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Journal articles on the topic 'Ethiopia – Languages'
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1
Hudson, Grover. "Languages of Ethiopia and Languages of the 1994 Ethiopian Census." Aethiopica 7 (October 22, 2012): 160–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.15460/aethiopica.7.1.286.
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The 1994 Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia gathered considerable information of linguistic interest, notably the number of speakers of seventy-seven languages which it recognized. The Census’s list is largely consistent with lists of languages recognized in current research by Ethiopianist linguists. However, problems of two sorts arise in the Census list: dialects counted as languages and languages counted as dialects. Survey of research in Ethiopian linguistics supports instead the existence of seventy-three Ethiopian languages now spoken, a list of languages and their dialects which includes varieties of speech recognized and unrecognized by the Census.
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Dadoo, Yousuf. "LINGUISTIC AND CULTURAL AFFINITIES: THE CASE OF ARABIC AND ETHIOPIAN LANGUAGES." Journal for Semitics 25, no. 2 (May 9, 2017): 700–725. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/1013-8471/2553.
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Multi-faceted relations between Ethiopia and South Arabia existed since the sixth century B.C. During the earlier phase, the Christian Ethiopians networked with their co-religionists. Later they interacted primarily with Muslim Arabs some of whom settled in Ethiopia either in search of religious sanctuary or for trade purposes. The Muslims entrenched themselves and established petty kingdoms between the ninth and fifteenth centuries C.E. Thereafter, they suffered huge reversals at the hands of their Christian compatriots who were assisted by the Portuguese colonial power. Over the last two centuries relations between these two religious groups suffered appreciably. Despite these mammoth problems, testimonies to the linguistic and cultural affinities between Ethiopia and Arabia are evident; illustrations of which are given in this article. They could be used as a springboard for improving relations between the two communities. The Ethiopian socio-political climate has improved since the installation of a new federal and democratically elected government. It behoves all relevant groups to grasp the mettle by doing more intensive and extensive research in topics like this one in order to trace commonalities between them.
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Chali, Gemechis T., Miriam Taverniers, and Guta Legesse. "Overview of Education in Ethiopia: Traditional Institutions and Language Perspectives." Afrika Focus 34, no. 2 (December 14, 2021): 343–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2031356x-34020008.
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Abstract This article briefly introduces the phases of education in Ethiopia in the last 150 years and the impact of traditional institutions on languages. The intention of this report is to present the background section of a PhD (Gemechis, 2020) defended at Ghent University in September 2020. It is believed that the period of modern education in Ethiopia is shorter when compared with that of traditional education, which lasted for more than a century. Modern or “Western” education was launched in 1908, and Western educational ideas have flourished since the early twentieth century; but the traditional approach characterised Ethiopian education throughout the history of this ancient nation (Hoot, Szente and Mebratu, 2004). This article aims to review the past 150 years of education in Ethiopia in connection with historical trends and the influence of traditional institutions on education in general and languages in particular. Respondents discuss the fact that that, unlike the Orthodox and Missionary churches in Ethiopia, some of the traditional institutions such as the Waaqqeffannaa of Oromoo Institution were not allowed to reflect their values and languages. The study reveals that traditional institutions have played a crucial role in education in Ethiopia. Furthermore, understanding the impact of languages in education is important in teaching and learning in general. However, the findings confirm that there was no structure that could equally understand and accommodate all traditional institutions to contribute to the education of Ethiopia in the past. This article concludes with the recommendation that there should be a well-established implementation system on the languages and cultural institutions that could attract all nations and nationalities to promote their traditional institutions. For instance, there are no language and cultural policies aimed at sustainability.
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Walga, Tamene Keneni. "Prospects and Challenges of Afan Oromo: A Commentary." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 11, no. 6 (June 1, 2021): 606–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.1106.03.
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Afan Oromo- the language of the Oromo- is also known as Oromo. The word ‘Oromo’ refers to both the People of Oromo and their language. It is one of the widely spoken indigenous African languages. It is also spoken in multiple countries in Africa including Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan and Tanzania among others. Moreover, it is spoken as a native language, second language and lingua-franca across Ethiopia and beyond. Regardless of its scope in terms of number of speakers and geographical area it covers, Afan Oromo as a literary language is only emerging due to perpetuating unfair treatment it received from successive Ethiopian regimes. This commentary sought to examine prospects and challenges of Afan Oromo. To this end, drawing on existing literature and author’s own personal observations, salient prospects and challenges of Afan Oromo have been presented and briefly discussed. Suggestions to confront the challenges foreseen have been proposed by the author where deemed necessary. The paper concludes with author’s concluding remarks concerning the way forward.
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Wolff, H. Ekkehard, Sileshi Berhanu, and Getinet Fulea. "On Visibility and Legitimisation of Languages: The ‘Linguistic Landscape’ in Adaama, Ethiopia." Aethiopica 16 (March 9, 2014): 149–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.15460/aethiopica.16.1.704.
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With a focus on the city of Adaama (formerly: Nazret), the biggest urban agglomeration in Oromia Regional State, the paper addresses the “linguistic landscape” which is indicative of the overall sociolinguistic situation of a polity. Language use in the public space has not only practical-instrumental, but also historical, political, juridical, and most of allpsycho-sociological dimensions, the latter relating to the symbolic value of written language use. The paper deals with multilingual graphic representations on public commercial and private sign-boards, advertisements, and notices in Adaama city, with an additionalfocus on the situation on the campus of Adama Science and Technology University. Under the chosen theoretical framework, it analyses language visibility in terms of language legitimisation, both in terms of peoples’ attitudes and based on official documents regarding language status and language use in present-day Ethiopia, such as the Education and Training Policy (1994), the Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (1995), the Revised Constitution of Oromia Regional State(2001/2006), and the Higher Education Proclamation (2009). The primary focus of the paper is on the status, functions, and representations of AfanOromo, including a review of the major historico-political changes affecting this language from Imperial Ethiopa (before 1974), the Därg period (until 1991), and under the new Constitution of the FDRE (since 1995). The paper also deals with linguistic and graphic issues concerning the “orthographic” representations of the four languages used: Afan Oromo, Amharic, Arabic, and English, involving three different graphic systems: Fidäl (Abugida), Arabic, and Roman.
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Taye, Bekau Atnafu. "The medium of instruction in Ethiopian Higher Education Institutions: Kotebe Metropolitan University Case study." African Journal of Teacher Education 8 (April 1, 2019): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21083/ajote.v8i0.4367.
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The aim of this article is to examine the medium of instruction in Ethiopian higher education institutions and the perceived consequences of the failure to learn a lingua franca. The study was qualitative and it used interviews and focus group discussions (FGDs). Five teachers and five students took part in the interviews and six teachers and six students participated in the FGDs. The findings of the study showed that the role of Amharic as a working language has not been given recognition despite the fact that Amharic was constitutionally granted to be a working language. Due to language barriers, students who are speakers of Oromipha and other languages from the Eastern and Western parts of Ethiopia suffer passivity in the classroom because they do not speak Amharic although Amharic has been taught as a subject in all regional states of the country. Increased identity politics seems to have generated a negative attitude towards Amharic, Ethiopia's former official lingua franca. Non-Amharic native speakers appeared to lose interest in learning Amharic while they were in primary and secondary schools. The absence of an official, common language which could be used for wider communication in higher education has resulted in having challenges among the student population.
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Treis, Yvonne. "Switch-reference and Omotic-Cushitic Language Contact in Southwest Ethiopia." Journal of Language Contact 5, no. 1 (2012): 80–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187740912x624469.
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Africa has up until now been considered a continent where switch-reference systems are extremely rare. This study shows that there is a confined area in the South of Ethiopia where many Omotic languages and a few Cushitic languages have fully grammaticalised switch-reference systems on dependent (co-)subordinate non-final verbs, so-called converbs. The paper describes in detail the switch-reference system of Kambaata (Cushitic) and gives an overview of the distribution of switch-reference systems in Ethiopia in general. It is argued that switch-reference marking in Cushitic languages is the result of contact with neighbouring Omotic languages.
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Kifleyesus, Abbebe. "The Argobba of Ethiopia are not the Language they Speak." Aethiopica 9 (September 24, 2012): 7–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.15460/aethiopica.9.1.238.
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The Argobba of southeastern Wällo and northeastern Šäwa live amongst and speak the languages of the Amhara and the Oromo with great ease as if they are members of these ethnic groups. For them Amharic and Afaan Oromoo are the languages of administration and market transaction and therefore important for Argobba survival in a region domi-nated by these two ethno-linguistic groups. Yet the Argobba I met in these lands identified themselves as Argobba, and they were known as such, despite the fact that several of them had Amharic or Afaan Oromoo as their first language. The central claim of this article is therefore that the Argobba of this region define themselves as Argobba based on their traditions, customs, beliefs, values, and total cultural practices and not on the basis of who can or cannot speak the Argobba language.
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Leslau, Wolf. "Inor lullabies." Africa 66, no. 2 (April 1996): 280–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1161320.
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AbstractFourteen Gurage lullabies from Ethiopia, in their Inor transcriptions and English translations, are briefly introduced and annotated. Inor belongs to the West Gurage group of languages; this set of lullabies complements those from Eža (another West Gurage language) published earlier by the author.
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Hailay, Abrha, Woldu Aberhe, Guesh Mebrahtom, Kidane Zereabruk, Guesh Gebreayezgi, and Teklehaimanot Haile. "Burnout among Nurses Working in Ethiopia." Behavioural Neurology 2020 (October 16, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8814557.
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Background. Burnout is a condition of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and low personal accomplishment that can occur among individuals who work with people in some capacity. Nursing is a stressful profession that deals with human aspects of health and illness and can ultimately lead to job dissatisfaction and burnout. Although burnout among nurses has been addressed in previous research, the heterogeneous nature of the result findings highlights the need for a detailed meta-analysis in Ethiopia. Thus, this review is aimed at identifying the prevalence of burnout among nurses in Ethiopia. Methods. A search strategy was implemented using electronic databases (PubMed/MEDLINE, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Africa-Wide Information, and African Index Medicus) which were systematically searched online to retrieve related articles using keywords. Studies which were included in this review were written in the English language because writing articles in other languages in Ethiopia is uncommon. The combination of key terms including “burnout”, “nurse” and “Ethiopia”, “systematic review” and protocols was used. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis checklist guideline was followed stepwise. All published articles starting from inception to February 2020 were included, and we did not find unpublished studies. Heterogeneity across the included studies was evaluated by the inconsistency index. All statistical analysis was done using R and RStudio software for Windows, and a random-effects model was applied to estimate the overall prevalence of burnout among nurses in Ethiopia. It is registered in PROSPERO (CRD42020188092). Results. The database searched produced 1060 papers. After adjustment for duplicates and inclusion and exclusion criteria, seven articles with 1654 total nurses were found suitable for the review. Except for one cohort study, all studies were cross-sectional. The overall pooled prevalence of burnout among Ethiopian nurses was estimated to be 39% (95% CI: 27%-50%). Conclusions. Burnout affects two out of five nurses in Ethiopia. Therefore, effective interventions and strategies are required to reduce burnout among nurses.
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Hailu, Yemserach Legesse. "Language Law and Policy of the Federal Government of Ethiopia: Implications for Fair Trial and the Rights of Non-Amharic Language Speakers Accused." Acta Humana 9, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 59–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.32566/ah.2021.1.4.
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Ethiopia is a multilingual country with a federal form of state structure. The 1995 Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE Constitution) gave equal recognition for all Ethiopian languages, but has chosen Amharic to become the working language of the Federal Government. In order to accommodate the needs of non-Amharic speakers in the provision of public services, the Constitution and other laws such as the Criminal Procedure Code, require the use of interpreters. Particularly in criminal proceedings, non-Amharic speakers are entitled to be assisted with a ‘qualified’ interpreter to meaningfully participate in the cases. In practice, it is observed that accused people who do not speak the working language of the federal government are unable to effectively understand or get prompt and detailed information regarding the nature and effect of the case brought against them. Even if they know the case, they are not able to effectively explain their defences to the court or associated bodies, and thereby defend their rights. This study reveals that non-Amharic speakers are not effectively served according to the legal standards. This problem subsists mainly due to the absence or limited number of interpreters, as well as the use of untrained interpreters. Despite some efforts to address the problem, the federal government has not yet laid down any formal mechanism by which people with limited and/or no Amharic language proficiency are properly served in criminal proceedings both before and during trial. This study proposes the federal government to establish court interpreter training institutions and to standardise court interpretation by allocating the necessary budget; lay down a formal mechanism such as enacting detailed laws and working manuals for assigning interpreters; providing other local languages the status of working language; consulting interpretation technologies and working in collaboration with different stakeholders.
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Alqarni, Muteb. "Arabic loanwords in seven Ethiopian languages." Brill’s Journal of Afroasiatic Languages and Linguistics 13, no. 2 (November 29, 2021): 423–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18776930-01302009.
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Abstract Within the Theory of Constraints and Repair Strategies (Paradis, 1988a,b; Paradis & LaCharité, 1993, 1997, 2001, 2002, 2005, 2008, henceforth TCRS), we provide a formal analysis to the Arabic loanwords in seven languages spoken in Ethiopia: Ge’ez, Tigre, Tigrinya, Amharic, Harari, Argobba and Gurage. The analysis draws upon a corpus of 540 loanwords extracted from the works of Leslau (1956a,b,c; 1957a,b,c; 1958; 1963; 1990). The article presents theoretical challenges to the TCRS Loanword Model (Paradis & LaCharité, 1997), in particular to the Threshold Principle which stipulates that an illicit segment should universally undergo less than two repairs to be licensed in the borrowing language; beyond this limit, it will be deleted. The adaptations of Arabic segmental malformations in these seven Ethiopian languages, however, exceed this number totaling in certain cases to six repairs. The article also discusses the Arabic gutturals, [ʔ], [ʕ] and [ħ], which undergo unpredictable deletion in Amharic and Argobba, showing that the Non-Availability Hypothesis (Paradis & LaCharité, 2001) cannot account for these deletions either. Although the Francophones systematically delete gutturals in Arabic loanwords due to the non-availability of Pharyngeal node in French, the inventories of Amharic and Argobba include the laryngeal [h], the uvular [q] and the glottalized ejectives, thus employing Pharyngeal node plus the features [RTR] and [constricted glottis] as phonologically treatable primitives.
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Záhořík, Jan. "Languages in Sub-Saharan Africa in a broader socio-political perspective." Acta Orientalia Vilnensia 11, no. 2 (January 1, 2010): 77–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/aov.2010.3646.
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Charles University This study deals with language policies in Africa with a special focus on multi-ethnic and multi-lingual states including Sudan, Ethiopia, Nigeria, Cameroon, and Democratic Republic of Congo. The study will thus examine relations between state and minorities, the status of major and marginalized languages, the roles of European languages in politics as well as theoretical frameworks. Sub-Saharan Africa has undergone a remarkable process from linguistic imperialism to linguistic pluralism and revivalism. Until the 1960s the superior position of the European languages (English, French, and Portuguese) was evident, but after the Africanization of politics and society in many African countries, a strong accent on linguistic emancipation was initiated. Nowadays, many African countries follow the principle of linguistic pluralism where several languages enjoy the same rights and space in the media, administrative, education, etc. This study will discuss some important case studies and their specific language policies.
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Lemenkova, Polina. "Scripting methods in topographic data processing on the example of Ethiopia." SINET: Ethiopian Journal of Science 44, no. 1 (June 9, 2021): 91–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sinet.v44i1.9.
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This study evaluates the geomorphometric parameters of the topography in Ethiopia using scripting cartographic methods by applying R languages (packages 'tmap' and 'raster') and Generic Mapping Tools (gmt) for 2D and 3D topographic modelling. Data were collected from the open source repositories on geospatial data with high resolution: gebco with 15 arc-second and etopo1 with 1 arc-minute resolution and embedded dataset of srtm 90 m in 'raster' library of R. The study demonstrated application of the programming approaches in cartographic data visualization and mapping for geomorphometric analysis. This included modelling of slope steepness, aspect and hillshade visualized using dem srtm90 to derive geomorphometric parameters of slope, aspect and hillshade of Ethiopia and demonstrate contrasting topography and variability climate setting of Ethiopia. The topography of the country is mapped, including Great Rift Valley, Afar Depression, Ogaden Desert and the most distinctive features of the Ethiopian Highlands. A variety of topographical zones is demonstrated on the presented maps. The results include 6 new maps made using programming console-based approach which is a novel method of cartographic visualization compared to traditional gis software. The most important fragments of the codes are presented and technical explanations are provided. The presented series of 6 new maps contributes to the cartographic data on Ethiopia and presents the methodology of scripting mapping techniques.
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Schröder, Helga. "The Syntax and Semantics of Clause-Chaining in Toposa." Studies in African Linguistics 49, no. 1 (May 31, 2020): 60–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/sal.v49i1.122263.
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Some languages make extensive use of clause-chaining. According to Payne (1997: 312), clause-chaining has been documented for languages in the highlands of New Guinea, Australia and the Americas. In Africa it is found in Ethiopia (Völlmin et al. 2007), in Kiswahili, a Bantu language (Hopper 1979: 213-215, Mungania 2018), in Anuak, a Western Nilotic language (Longacre 1990: 88-90 and 2007: 418) and in Toposa, a VSO language of South Sudan (Schröder 2011). Clause-chaining is characterized by a long combination of non-finite clauses that have operator dependency on a finite clause, and it usually signals foregrounded information in discourse (see also Dooley 2010: 3). Besides its discourse function, clause-chaining exhibits morpho-syntactic and semantic properties as demonstrated in this paper with examples from Toposa, an Eastern Nilotic language.
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Tesfaye, Ashenafi, and Klaus Wedekind. "Characteristics of Omotic tone Shinasha Borna." Studies in African Linguistics 21, no. 3 (December 1, 1990): 347–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/sal.v21i3.107432.
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The article provides some phonological background and outlines the tonal system of Shinasha (Borna), an isolated North Omotic language of Ethiopia. There are two contrasting tones. Their behaviour shows characteristics which have also been observed for other Omotic languages: stability of lexical tone, limited use of tone in the syntax, and absence of sandhi. The article provides new evidence that vowel quality can have a strong influence on the tonetic realisation: Shinasha is not the only Omotic language where high vowel quality is associated with extra high pitch.
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Belay, Daniel Gashaneh, Dagmawi Chilot, and Melaku Hunie Asratie. "Spatiotemporal distribution and determinants of open defecation among households in Ethiopia: A Mixed effect and spatial analysis." PLOS ONE 17, no. 5 (May 19, 2022): e0268342. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0268342.
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Background Open defecation is the disposal of human faeces in the fields, forests, bushes, and open bodies of water. It is practiced more in sub-Saharan African countries and is considered a sign of underdevelopment. Open defecation facilitates the transmission of pathogens that cause diarrheal diseases which is the second leading contributor to the global burden of disease. In Ethiopia, it kills half a million under-five children annually. Even though open defecation practice is a major cause of childhood mortality and morbidity in Ethiopia, there is minimal evidence on the trend, spatiotemporal distribution, wealth-related inequalities, and other determinates of open defecation practice. Objectives Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the trend, spatiotemporal distribution, and determinants of open defecation among households in Ethiopia. Methods Cross-sectionally collected secondary data analysis was conducted based on 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS). A total weighted sample of 16,554 households was included. We assessed the 16 years (2000–2016) trend of open defecation with 95% confidence intervals. Data were weighted, recoded, cleaned, and analyzed using STATA version 14.2 software. A mixed-effect analysis was employed to identify factors contributing to open defecation practice in Ethiopia. In the final multivariable analysis, the associations between dependent and independent variables were presented using adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals with a p-value of <0.05. The concentration index was used to assess wealth-related inequalities, while spatial analysis was used to explore the spatial distribution and significant windows of open defecation practice. Results The trend of open defecation practice in Ethiopia was significantly decreased from 81.96% (95% CI: 81.08, 82.8) in 2000 EDHS, to 32.23% (95% CI: 31.16, 33.31) in 2016 EDHS. Individual-level factors such as; age, educational attainment, marital status, media exposure, wealth status, and source of drinking water, as well as community-level factors such as residence, region, community-level poverty, and community level media usage, had a significant association. Open defecation practice was significantly and disproportionately concentrated on the poor households [C = -0.669; 95% CI: -0.716, -0.622]. A non-random open defecation practice was observed in Ethiopia. Among the 11 regions, primary clusters were identified in only 3 regions (Afar, Somali, and Eastern Amhara) Conclusion Open defecation practice remains a public health problem irrespective of the significant decrease seen in Ethiopia for the past 16 years. Individual and community-level factors had a significant association with this problem. Since it is a leading cause of under-five children mortality and morbidity, the Ethiopian ministry of health should plan and work on basic sanitation programs that focus on the poorest communities, rural societies, and small peripheral regions. These programs should include regional planning for sanitation, and translation of materials into local languages to prevent under-five mortality and morbidity due to diarrheal diseases caused by open defecation.
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T.Y., Zeleke. "Valency Increasing in South Ethio-Semitic." Macrolinguistics 10, no. 16 (June 30, 2022): 111–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.26478/ja2022.10.16.5.
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The present paper focuses on a descriptive method of valency-increasing devices in five South Ethio-Semitic languages (Amharic, Harari, Kɨstane, Məsqan, and Endəgaɲ). The five languages were selected for two reasons. The first reason is that conducting a valency study on all South Ethio-Semitic languages would have been impossible. With limited resources and time, it will prove difficult to cover all languages. The second reason is that, except for Amharic, these languages are known for being the least studied. Most of them even lack sufficient recording and description. So this research needs to choose the representative language in each branch. As a result, no explicit theoretical framework is followed; data analysis is guided solely by a descriptive perspective. The study’s data was gathered by consulting native speakers via elicitation. Valency has been considered as both a semantic and syntactic notion. As a semantic notion, it is used to refer to the participants in an event; as a syntactic notion, it is used to indicate the number of arguments in a construction. There are different types of transitivity classes of verbs in the South Ethio-Semitic Language, which is spoken in Ethiopia: intransitive, transitive, and ditransitive. Apart from these, there are verbs that can be used both intransitively and transitively. The facts that provide clear evidence for grammatical relations in South Ethio-Semitic languages are crucial to the study of the concept of valency-increasing devices. As is the case in many languages, South Ethio-Semitic languages possess morphosyntactic means through which the valency of verbs can be adjusted. The application of these morphosyntactic processes decreases or increases the valency of verbs. This article looks at valency-increasing devices in Causative and Applicative South Ethio-Semitic languages.
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Vatvedt Fjeld, Ruth E., Elsa Kristiansen, Marianne Rathje, Veturlidi Oskarsson, Natalia Konstaninovskaia, Inayat Gill, and Fekede Menuta. "The worldwide use and meaning of the f-word." Intercultural Pragmatics 16, no. 1 (March 5, 2019): 85–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ip-2019-0004.
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Abstract This article documents the increasing use of the English curse word fuck worldwide, as well as its degree of adaption into the host language, its syntactic function, and its meaning and its strength as taboo. Comparing the use of fuck with a special focus on the Nordic countries (Norway, Denmark, and Iceland) with its use in Eurasia and Africa (with different alphabets, namely Cyrillic in Russia, Devanāgarī in India and Ge’ez script in Ethiopia), we found some similar developmental patterns, but also differences, for example to what degree the English loan word has replaced local curses and in what ways among social groups within a country. Comparing the terms used for the same concept was challenging because some countries have better text corpora and more research on written languages and especially on taboos, and those without such resources required additional minor investigations for a baseline. Findings revealed that fuck has spread worldwide from English, and it is commonly used in Nordic languages today. In Russian fuck is also adopted into the heritage language to a relatively high degree, and it has further gained importance in the vocabulary of India, where English has become the most used language by the higher and middle classes, but less so by lower classes. In contrast, the study of Amharic language in Ethiopia shows that the f-word is rarely used at all, and only by youngsters. We found a pattern starting from the outer North with Icelandic having adapted and adopted the word fuck the most, a slight decline in use in Norwegian and Danish, with less adaption and use in Russian, even less in Indian-English or Hindi, and being more or less absent in the African language Amharic. Formally though it is used conceptually both in Hindi and Amharic.
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Kelly, Samantha. "The Curious Case of Ethiopic Chaldean: Fraud, Philology, and Cultural (Mis)Understanding in European Conceptions of Ethiopia." Renaissance Quarterly 68, no. 4 (2015): 1227–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/685125.
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AbstractAn intriguing mystery in early modern intellectual history is how and why European scholars came to designate Ethiopic, the sacred language of Ethiopia, as Chaldean. This article locates the designation’s origins in a deduction made by Vatican library personnel, partially inspired by a hoax perpetrated a quarter-century earlier. It then traces the influence of this designation on the progress of historical linguistics, where theories defending the appellation of Ethiopic as Chaldean, although often erroneous, nevertheless contributed to the accurate categorization of Ethiopic as a Semitic language, and on attitudes to Ethiopian Christianity that played a role in Catholic-Protestant polemic.
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Al Solami, Majed. "The Prosody of Harar Oromo Nouns." JURNAL ARBITRER 8, no. 2 (October 27, 2021): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/ar.8.2.107-130.2021.
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This paper examines the tone in Harar Oromo, a language widely spoken in Ethiopia. The focus is on tone in nouns. The examination implements acoustic analysis of tone using pitch contours, which helps in determining the type and position of tone in roots and in nominative and accusative case. The results show that roots can have either L or H tone, while case suffixes always have H tone. This suggests that tone is predictable in suffixes, but not in roots. The analysis suggests that Harar Oromo has a restricted tone system that is similar to stress-like languages.
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Hernández, Adday. "The ʿAjamization of Islam in Ethiopia through Esoteric Textual Manifestations in Two Collections of Ethiopian Arabic Manuscripts." Islamic Africa 8, no. 1-2 (October 17, 2017): 171–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/21540993-00801004.
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While the word ʿAjamī traditionally refers to texts in many languages written with the modified Arabic script, the meaning has been expanded in the concept of ʿAjamization used in this volume. ʿAjamization is construed in this article, as it is operationalized in the volume, to refer to the various tangible and subtle enrichments of Islam, its culture, and its written and artistic traditions in Africa. 1 In this sense, it is not only the modification (enrichment) of the Arabic script that defines ʿAjamization, but also other features such as the content and the aesthetics of the texts. This paper focuses on the cultural dimension of ʿAjamization in two collections of Ethiopian Islamic texts written in Arabic. 2 These texts encompass magic-related materials, including theurgic texts and invocations to jinn. 3 I will examine these texts to ascertain whether they reflect a local cosmology, even if they are not written in ʿAjamī but in Arabic. 4
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Starostin, George. "The value of “triangulation” in determining phylogenetic relationship: On the areal and genetic connections of the Berta languages." Language in Africa 3, no. 2 (July 23, 2022): 352–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.37892/2686-8946-2022-3-2-352-367.
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In this paper, I argue against a recent attempt at re-classifying the small group of Berta languages, spoken in Ethiopia, as being closely related to the geographically adjacent East Jebel group, based on numerous lexical similarities between the two taxa. It is suggested that the best method to determine if these similarities are due to common genetic descent or intense contact is to “triangulate” the lexical data by introducing another possible linguistic relative into the comparison. A simple lexicostatistical test shows that the Jebel languages show at least as strong a link with Nilotic languages as they do with Berta, while Berta and Nilotic, on the contrary, have very little in common. This is a significant argument that Jebel languages belong together with Nilotic in the East Sudanic family, while most of the lexical matches between Jebel and Berta are due to the latter’s strong lexical influence on the former.
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Scheinfeldt, Laura B., Sameer Soi, Charla Lambert, Wen-Ya Ko, Aoua Coulibaly, Alessia Ranciaro, Simon Thompson, et al. "Genomic evidence for shared common ancestry of East African hunting-gathering populations and insights into local adaptation." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 10 (February 19, 2019): 4166–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1817678116.
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Anatomically modern humans arose in Africa ∼300,000 years ago, but the demographic and adaptive histories of African populations are not well-characterized. Here, we have generated a genome-wide dataset from 840 Africans, residing in western, eastern, southern, and northern Africa, belonging to 50 ethnicities, and speaking languages belonging to four language families. In addition to agriculturalists and pastoralists, our study includes 16 populations that practice, or until recently have practiced, a hunting-gathering (HG) lifestyle. We observe that genetic structure in Africa is broadly correlated not only with geography, but to a lesser extent, with linguistic affiliation and subsistence strategy. Four East African HG (EHG) populations that are geographically distant from each other show evidence of common ancestry: the Hadza and Sandawe in Tanzania, who speak languages with clicks classified as Khoisan; the Dahalo in Kenya, whose language has remnant clicks; and the Sabue in Ethiopia, who speak an unclassified language. Additionally, we observed common ancestry between central African rainforest HGs and southern African San, the latter of whom speak languages with clicks classified as Khoisan. With the exception of the EHG, central African rainforest HGs, and San, other HG groups in Africa appear genetically similar to neighboring agriculturalist or pastoralist populations. We additionally demonstrate that infectious disease, immune response, and diet have played important roles in the adaptive landscape of African history. However, while the broad biological processes involved in recent human adaptation in Africa are often consistent across populations, the specific loci affected by selective pressures more often vary across populations.
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Meyer, Ronny. "December 13–14, 2007 in Mainz: Workshop on “Language contact in Ethiopia: Examples from Cushitic, Omotic and Semitic languages”." Aethiopica 11 (April 26, 2012): 303–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.15460/aethiopica.11.1.186.
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Diriba, Chala, Million Meshesha, and Debela Tesfaye. "Developing a Knowledge-Based System for Diagnosis and Treatment of Malaria." Journal of Information & Knowledge Management 15, no. 04 (December 2016): 1650036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219649216500362.
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Malaria is a serious and fatal disease caused by a parasite that can infect a certain type of mosquito which feeds on human blood. It is a public health problem in Ethiopia and a major cause of illness and death. More than 75% of the total land of Ethiopia is malarious affecting more than 68% of the population, making malaria the leading public health problem in Ethiopia. In an effort to address such problems, it is important to develop knowledge-based system (KBS) that can provide advice for health professionals and patients to facilitate diagnosis and treatment of malaria patients. Experimental research design was used to developed prototype system. Purposive sampling technique was used to select domain experts for knowledge acquisition. The domain experts are selected from Jimma special hospital, Adama hospital and Agaro health centre. The knowledge was acquired using both structured and unstructured interviews from domain experts and represented by production rule, (if- then method). The user's acceptance of the prototype system by visual interaction method that by showing the prototype system to the domain experts was conducted result is 83.21%. In addition, performance of the prototype system was evaluated using case testing method and produce result of 82.3%. It is promising to save the life of people in rural area where there is scarcity of health professionals and apparatus. In addition, it is possible to reduce time and cost of diagnosis and treatment in health centre by implementing intelligent systems. Developing in local languages, good interface programming language and in other techniques are the future works of the study.
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Ukoyen, Joseph. "La littérature africaine moderne en traduction." Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 45, no. 2 (August 20, 1999): 149–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/babel.45.2.04uko.
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Résumé La question linguistique constitue à l'heure actuelle un des problèmes fondamentaux auxquels font face les Etats-Nations d'Afrique. Faut-il conserver intégralement les langues d'origine coloniale, dites langues officielles, non seulement comme moyens d'enseignement mais aussi comme véhicules de communication dans tous les autres domaines de la vie, y compris le gouvernement, ou faut-il remplacer les langues exogènes par une ou plusieurs langues indigènes dans chaque territoire national? A l'exception de la Tanzanie, du Kenya et de l'Ethiopie, qui ont su résoudre avec succès le problème épineux de choix d'une langue nationale unique, tous les autres pays d'Afrique adoptent des solutions de compromis qui laissent une grande place à la traduction. Abstract The language question constitutes one of the fundamental problems confronting the modern Nation-States of Africa today. Should the languages of the erstwhile colonial masters be retained wholesale as the media of educational instruction and for all other purposes, including government business, or should they be replaced with one or more indigenous languages in each national territory? With the exception of Tanzania, Kenya and Ethiopia, which have successfully resolved the thorny problem of selecting only one, single national language, all the other African countries adopt compromise solutions in which translation activity looms large.
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Obaid, Arwa Ahmed Salem. "THE IN-BETWEEN WORLD OF THEY DIE STRANGERS BY MOHAMMAD ABDUL-WALI." Electronic Journal of University of Aden for Humanity and Social Sciences 3, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 131–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.47372/ejua-hs.2022.2.167.
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Yamutuna Ghuraba (1971) which is the subject of this paper, translated under the title They Die Strangers (2001), was widely hailed for its realistic outlook and psychological depth. It tackles issues related to the problems of the Yemeni society among which is emigration. Of mixed races, Abdul-Wali reflects the emotional and spiritual dilemma he faced as a result of being muwallad (hybrid), raised in a foreign land and educated in a foreign language. He is neither considered Yemeni, nor Ethiopian. His personal experience of being born, living, studying and working in a strange land allowed him, no doubt, to reveal such an experience vividly and with compassion. The novella which is set in Ethiopia has a touch of autobiography. He examines issues related to the painful experience of emigration such as alienation, isolation, identity crisis and the everlasting conflict between homeland and adopted land. The issue of in-between world which has always enjoyed a defining significance in the thematic framework of his literary works is the focus of the present paper as it is one of the facets of emigration. Therefore, taking this idea of straddling between two worlds, two religions, two cultures, two morals, two languages and two identities where immigrants find difficulty to belong to anyone as a point of departure. Edward Said’s theory of in-betweenness is taking into account.
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Rouaud, Alain. "A Short Note about some Useful Documents for Diachronical Studies of Non-Semitic Ethiopian Languages." Aethiopica 12 (April 7, 2012): 164–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.15460/aethiopica.12.1.100.
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The collection of manuscripts preserved in the Oriental Manuscripts Department of the French Bibliothèque nationale contains documents about some thirty non-semitic languages spoken in Ethiopia which belong mainly to the d’Abbadie collection. Their exceptional age (they date back to the mid-19th century) gives them an incomparable historical value. I try in this short note to assess the use which has already been made of these documents by éthiopisants and to draw up the list of those which have not yet been used.
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Fesseha, Awet, Shengwu Xiong, Eshete Derb Emiru, Moussa Diallo, and Abdelghani Dahou. "Text Classification Based on Convolutional Neural Networks and Word Embedding for Low-Resource Languages: Tigrinya." Information 12, no. 2 (January 25, 2021): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info12020052.
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This article studies convolutional neural networks for Tigrinya (also referred to as Tigrigna), which is a family of Semitic languages spoken in Eritrea and northern Ethiopia. Tigrinya is a “low-resource” language and is notable in terms of the absence of comprehensive and free data. Furthermore, it is characterized as one of the most semantically and syntactically complex languages in the world, similar to other Semitic languages. To the best of our knowledge, no previous research has been conducted on the state-of-the-art embedding technique that is shown here. We investigate which word representation methods perform better in terms of learning for single-label text classification problems, which are common when dealing with morphologically rich and complex languages. Manually annotated datasets are used here, where one contains 30,000 Tigrinya news texts from various sources with six categories of “sport”, “agriculture”, “politics”, “religion”, “education”, and “health” and one unannotated corpus that contains more than six million words. In this paper, we explore pretrained word embedding architectures using various convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to predict class labels. We construct a CNN with a continuous bag-of-words (CBOW) method, a CNN with a skip-gram method, and CNNs with and without word2vec and FastText to evaluate Tigrinya news articles. We also compare the CNN results with traditional machine learning models and evaluate the results in terms of the accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 scoring techniques. The CBOW CNN with word2vec achieves the best accuracy with 93.41%, significantly improving the accuracy for Tigrinya news classification.
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Getahun, Amare. "The structure of Argobba nominal phrase." Journal of African Languages and Linguistics 39, no. 2 (November 6, 2018): 127–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jall-2018-0011.
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Abstract This paper analyzes the internal structure of Argobba nominal phrase in Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar (HPSG) formalism. Argobba is a seriously endangered Semitic language in Ethiopia. Unlike its sister languages in the Ethio-Semitic subfamily, Argobba nouns qualified by a demonstrative, possessive pronoun and genitive NP bear a definite article. It is argued in this paper that the definite article is not an independent syntactic element, but an affix, which is attached to indefinite nouns lexically. It is argued that the derivation of Argobba definite common nouns is captured by the Definite Lexical Rule (DLR). The paper also claims that the NP internal agreement of specifiers and modifiers with the head noun is accounted for by the SPEC and MOD features that impose certain constraints on the morphosyntactic features of the head noun.
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Tariku, Ayele. "Inter-group conflicts in the horn of Africa: The case of Diz and Suri people, Ethiopia." Human Affairs 28, no. 2 (April 25, 2018): 130–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/humaff-2018-0011.
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Abstract The Horn Africa is the region that consists of Ethiopia, Eretria, Djibouti and Somalia. It is also the region where more than 100 languages are spoken. Besides, it is blessed with natural resources and assumed to be the origin of human beings. Yet, it has remained the scene of various types of conflicts. Of the many areas in the horn of Africa which has been prone to such violent conflict, is the Southwest Ethiopia. This paper attempts to investigate the causes and consequences of the conflict between the Dizi and Suri people. It is in particular stress on addressing the political, social and economic dimension of the conflict, looking first at the administration system, state lead development interventions and economic situations. Evidences were collected from archival sources, field observation and interviews (at six parishes in Maji, Bero and Surma districts) between January and August 2014. It would be factual to argue that the conflict between the Dizi and Suri people in southwest Ethiopia was mainly caused by competition over the natural resources. Until the 1940s, the conflict was merely a local issue which had been mostly resolved through elder’s mediation.
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Naba, Aklilu Abera. "N-Words in Dawurotsuwa." Journal of Language Teaching and Research 13, no. 3 (May 2, 2022): 515–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/jltr.1303.07.
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This article investigates n-words in Dawurotsuwa, which is classified under the Omotic language family under the Afroasiatic phylum. Speakers of the language are found in Ethiopia, specifically in the southwest part of the country. The study aims to describe n-words in this language, which is one of the scarcely described languages in the area. N-words in the language are formed by suffixing the morpheme -kka/-nne to content question words. These morphemes also mark indefiniteness in the language. These formed n-words express negation in fragmented answers but don’t in a complete main clause. In the main clause, they are accompanied by sentential negative markers to transfer negative meanings. In Dawurotsuwa, n-words are not inherently negative. These n-word-forming morphemes -nne and -kka are also used for coordinating conjunction and emphatic coordination, respectively. The morpheme -kka also serves as a scalar focus suffix. They also express a specificity that is indefinite, but when the specificity is definite, the last vowel changes to -o and becomes only -kko. Thus, n-words can be named indefinite pronouns.
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Kaplan, Steven. "The Fälasha and the Stephanite: an episode from Gädlä Gäbrä Mäsih." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 48, no. 2 (June 1985): 278–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x00033358.
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One obstacle which confronts any historian interested in reconstructing the history of the Bētä Esra'ēl (Fälasha) of Ethiopia is the comparative scarcity of reliable historical sources. References to the Bētä Esra'ēl in Ge'ez chronicles and gädlat are all too rare, while those in Hebrew generally lack historical value. The scattered mentions of the Fälasha in other languages prior to the nineteenth century are few and limited in scope. In light of this situation, any new source, no matter how brief, is deserving of attention and study.
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Pandžić, Zvonko. "Von Coimbra nach Tobol’sk." Historiographia Linguistica 44, no. 1 (July 21, 2017): 72–134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.44.1.03pan.
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Summary Worldwide missionary activities from the 16th century onward were not limited to the New World and overseas in general, but also in East Central Europe in the wake of sectarian struggles following the Reformation. Soon after the Tridentine Council (1545–1563), the Jesuits spread their activities to all countries between the Baltic and Adriatic Seas. Not only Catholic but also Lutheran and Calvinist missionaries went to Poland-Lithuania, Hungary, Slovenia, and other countries. The first Polish grammar (Statorius 1568) was published principally for the Calvinist mission in Poland, while the first Slovenian grammar was printed in Wittenberg (Bochorizh 1584) for the use of Lutheran missionaries in the predominantly Catholic Slovenia. This article examines the missionary background and the vernacular character of two further missionary grammars of the Slavic languages. The first Croatian grammar by Bartul Kašić (1575–1650) was printed in Rome for the use of Catholic Jesuit missionaries from Italy working in Illyricum (Kašić 1604). Kašić’s choice of the što-dialect to be the literary norm in missionary publications substantially determined the further standardization history of the Croatian language. Almost a hundred years later H. W. Ludolf (1696) succeeded in printing the first Russian grammar for the Lutheran-Pietistic mission in Muscovy, a milestone on the way to the “refinement” of the Russian vernacular intended by Ludolf to make it the literary language of the Russian Empire. The first grammars of the Slavic vernacular languages can, therefore, be rightly called missionary grammars. This designation also applies to the first grammars of the non-Slavic languages in the Baltic States and Hungary (and, beyond Europe, in the largely Eastern Orthodox Armenia and Ethiopia). Whatever their sect, the authors of these missionary grammars were motivated by rivalry with other Christian denominations in Slavic and non-Slavic speaking countries of the Christian East.
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Getahun, Dawit Asrat, Waheed Hammad, and Anna Robinson-Pant. "Academic writing for publication: Putting the ‘international’ into context." Research in Comparative and International Education 16, no. 2 (April 23, 2021): 160–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17454999211009346.
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There is a growing body of research on the impact of English-medium publication and associated higher education regimes on knowledge construction. However, not much is known about how academics outside the Global North make decisions about how and where to publish. Through a comparative case study, this article sets out to explore how academics in Ethiopia and Oman engage in writing for publication. Taking an academic literacies lens, the analysis reveals that their decisions were shaped by institutional values at the local level, as well as global hierarchies around knowledge construction. However, issues around identity, languages and disciplinary cultures also influenced how academics chose to position themselves in relation to local and international journals. The findings point to the need for new partnerships between journals in the Global North and South to prevent ‘publication drain’, and for universities to explore ways to address inequalities perpetuated through journal ranking and language hierarchies.
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Churko, Chuchu, Mekuria Asnakew Asfaw, and Zerihun Zerdo. "Exploring barriers for trachomatous trichiasis surgery implementation in gamo zone, Southern Ethiopia." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 9 (September 15, 2021): e0009780. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009780.
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Background Trachomatous trichiasis is the leading infectious cause of blindness worldwide. The World Health Organization recommends eyelid surgery to reduce the risk of visual impairment from trichiasis. Unfortunately, the number of cases operated has grown less than expected. An understanding of barriers is fundamental for instituting measures to increase surgical uptake. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore barriers of TT surgery implementation. Methods A qualitative study design was employed in December 2019. Purposive sampling technique was used to select three districts from Gamo zone, Southern Ethiopia. We conducted 9 FGDs and 12 in-depth interviews. Data was collected by audio tape recorder in Amharic and Gamogna languages and then transcribed to English language. The recorded interviews and focus group discussions were transcribed to verbatim (written text) and thematic analysis was done manually and reported accordingly. Findings we explored a number of barriers that hindered implementation of trichiasis surgery. The recurrence of trichiasis after surgery was the main challenges faced by operated individuals. The other barriers reported are negative perception towards trichiasis surgery, lack of logistic and supplies, transportation access problem for remote communities, inadequate trained health professional, less commitment from higher officials, lack of interest of integrated eye care workers due to incentive issues, believes of patients waiting supernatural power for healing service and carelessness of patients to undertake operation. Conclusion and recommendation Post-surgical trichiasis, lack of commitment from government officials and negative perception of patients towards the disease were considered as the reported barriers for implementation of trachomatous trichiasis. Closely supervising the integrated eye care workers would be the first task for district health offices to increase the uptake and improve the quality of service. Logistics and supplies should be made available and adequate to address all affected people in the community.
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Brhanemeskel, Getnet Mezgebu, Solomon Teferra Abate, Tewodros Alemu Ayall, and Abegaz Mohammed Seid. "Amharic Speech Search Using Text Word Query Based on Automatic Sentence-like Segmentation." Applied Sciences 12, no. 22 (November 18, 2022): 11727. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122211727.
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More than 7000 languages are spoken in the world today. Amharic is one of the languages spoken in the East African country Ethiopia. A lot of speech data is being made every day in different languages as machines are getting better at processing and have improved storing capacity. However, searching for a particular word with its respective time frame inside a given audio file is a challenge. Since Amharic has its own distinguishing characteristics, such as glottal, palatal, and labialized consonants, it is not possible to directly use models that are developed for other languages. A popular approach in developing systems for searching particular information in speech involves using an automatic speech recognition (ASR) module that generates the text version of the speech where the word or phrase is searched based on text query. However, it is not possible to transcribe a long audio file without segmentation, which in turn affects the performance of the ASR module. In this paper, we are reporting our investigation on the effects of manual and automatic speech segmentation of Amharic audio files in a spiritual domain. We have used manual segmentation as a baseline for our investigation and found out that sentence-like automatic segmentation resulted in a word error rate (WER) closer to the WER achieved on the manually segmented test speech. Based on the experimental results, we propose Amharic speech search using text word query (ASSTWQ) based on automatic sentence-like segmentation. Since we have achieved lower WER using the previously developed speech corpus, which is in a broadcast news domain, together with the in-domain speech corpus, we recommend using both in- and out-domain speech corpora to develop the Amharic ASR module. The performance of the proposed ASR is a WER of 53% that needs further improvement. Combining two language models (LMs) developed using training text from the two different domains (spiritual and broadcast news) allowed a WER reduction from 53% to 46%. Therefore, we have developed two ASSTWQ systems using the two ASR modules with WERs of 53% and 46%.
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SENDING, OLE JACOB, and JON HARALD SANDE LIE. "The limits of global authority: World Bank benchmarks in Ethiopia and Malawi." Review of International Studies 41, no. 5 (November 25, 2015): 993–1010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026021051500042x.
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AbstractGlobal benchmarks (re)shape political conversations and institutionalise authoritative languages. It does not necessarily follow, however, that benchmarks can exert a lasting or significant influence over policies and behaviour of benchmarked actors. We analyse how the World Bank uses benchmarks to manage its relations with both donors and recipient governments. We analyse the role of the World Bank’s Country Policy and Institutional Assessment (CPIA), both at headquarters and in relation to the recent history of two countries in Africa: Ethiopia and Malawi. We find that the CPIA is not – and contrary to what one would expect from the CPIA’s nominal function and the literature on benchmarks – a very important tool for signalling incentives and allocating funds, or shaping the policy dialogue or the World Bank’s strategy in these two countries. Rather, the CPIA is used highly selectively as one factor among many in the negotiations between World Bank staff and governments. We conclude that the CPIA helps establish the World Bank as an actor that embodies global authority on development issues, including with donors, but that there is a tension between such global authority on the one hand, and concrete authority to shape policy in domestic contexts, on the other.
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Astatkie, Ayalew, Girma Mamo, Tilahun Bekele, Abdulaziz Adish, Sara Wuehler, Jennifer Busch-Hallen, and Samson Gebremedhin. "Chlorhexidine cord care after a national scale-up as a newborn survival strategy: A survey in four regions of Ethiopia." PLOS ONE 17, no. 8 (August 5, 2022): e0271558. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0271558.
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Introduction Chlorhexidine cord care is an effective intervention to reduce neonatal infection and death in resource constrained settings. The Federal Ministry of Health of Ethiopia adopted chlorhexidine cord care in 2015, with national scale-up in 2017. However, there is lack of evidence on the provision of this important intervention in Ethiopia. In this paper, we report on the coverage and determinants of chlorhexidine cord care for newborns in Ethiopia. Methods A standardized Nutrition International Monitoring System (NIMS) survey was conducted from January 01 to Feb 13, 2020 in four regions of Ethiopia (Tigray, Amhara, Oromia, and Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples Region [SNNPR]) on sample of 1020 women 0–11 months postpartum selected through a multistage cluster sampling approach. Data were collected using interviewer-administered questionnaires in the local languages through home-to-home visit. Accounting for the sampling design of the study, we analyzed the data using complex data analysis approach. Complex sample multivariable logistic regression was used to identify the determinants of chlorhexidine cord care practice. Results Overall, chlorhexidine was reportedly applied to the umbilical cord at some point postpartum among 46.1% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 41.1%– 51.2%) of all newborns. Chlorhexidine cord care started within 24 hours after birth for 34.4% (95% CI: 29.5%– 39.6%) of newborns, though this varied widely across regions: from Oromia (24.4%) to Tigray (60.0%). Among the newborns who received chlorhexidine cord care, 48.3% received it for the recommended seven days or more. Further, neonates whose birth was assisted by skilled birth attendants had more than ten times higher odds of receiving chlorhexidine cord care, relative to those born without a skilled attendant (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 10.36, 95% CI: 3.73–28.75). Besides, neonates born to mothers with knowledge of the benefit of chlorhexidine cord care had significantly higher odds of receiving chlorhexidine cord care relative to newborns born to mothers who did not have knowledge of the benefit of chlorhexidine cord care (AOR: 39.03, 95% CI: 21.45–71.04). Conclusion A low proportion of newborns receive chlorhexidine cord care in Ethiopia. The practice of chlorhexidine cord care varies widely across regions and is limited mostly to births attended by skilled birth attendants. Efforts must continue to ensure women can reach skilled care at delivery, and to ensure adequate care for newborns who do not yet access skilled delivery.
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W. Andemariam, Senai. "Who should take the Credit for the Bible Translation Works carried out in Eritrea?" Aethiopica 16 (March 9, 2014): 102–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.15460/aethiopica.16.1.701.
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The labour and sacrifices of the members of the Swedish Evangelical Mission and their predecessors in the production of scriptural works in Eritrea, and partly in Ethiopia, are praiseworthy. More acclaim is owed to these workers for their educating and/or involving native workers in the arduous task that often spanned two or three generations. When it comes to taking credit for these works, however, the native workers were rarely mentioned or, if they are mentioned, their contributions were not given the deserved recognition. This article attempts to highlight the remarkable contributions of native workers in the translation, or completion of the translation, of the Bible into four languages in Eritrea in contradistinction with the often exaggerated contributions of foreign missionaries in that successful mission.
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Uhlig, Siegbert. "Eine trilinguale ʿEzana-Inschrift." Aethiopica 4 (June 30, 2013): 7–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.15460/aethiopica.4.1.488.
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Ever since the ʿEzana inscriptions were published by the Deutsche Aksum Expedition in the beginning of the 20th century they have been looked upon as the most important document from Ethiopia of the 4th century A.D.Today, however, another stele has been discovered, which, having similar content — repeated in three languages: Pseudosabaic, Greek and Gǝʿǝz — is in a much better state. The text in its turn, though in many aspects identical, shows a row of distinct deviations from the DAE stele, which makes it necessary to critically compare the two texts.The fact, that the stone was originally placed in the middle of a grave site, as well as the palm frond and the monotheistic phrase “Lord of the Heaven” used in the text indicate that by that time the Aksumite court had been converted to Christianity.
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Walga, Tamene Keneni. "Understanding the Experience and Perspectives of Parkinson’s Disease Patients’ Caregivers." Rehabilitation Research and Practice 2019 (January 31, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/3082325.
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This research sets out to explore, uncover, and understand the experiences and perspectives of people who care for patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). To this end, 20 participants who accompanied patients with PD to a training organized by Parkinson Patients Support Organization-Ethiopia (PPSO-E) provided the data required. Analysis of the data produced several themes such as delay in PD diagnosis and intervention, differing reactions to PD diagnosis, toughness of caring for PD patients, community’s limited understanding and distortion of PD, lack of specific name and clear expression for PD in local languages, lack of sufficient support to the caregivers, caregivers’ compassion and patient’s courageousness, and shortage and expensiveness of PD prescriptions. The themes produced have been discussed in light of existing literature. Based on the findings of this research, recommendations were forwarded and direction for future research was indicated.
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Mesfin, Yibeltal. "Disparities in Sexual and Reproductive Health Service Utilization and Associated Factors among Adolescents with and without Disability in Southern Ethiopia." Scientific World Journal 2021 (April 25, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5573687.
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Background. 1 in 4 people in Ethiopia are adolescents, and around 1% of them are affected by one form of disability. However, there is little knowledge about factors affecting sexual and reproductive health service utilization to the adolescent with or without disabilities. This study aimed to assess the disparities of sexual and reproductive health (SRH) service utilization and factor associated among adolescents with or without disabilities in southern Ethiopia. Methods. Institutional-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 422 adolescents (211 with disabilities and 211 without disabilities). Multistage sampling was conducted. Data were collected by four diploma health workers, and one of the data collectors could communicate with sign languages. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify sociodemographic factors associated with outcome variables. Result. The SRH utilization among students with and without disabilities was 40.52% and 69.1%, respectively. Having an open discussion with peers (AOR = 2.5; 95% CI: 1.60–3.94), having good knowledge (AOR = 1.9; 95% CI: 1.21–3.09), and participating in a school club (AOR = 1.9; 95% CI: 1.19–3.19) were factors positively associated with SRH services utilization. Conclusion. The overall SRH utilization was found to be low for students both with and without disabilities. Variables like having good knowledge, ever having discussions on SRH issues with peers, and participating in school clubs were found to be significantly associated. Therefore, governmental and NGOs should strengthen their SRH friendly service with a special focus on peer discussion and awareness creations.
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Ali, Mohammed Hassen. "Shaykh Bakrii Saphalo." American Journal of Islam and Society 31, no. 3 (July 1, 2014): 93–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v31i3.286.
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Shaykh Bakrii Saphalo was a perceptive Oromo Muslim scholar who used traditional Oromo wisdom to make Islam intelligible to his people and part of their cultural heritage. A gifted poet who wrote in Arabic, Oromo, and Somali, he was persecuted by two successive Ethiopian regimes during the 1960s and 1970s. As an activist scholar, he sought to spread knowledge among the Oromo, who constitute about 40 percent of Ethiopia’s population. Due to the government’s tight control and distance, as well as the lack of modern communication and technology, his effort was limited mainly to the Oromo in Hararghe, eastern Ethiopia. For over six decades Shaykh Bakrii sought to uplift his people and secure respect for their language, culture, human dignity, and national identity. 1 Motivated by his desire to develop the Oromo language, which at that time was banned, he struggled to develop written literature in it. But despite all of these accomplishments, he has been largely forgotten.
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Ali, Mohammed Hassen. "Shaykh Bakrii Saphalo." American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 31, no. 3 (July 1, 2014): 93–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajiss.v31i3.286.
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Shaykh Bakrii Saphalo was a perceptive Oromo Muslim scholar who used traditional Oromo wisdom to make Islam intelligible to his people and part of their cultural heritage. A gifted poet who wrote in Arabic, Oromo, and Somali, he was persecuted by two successive Ethiopian regimes during the 1960s and 1970s. As an activist scholar, he sought to spread knowledge among the Oromo, who constitute about 40 percent of Ethiopia’s population. Due to the government’s tight control and distance, as well as the lack of modern communication and technology, his effort was limited mainly to the Oromo in Hararghe, eastern Ethiopia. For over six decades Shaykh Bakrii sought to uplift his people and secure respect for their language, culture, human dignity, and national identity. 1 Motivated by his desire to develop the Oromo language, which at that time was banned, he struggled to develop written literature in it. But despite all of these accomplishments, he has been largely forgotten.
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Treis, Yvonne, and Deginet Wotango Doyiso. ""Issues and maize bread taste good when they're cool"." Studies in African Linguistics 48, no. 2 (November 13, 2019): 225–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/sal.v48i2.118041.
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This paper is an analysis of the basic and extended meanings of temperature lexemes and the grammar of temperature expressions in Kambaata in comparison to related Highland East Cushitic languages of Ethiopia. Globally, Kambaata has a system of two opposing temperature values, ‘cold’ vs. ‘warm/hot’. The lexeme iib- ‘be(come) warm/hot’ contrasts with caal- ‘be(come) tactile cold’ in the tactile frame of temperature evaluation, while it contrasts with gid- ‘be(come) non-tactile cold’ in the domain of ambient (weather) and personal-feeling (inner) temperature. In addition to these central lexemes, Kambaata has a number of terms that are semantically more restricted, are less frequent and/or have an unequivocal positive or negative connotation, including, e.g., sigg- ‘be(come) comfortably cold or warm, cool’ and buss- ‘burn (tr.); be dangerously, excessively hot’. Irrespective of the temperature value, the expression of personal-feeling temperature is constructionally different from that of ambient temperature and tactile temperature; for the former a transitive, for the latter an intransitive construction is used. As for the extended uses of temperature terms, Kambaata maps warmth/heat onto freshness, busyness, and anger, and links burning heat to anger, spiciness and raging thirst. Unlike many other languages in the world, Kambaata does not relate warmth/heat to affection. Furthermore, Kambaata conceptualizes inactivity, ineptness and fear as tactile cold but the absence of emotional and physical pain as non-tactile cold. Coolness is linked metaphorically to calmness and absence of thirst. In the Highland East Cushitic branch of languages, ‘warm/hot’ is the most stable term, whereas six seemingly non-cognate roots are used for ‘tactile cold’ and/or ‘non-tactile cold'.
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Dobson, Teresa M., Marlene Asselin, and Alemu Abebe. "Considerations for Design and Production of Digital Books for Early Literacy in Ethiopia." Language and Literacy 20, no. 3 (July 19, 2018): 134–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.20360/langandlit29414.
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This paper considers the implications of digital text production models for the development of reading materials for emergent and early readers in the Ethiopian context. We draw from several theoretical frameworks and also from comments of Ethiopian academics, writers, and publishers to ground descriptions of Ethiopian contexts of language and literacy. We then present three different models for the production and curation of digital stories for children and contemplate how these models align with existing literacy traditions and practices. We also raise questions about the potential effects on the development of literary culture and children’s literature in Ethiopia of projects aimed at rapidly producing large corpora of literature for children. Ultimately, we pose complicated cultural and linguistic questions that need to be taken into consideration to provide appropriate and original early literacy materials in Ethiopia.
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Awol, Ousman Shafi. "Intensifiers, Reflexive and Reciprocal Pronouns in Argobba Language, Ethio-Semitic." English Linguistics Research 9, no. 1 (February 12, 2020): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/elr.v9n1p25.
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Argobba is a South Ethio-Semitic language which is predominantly used in day-to-day communication by a population of about 140, 134 people in the Argobba Zone (Central Statistical Agency (2008:59), Ethiopia, whose linguistic features were not well described. The Argobba lives in the escarpment slopes of northeastern Shewa and southeastern Wollo, a minority of them are live in the adjoining settlements of the town of Harar in eastern Ethiopia.The Argobba make their living by cultivating plants, by breeding animals, weaving and by trade (Hussein, 2006:416). Most of the Argobba people are followers of Islam. As a result, the Islamic religion greatly influences the culture as well as the living style of the society. The central aim of this paper is to provide a comprehensive description and features of Intensifiers, reflexive and reciprocal pronouns of the Argobba language. The paper is descriptive in natureonly in Argobba language not comparing with other languages, since the study is mainly concerned with describing what is actually being in, and mainly relies on primary linguistic data. The linguistic data, i.e. the elicited grammatical data concerning Intensifiers, reflexive and reciprocal pronouns, was collected from native speakers of the language during 6 months of fieldwork conducted between 2015 and 2016 in five Kebeles and the administrative center of the Argobba. Intensifiers in Argobbaare derived from the noun ‘self’, which has the meaning ‘self’ as intensifier, or its reduplicated form ‘self with self’. Reflexive pronouns are formed by combining ‘self’ with the possessive suffixes while reciprocal pronouns can be formed through a construction consisting of the comitative morpheme, which intersects between the reduplicated noun ‘self’, and the plural possessive suffixes.
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Olani, Ararso Baru, Tariku Bekelcho, Asfawosen Woldemeskel, Kibreyesus Tefera, and Degefe Eyob. "Evaluation of the Amharic version of the London measure of unplanned pregnancy in Ethiopia." PLOS ONE 17, no. 6 (June 13, 2022): e0269781. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269781.
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Background Unplanned pregnancy is an important public health problem in both the developing and developed world, as it may cause adverse social and health outcomes for mothers, children, and families as a whole. London Measure of Unplanned Pregnancy (LMUP) has been formally and informally validated in multiple and diverse settings. However, there is a dearth of literature on the validation of LMUP in Ethiopia either in the Amharic version or other languages. Objective The general objective of this study was to translate the LMUP into Amharic and evaluate its psychometric properties in a sample of Amharic-speaking women receiving antenatal care (ANC) service at public health facilities in Arbaminch and Birbir towns. Methods A cross-sectional study design was used for the study. Forward and backward translation of original English LMUP to Amharic was done. A cognitive interview using a pretested structured questionnaire was used to collect the data from respondents. The collected data was analyzed using SPSS version 25. Reliability was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha, inter-item correlations, and corrected item-total correlations while construct validity was assessed using principal components analysis and hypothesis testing. Results Data was collected from 320 women attending antennal care services at selected public health care facilities. LMUP range of 1to 11 was captured. The prevalence of unplanned pregnancies was 19(5.9%), while 136(42.5 were ambivalent and 165(51.6%) were planned pregnancies. The reliability testing demonstrated acceptable internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.799) and the validity testing confirmed the unidimensional structure of the scale. In addition, all hypotheses were confirmed. Conclusions Amharic version of LMUP is a valid and reliable tool to measure pregnancy intention so that it can be used by Amharic speaking population in Ethiopia. It can also be used in research studies among Amharic-speaking women to measure unplanned pregnancy.