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1
Gutema, Girma, Seid Ali, and Sultan Suleman. "Trends of community-based systemic antibiotic consumption: Comparative analyses of data from Ethiopia and Norway calls for public health policy actions." PLOS ONE 16, no. 5 (May 14, 2021): e0251400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251400.
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Studies on antibiotic utilization trends are invaluable because they offer data for evaluation of impacts of antimicrobial stewardship policies. Such studies help determine correlations between the use of specific antibiotic classes and trends in emergence of resistance (resistance-epidemiology). This study aims to quantify the consumption systemic antibiotics (J01)—in defined daily doses (DDD) per 1000 inhabitants per day (DID)—in Ethiopia’s public healthcare sector (2016–2020). By so doing, it attempts to capture the extent of population exposure to antibiotics in the country. Data were also compared with those from Norway to establish rough estimate of the country’s status vis-à-vis some globally acknowledged better practices with regard to optimal use of antibiotics. Raw data obtained from registers of Ethiopian Pharmaceutical Supply Agency were converted into DDD, per the standard methodology recommended by WHO. To control for population size, antibiotics consumption data were presented as DID. Since official population census data for Ethiopia were not available for the study period, population projection data from the World Bank were used. Community-based consumption of systemic antibiotics increased from 11.02 DID in 2016 to 12.83 DID in 2020 in Ethiopia—an increase by 16.4%. Moreover, analysis of a log-linear regression model showed that the average growth rate in the community-based systemic antibiotics consumption per year between 2016 and 2020 was about 3.3% (R2 = 0.89). The highest percentage change in community-based systemic antibiotics consumption happened for glycopeptides (J01XA) and the fourth generation cephalosporins (J01DE)—1300% and 600% compared to the baseline year (2016), respectively. At product level, 9 antibiotics constituted the common domain in the list of medication cocktails in the drug utilization 90% (DU90%) for the study period. Community-based consumption of systemic antibiotics for Ethiopia and Norway showed opposite trends, calling for public health policy actions in Ethiopia.
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Hailemariam, Assefa. "Implementation of the Population Policy of Ethiopia: Achievements and Challenges." Population Horizons 13, no. 1 (August 1, 2016): 19–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pophzn-2016-0002.
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Abstract Background: The Ethiopian government promulgated its first ever explicit, comprehensive and multisectoral population policy in 1993. The policy aimed at harmonizing population growth rate with that of the economy and the capacity of the country for sustainable socio-economic development. As with any population policy, there are important lessons to be learnt from the problems and challenges encountered during its implementation. Objective: The paper assesses the extent to which the population policy objectives have been realized; highlights the successes registered and identifies challenges encountered in its implementation and proposes the way forward. Methodology: Trend analysis using secondary data from censuses, surveys and UN sources were used and policy documents, research findings, development plan and program reports reviewed. Results: Fertility, infant, under-five and maternal mortality have declined significantly. Female participation in education and labour force increased. A range of legal, policy and institutional frameworks have been developed and implemented on environmental security and on gender equity, equality and the empowerment of women. Legislative measures were also taken to remove harmful traditional practices. However, the pace of implementation has been slow and there are areas where not much progress was made. Conclusion: Despite the progress made, there are critical challenges. Failure to establish the National Population Council; weak coordination and institutional arrangement due to absence of legally defined structure for implementation, lack of monitoring and evaluation system, absence of a comprehensive population program and financial constraints, among others are the major barriers. There is need to revise the policy and address these impediments and continuing and evolving challenges.
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Ayenew, Melak Mesfin. "The Dynamics of Food Insecurity in Ethiopia." International Journal of System Dynamics Applications 4, no. 4 (October 2015): 17–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsda.2015100102.
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This paper assesses the dynamics of food insecurity in Ethiopia and tests policy options and scenarios that could alleviate the problem in the future. The study assess food security based on the pillars; food availability, access to food and stability. A System Dynamics model is designed which integrate population, market and food production sectors and is used to analyze past and future developments. Model results show that both the food supplies and the purchasing power of the population were insufficient for ensuring the required daily calorie intake of the population. Land degradation contributed considerably to the poor average productivity of the land. Policy analyses show that policy options such as land rehabilitation and capacity building for skilled use of agricultural land, and inputs need to be combined carefully to account for their different implementation times. Scenarios on average rainfall and food expenditure show that the food production and the purchasing power of the population are considerably influenced by erratic rainfall and economic growth respectively.
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Khairo, S. A., G. E. Battese, and J. D. Mullen. "Agriculture, Food Insecurity and Agricultural Policy in Ethiopia." Outlook on Agriculture 34, no. 2 (June 2005): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/0000000054224300.
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Since 1980, Ethiopia has been struggling to feed its growing population, despite the fact that agriculture is the mainstay of its economy. A number of government initiatives aimed at raising food production and ensuring national food security have made little progress in achieving their objectives. This paper identifies some of the implications of the new agricultural intensification programme, focusing on the technical efficiency and productivity of maize growers in the Harari region of Ethiopia for food insecurity and agricultural development policies. The paper concludes that there is scope to improve the technical efficiency of maize farmers and enhance their socioeconomic situation in the Harari region.
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Feyisa, Bekele Wegi. "Determinants of Ethiopia’s Coffee Bilateral Trade Flows: A panel Gravity Approach." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 9, no. 1 (January 20, 2021): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v9i1.21-27.3467.
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Ethiopia’s export earning is heavily dependent on primary agricultural commodities and raw materials. Coffee has been the principal export commodity of Ethiopia for many years and continued to be the leading export commodity. The objective of this paper was, therefore, to identify the determinants of Ethiopia’s coffee export to the major trading partners. Eighteen countries were selected based on the importance of the country as Ethiopia’s coffee export destination and availability of the required data. Annual panel data from 2001 to 2016 was collected from FAO database and other relevant sources. After appropriate econometric tests had been applied, random effect model was selected and used to analyze the data. From the seven variables entered into the model, four variables were found to affect Ethiopia’s coffee export significantly. GDP of the importing countries and population size of Ethiopia affect Ethiopia’s coffee export positively as expected. Weighted distance between Ethiopia and its trading partners was also found to have an expected effect, negative, on Ethiopia’s coffee export. Contrary to the hypothesis, foreign direct investment flows to Ethiopia affected Ethiopia’s coffee export negatively. Based on the results, the study draws conclusion and policy implications. To increase Ethiopia’s coffee export, government and other stakeholders should give prime attention to countries where there is high demand for Ethiopia’s coffee. Moreover, coffee exporters should exploit the existing nearest market opportunities. Finally, favourable conditions should be created for the large unemployed labor of the country to increase coffee production and export.
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Kiros, Mizan, Ermias Dessie, Abdulrahman Jbaily, Mieraf Taddesse Tolla, Kjell Arne Johansson, Ole F. Norheim, Solomon Tessema Memirie, and Stéphane Verguet. "The burden of household out-of-pocket health expenditures in Ethiopia: estimates from a nationally representative survey (2015–16)." Health Policy and Planning 35, no. 8 (August 9, 2020): 1003–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czaa044.
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Abstract In Ethiopia, little is known about the extent of out-of-pocket health expenditures and the associated financial hardships at national and regional levels. We estimated the incidence of both catastrophic and impoverishing health expenditures using data from the 2015/16 Ethiopian household consumption and expenditure and welfare monitoring surveys. We computed incidence of catastrophic health expenditures (CHE) at 10% and 25% thresholds of total household consumption and 40% threshold of household capacity to pay, and impoverishing health expenditures (IHE) using Ethiopia's national poverty line (ETB 7184 per adult per year). Around 2.1% (SE: 0.2, P < 0.001) of households would face CHE with a 10% threshold of total consumption, and 0.9% (SE: 0.1, P < 0.001) of households would encounter IHE, annually in Ethiopia. CHE rates were high in the regions of Afar (5.8%, SE: 1.0, P < 0.001) and Benshangul-Gumuz (4.0%, SE: 0.8, P < 0.001). Oromia (n = 902 000), Amhara (n = 275 000) and Southern Nations Nationalities and Peoples (SNNP) (n = 268 000) regions would have the largest numbers of affected households, due to large population size. The IHE rates would also show similar patterns: high rates in Afar (5.0%, SE: 0.96, P < 0.001), Oromia (1.1%, SE: 0.22, P < 0.001) and Benshangul-Gumuz (0.9%, SE: 0.4, P = 0.02); a large number of households would be impoverished in Oromia (n = 356 000) and Amhara (n = 202 000) regions. In summary, a large number of households is facing financial hardship in Ethiopia, particularly in Afar, Benshangul-Gumuz, Oromia, Amhara and SNNP regions and this number would likely increase with greater health services utilization. We recommend regional-level analyses on services coverage to be conducted as some of the estimated low CHE/IHE regional values might be due to low services coverage. Periodic analyses on the financial hardship status of households could also be monitored to infer progress towards universal health coverage.
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Adam, Achamyeleh Gashu. "Land readjustment as an alternative land development tool for peri-urban areas of Ethiopia." Property Management 33, no. 1 (February 16, 2015): 36–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pm-05-2013-0034.
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Purpose – The rapid urban population growth in Ethiopia is causing an increasing demand for urban land, which primarily tends to be supplied by expropriation of peri-urban land. The process of urban development in Ethiopia is largely criticized for forced displacement and disruption of the peri-urban local community. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to introduce how Ethiopia’s urban development system could be built on the participatory and inclusive approaches of land acquisition. Design/methodology/approach – The study has employed questionnaire survey results, focus group discussion with panel of experts and previous research reports to examine the peri-urban situations and then to show why an alternative land development approach is needed to be introduced in the urban land development system of Ethiopia. Desk review on land readjustment was also made to explore best lessons from other countries applicable to the peri-urban contexts of Ethiopia. Findings – This study has explored that land readjustment is potentially an appropriate land development tool to alleviate peri-urban land development limitations in Ethiopia. Practical implications – Researchers, policy makers and government bodies that are interested in peri-urban land would appreciate and consider implementing the adapted land readjustment model as an alternative land development tool. Consequently, the local peri-urban landholders’ rights would be protected and maintained in the process of urbanization. Originality/value – Although land readjustment has the potential to achieve participatory peri-urban land development, awareness of the method in the Ethiopian urban land development system is inadequate. This study contributes to fill this gap and create an insight into the basic conditions for the adaption of the tool.
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Hundie, Shemelis Kebede. "Modelling Energy Consumption, Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Economic Growth Nexus in Ethiopia: Evidence from Cointegration and Causality Analysis." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 6, no. 6 (June 26, 2018): 699. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v6i6.699-709.1720.
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Policy makers need to know the relationship among energy use, economic growth and environmental quality in order to formulate rigorous policy for economic growth and environmental sustainability. This study analyzes the nexus among energy consumption, affluence, financial development, trade openness, urbanization, population and CO2 emissions in Ethiopia using data from 1970–2014. The ARDL cointegration results show that cointegration exists among the variables. Energy consumption, population, trade openness and economic growth have positive impact on CO2 in the long-run while economic growth squared reduces CO2 emissions which confirms that the EKC hypothesis holds in Ethiopia. In the short-run urbanization and energy consumption intensify environmental degradation. Toda-Yamamoto granger causality results indicate the bi-directional causality between energy consumption and CO2 emissions, CO2 emissions and urbanization. Financial development, population and urbanization cause economic growth while economic growth causes CO2 emissions. Causality runs from energy consumption to financial development, urbanization and population which in turn cause economic growth. From the result, CO2 emissions extenuation policy in Ethiopia should focus on environmentally friendly growth, enhancing consumption of cleaner energy, incorporating the impact of population, urbanization, trade and financial development.
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Mamo, Gezahagn Dugassa. "Assessment on Impact of Live Animal Export on Meat Export Performance in Ethiopia; Policy Implications." Business and Management Studies 1, no. 2 (August 22, 2019): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/bms.v5i3.4467.
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Ethiopia has one of the largest livestock populations in Africa. Due to lack of livestock market structure, performances, prices are poor and inadequate for designing policies and marketing system, the sector has remained stagnant. Despite fluctuation over years, the exports of meat (16,877 tonnes) and live animals (472,041 head) have significantly increased in 2010 -2012 Ethiopian Fiscal Year (EFY), recording 69 % increment from the previous years (kefyalew,2011). In 2018/19 EFY live animal contributes 33% of the earning, while 67 % was obtained from meat export (ERCA, 201819). However, lack of export routes and ports, illegal live animal trade, shortage of live animal and lack of appropriate breeding programs are some of the main challenges faced to the sector (kefaylew,2011). The presence of large livestock population with diverse and adaptable genotypes, and diverse agro-ecologies for production of different types of livestock; expansion of agro-industries and the increase of by product feedstuffs allowing for enhanced productivity; proximity of the middle east countries, high demand for meat and live animals including the domestic market are some of the opportunities that the sectors have. Therefore, the country would have been benefited more from the sector if the aforementioned challenges have been overcome. (Ameha,2011)
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Feyera Senbeta. "The Paradox of Ethiopia’s Underdevelopment: Endogenous Factors in Retrospect." PanAfrican Journal of Governance and Development (PJGD) 2, no. 1 (February 28, 2021): 3–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.46404/panjogov.v2i1.2907.
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Ethiopia is a country of diverse historical, cultural, geographical, archeological, and ecological resources and is well known as the cradle of humanity. It is also the tenth-largest country in Africa and endowed with vast land and water resources. This country was unable to translate these potential resources into positive development outcomes. This paper examines the historical perspective of Ethiopia’s underdevelopment mystery under the last three regimes (i.e., Haile Selassie (Imperial), Derg, and the Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF)). Qualitative approaches mainly interview, discussion, document analysis, and personal experiences were employed in generating relevant data that were analyzed and presented thematically. The results show that Ethiopia ranked the least in many global human development indexes such as Human Development Index, Corruption Index, and Global Hunger Index in the last decade. The underlying historical development challenges include political instability, despotic leadership, corruption, dependence on foreign aid and assistance, controlled freedom of expression, lack of diversity within unity, and inconsistent development policies. Over the last three successive regimes, the state-society relationship has been characterized by conflict, disagreement, and supremacy of state which messed up available national development opportunities. If Ethiopia has to come out of poverty and underdevelopment, it needs to improve its political stability and governance. It must be governed by ‘popularly elected’ not by ‘self-elected leader’ and put in place a system of accountability for a better future and wellbeing of its population. Consistent and pro-poor policy, good working culture, and unity in diversity must be other areas of concern for future development.
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Grepperud, Sverre. "Population Pressure and Land Degradation: The Case of Ethiopia." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 30, no. 1 (January 1996): 18–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jeem.1996.0002.
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Emiru, Yohannes Kelifa, Betelhem Anteneh Adamu, Melak Erara, Tigist Chanie, and Abyot Endale Gurmu. "Complementary and Alternative Medicine Use in a Pregnant Population, Northwest Ethiopia." International Journal of Reproductive Medicine 2021 (August 6, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8829313.
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Background. Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) appears to be the source of healthcare particularly in the majority of pregnant communities of Africa due to its intrinsic qualities as well as its accessibility and affordability. Despite acknowledged benefits of CAM use in pregnancy, majority of users are unaware of its safety and effects on fetal development. The present study was aimed at examining CAM use among pregnant women in Northwest Ethiopia to provide an opportunity for future investigations on the effectiveness of CAM modalities in the management of pregnancy-related complications across the country. Methods. This was an institution-based cross-sectional study which was conducted at Poly Clinic Health Center in the Northwest part of Ethiopia between March and May 2018. Two hundred and eighty two Ethiopian women were conveniently recruited to take part in the study. Structured questioners were used for the survey. Descriptive statistics of sociodemographic and CAM use characteristics were expressed in frequencies and proportions. Chi-square test was performed to determine the difference between CAM user and nonuser. Besides, binary logistic regression analyses were performed to examine predictors of CAM use in the study population. The result was considered statistically significant if P value ≤ 0.05. Results. The prevalence rate of CAM use in pregnant women was 89.36% with the commonest practice of spiritual healing (65.2%) and herbal supplement (51.8%) CAM therapies. Use of CAM positively associated with marital status and previous number of children. The odds of using CAM among single/not married women were 3.22 times higher (COR: 3.22, CI: 1.07-9.64) as compared to married women. Pregnant women with no children were 3.30 times more likely (COR: 3.30, CI: 0.92-11.84) to use CAM than those women having ≥3 children. Lower odds of using CAM significantly associated with educational level (COR: 0.20, CI: 0.046-0.93) and antenatal care (COR: 0.45, CI: 0.18-1.13) in a binary logistic regression model. Conclusions. A considerable number of pregnant women were utilizing CAM including herbal products as part of their maternity care. This finding provides a reference on the use of CAM for policy-makers, health professionals, and parents. Further studies are needed to investigate the effectiveness and safety of specific CAM modalities with particular focus on herbal medicinal products.
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Ganta, Brightman Gebremichael. "Access to Rural Land Rights in the Post-1991 Ethiopia: Unconstitutional Policy Shift." Journal of Land and Rural Studies 7, no. 1 (January 2019): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2321024918808111.
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In an agrarian society, like Ethiopia, where lion share of the population relies on land rights for livelihoods and welfare, access to land is fundamental to be capable of existence as a free and dignified human being. Otherwise, it can also be used a political asset for political control and to impoverish the societal well-being. With the opinion of historical pitfalls and injustices and the tremendous holistic contribution of access to rural land rights in Ethiopia, the constitutional makers of the post-1991 Ethiopia have incorporated the egalitarian concept of ‘free access to land for all needy nationals’. However, the content analysis of the legislation framed aftermath of the 1995 FDRE Constitution reveals the introduction of a policy shift towards land regionalism and market-based land access, because, it has attached regional residency requirement, prioritised to investors and model peasants and introduced land use payment in contradiction to the constitutional rule. Hence, this author argues for the restoration of the Constitutional principle of access to land rights.
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Gebre, Yntiso. "Resettlement and the Unnoticed Losers: Impoverishment Disasters among the Gumz in Ethiopia." Human Organization 62, no. 1 (March 1, 2003): 50–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/humo.62.1.4ava5ykea9p0vk10.
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Policy makers, funding agencies, and researchers often overlook the implications of resettlement for host populations. Settlers and refugees usually receive aid, research coverage, and policy attention, while the plight of the host people remains largely unnoticed. The 1980s resettlement program in the Metekel lowlands of Ethiopia is a case in point. This program contributed to the impoverishment of the host population--the Gumz--and caused unexpected changes in their survival strategies and customary practices. In this article, I argue that during massive resettlements, the host people, particularly powerless communities, are likely to encounter displacement and impoverishment similar to that of relocatees. Therefore, the analytical categories and models used to understand the situation of settlers can also be employed to examine the experiences of the hosts.
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Gebremariam, Mikiale Gebreslase, Yuming Zhu, Naveed Ahmad, and Dawit Nega Bekele. "Influencing sustainability by controlling future brownfields in Africa: a case study of Ethiopia." World Journal of Science, Technology and Sustainable Development 16, no. 3 (July 8, 2019): 102–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/wjstsd-04-2018-0031.
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Purpose The increasing African population and economic growth leading to urbanisation continues to increase the need to redevelop brownfields as a strategy of encouraging sustainable development of cities, in particular in Ethiopia. However, the adoption of brownfield redevelopment in Ethiopia is at initial stage. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to highlight the framework based on grey-incidence decision-making approach to manage brownfields in African countries by taking Ethiopia as case example. The grey-incidence decision-making model integrates multiple factors such as economic, social, environmental, technical and associated risks and provides an effective decision-making and management tool for environmental practitioners and government agencies. Design/methodology/approach Questionnaires were used to collect data on terms and definitions of brownfield. The questions were prepared on the basis of currently used definitions developed by a number of developed countries. Moreover, this study utilises a grey-incidence decision-making approach to help in management and decision-making for the implementation of brownfield redevelopment projects (BRPs) in the remediated sites. Findings Standard definition of brownfield and essential guidelines for brownfield redevelopment is proposed for Ethiopian context. The research findings were tested and verified using literature data and survey from major stakeholders. In addition, the grey-incidence decision-making approach is applied for the evaluation of BRPs in the remediated sites. A framework is proposed to control future brownfields for African countries by taking Ethiopia as a case example. Originality/value This research stresses the significance of an urban structure to address sustainable development, and the need to consider redevelopment of brownfields and identify the potential for a specific government policy framework. This research provides the best opportunity for Ethiopia by devising an urban land policy and create a strategy to contribute social, economic, financial and environmental benefits. It also provides a foundation to solve environmental issues by involving all major stakeholders, including community citizens, environmentalists and government agencies, and it also serves as guidelines to transform brownfields into Greenfields; and finally, it contributes to achieve the 2030 UN global goals.
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Lailulo, Yishak Abraham, and A. Sathiya Susuman. "Proximate Determinants of Fertility in Ethiopia: Comparative Analysis of the 2005 and 2011 DHS." Journal of Asian and African Studies 53, no. 5 (August 4, 2017): 733–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021909617722373.
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Fertility is one of the elements in population dynamics that makes a significant contribution towards changing population size and structure over time. In Ethiopia, for the last 10 years the total fertility rate (TFR) has declined slightly from 5.5 to 4.8 children in 2011. But, the TFR in urban areas has increased from 2.4 to 2.6 per 1000 live births. The Bongaarts model was applied to estimate the indices of the four main proximate determinants of fertility. Bongaarts defines the TFR of a population as a function of the total fecundity rate (TF), index of marriage (Cm), index of contraception (Cc), index of postpartum infecundability (Ci), and index of abortion (Ca); this can be written as TFR = Cm × Cc × Ci × Ca × TF. In 2005, the index of married women in urban areas was lower than rural, but it was unfortunately the same in urban and rural areas in 2011. For the last decade, the index of postpartum infecundability had a great fertility reduction effect compared with the contraception index and marriage index in rural Ethiopia. The lower the four indices of proximate determinants, the more fertility will be reduced. As such, the Ethiopian government, international non-governmental organizations and policy-makers must pay attention to increase the prevalence of contraceptive use and educate society to fight against child marriage. Permanent contraceptive use, such as female sterilization, should be promoted; moreover, legal organizations and the community must work together to raise the legal age of marriage to 18 years.
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Oniki, Shunji, Melaku Berhe, and Koichi Takenaka. "Efficiency Impact of the Communal Land Distribution Program in Northern Ethiopia." Sustainability 12, no. 11 (May 29, 2020): 4436. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12114436.
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A rapid increase in population in sub-Saharan Africa has caused a decrease in farm size, an increase in the number of landless farmers, and soil erosion in communal forests due to increasing utilization. Ethiopia has addressed this problem by introducing an epoch-making privatization policy for the allocation of communal land to landless farmers. This policy promotes the economic utilization of the communal land while protecting natural resources. Hitherto, few studies have evaluated the impact of the policy. We evaluate the effect of the communal land distribution policy for tree-planting using technical efficiency of farm production by estimating a stochastic production function model in the Tigray region of Ethiopia. We compare the technical efficiencies of farm production between both participating and nonparticipating farms in the program using a quasi-experimental method. The results reveal the improvement of technical efficiency through communal land distribution. Therefore, program activities could increase farm incomes while maintaining land conservation. Thus, the allocation of communal land promotes sustainable land utilization in the mountainous areas of sub-Saharan Africa.
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Wollie, Getachew. "The Relationship between Inflation and Economic Growth in Ethiopia." Budapest International Research and Critics Institute (BIRCI-Journal) : Humanities and Social Sciences 1, no. 3 (October 29, 2018): 264–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/birci.v1i3.73.
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Since both inflation and economic growth are not a new concept rather their relationships are waited still now as a debatable issue among macro-economists, policy makers, policy analysts, politicians and even the population itself by giving their own analysis by conduct a research and assumption based on the trend as before. Basically, the aims of this seminar paper are to review the relationship between inflation and economic growth as well as to review the causes, sources, determinants and impacts of Ethiopian inflation. Most of the studies indicated above shown that, higher and volatile inflation is bad for the economy. On the other hand, lower and stable inflation is considered as a promoter of the economy. Then the question should focus on what level of inflation is harmful to economic growth? Many economists have made researches on estimating the threshold level of inflation using panel data for a number of countries and time-series data for single country cases and these researchers fix the threshold level of inflation for both developing and developed country. But in this seminar paper, quantifying or fix the exact number of threshold level of Ethiopian inflation and decide below this level inflation has a positive effect on growth and beyond this level it has negative impact on growth is very difficult by simply review previous literature without conducting actual research and make a deep analysis. Even if it is the case, based on the literature it is surely possible to conclude the inflation rate has a serious negative effect on the growth of one country’s economy especially in Ethiopia, if inflation has a double digit of an annual growth.
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Dereso, Chala Wata, Kishor Chandra Meher, and Abebe Asfawu Shobe. "COVID-19 Pandemic and Strategizing the Higher Education Policies of Public Universities of Ethiopia." International Journal of Sociotechnology and Knowledge Development 14, no. 2 (April 2022): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijskd.2022040101.
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The purpose of the research is to investigate the impact of COVID-19 on higher education policies and their effect on students' academic performance at public universities in Ethiopia. The study adopts a quantitative approach followed by causal analysis by applying structural equation modeling. A sample of 384 has been selected through simple random sampling out of a large population of academic staff spread homogeneously across Ethiopia. The study variables are COVID-19, higher education policies, digital learning, teacher preparedness, and student academic performance. The findings reveal that the hypothesized model becomes a perfect fit. Based on the standardized coefficient, the most influencing path is the effect of higher education policy on digital learning, followed by the impact of COVID-19 on higher education policy, academic performance, and teacher preparedness, respectively. The study has further observed the partial effect of teacher preparedness on the students' academic performance.
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Portnoy, Allison, Steven Sweet, Dawit Desalegn, Solomon Tessema Memirie, Jane J. Kim, and Stéphane Verguet. "Health gains and financial protection from human papillomavirus vaccination in Ethiopia: findings from a modelling study." Health Policy and Planning 36, no. 6 (May 4, 2021): 891–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czab052.
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Abstract High out-of-pocket (OOP) medical expenses for cervical cancer (CC) can lead to catastrophic health expenditures (CHEs) and medical impoverishment in many low-resource settings. There are 32 million women at risk for CC in Ethiopia, where CC screening is extremely limited. An evaluation of the population health and financial risk protection benefits, and their distributional consequences across socioeconomic groups, from human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination will be critical to support CC prevention efforts in this setting. We used a static cohort model that captures the main features of HPV vaccines and population demographics to project health and economic outcomes associated with routine HPV vaccination in Ethiopia. Health outcomes included the number of CC cases, and costs included vaccination and operational costs in 2015 US dollars over the years 2019–2118 and CC treatment costs over the lifetimes of cohorts eligible for vaccination in Ethiopia. We estimated the household OOP medical expenditures averted (assuming 68% of direct medical expenditures were financed OOP) and cases of CHE averted. A case of CHE was defined as 40% of household consumption expenditures, and the cases of CHE averted depended on wealth quintile, disease incidence, healthcare use and OOP payments. Our analysis shows that, assuming 100% vaccine efficacy against HPV-16/18 and 50% vaccination coverage, routine HPV vaccination could avert up to 970 000 cases of CC between 2019 and 2118, which translates to ∼932 000 lives saved. Additionally, routine HPV vaccination could avert 33 900 cases of CHE. Approximately one-third of health benefits would accrue to the poorest wealth quintile, whereas 50% of financial risk protection benefits would accrue to this quintile. HPV vaccination can reduce disparities in CC incidence, mortality and household health expenditures. This understanding and our findings can help policymakers in decisions regarding targeted CC control efforts and investment in a routine HPV vaccination programme following an initial catch-up programme.
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Sewnet, Amare. "Land Use/Cover Change at Infraz Watershed, Northwestren Ethiopia." Journal of Landscape Ecology 8, no. 1 (January 1, 2015): 69–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jlecol-2015-0005.
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Abstract Land cover is the physical and biological cover of the surface whereas land use covers the results of human activities for the exploitation of it. The land cover and landuse change is caused by both, natural and anthropogenic factors. The objective of this study was to detect land cover/use changes in Infraz Watershed. The study has used ArcGIS10 and ERDAS IMAGINE10, landsat images of 1973, 1986, 1995 and 2011 and socio-economic data to analyze land cover and landuse changes of Infraz watershed. The study has found that due to the population increase and improper agricultural activity bush and wetlands have declined where as farm and settlement lands expanded between the study years. About 1044 wetlands and 6338.7 ha of bush lands were lost and converted to cultivated and farm lands, grass lands and forest covers which were increased by 6685.3, 357.7 and 338.3 ha between the study periods respectively. There is an urgent need to limit the population growth rate and implementing land use policy in the Infraz watershed.
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Khan, Selim M., and James Gomes. "Drought in Ethiopia: A Population Health Equity Approach to Build Resilience for the Agro-Pastoralist Community." Global Journal of Health Science 11, no. 2 (January 10, 2019): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v11n2p42.
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BACKGROUND: A devastating drought is ravaging Africa, with Ethiopia being the worst-hit country. Ethiopia’s economy is predominantly reliant on rain-fed farming and livestock. The agriculture sector contributes up to 85% of the country’s livelihoods. The drought has threatened agro-economy and health of over 15 million agro-pastoralist population who herd the largest livestock in Africa. Some governments announced its commitment in the UN to extend support for the drought-affected people. The Sendai framework for Disaster Risk Reduction prioritizes proactive rather than reactive relief response that can promote health resilience. Applying population health matrices can serve the purpose by exploring the determinants of health, their impacts on the differential health outcomes for population sub-groups and to improve the overall health of the population by addressing the health inequity.
OBJECTIVE: This study aims to identify the critical population health outcomes, underlying determinants, and the leverage points for actions that can guide effective policies and interventions for building health resilience for the vulnerable agro-pastoralist population in Ethiopia.
METHODS: Two researchers searched nine academic and grey literature bibliographic databases for drought literature and related health interventions. We used the PRISMA checklist to synthesize data and Hamilton tools to evaluate individual study quality. We analyzed data employing disaster vulnerability and WHO’s social determinants of health and health equity frameworks. Socioeconomic, political and cultural backgrounds are examined to identify policy and leverage points for effective population health interventions.
RESULTS: Health issues are diverse that revolve around the major determinants of health such as food security, infrastructure, health systems, disaster preparedness, household productivity-income, livestock dependence and access to the market economy. These determinants are further affected by socioeconomic, political and cultural contexts. Despite dire vulnerability and health inequity, some potentials evolved from recent public health field practices as the leverage points for policy actions and interventions.
CONCLUSION: The recommended interventions can be implemented through an interdisciplinary population health approach to get the maximum impacts on health resilience. Evidence gathered from the worst drought niche in Africa can be useful to tackle similar droughts induced health issues in other parts of the continent. Future intervention research on the ground can generate robust evidence for action to build health resilience.
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Lazin, Fred. "The Israeli Case." Hrvatska i komparativna javna uprava 18, no. 3 (September 4, 2018): 447–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.31297/hkju.18.3.6.
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The paper presents an account of the Israeli government’s efforts to absorb and integrate an influx of Jewish immigrants from the Soviet Union and Ethiopia. With fewer than five million persons, Israel accepted 400,000 Jewish refugees between 1989–1992. At the time, the Israeli government discouraged granting of political asylum to tens of thousands of mostly Muslim refugees from East Africa. Furthermore, an Israeli law prevented family reunification of Israeli Arab citizens who married Palestinians living outside of Israel (including the occupied territories). The paper looks at policies designed to provide housing and education to the Russian and Ethiopian immigrants. Israeli absorption policies were not coordinated. Prime Minister Shamir later told the author “Who needed policy? Let them come and we will make policy.” Policies gave preferential treatment to Russian immigrants who had more clout than the Ethiopians. They also had greater social capital. While the national government and the Jewish Agency, an NGO representing world Jewry, set immigration policy, mayors had some input in implementation. One mayor discussed here used absorption of immigrants as a means to foster local economic growth and development. The major finding here is the importance of “political will”. Israeli government officials and much of the Israeli population favoured mass immigration of Jews regardless of where they were from. Israeli leaders want to preserve a Jewish majority among its citizens. With respect to lessons for the EU, the findings here suggest that the successful absorption and acceptance of refugees lies in the attitude of the host country toward immigration. Policies and issues of coordination and implementation are secondary concerns. In the Israeli case despite the lack of adequate resources and lack of coordination absorption of immigrants succeeded.
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Suyum, Bikila Ayele. "Raising the Key Issues Facing Resettlement Practice in Development Induced Displacement: Evidences From Households Displaced by Railway Construction in Dukem, Ethiopia." Journal of Agricultural Studies 7, no. 2 (August 14, 2019): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jas.v7i3.15268.
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Development projects are often resulted in massive displacement and resettlement of people. Despite the gradual improvement in resettlement practices and results, the impoverishments caused by development projects’ displacement and resettlement are still widely observed in many developing countries. This study is intended to investigate the key issues facing resettlement practices based on experiences from households displaced by railway corridor construction in Dukem area, central Ethiopia. Data were collected by using semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions and archival file reviews. The study has revealed that policy, legal and practical factors were constraining effective resettlement and rehabilitation of the displaced households. The study indicates that the existing Ethiopian policy and legal frameworks on resettlement and rehabilitation of displaced people in the context of development projects were not effectively implemented in the study population context. The practice of valuation, compensation and expropriation were not fair and satisfactory mainly due to lack of objective criteria of evaluation, lack of technically competent valuation experts and widespread corruption in valuation and compensation of properties. The existing policy and legal frameworks on resettlement and rehabilitation of evicted people also lacks a clear statement on the livelihood rehabilitation of displaced households. The current compensation practice is monetary-based, inadequate, delayed and the rehabilitation approach lacks special consideration for vulnerable groups. Therefore, the researcher recommends the need for devising policy, legal and institutional frameworks which have clear provisions on how to deal with the multifaceted problems of displacement, resettlement and rehabilitation. Additionally, ensuring effective reform to the structures of implementing agents of resettlement is very important.
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Oniki, Shunji, Melaku Berhe, and Teklay Negash. "Role of Social Norms in Natural Resource Management: The Case of the Communal Land Distribution Program in Northern Ethiopia." Land 9, no. 2 (January 25, 2020): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land9020035.
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The increasing population pressure in the rural areas of Sub-Saharan Africa has caused land degradation as well as an increase in the number of landless farmers. To promote a conservation-oriented utilization of communal lands and increase the livelihood of poor farmers, the Ethiopian government introduced a program to distribute less-utilized communal lands to landless farmers. This study identified the social norms related to natural resource conservation that affect the participation in this program. Using data from 477 farmer households in northern Ethiopia, we estimated probit models with endogenous regressors for the determinants of social norms and their impacts on program participation. The results show that social norms related to conservation positively affect program participation. Regarding policy implication of the findings, an intervention to improve the social norms of local farmers leads to sustainable resource conservation without reducing intrinsic motivation of the local people. A conservation-oriented utilization of the communal lands would be more effective if the land distribution program was accompanied by other programs to improve the social norms in the villages.
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Josephson, Anna Leigh, Jacob Ricker-Gilbert, and Raymond J. G. M. Florax. "How does population density influence agricultural intensification and productivity? Evidence from Ethiopia." Food Policy 48 (October 2014): 142–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2014.03.004.
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Coppock, D. L. "Constraints to development of extensive livestock systems: experiences from southern Ethiopia." BSAP Occasional Publication 16 (1993): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263967x00031098.
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AbstractThis paper reviews pastoral research and development perspectives generated from the southern Ethiopian rangelands during the 1980s. This system was selected as a case study of constraints in African pastoral development because the experiences from both research and development are fairly well documented and integrated. Until recently, the Boran managed a production system that was fairly typical of semi-settled, traditional pastoralism in East Africa. However, the Boran today are in a state of considerable change that has been induced primarily by a long-term decline in the per capita supply of cow's milk, the traditional dietary staple. This imbalance has resulted from steady growth in the human population in combination with density-dependent fluctuations in cattle production. Other major changes in pastoral, social and economic attitudes have occurred as a result of population pressure and exposure to the inhabitants of small towns that have emerged as a result of development of rural infrastructure since the 1970s. Overall, this pressure has led to increased instability and vulnerability of the pastoral population, but also offers new windows of opportunity for the application of technical, but especially policy-oriented, interventions. It is suggested that constraints to implementing successful development activities here lie more in the limitations of external institutions and the national economy, rather than within the Boran system. Long-term population trends, and opportunities for development interventions over the short term, will also be obscured by inter-drought cycles of cattle production that produce complex system interactions. Greater appreciation of the effects of such cycles on the social and economic behaviour of pastoralists could facilitate more effective development planning.
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Eridadi, Hosea Mutanda, Inagaki Yoshihiko, Esayas Alemayehu, and Moses Kiwanuka. "Evaluation of willingness to pay toward improving water supply services in Sebeta town, Ethiopia." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 11, no. 2 (February 9, 2021): 282–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2021.204.
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Abstract Sebeta town is one of the rapidly growing towns in Ethiopia. Its closeness to Addis Ababa city has attracted industrial, urban development, and population growth. This development has created problems with drinking water shortages in the community. This study aimed at determining the household's willingness to pay (WTP) amount toward improving water supply services and analyzing the influencing factors of WTP. A contingent valuation (CV) technique was applied in quantifying the households' WTP and the influencing factors toward the program. The field observations, key informant interviews, and household questionnaire interviews from 250 respondents out of the targeted 280 were employed in collecting field data. Results from CV revealed that 66% of the households were WTP toward improving the water supply services beyond their current monthly water bills. Households were WTP about 20 Ethiopian Birr (ETB) above the average current water bill of 161 ETB. The binary logistic model results statistically demonstrated that independent variables of gender, age, marital status, education level, years in Sebeta, and average monthly income were significantly influencing the household's WTP at p = 0.01 and 0.05. This study provides vital hints for further research and baseline information for local administration and communities about the water supply in the area and holistic appropriation of water tariffs in line with government policy.
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Tranvåg, Eirik, Merima Ali, and Ole Norheim. "Health inequalities in Ethiopia: modeling inequalities in length of life within and between population groups." International Journal for Equity in Health 12, no. 1 (2013): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1475-9276-12-52.
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Abebe, Firew Bekele, and Solomon Estifanos Bekele. "Challenges to National Park Conservation and Management in Ethiopia." Journal of Agricultural Science 10, no. 5 (April 11, 2018): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v10n5p52.
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National parks are areas of land protected to conserve native plants and animals and their habitats, places of natural attractiveness, historic heritage and native cultures. The objective of this review paper was to identify challenges affecting conservation and management of national parks in Ethiopia and based on review results, to suggest management strategies that can bring solutions to the problems. Lack of sense of ownership, limited awareness, population growth, lack of coordination, conflicts over resources, Issues of boundary/Lack of Boundary, invasive species, illegal charcoal production, climate change, and poverty are the identified challenges that are affecting the conservation and management of national parks in Ethiopia. Developing sense of ownership within community, awareness creation and development, collaborative approach and consultation among stakeholders, co-management and resolution of border issues, reduction of free grazing, invasive species utilization, care during introduction and biological control, reduction of fuel-wood consumption and increase carbon sequestration, improving incomes, institutional and policy reforms are the suggested strategies that can bring solutions to the problems.
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Zewudie, Addisalem Tebeje, Abebaw Addis Gelagay, and Engidaw Fentahun Enyew. "Determinants of Under-Five Child Mortality in Ethiopia: Analysis Using Ethiopian Demographic Health Survey, 2016." International Journal of Pediatrics 2020 (September 22, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/7471545.
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Background. Under-five mortality rate is a leading indicator of the level of child health and the overall development in countries which indicate the quality of life of a given population, as measured by life expectancy. Objectives. To identify and analyze factors that may have a significant influence on under-five mortality in Ethiopia. Methods. A national representative cross-sectional study and a quantitative study were conducted among 18,008 households selected based on 2016 EDHS data. The analysis was done using SPSS version 20 statistical software. Both bivariate and multivariable analyses were employed. In multivariable analysis, p value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant and odds ratio with 95% CI (confidence interval) was used to assess the determinants of under-five child mortality. Results. A total of 10,641 children were included in the study with a 99.0% response rate. The U5CM for being a rural resident (AOR=1.802, 95% CI: 1.251, 2.595), not breastfeeding (AOR=2.956, 95% CI: 2.490, 3.511), having multiple birth (AOR=4.755, 95% CI: 3.440, 6.572), male gender (AOR=1.363, 95% CI: 1.153, 1.612), having first birth order (AOR=1.592, 95% CI: 1.275, 1.992), and having family size six and above (AOR=2.187, 95% CI: 1.769, 2.707). The increment of family size increases the risk of U5CM.Conclusion. Multivariate logistic analysis reflected that place of residence, mothers’ educational level, religion, current breastfeeding status, type of birth, sex of child, birth order, and family size were found to be significant predictors of under-five child mortality. So, government policy, nongovernmental organizations, and all concerned bodies should be focused on the major determinants of under-five child mortality and put in a lot more effort to reduce under-five child mortality, and health intervention policies should be revised.
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Singh, S. N. "Credit Risk Management Practices in Dashen Bank of Mettu Branch in Ethiopia." Financial Markets, Institutions and Risks 5, no. 2 (2021): 86–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/fmir.5(2).86-106.2021.
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Credit Risk management becomes major discussion issues in the financial institutions because of uncertainty related to borrower’s business. The aim of this study is to assess credit risk management tools and technique that are being used in the bank and to what extent the current performance of the bank is supported by proper credit risk management policy, procedure and strategy. The study design is descriptive. The research applies for both qualitative and quantitative research method and both primary data (questionnaire) and secondary data were collected to meet the objective of the study. 15 out of 20 total population Purposive samples were involved at Branch office using census sampling method who works on credit to get reliable and valid information about the study subject. The data was analyzed using qualitative and descriptive statistics technique and frequency table. From the findings the study concludes that the bank has well organized credit policy that counter to credit risk they are exposed to and it also conclude that the bank has good credit granting practice and uses suitable credit risk assessment tools and techniques including loan follow-up, risk identification, measuring, evaluating, monitoring and controlling mechanism. However, the study also concluded that the bank has pitfalls such as absence of training for customers which results to loan diversion, absence of credit risk model that predict the risk level of the business and the priority sectors of the bank in terms of credit facility are highly exposed to credit risk which directly contribute to the increment of NPL. Thus, it is recommended that Dashen Bank S.C should develop independent risk management policy and procedure from credit policy and procedure to overcome those problems and to take measure on the spot.
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Alemu, Gashaw Tenna, Zewdu Berhanie Ayele, and Assefa Abelieneh Berhanu. "Effects of Land Fragmentation on Productivity in Northwestern Ethiopia." Advances in Agriculture 2017 (2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/4509605.
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Generally, land fragmentation is a universal trait of all agricultural systems which affects farmland productivity and no one had documented a rural society where there was no land fragmentation. Hence, this study sought to ascertain the effects of land fragmentation on farmland productivity in the highland districts of Northwestern Ethiopia by using cross-sectional data collected from 240 respondents during 2015/16 production seasons and analyzed by using linear and Cobb-Douglass production functions. In land productivity model, 38% of variations in farmland productivity are explained by variations in independent variables including land fragmentation parameters. Average farmland size of 1.25 ha was obtained as minimum size that can generate minimum food and cash requirement of an average family of five adult equivalents. Hence, the government should come up with land use policy and population growth controlling program, which enables determining minimum economic farmland size, improving land productivity, and finding ways to strengthen off-farm activities and livestock sector to absorb more labor and enhance means of generating more income so as to decrease minimum farmland size required.
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Oladele, OI, MP Gitika, F. Ngari, A. Shimeles, G. Mamo, F. Aregawi, AK Braimoh, and OD Olorunfemi. "Adoption of agro-weather information sources for climate smart agriculture among farmers in Embu and Ada’a districts of Kenya and Ethiopia." Information Development 35, no. 4 (May 31, 2018): 639–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0266666918779639.
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Adaptation strategies are considered to be an effective measure to build resilience to the effects of climate change. The agro-weather tools for adaptation to climate smart agriculture were implemented as a pilot project in Embu and Ada’a Districts of Kenya and Ethiopia respectively. Random sampling technique was used to select 360 and 171 farmers from the population of project’s beneficiaries in Kenya and Ethiopia and data collection was carried out with the use of a questionnaire. The overall results show that farming experience and impact of agro-weather information were significant determinants of the use of all the tools. Ownership/access, extension contact, frequency of extension contact and extension agency were significant determinants of the use of short message service (SMS), newsletter, and radio while group membership was a significant determinant of the use of SMS, newsletter, and interactive voice response. The significance of these variables stresses their need in the planning and policy formulation for the use of agro-weather tools for information dissemination.
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Pappis, Ioannis, Andreas Sahlberg, Tewodros Walle, Oliver Broad, Elusiyan Eludoyin, Mark Howells, and Will Usher. "Influence of Electrification Pathways in the Electricity Sector of Ethiopia—Policy Implications Linking Spatial Electrification Analysis and Medium to Long-Term Energy Planning." Energies 14, no. 4 (February 23, 2021): 1209. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14041209.
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Ethiopia is a low-income country, with low electricity access (45%) and an inefficient power transmission network. The government aims to achieve universal access and become an electricity exporter in the region by 2025. This study provides an invaluable perspective on different aspects of Ethiopia’s energy transition, focusing on achieving universal access and covering the country’s electricity needs during 2015–2065. We co-developed and investigated three scenarios to examine the policy and technology levels available to the government to meet their national priorities. To conduct this analysis, we soft-linked OnSSET, a modelling tool used for geospatial analysis, with OSeMOSYS, a cost-optimization modelling tool used for medium to long-run energy planning. Our results show that the country needs to diversify its power generation system to achieve universal access and cover its future electricity needs by increasing its overall carbon dioxide emissions and fully exploit hydropower. With the aim of achieving universal access by 2025, the newly electrified population is supplied primarily by the grid (65%), followed by stand-alone (32%) technologies. Similarly, until 2065, most of the electrified people by 2025 will continue to be grid-connected (99%). The country’s exports will increase to 17 TWh by 2065, up from 832 GWh in 2015, leading to a cumulative rise in electricity export revenues of 184 billion USD.
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Challa, Tamrat Gebiso. "ADOPTION AND IMPACTS OF NATURAL RESOURCE CONSERVATION IN ARSI ZONE, ETHIOPIA." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 9, no. 7 (August 6, 2021): 234–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v9.i7.2021.4060.
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Land degradation in Ethiopia alone accounts for 8% of the global total degradation. The most serious problem concerning country’s land resources, however, is the removal of fertile topsoil by water. Population pressure which results to intensive cultivation, overgrazing deforestation and inappropriate land use practices are the most serious cause of soil erosion in Ethiopia which is more severe in the highlands areas where, 85% of the human and 77% of livestock population are living and agriculture is intensive. To reverse the situation the government of Ethiopia designed policy and programs which are holistic and landscape wide approaches. Based on the strategies, different soil and water management programs have been implemented throughout the country and different practices were introduced to farmers as well for more than ten years. The central questions of this research were, whether farmers adopt these soil and water conservation practices; and if yes, do these soil and water conservation interventions have an impact in improving crop production in value per hectare and gross annual income of participating households? If yes, how much is the impact? Based on above objectives, the research was conducted in Arsi zone and data was collected from 202 respondents in representative districts. Both adopters and counterfactual respondents were included. Educational background of households, farming experiences, size of landholding, slop of plot, degree of vulnerability of the districts and extension contact significantly and positively affect adoption probability while land fragmentation was significant and negatively influencing adoption of soil and water conservation (SWC) activity. Though it was not statistically significant, SWC adoption has positive impact on productivity, gross production and income of the household. The average treatment effect on treated (ATT) was 6358.86 ETB of total household income which could be proxy for farm level productivity and 85.35 quintal of total annual farm production.
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Taka, Gideon Nkam, Ta Thi Huong, Izhar Hussain Shah, and Hung-Suck Park. "Determinants of Energy-Based CO2 Emissions in Ethiopia: A Decomposition Analysis from 1990 to 2017." Sustainability 12, no. 10 (May 20, 2020): 4175. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12104175.
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Ethiopia, among the fastest growing economies worldwide, is witnessing rapid urbanization and industrialization that is fueled by greater energy consumption and high levels of CO2 emissions. Currently, Ethiopia is the third largest CO2 emitter in East Africa, yet no comprehensive study has characterized the major drivers of economy-wide CO2 emissions. This paper examines the energy-related CO2 emissions in Ethiopia, and their driving forces between 1990 and 2017 using Kaya identity combined with Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) decomposition approach. Main findings reveal that energy-based CO2 emissions have been strongly driven by the economic effect (52%), population effect (43%), and fossil fuel mix effect (40%) while the role of emission intensity effect (14%) was less pronounced during the study period. At the same time, energy intensity improvements have slowed down the growth of CO2 emissions by 49% indicating significant progress towards reduced energy per unit of gross domestic product (GDP) during 1990-2017. Nonetheless, for Ethiopia to achieve its 2030 targets of low-carbon economy, further improvements through reduced emission intensity (in the industrial sector) and fossil fuel share (in the national energy mix) are recommended. Energy intensity could be further improved by technological innovation and promotion of energy-frugal industries.
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Beyera, Getahun K., Jane O’Brien, and Steven Campbell. "Determinants of healthcare utilisation for low back pain: A population‐based study in Ethiopia." Health & Social Care in the Community 28, no. 3 (May 2020): 1058–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/hsc.12939.
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Mony, Prem K., Henok Tadele, Abebe Gebremariam Gobezayehu, Grace J. Chan, Aarti Kumar, Sarmila Mazumder, Selemawit Asfaw Beyene, et al. "Scaling up Kangaroo Mother Care in Ethiopia and India: a multi-site implementation research study." BMJ Global Health 6, no. 9 (September 2021): e005905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2021-005905.
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ObjectivesKangaroo Mother Care (KMC), prolonged skin-to-skin care of the low birth weight baby with the mother plus exclusive breastfeeding reduces neonatal mortality. Global KMC coverage is low. This study was conducted to develop and evaluate context-adapted implementation models to achieve improved coverage.DesignThis study used mixed-methods applying implementation science to develop an adaptable strategy to improve implementation. Formative research informed the initial model which was refined in three iterative cycles. The models included three components: (1) maximising access to KMC-implementing facilities, (2) ensuring KMC initiation and maintenance in facilities and (3) supporting continuation at home postdischarge.Participants3804 infants of birth weight under 2000 g who survived the first 3 days, were available in the study area and whose mother resided in the study area.Main outcome measuresThe primary outcomes were coverage of KMC during the 24 hours prior to discharge and at 7 days postdischarge.ResultsKey barriers and solutions were identified for scaling up KMC. The resulting implementation model achieved high population-based coverage. KMC initiation reached 68%–86% of infants in Ethiopian sites and 87% in Indian sites. At discharge, KMC was provided to 68% of infants in Ethiopia and 55% in India. At 7 days postdischarge, KMC was provided to 53%–65% of infants in all sites, except Oromia (38%) and Karnataka (36%).ConclusionsThis study shows how high coverage of KMC can be achieved using context-adapted models based on implementation science. They were supported by government leadership, health workers’ conviction that KMC is the standard of care, women’s and families’ acceptance of KMC, and changes in infrastructure, policy, skills and practice.Trial registration numbersISRCTN12286667; CTRI/2017/07/008988; NCT03098069; NCT03419416; NCT03506698.
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Yesuf, Kedir Abdu, Atrsaw Dessie Liyew, and Amare Kassie Bezabih. "Impact of exposure to mass media on utilization modern contraceptive among adolescent married women in Ethiopia: evidence from Ethiopia demographic health survey 2016." International Journal of Scientific Reports 7, no. 9 (August 21, 2021): 434. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/issn.2454-2156.intjscirep20213257.
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<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> More than one billion of world population was adolescent age group. Adolescents are high risk of unwanted pregnancy related to pregnancy is preventable. This complication can be prevented by use of family planning method. One of the challenges to use family planning was lack of information about contraceptive. This study was investigated mass media impact on use of modern contraceptive among adolescent in Ethiopia, 2016 E. C.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> This study conducted based on EDHS (Ethiopia demographic health survey) 2016 data which was cross-sectional study design. Sample size for this study was 588 adolescent married women that completed interview in EDHS 2016. Mass media impact on modern contraceptive use were analyzed using propensity score matching. Recursive biprobit probit model was used to determine factor associated with mass media exposure on modern contraceptive utilization.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> In Ethiopia about 31.8% of adolescent married women currently used modern contraceptive. Expose to family planning message had 16.8%, 13.2%, 17% and 21.9% point higher modern contraceptive use than unexposed to mass media message. In this study significant factor affected modern contraceptive use included residence, wealth index, radio message, exposed to TV message, magazine message and exposure to mass media message family planning.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> This study shows magnitude of contraceptive utilization was low and it might be due to lack of information about family planning. Therefore, policy maker and concerned body should consider dissemination family of planning information by mass media.</p>
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Cunningham, Solveig A., Nida I. Shaikh, Ariel Nhacolo, Pratima L. Raghunathan, Karen Kotloff, Abu Mohd Naser, Melkamu M. Mengesha, et al. "Health and Demographic Surveillance Systems Within the Child Health and Mortality Prevention Surveillance Network." Clinical Infectious Diseases 69, Supplement_4 (October 9, 2019): S274—S279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciz609.
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Abstract Health and demographic surveillance systems (HDSSs) provide a foundation for characterizing and defining priorities and strategies for improving population health. The Child Health and Mortality Prevention Surveillance (CHAMPS) project aims to inform policy to prevent child deaths through generating causes of death from surveillance data combined with innovative diagnostic and laboratory methods. Six of the 7 sites that constitute the CHAMPS network have active HDSSs: Mozambique, Mali, Ethiopia, Kenya, Bangladesh, and South Africa; the seventh, in Sierra Leone, is in the early planning stages. This article describes the network of CHAMPS HDSSs and their role in the CHAMPS project. To generate actionable health and demographic data to prevent child deaths, the network depends on reliable demographic surveillance, and the HDSSs play this crucial role.
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Rick, Tara J., Biruk Habtamu, Wondemagegnhu Tigeneh, Aynalem Abreha, Surbhi Grover, Mathewos Assefa, Wilma Heemsbergen, and Luca Incrocci. "Radiotherapy Practice for Treatment of Bone Metastasis in Ethiopia." JCO Global Oncology, no. 6 (September 2020): 1422–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/go.20.00204.
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PUROSE Ethiopia has one cobalt radiotherapy (RT) machine to serve a population of more than 100 million. The purpose of this study was to report on patterns of palliative RT of bone metastasis in a severely low-capacity setting. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patient and treatment characteristics of patients irradiated for palliation of symptomatic bone metastasis were extracted from a retrospective database of patients treated between May 2015 and January 2018. This database included a random sample of 1,823 of the estimated 4,000 patients who were treated with RT within in the study period. Associations between the applied RT schedule and patient and tumor characteristics were evaluated with the χ2 test. Hypothetical savings of RT sessions and time were compared in the case of a single-fraction policy. RESULTS From the database, 234 patients (13%) were treated for bone metastasis. Most patients were ≤ 65 years of age (n = 189; 80%) and female (n = 125; 53%). The most common primary sites were breast (n = 82; 35%) and prostate (n = 36; 15%). Fractionated regimens were preferred over single fraction: 20 Gy in 5 fractions (n = 192; 82.1%), 30 Gy in 10 fractions (n = 7; 3%), and 8 Gy in 1 fraction (n = 28; 12%). Factors associated with single-fraction RT included nonaxial sites of bone metastasis ( P < .01) and an address outside Addis Ababa ( P ≤ .01). If single-fraction RT would have been given uniformly for bone metastasis, this would have resulted in a 78% reduction in the number of RT sessions and 76% reduction in total RT time. CONCLUSION The pattern of palliative RT for bone metastasis in Ethiopia favors fractionated regimens over single fraction. Efforts should be made to adopt evidence-based and cost-effective guidelines.
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Sekasi, Jackson, and Mauro Luiz Martens. "Assessing the Contributions of Urban Light Rail Transit to the Sustainable Development of Addis Ababa." Sustainability 13, no. 10 (May 18, 2021): 5667. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13105667.
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Many of the existing urban transport infrastructures in developing African cities are challenged by the mobility demands of their ever-increasing population and increased vehicle capacity. To address these transportation challenges, the Federal government of Ethiopia through the Ethiopian Railway Corporation (ERC) constructed and operates the Addis Ababa light rail transit (AA-LRT). Currently, many other African cities are following in action. This study aims to assess the contributions to sustainable development derived from the services of urban light rail in Addis Ababa. Cross-sectional quantitative research by means of a structured questionnaire survey considering key variables of social, economic, and environmental transport sustainability dimensions was conducted in Addis Ababa. Dimension-wise, the collected data was then analysed in order to measure the contributions made by AA-LRT and to identify the relations amongst each considered variable and each sustainability dimension. The findings of the study indicate a high level of perceived contributions of the economic sustainability dimension as compared to social and environmental sustainability. The study suggests an improved consideration of the environmental and social dimension for a holistic approach to transport sustainability of the city.
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Kassa, Sintayehu Demeke, Buruk Wolde-Michael Jima, and Tsegaye Zeleke Tufa. "Orthodox Christianity among the Gedeo, Southern Ethiopia: Inception and Development to 1991." International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding 7, no. 5 (August 13, 2020): 668. http://dx.doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v7i5.1873.
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The seed of Orthodox Christianity sown on the land of Gedeo in the late 19th century following the state expansion to the south could survive the assault of the Fascist aggressors and could bear its fruit during the post-liberation period. The time witnessed a large-scale evangelization and the subsequent mass baptism of the local population. This was to be followed by the increasing number of newly constructed churches and expansion of their services in the region. The 1975 land nationalization policy of the Derg, however, demolished all these achievements of the EOC by dismantling the base of its economy, ye samon maret. The clergymen who based their life on the cultivation of these church lands deserted their church in search of any other means of economic survival and this was to threaten the existence of the Orthodox church among the Gedeo let alone its growth and development in the region. Though the Derg tried to mitigate this economic crisis of the church through financial subsidy, the support could not bring a meaningful solution since the amount was insignificant as compared to the large number of clergymen the church was administering by then. The problem was, therefore, to wait for its answer through the free market economic order of the post 1991 political era.
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Hido, Alemayehu, Motuma Tolera, Bekele Lemma, and Paul H. Evangelista. "Population Status and Resin Quality of Frankincense Boswellia neglecta (Burseraceae) Growing in South Omo, Southwestern Ethiopia." Journal of Sustainable Forestry 39, no. 6 (January 31, 2020): 620–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10549811.2020.1721302.
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Amsalu, Tadesse, and Solomon Addisu. "Assessment of Grazing Land and Livestock Feed Balance in Gummara-Rib Watershed, Ethiopia." Current Agriculture Research Journal 2, no. 2 (November 5, 2014): 114–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/carj.2.2.08.
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Ethiopia has the largest animal population in Africa. Next to crop production, the livestock sector has a great potential to assist the socio-economic development and transformation of the country. Studies indicate that the livestock sector accounts for about 40% of agricultural GDP and 20% of the total GDP. Amhara Region contributes 30% of the country’s livestock population. At the regional level, livestock production is an integral part of the mixed farming system, contributing 22% and 12.5% from agricultural GDP and total GDP, respectively. Though livestock play a great role to rural livelihoods, there are a number of challenges in this sector. A mix of quantitative and qualitative data collection methods were employed to generate the required information. The overall land use/ land cover change analysis of the Landsat image of the year 1986 and 2013 showed that grazing land has declined drastically by 30.52 %. However, cultivated land has rapidly increased by 11.65%. Moreover, the remaining percentage of grassland use type was changed in to degraded grassland, degraded shrubby bush land, urban Settlement, and eucalyptus woodland. On the other hand, the total dry matter (DM) requirement was estimated to be 1,126,269.54 ton/year. Moreover, feed supply from pastureland, aftermath grazing and crop residues were estimated to be 852,700.30 tons of DM. This shows that the available feed/forage addressed only 72% and 28% the annual DM still required for livestock feeding in Gummara-Rib watershed. Based on this study, it is highly recommended that increase the productivity of the local breeds appropriate management practices and policy interventions should be made, especially on forage development and breed quality improvement. The mean livestock holding should be adjusted with feed availability to minimize its impacts on grazing land degradation and for better productivity.
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Negewo, Abiru Neme, Wadu Wolancho Debocha, and Gadisa Bekele Bedada. "Health Service Utilization and associated factors Among Older Adults in Ambo Town, West Shoa Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia." Community Medicine and Health Education Research 1, no. 1 (December 2, 2019): 8–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.33702/cmher.201901.1.2.
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In any country use of health services by elderly could vary according to the cultural, social, economic and demographic situation of the person who may need care. In certain contexts, it particularly varies with age and sex of the potential service user. However; there is paucity of information on the level and associated factors on health service utilization among elderly population in Ethiopia in general and in the study site in particular. To assess Factors Health Service Utilization and associated factors Among Older Adults in Ambo Town, West Shoa Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia. A community based cross sectional study carried out on 284 elderly populations residing in Ambo town from February- March 2018. The collected data was cleaned, coded and entered into computer and analyzed using SPSS windows version 20.0. Descriptive statistics were done to summarize data. Binary and multiple logistic regression was undertaken to determine the independent predictor of health service utilization. The following factors were identified as determinants of health service utilization among the elderly in Ambo: a medical history of at least one chronic condition (OR = 1.737; [0.425-2.562]; p < 0.000), who had reported enough money to meet their need were 75% utilize health services when compared to participants who did not have enough money to meet their need 47.3% (OR = 1.587; 95% CI = [1.236 – 2.037], p = 0.004). Age, Income, education, medical history of at least one chronic condition and poor perceived health status were the most pervasive determinants of health service utilization. These factors could help health policy makers and health service providers identify and understand the situation of the elderly and consequently create conducive environment for providing appropriate health services.
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Legesse, Ermias Engida, Amit Kumar Srivastava, Arnim Kuhn, and Thomas Gaiser. "Household Welfare Implications of Better Fertilizer Access and Lower Use Inefficiency: Long-Term Scenarios for Ethiopia." Sustainability 11, no. 14 (July 20, 2019): 3952. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11143952.
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High population growth in Ethiopia is aggravating farmland scarcity, as the agrarian share of the population stays persistently high, and also creates increasing demand for food and non-food biomass. Based on this fact, this study investigates welfare implications of intensification measures like interventions that improve access and use efficiency to modern farming inputs. Using a dynamic meso-economic modeling framework for Ethiopia, ex-ante scenarios that simulate a) decreased costs of fertilizer use and b) elevated efficiency of fertilizer application for all crops are run for a period of 20 years. Fertilizer-yield response functions are estimated (based on results from an agronomic crop model and actual survey data) and embedded into the economic model in order to get realistic marginal returns to fertilizer application. This is our novel methodological contribution in which we introduce how to calculate input use inefficiency based on attainable yield levels from agronomic crop model and actual yield levels. Simultaneous implementation of these interventions lead to annual yield increases of 8.7 percent for an average crop farmer compared to the current level. Increased fertilizer application is also found to be profitable for an average farmer despite price reduction for crops following increased market supply. As a result of price and income effects of the interventions, all household types exhibit welfare gain. Non-farming households, being net consumers, enjoy lower costs of living. Rural farming households enjoy even higher welfare gain than non-farming households because they consume a higher share from crop commodities that become cheaper, and because their farming profits increase.
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Gebremedhin, Shewit, Abebe Getahun, Wassie Anteneh, Stijn Bruneel, and Peter Goethals. "A Drivers-Pressure-State-Impact-Responses Framework to Support the Sustainability of Fish and Fisheries in Lake Tana, Ethiopia." Sustainability 10, no. 8 (August 20, 2018): 2957. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10082957.
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Lake Tana, Ethiopia’s largest lake, has a remarkable and conservation-worthy assemblage of fish species, requiring fisheries management for sustainable exploitation. However, due to anthropogenic impacts, many of these fish species are threatened. Hence, an improved management of these resources is recommended. To allow a more sustainable exploitation of natural resources, a better understanding of the cause-effect relationships between anthropogenic impacts and environmental components is fundamental. The Drivers-Pressure-State-Impact-Responses (DPSIR) framework is a useful tool to describe these links in a meaningful way to managers and policy makers. Despite its potential, application of DPSIR is virtually lacking in developing countries. This paper assessed the potential of the DPSIR framework and used it to comprehensively describe the available knowledge and management needs in the lake catchment. Rapid population growth and the economic transformation are the main driving forces leading to various pressures such as water quality and wetlands degradation as well as declining fish community, which is detrimental to the socio-economic state and health of the local inhabitants. As feedback to the driving forces, pressures, state changes and impacts, optimal multi-level responses are developed. This study aims at providing policy makers a better understanding of the lake catchment in order to bridge the gap between science and decision-making.
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Alem, Genet. "Urban Plans and Conflicting Interests in Sustainable Cross-Boundary Land Governance, the Case of National Urban and Regional Plans in Ethiopia." Sustainability 13, no. 6 (March 11, 2021): 3081. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13063081.
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Policies and rules by which land is governed are influenced by political discourses, and decisions about land can provoke political conflicts. In contexts of vague legal framework governing property right, planning tends to produce inequality and could be observed as a political instrument of marginalization. Nevertheless, spatial planning is indispensable for ensuring sustainable and efficient land governance. In Ethiopia, urban planning is considered unjust, often associated with eviction of rural and urban residents. Indeed, recent experiences had ended up causing drastic political unrest. The paper discusses the institutional gaps in land governance by focusing on two recent urban plans (national and regional) that led to conflicts, undermining sustained socioeconomic development. For this purpose, the research uses qualitative primary and secondary data. Main sources of data are official and legal documents, the literature and interviews. The findings show that current planning practice has produced social and political tensions and conflicts. Hence, urban planning related legal provisions override citizens’ right, and vague land policy constrains interregional cooperation in planning and land governance. The paper calls for people focused planning, the revision of policy and legal frameworks to protect socially and economically vulnerable segments of the population and facilitate cross-boundary land governance.