management, other socio-economic, environmental and household factors require urgent policy attention. This specifically includes the lack of safe MHM spaces which threaten the health and dignity of women and girls.
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Gemechu, Bekele, and Amha Besufekad. "Evaluation of Improved Tef [Eragrostisteff /Zucc./Trotter] Production Technologies in Central High Lands of Ethiopia." Engineering International 7, no. 1 (June 30, 2019): 19–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.18034/ei.v7i1.453.
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A study was carried out to evaluate the performance of improved varieties of tef and production technologies in Becho district of Oromia, Centeral Ethiopia. Five improved tef varieties along with the local were selected and used as treatments (that is, Dega tef (T1), Guduru (T2), Kena (T3), Kora(T4),Quncho(T5) and Local (T6)) arranged in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with six replications using six farmers’ fields. Yield and yield related parameters were analyzed using SAS statistical software version 9.0. Economic analysis/profitability, preference/acceptability, gender and nutrition and environmental suitability data recording were performed to compare treatments advantages and identify the best performing varietity/ies. All the yield and yield related components were significantly different between the varieties at 5 % probability level %) except for plant height in which there was no significant difference among varieties. Variety Dega tef gave the highest grain yield with average grain yield of 3610.6kg/ha followed by Quncho and Kora and also had about 40% yield advantage over the local variety with average grain yield of 2577.83kg/ha and had about 116.95%, 110.25% and 90.80 % yield advantage over the national, regional and zonal average yield of tef in 2016/2017 Meher season of CSA data respectively. Based on farmer’s preference analysis variety Dega tef had high acceptability (75%) followed by Quncho (73%) and Kora (70%). Guduru variety has the least in acceptability (21%). As the result from the economic analysis showed that Dega tef variety had the maximum net benefit (79,536.69birr/ha) followed by Quncho (67,106.97birr/ha) and Kora (63,746.96birr/ha). Variety Guduru had the least net benefit result of about 53,648.17birr/ha. Based on the rules of decision making and the integrated scoring set for technology validation, two of the three improved varieties meet the requirements to be recommended. Therefore, we recommend Dega tef, Quncho, and Kora varieties for Becho areas and other areas with similar agro-ecological conditions in the central highlands of Ethiopia.
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Gemechu, Bekele, and Amha Besufekad. "Evaluation of Improved Tef [Eragrostisteff /Zucc./Trotter] Production Technologies in Central High Lands of Ethiopia." Malaysian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 7, no. 1 (April 29, 2020): 51—XX. http://dx.doi.org/10.18034/mjmbr.v7i1.496.
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A study was carried out to evaluate the performance of improved varieties of tef and production technologies in the Becho district of Oromia, Central Ethiopia. Five improved tef varieties along with the local were selected and used as treatments (that is, Dega tef (T1), Guduru (T2), Kena (T3), Kora(T4), Quncho (T5) and Local (T6)) arranged in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with six replications using six farmers’ fields. Yield and yield-related parameters were analyzed using SAS statistical software version 9.0. Economic analysis/profitability, preference/acceptability, gender and nutrition, and environmental suitability data recording were performed to compare treatment advantages and identify the best performing variety/ies. All the yield and yield-related components were significantly different between the varieties at 5 % probability level %) except for plant height in which there was no significant difference among varieties. Variety Dega tef gave the highest grain yield with average grain yield of 3610.6kg/ha followed by Quncho and Kora and also had about 40% yield advantage over the local variety with average grain yield of 2577.83kg/ha and had about 116.95%, 110.25% and 90.80 % yield advantage over the national, regional and zonal average yield of tef in 2016/2017 Meher season of CSA data respectively. Based on farmer’s preference analysis variety Dega tef had high acceptability (75%) followed by Quncho (73%) and Kora (70%). Guduru variety has the least in acceptability (21%). As a result of the economic analysis showed that Dega tef variety had the maximum net benefit (79,536.69birr/ha) followed by Quncho (67,106.97birr/ha) and Kora (63,746.96birr/ha). Variety Guduru had the least net benefit result of about 53,648.17birr/ha. Based on the rules of decision making and the integrated scoring set for technology validation, two of the three improved varieties meet the requirements to be recommended. Therefore, we recommend Dega tef, Quncho, and Kora varieties for Becho areas and other areas with similar agro-ecological conditions in the central highlands of Ethiopia.
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Baland, Jean-Marie, and Kjetil Bjorvatn. "Conservation and employment creation: can privatizing natural resources benefit traditional users?" Environment and Development Economics 18, no. 3 (January 29, 2013): 309–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x12000563.
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AbstractThe establishment of a private property regime is often proposed as a solution to the degradation of natural resources. While arguably more efficient than open access, private property often comes at a distributional cost (Weitzman, M. (1974), ‘Free access vs private ownership as alternative systems for managing common property’, Journal of Economic Theory 8(2): 225–234) as traditional users of the resource lose income and employment in the process. The present paper demonstrates that, in the case of renewable resources, traditional users may gain from privatization even if they are denied ownership of the resource. Indeed, a private owner maximizing profits tends to preserve the resource, which results in long-term increases in employment. We derive the conditions under which these long-term gains more than compensate traditional users for the short-run fall in labor demand and resource rents.
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Abbink, J. "Violence and the Crisis of Conciliation: Suri, Dizi and the State in South-West Ethiopia." Africa 70, no. 4 (November 2000): 527–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/afr.2000.70.4.527.
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AbstractThis article examines the social and political background of escalating violence between ethnic groups in south‐western Ethiopia who until recently had customary and ritually sanctioned ways of resolving conflict. It highlights the impact of the emerging state hegemony in a local setting on ethnic groups not yet involved in the global political economy. The account also indicates the changing arenas of ‘ethnic’ self‐definition and economic opportunity for local groups in post‐1991 Ethiopia. As the report of a big reconciliation meeting held between the government and the groups involved (and discussed here) makes clear, in the efforts of state agents to mediate emerging conflicts in conditions of increasing resource scarcity and identity struggle, the use of customary mediation mechanisms and their cultural symbolism was rhetorically recognised. But at the same time efficient mediation was structurally impeded by the very nature of the exercise of authority by the agents of the state and by their incapacity to implement practical measures to establish local peace. This failure to reconstitute a new political arena of conflict resolution was matched by the inability of the (representatives of the) ethnic groups concerned to redefine their relationship in a constructive and culturally acceptable manner.
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A, Kebede. "Prevalence and Identification of Ixodide Ticks in Cattle in Lalo Assabi District, West Wollega Zone, West Oromia, Ethiopia." Open Access Journal of Veterinary Science & Research 3, no. 3 (2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/oajvsr-16000162.
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Ticks are important parasite of cattle that cause huge economic loss at private and national level. Therefore, the cross sectional study was conducted from October 2016 to June 2017 in Lalo Assabi district of West Wollega Zone . The aims of the stud y were to determine the prevalence of tick infestation and to identify their predilection site, possible risk factors and distribution in the rural and urban area of Lalo Assabi districts. Peasant Associations (PAs), sex, age, body conditions of animals an d ticks genera were major factors involved in the study. A systematic random sampling study design was followed to collect samples. From the total of 384 cattle, 265 ( 69%) cattle were found to be infested with tick. Out of five peasant associations examined, highest prevalence (80.4%) was recorded at Barko Daleti Peasant Associations. Highest prevalence ( 82% ) was observed in male than in female animals (59%). Relatively highest prevalence was recorded in adult animals (70.7%) as compared with young a nd old age animals. Amblyomma, Boophilus and Rhipicephalus were tick genera with infestation rate of 30.7 %, 23.2% and 15.1%, respectively. Animals with good body condition were relatively affected (74.1%). Different tick genera have different predilection sites. Amblyomma had strong preference for udder or scrotum (19.3%), Boophilus was highly prevalent on Udder or Scrotum and Genus Rhipicephalus was highly found attached to Dewlap (21.1%) . However, there was no significant variation on the prevalence of ti ck infestations (P>0.05). The study revealed that ticks are the most important ectoparasites and cause economic losses in the area. A nimal’s husbandry and management improvement is warranted to reduce the rate of tick’s infestation.
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Girma, Yeshibely. "Study on the Prevalence of Ovine Fasciolosis in Wadla Woreda, North Wollo, Ethiopia." Open Access Journal of Veterinary Science & Research 3, no. 1 (2018): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/oajvsr-16000151.
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A cross - sectional study on the prevalence of ovine fasciolosis was conducted in Wadla district from October 2016 to June 2017. A total of 384 fecal samples were randomly collected directly from the rectum of individual animals. Parasitological investigation was performed using sedimentation technique. From a total of 384 copro - logical ly examined samples 130 sheep were found positive for fasciolosis with an overall prevalence of 33.85%. From the study peasant association Kone, Dorera, Betehar, Beteyohannis and Gashena were accounted for 34.61%, 32.47%, 32.89%, 35.06% and 34.21 % respect ively. The difference in the prevalence in the five peasant associations was not statistically significant (p> 0.05). The prevalence of ovine fasciolosis was computed for the different age, sex and body condition categories. The prevalence rate of fasciolo sis in young sheep 32.43% was less than 34.75% and the difference were not statistically significant (p>0.05). The prevalence of fasciolosis in sex groups in the present study was 34.69%, 32.98% in female and male respectively. On the other hand in the pre sent study area the prevalence of fasciolosis was found to be higher in sheep with poor body condition than those with medium and good body conditions with prevalence of 36.5%, 33.88% and 27.03% respectively. There is no statistically difference (p>0.05) b etween three types of body condition scores. It was concluded that ovine fasciolosis was prevalent, thus causing major economic lass in the study area. Hence, control strategies targeted on the parasite and the intermediate hosts as well as implementation of appropriate grazing management in the study area are warranted.
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Pérez-Barahona, Agustín. "NONRENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES AS INPUT FOR PHYSICAL CAPITAL ACCUMULATION: A NEW APPROACH." Macroeconomic Dynamics 15, no. 1 (February 22, 2010): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100509090415.
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In contrast to the standard approach in energy economics, this paper assumes that physical capital accumulation is relatively more energy-intensive than consumption. By means of Gaussian hypergeometric functions, we provide a closed-form representation of the optimal solution paths of our variables in levels, whatever the initial conditions (i.e., global dynamics). We find that, in general, the optimal trajectories are nonmonotonic. P.S. Dasgupta and G.M. Heal [Review of Economic Studies (special number), 3–28 (1974)] pointed out this result (local dynamics) for the optimal consumption in a model with identical technology for both physical capital accumulation and consumption. However, our paper introduces five novelties with respect to their study, namely, global dynamics, the importance of the proportion of nonrenewable energy resources to endowment of physical capital [S(0)/K(0)], the role of technical progress, U-shaped behavior of consumption, and nonmonotonicity of resource extraction.
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Häusler, Hermann. "Did anthropogeology anticipate the idea of the Anthropocene?" Anthropocene Review 5, no. 1 (November 16, 2017): 69–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2053019617742169.
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The term anthropogeology was coined in 1959 by the Austrian geologist Heinrich Häusler. It was taken up by the Swiss geologist Heinrich Jäckli in 1972, and independently introduced again by the German geologist Rudolf Hohl in 1974. Their concept aimed at mitigating humankind’s geotechnical and ecological impact in the dimension of endogenic and exogenic geologic processes. In that context anthropogeology was defined as the scientific discipline of applied geology integrating sectors of geosciences, geography, juridical, political and economic sciences as well as sectors of engineering sciences. In 1979 the German geologist Werner Kasig newly defined anthropogeology as human dependency on geologic conditions, in particular focusing on building stone, aggregates, groundwater and mineral resources. The severe problems of environmental pollution since the 1980s and the political relevance of environmental protection led to the initiation of the discipline ‘environmental geosciences’, which – in contrast to anthropogeology – was and is taught at universities worldwide.
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Kebede, Mekuannet Belay, and Degefa Gebissa. "Genetic Variability of Maize (Zea mays L.) Genotypes on Some Yield and Yield Components at Haramaya, Eastern Ethiopia." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 8, no. 9 (September 23, 2020): 1840–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v8i9.1840-1845.3423.
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Genetic improvement in components of economic importance along with maintaining a sufficient amount of variability is always the desired objective in the any maize (Zea mays L.) breeding program which will be handled under the conditions of Haramaya, Eastern Ethiopia. Therefore, an experiment was conducted using (27) and (3) check/control varieties to determine the genetic variability of maize genotypes at Haramaya, eastern Ethiopia. The study results revealed that significantly the tallest plant heights for (PH) were recorded from (3) (170 cm) and (18) (167.5 cm) genotypes whereas the shortest PH were recorded from (13) (117.5 cm) and (23) genotypes (120 cm). Good plant aspects (PA) were obtained from genotype 12, 22 and 26 (PA-1.5) and poor PA were attained from genotype 1 (PA-2.5). Besides, genetic and phenotypic variances were estimated for seven components. The highest genotypic coefficients variation (GCV) and phenotypic coefficients of variation (PCV) were calculated from grain yield (GY – 23.39%). Comparatively the higher GY were attained from the genotypes of 3, 9 and 12. It can be concluded that almost all components of the PCV are greater than the GCV. Superior selected genotypes are recommended to the researchers /breeders to develop disease resistant and high yielder varieties to increase maize production by farmers under Haramaya and other similar agroecologies.
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Mekonnen, Tesfaye Hambisa, Giziew Abere, and Shalema Wedajo Olkeba. "Risk Factors Associated with Upper Extremity Musculoskeletal Disorders among Barbers in Gondar Town, Northwest Ethiopia, 2018: A Cross-Sectional Study." Pain Research and Management 2019 (April 3, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6984719.
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Background. Work-related upper extremity musculoskeletal disorders (WUEDs) often present remarkable health and economic burdens on society. Occupational barbers are usually neglected both in research and policy actions, mainly in developing countries, and hence are likely subjected to the conditions. So far, information about factors that influence WUEDs among barbers in Ethiopia is inconclusive. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate prevalence and factors associated with WUEDs among barbers in Gondar town, Ethiopia. Methods. We conducted a cross-sectional study from March to April 2018. A sample of 424 participants were recruited using systematic random sampling technique. A standardized Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire was pretested and interviewer-administered for data collection. The data were analyzed by SPSS version 20 software. We set statistical significances at <0.05 p value with 95% confidence intervals (CI) and computed odds ratios to evaluate strength of associations. Results. The response rate was 98.3% (N=417). The mean age was 26.39 (SD + 4.805) years. The prevalence of upper extremity musculoskeletal disorders over the past 12 months was 56.8% (N=237). Upper back pain was observed in 38.8% (N=162) participants, whereas shoulder (27.1% (N=113)), neck pain and elbow/forearms (each 29.3% (N=122)), and wrists/hand disorders (32.4% (N=135)) were the common body sites indicated. Age (AOR: 2.614; 95% CI (1.287, 5.307)), alcohol use (AOR: 3.556; 95% CI (2.212, 5.717)), frequent standing (AOR: 1.536; 95% CI (1.006, 2.346)), physical exercises (AOR: 1.938; 95% CI (1.216, 3.089)), and low monthly salary (AOR: 3.125; 95% CI (1.157, 5.441)) were factors associated with work-related upper extremity disorders. Conclusions. Work-related upper extremity disorder is common among hairdressing professionals. Worksite health promotions targeted to lifestyle behaviors, like physical exercise and alcohol consumption require urgent public health actions in Ethiopia. Moreover, adaption of flexible work postures and proper management of workplace conditions related to aging workforces are also imperative to trace the complaints.
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Pavlov, Sergey Ivanovich, and Andrey Stepanovich Yaitsky. "Dynamics of leaf beetles density (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) in grain crops agrocoenoses of the Samara Region." Samara Journal of Science 7, no. 2 (June 15, 2018): 94–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv201872119.
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The author studied winter and spring wheat (Trticum) development dynamics in the Volga Region left-bank forest-steppe zone during 1974-2010 in natural conditions and gardens on the Samara Region cereal crops fields, as well as generation cycles of 6 local species of leaf beetles, with 1-year development, 5 of which do a lot of harm to wheat ( Oulema melanopus L., Phyllotreta vittula Redt., Chaetocnema aridula Gyll., Chaetocnema hortensis Geoffr., Hispella atra L.) and 1 ( Cassida rubiginosa Mll.) is the consumer of a weed plant - Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.). The author also studied leaf beetles density dynamics and their localization on grain crops of different age. The author studied cereal crops agrocoenoses microclimate under different weather conditions, different plants vegetation intensity at different times of the day. The author also studied major stages of beetles harmful species generation and the timing of their implementation. The paper contains an analysis of the extent and timing of different harmfulness of leaf beetles; the economic value of their separate types. The author surveyed the conditions preferred by the pests of wheat as well as the factors depressing their larval stage and considered the cases of beetles and larvae massive aggregations formation and beetles migration into more comfortable areas. The author comes to the conclusion of the extraordinary plasticity and adaptability of the leaf to the microclimatic conditions of the habitat.
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ASSEFA, ANDEBET HAILU, and BELAYNEH TAYE GEDIFEW. "SYMBOLIC VALUES AND IMPLICATIONS OF THE GRAND ETHIOPIAN RENAISSANCE DAM PROJECT IN ETHIOPIAN IDENTITY POLITICS." Skhid, no. 1(2) (July 1, 2021): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.21847/1728-9343.2021.1(2).229192.
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This paper attempts to show how the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) ’s economic and political gains could help develop a shared outlook to regulate Ethiopia’s opposing political trajectories, i.e., the ethnocentric and pan-Ethiopian nationalist camps. Presently, different ethnic-based “in-group and out-group” contrasting political discourses have dominated Ethiopian polity. The paper reviews and exposes relevant philosophical concepts, including “mirror identity,” primordial and instrumental conception of ethnicity. Notably, following Anderson’s (2006) line of thought, nationalism as a “cultural artefact” and expression of an “imagined community,” the paper argues that GERD could serve as a shared symbolic and developmental language to reshape Ethiopian national consciousness and imagination by improving the political and economic domains of the country. Accordingly, the GERD covertly or overtly helps reform the polity’s self-recognition mechanisms and circuitously re-approaches outstanding political differences by inspiring trust-based relations among major political actors. Ethnocentric motivations raise political questions such as secession, the right to linguistic and cultural recognition, economic equality, and political security and representation by using their respective ethnic lines as means of political mobilization. In current Ethiopia, political identities have been practically blended with ethnic identity. In this sense, as diverse ethnic groups exist, political borders sustain among the multiple ethnic-based nationalists and between pan-Ethiopian and ethnocentric actors. Thus, a comprehensive dialogue and constructive political cross-fertilization are required between various political actors, horizontally and vertically, among ethnocentric nationalists and the pan-Ethiopian advocates. In Ethiopia, the realization of internal political consensus requires an instantaneous remedial mechanism. Accordingly, the politically drawn antithetical ethnic demarcations and occasionally fabricated historical narratives have undeniably pushed politics into unfavourable conditions. That is why, as the paper maintains that developmental projects such as the GERD would have pertinent economic and political mechanisms to developing a national sentiment, which in turn symbolically facilitate national consensus among the major political actors. Hence, borrowing Fukuyama’s (2018) notion of “creedal national identity”, one could resonate that developmental projects can help realize symbolic worth by constructively enabling citizens to recognize their countries’ foundational ideals and elevating common factors. The present paper does not examine the GERD project’s external geopolitical and legal concerns concerning scope, although these topics are worth examining for further investigations.