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Journal articles on the topic 'Ethiopian Architecture'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 13 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Fritsch, Emmanuel, and Michael Gervers. "Pastophoria and Altars: Interaction in Ethiopian Liturgy and Church Architecture." Aethiopica 10 (June 22, 2012): 7–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.15460/aethiopica.10.1.235.

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FOR THE PHOTOGRAPHS BELONGING TO THE ARTICLE SEE SUPPLEMENTARY FILES > There are three parts to the interior space of ancient Ethiopian churches: a sanctuary (Mäqdäs) which is expanded into the “Holy Place” (Qǝddǝst) and the place of the assembly (Qǝne maḥlet). Four rooms stand at the corners of a cross-in-square interior: two service rooms on either side of a narthex-like entrance-room, westwards and, more important for the present discussion, two eastern service rooms which flank the sanctuary. These are called the pastophoria. After early input from Syria-Palestine, the Ethiopian basilicas took on an Aksumite character. Their development continued in a loose relationship with changes on the Egyptian scene, notably with a double phenomenon: the evolution of the rite and place of preparation of the bread and wine for Mass (the prothesis), and the demand for more altars at a time when churches could not be multiplied in Egypt. A study of architectural changes in the churches, alongside a comparison of liturgical practices and clues found in iconography and Coptic and Syriac literature, can bear witness to how the liturgy of the Ethiopian Church developed. Such investigation is all the more important because the absence of written documentation until the 13th century has left the church buildings as almost the only evidence available for study. The present study concentrates on the evolution and eventual disappearance of the pastophoria. The nature and location of the altars provides further evidence for dating. It should be noted that Ethiopia does not entirely abide by the Coptic models, essentially because what provoked change in Egypt did not exist in Ethiopia. Many questions still remain to be answered, including: When and where did the large monolithic altar of the permanent Coptic altar type first appear? Why are the West-Syriac and Ethiopian Churches today the only ones to celebrate Mass in a synchronized manner? We hope to address these and other questions at a later date.

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Heldman, Marilyn E. "Creating Sacred Space: Orthodox Churches of the Ethiopian American Diaspora." Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies 15, no. 2-3 (March 2011): 285–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/diaspora.15.2-3.285.

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This essay examines the creation of places of worship by Ethiopian Orthodox congregations in North America, focusing primarily on the District of Columbia and adjacent areas in the states of Maryland and Virginia. Following a discussion of the historical background and development of church architecture in Ethiopia, the essay demonstrates that the shaping of the interior space of Ethiopian Orthodox churches in North America follows a modern model developed in Addis Ababa during the early 1960s. The study concludes with a brief analysis of painted decoration, a necessary component of the sacred space of an Ethiopian Orthodox church. (3 February 2009)

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3

TROMP, Jan. "Aksumite Architecture and Church Building in the Ethiopian Highlands." Eastern Christian Art 4 (December 31, 2007): 49–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/eca.4.0.2024666.

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4

Sinesilassie, Ephrem Girma, Syed Zafar Shahid Tabish, and Kumar Neeraj Jha. "Critical factors affecting schedule performance." Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management 24, no. 5 (September 18, 2017): 757–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ecam-03-2016-0062.

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Purpose Time overrun is one of the most significant issues being faced by Ethiopian construction industry today. For effective time performance, the successful execution of construction projects and keeping them within prescribed schedule is very important. The purpose of this paper is to determine the factors responsible for impacting performance of Ethiopian public construction projects. Design/methodology/approach Based on the literature and personal interviews of key construction professionals in Ethiopia, a list of 35 project performance attributes having strong effect on performance of the projects were identified and a questionnaire using these attributes were prepared and administered in Ethiopia. Statistical analysis of responses on the attributes segregated them into distinct sets of success attributes and failure attributes. The attributes were also subjected to factor analysis separately for better understanding and it resulted into six success factors and six failure factors. The relative importance of these factors was established with multiple regression analysis. Findings It is concluded that the success factor “owners’ competence” can significantly contribute to schedule performance of Ethiopian public construction projects. On the other hand, “conflict among project participants,” “poor human resource management,” and “project manager’s ignorance and lack of knowledge” are detrimental to schedule performance of Ethiopian public construction project. Research limitations/implications As with any other opinion-based study, the present study also has some limitations. The majority of respondents have evaluated the projects in their execution stage only and very few have evaluated the performance of projects in planning and operation stages and also the study has been carried out in the Ethiopian context. Hence the study has a limitation in these regard. Originality/value The results presented in this study provide sufficient evidence and useful understanding to researchers and industry practitioners to focus on a few factors than giving attention to all the factors and take proactive measures for the timely delivery of public construction projects.

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5

Wondie, Biniyam. "A Cloud based Architecture for Educational Resource Sharing in Ethiopian HEI." International Journal of Computer Applications 182, no. 14 (September 17, 2018): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.5120/ijca2018917460.

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6

Hessebon, Gedion T. "The Precarious Future of the Ethiopian Constitution." Journal of African Law 57, no. 2 (July 18, 2013): 215–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021855313000090.

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AbstractThe current Ethiopian Constitution suffers from a severe lack of legitimacy. It lacks legitimacy as a result of a constitution-making process that was not inclusive, as well as the subsequent serious lack of integrity and vitality in the constitutional system. Therefore, if the ruling party, which is also the “author” of the constitution, were to lose its hegemonic position, which is predicated on its control of the security and military apparatus, there is a strong likelihood that there would be calls from significant political forces for a new constitution to be adopted. Such calls should not be heeded. Instead of adopting a new constitution, the current constitution's lack of legitimacy should be remedied by comprehensive constitutional reforms that would still maintain the basic architecture and cornerstones of the current constitution.

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7

Levin, Ayala. "Haile Selassie's Imperial Modernity: Expatriate Architects and the Shaping of Addis Ababa." Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 75, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 447–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jsah.2016.75.4.447.

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In the 1960s, Addis Ababa experienced a construction boom, spurred by its new international stature as the seat of both the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa and the Organization of African Unity. Working closely with Emperor Haile Selassie, expatriate architects played a major role in shaping the Ethiopian capital as a symbol of an African modernity in continuity with tradition. Haile Selassie's Imperial Modernity: Expatriate Architects and the Shaping of Addis Ababa examines how a distinct Ethiopian modernity was negotiated through various borrowings from the past, including Italian colonial planning, both at the scale of the individual building and at the scale of the city. Focusing on public buildings designed by Italian Eritrean Arturo Mezzedimi, French Henri Chomette, and the partnership of Israeli Zalman Enav and Ethiopian Michael Tedros, Ayala Levin critically explores how international architects confronted the challenges of mediating Haile Selassie's vision of an imperial modernity.

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Smode Cvitanović, Mojca, Melita Čavlović, and Andrej Uchytil. "Balancing Identities." Prostor 28, no. 2 (60) (December 22, 2020): 318–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.31522/p.28.2(60).8.

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The paper deals with the facets of work by the Croatian architect and urban planner Branko Petrović in Addis Ababa, where he served as the chief architect in the Ethiopian Ministry of Public Works and Communications from 1962 to 1969. Translation of the expertise stemming from the domicile practice and adaptation to a specific construction momentum in the city are thereby being considered. The modalities of technical cooperation are simultaneously examined as a form of international knowledge exchange in the field of architecture.

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9

Gervers, Michael. "Churches Built in the Caves of Lasta (Wällo Province, Ethiopia): A Chronology." Aethiopica 17 (December 19, 2014): 25–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.15460/aethiopica.17.1.857.

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The five churches of Yǝmrǝḥannä Krǝstos, Ǝmäkina Mädḫane ʿAläm, Ǝmäkina Lǝdätä Maryam, Walye Iyäsus and Žämmädu Maryam are all built in caves in the massif of Abunä Yosef, situated in the Lasta region of Wollo. Changes in their architectural forms suggest that they were constructed over a period of several hundred years in the order listed and as such represent a significant chronological model against which many of Ethiopia’s rock-hewn churches may be compared. Until the publication of this paper, it has been universally accepted that the church of Yǝmrǝḥannä Krǝstos was built in the second half of the 12th century under the sponsorship of an eponymous king. Aspects of the church’s architecture, namely the absence of a raised space reserved for the priesthood before the triumphal arch (the bema), of any sign of a chancel barrier around it, of western service rooms, of a vestibule and narthex, and of the presence of a reading platform (representative of the Coptic ambo), of a full-width open western bay (allowing for a ‘return aisle’), and of arches carrying the aisle ceilings, all point to a date of construction around the mid-13th century. In fact, the closest parallels to Yǝmrǝḥannä Krǝstos may be found in Lalibäla’s second group of monolithic churches, Amanuʾel and Libanos. Closely associated also is the church of Gännätä Maryam. A painting of the Maiestas Domini in the south-east side room (pastophorion) of the latter suggests that the room served as an extension of the sanctuary. By the end of the 13th century, as witnessed by Ǝmäkina Mädḫane ʿAläm and the other churches built in caves, the full-width sanctuary becomes a characteristic which endures throughout 14th- and 15th -century Ethiopian church architecture. Yǝmrǝḥannä Krǝstos and Gännätä Maryam stand on the cusp of a major liturgical change which coincides with the transfer of royal power from the Zagwe dynasty to their Solomonic successors, who sought legitimacy by following Coptic practices.

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10

Erbello, Asfaw, Giacomo Corti, Andrea Agostini, Federico Sani, Tesfaye Kidane, and Antonella Buccianti. "Modeling along-axis variations in fault architecture in the Main Ethiopian Rift: Implications for Nubia-Somalia kinematics." Journal of Geodynamics 102 (December 2016): 24–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jog.2016.07.002.

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11

Gelan, Eshetu. "Municipal Solid Waste Management Practices for Achieving Green Architecture Concepts in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Technologies 9, no. 3 (July 11, 2021): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/technologies9030048.

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Solid waste is one of the social and environmental challenges that urban areas are facing. The study assesses the state of solid waste in Addis Ababa during 2016–2020 to provide implications for achieving green architecture concepts through better management of solid waste and its economic contribution. The study uses secondary and primary data. Quantitative and qualitative data are analyzed through descriptive statistics and context analysis, respectively. The result reveals that most solid waste is generated from households, followed by commercial centers, street sweeping, industries/factories, hotels, and hospitals, respectively. From 2016 to 2020, an average of 80.28% of solid waste is collected, whereas 19.72% of the waste is not collected. There are little or no efforts made to segregate solid waste at the source. The generated waste is disposed of in the Reppi open landfill. Together with Ethiopian electric power (EEP) and the City Government of Addis Ababa, waste has been converted to energy since 2019. The study suggests minimizing waste from its source by reducing generation, composting, reusing, recycling, waste-to-energy strategy, and well-designed buildings to achieve the concept of green architecture in Addis Ababa through better solid waste management.

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12

Durán-Suárez, Jorge Alberto, and Mª Paz Sáez-Pérez. "Characterization of Classical Construction Materials used in Ethiopian Architecture for the Restoration of their Historic and Artistic Heritage." International Journal of Architectural Heritage 13, no. 6 (July 11, 2018): 855–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15583058.2018.1489014.

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13

Palmon, Ruth. "Building Traditions The Benny W Reich Cultural Center for the Ethiopian Community, Yavneh, Israel." Architectural Design 75, no. 5 (September 2005): 50–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ad.136.

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14

Korme, Tesfaye, Valerio Acocella, and Bekele Abebe. "The Role of Pre-existing Structures in the Origin, Propagation and Architecture of Faults in the Main Ethiopian Rift." Gondwana Research 7, no. 2 (April 2004): 467–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1342-937x(05)70798-x.

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15

Agostini, Andrea, Marco Bonini, Giacomo Corti, Federico Sani, and Francesco Mazzarini. "Fault architecture in the Main Ethiopian Rift and comparison with experimental models: Implications for rift evolution and Nubia–Somalia kinematics." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 301, no. 3-4 (January 2011): 479–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2010.11.024.

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16

Corti, Giacomo, Paola Molin, Andrea Sembroni, Ian D. Bastow, and Derek Keir. "Control of Pre-rift Lithospheric Structure on the Architecture and Evolution of Continental Rifts: Insights From the Main Ethiopian Rift, East Africa." Tectonics 37, no. 2 (February 2018): 477–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2017tc004799.

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17

Sinesilassie, Ephrem Girma, Kamalendra Kumar Tripathi, Syed Zafar Shahid Tabish, and Kumar Neeraj Jha. "Modeling success factors for public construction projects with the SEM approach: engineer’s perspective." Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management 26, no. 10 (November 18, 2019): 2410–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ecam-04-2018-0162.

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Purpose The study of the success factors of a project is a means of improving the effectiveness of the project. Hence, the purpose of this paper is to identify various determinants and validate their effects on the success of public construction projects in Ethiopia. Design/methodology/approach The study uses a questionnaire survey to collect data and structural equation modeling (SEM) to empirically examine the effect of determinants, namely, project manager’s competence, owner’s competence, management support and updates, scope clarity (SC), effective partnering, and monitoring and feedback on success of public construction projects which has been measured by performance on cost, schedule, quality and no-dispute parameters. Out of 407 questionnaires distributed among the selected respondents, a total of 200 completed questionnaires were received. The response rate was 49.1 percent. Findings The results depict that the investigated factors have a significant positive influence on the success of public construction projects with path coefficient of 0.82, the model is substantial in representing the relationship of the factors on the success of public construction projects and the factor “SC” plays a decisive role in the success of a project as it has a path coefficient of 0.98, and it is followed by “effective partnership, and owner’s competency” having equal path coefficients of 0.96. Research limitations/implications The proposed model was validated by collecting data from many senior construction executives in Ethiopia only, hence may induce certain bias in the outcome of the study. Practical implications The significance of six constructs is highlighted to help the project manager in understanding the role of various constructs in public construction projects. The results would enable researchers and industry practitioners to focus on a few factors to take proactive measures and get the optimum result in the successful delivery of public construction projects. Utilization of SEM in the understanding of the significance of various success determinants is an important contribution to the body of theoretical literature in construction management. Since the model includes constructs, SEM has been used for construct validation. Social implications The implications of this study are not limited to researchers and construction industry practitioners alone. The Ethiopian Government could adopt the results of this study to reduce/avoid additional cost incurred due to the poor performance of public construction projects which results in poor utilization and increased social and economic costs. Furthermore, the study may also help the government efforts to enhance efficiency and effectiveness in the use of public funds for construction projects which are an ongoing concern of government and of the international development community. Originality/value This work is original and has neither been published nor under consideration for publication elsewhere. This study can add value to the construction professional in public construction project management as well as the Government of Ethiopia.

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18

Muehlbauer, Mikael. "An Italian Renaissance Face on a “New Eritrea”:." Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 78, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 312–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jsah.2019.78.3.312.

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A whitewashed neo-Renaissance façade set into a high rock escarpment above the village of Abreha wa-Atsbeha, in East Tigray, Ethiopia, stands in stark contrast to its sunbaked highland surroundings. Behind this façade is a relatively large rock-cut structure, one of the oldest medieval church buildings in Ethiopia. An Italian Renaissance Face on a “New Eritrea”: The 1939 Restoration of the Church of Abreha wa-Atsbeha addresses how the restoration of this church conducted by Italian Fascist authorities represents the appropriation of local history by both Fascist Italy and Ethiopia's own imperial rulers. As Mikael Muehlbauer describes, while the façade classicizes the building, evoking both the Italianita of the Renaissance and the Romanitas of imperial Rome, earlier murals inside claimed it for Yohannes IV, the nineteenth-century Tigrayan emperor of Ethiopia.

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19

Heldman, Marilyn E. "Architectural Symbolism, Sacred Geography and the Ethiopian Church." Journal of Religion in Africa 22, no. 3 (1992): 222–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006692x00158.

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20

Breton, Jean-François. "Relations between Ethiopia and South Arabia: problems of architecture." Annales d'Ethiopie 26, no. 1 (2011): 53–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/ethio.2011.1431.

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21

Alkorta-Aranburu, Gorka, Cynthia M. Beall, David B. Witonsky, Amha Gebremedhin, Jonathan K. Pritchard, and Anna Di Rienzo. "The Genetic Architecture of Adaptations to High Altitude in Ethiopia." PLoS Genetics 8, no. 12 (December 6, 2012): e1003110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1003110.

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22

Demissie, Tsegaye Ebabey. "Däbrä Aron: A Rock-cut Monastic Church, Mäqet District of Northern Ethiopia." Warszawskie Studia Teologiczne 33, no. 1 (November 20, 2020): 230–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.30439/wst.2020.1.11.

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This study aims to explore Däbrä Aron, a least known monastic rock-cut church of the 14th century of Christian Ethiopia. Däbrä Aron is named after abba Aron, a famous Ethiopian monk, the founder and hewer of the monastery, which is established at Däbrä Daret, a mountain situated along the upper course of Täkkäzze River. It is a monastery that integrates troglodytic and mountainous monastic landscapes. Like Däbrä Gol, where Aron experienced his monastic life, Däbrä Daret was centre for coenobitic monastic life and opposition against immoral practices ofSolomonic kings who in different times exiled Aron and other monastic men. The church is excavated in to a white soft tuff rock and it is one of the few instances for the declining rock-church tradition of the Solomonic period. Expansion works are made internally by using gudəb, abba Aron’s ax-like excavation tool which is still preserved in the church. It has a complex layout constituting different parts – elongated anteroom, aisles, nave, tripartite sanctuary and compartmented chapels – separated by unevenly shaped columns with rough capitals and arches. This caveis unique largely by its səqurät, aperture of the cave’s roof opened into the sky. The nave’s səqurät, rectangular in shape, allows, except rainfall droplets, entrance of sunlight into the church. The reputation of Däbrä Aron is partly associated with the acceptance of this feature as icon of the architectural excellence and spiritual devotion of abba Aron by whom many Christians were attracted into his monastic life. The cave also has an engraved processional cross decorated with symbolical trifoliate motifs

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23

Rifkind, David. "Gondar." Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 70, no. 4 (December 1, 2011): 492–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jsah.2011.70.4.492.

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Gondar, Ethiopia, expanded dramatically in the late 1930s as a colonial administrative center for Italian East Africa. David Rifkind shows how urban design and architecture functioned in Gondar between 1936 and 1941 as key tools of Italian colonial policy. Italian urbanism throughout the fascist era illustrates the disquieting compatibility of progressive planning and authoritarian politics, and in Gondar modern urban design was used to define imperial identity for both Italian settlers and African colonial subjects. Gondar: Architecture and Urbanism for Italy's Fascist Empire documents the striking sensitivity to topography and historical preservation that Italian designers brought to their colonial mission as well as the skill with which they adapted to the material and political challenges of working in Italy's overseas dominions.

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Weldegiorgis, Ephrem T., Riichi MIYAKE, Satoru KAKU, and Takeo OZAWA. "ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION INTERVENTIONS ON THE ROCK-HEWN CHURCHES OF LALIBELA, ETHIOPIA." Journal of Architecture and Planning (Transactions of AIJ) 83, no. 745 (2018): 583–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aija.83.583.

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Jarzombek, Mark. "Fasil Gheorgis, Ethiopia and the Borderland of the Architectural Avant-Garde." Thresholds 36 (January 2009): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/thld_a_00698.

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Okoye, Ikem Stanley. "Architecture, History, and the Debate on Identity in Ethiopia, Ghana, Nigeria, and South Africa." Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 61, no. 3 (September 2002): 381–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/991791.

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Lyons, Diane E. "Building Power in Rural Hinterlands: An Ethnoarchaeological Study of Vernacular Architecture in Tigray, Ethiopia." Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 14, no. 2 (May 3, 2007): 179–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10816-007-9031-7.

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28

Oando, Samwel Odhiambo, and Shirley Gabriella Achieng’. "Peacemaking in Africa and Nobel Peace Prize 2019: The Role of Ahmed Abiy Ali in resolving the Ethiopia–Eritrea Cross-Border Conflict." African Review 48, no. 1 (March 23, 2021): 22–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1821889x-12340031.

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Abstract Conflicts globally have reportedly declined even though the number of African countries plagued by internal cross border strife has increased. Given this trend, the African peace and security architecture has evolved considerably over the past decade, culminating in the award of the Nobel Peace Prize – to one of the key actors in peace-making process, Ahmed Abiy Ali. Hence, this paper explores how the inter-state conflicts in Africa, such as the Ethiopia-Eritrea conflict, reflect some colonial continuities of violence. We, therefore, stipulate the justification for the Nobel Peace Prize to illustrate how norms evolve, and further, how identities are constituted in peace-making. This, we argue, is parallel to other situations in African countries as manifested through identity, legitimacy, and authority in shaping political decisions, within the mutually constitutive relationships between agents and political structures. The paper, therefore, situates the conflict between Ethiopia and Eritrea into the African context using a model of the decisive action by Abiy, with limited Western influence towards peace, hence providing rationale for subaltern voices and indigenous peace processes in Africa.

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Melbourne, Scott Jennings. "Lessons of Informality: Architecture and Urban Planning for Emerging Territories - Concepts from Ethiopia / Metropolis Nonformal." Journal of Landscape Architecture 14, no. 1 (January 2, 2019): 94–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/18626033.2019.1623554.

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Xu, Wenbin, Eleonora Rivalta, and Xing Li. "Magmatic architecture within a rift segment: Articulate axial magma storage at Erta Ale volcano, Ethiopia." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 476 (October 2017): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2017.07.051.

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MALAKHOV, Sergey A., and Kalkidan Addisu MAMO. "HISTORICAL HERITAGE AS A CULTURAL RESOURCE. INTEGRATION OF THE NEW OBJECT INTO THE STRUCTURE OF A UNIQUE ARCHITECTURAL COMPLEX IN LALIBELA, ETHIOPIA. TECHNOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS." Urban construction and architecture 10, no. 4 (March 5, 2021): 100–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.17673/vestnik.2020.04.13.

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The study is based on the material from an experiment on the renovation of a historical heritage complex in Lalibela, Ethiopia. The unique properties of rock architecture of churches created in the structure of rocky massifs, starting from the X and XI centuries, are supplemented by the specifi c character of folk construction of adjacent sett lements, using the technology of earthen structures. An important factor in the ongoing experiment to study the complex and (also to)build a hotel, the object of a developing tourist infrastructure, is the careful study of traditional technologies and environmental aspects, including climatic characteristics of the area, sources of energy supply, and relationships with the local community.

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Klyuev, Sergey A., and Valeria N. Semenova. "The Results of New Research in the Tigray Region, Ethiopia: Three Rock-hewn Churches of Kola Tembien as Historical Sources." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies 13, no. 2 (2021): 161–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu13.2021.203.

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The article is devoted to the results of research focused on three rock-hewn churches, which are not well-represented in literature, in Kola Tembien of the Tigray region in Ethiopia. Fieldwork was carried out with the financial support of the Russian foundation for Basic Research. Trips to the site were conducted in the autumn of 2019 and 2020. The problems of dating and typology is the focus of this research. In the article, three churches are described — Mikaʼel ʽAddi Kawa, Abunä Fäqadä Amlak in ʽAdi Śərä and Maryam Degol Chako. Special reference is made to the architectural ties of these three monuments with others of the region in order to reveal the possible mutual influence of architectural constructions and some decorative elements. Information on these churches has not been published since the time of cooperative research by Ruth Plant and David Buxton in the 1970s. Particular attention in the article is paid to the churches Abunä Fäqadä Amlak inʽAdi Śərä and Maryam Degol Chako as they have very rich paintings on canvas dating from the middle of the XX century. These paintings are valuable not only as art objects of Christian Ethiopia, but also as important sources of the cultural and political history of Tigray. Unfortunately, the preservation of these paintings in the studied churches raises concerns. The article presents new authentic material on the described churches. Photographs of the interiors are published for the first time. In addition, on the basis of the iconographic and architectural analysis, a number of hypotheses by the author are presented for further discussion and verification. It is worth noting the possibility of reconstructing the previous basilica rock-hewn churches into centric structures by building the interior the walls.

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Bashier, Fathi. "A Methodology for Architecture Theory and Practices Research: Design Practices Evaluation Studio." European Journal of Sustainable Development 8, no. 4 (October 1, 2019): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2019.v8n4p195.

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This article presents the initial findings of the design research carried out during the last semester by the master of architecture students at Wollega University, Ethiopia. The research goal is the creation of new knowledge to improve the design process. The dissatisfaction with the outcomes of the conventional design approach has led to rising concern and growing awareness of the need to evaluate design outcomes and to learn from the failure. That inadequate understanding of design problems leads frequently to design failure suggests that the evaluation of design outcomes can be made by assessing the way architects develop understanding of design problems, and how they use that understanding for developing knowledge base of the design process. The assumption is that architects’ understanding of design problems can be assessed by examining the way data is used for developing the knowledge base of the design process. The students surveyed the architects’ views in order to produce knowledge, which can be used to develop methods for discovering how inadequate data contributes to miss-informed design decisions; and methods for assessing the architects’ understanding of design problems. In this article the survey findings are analyzed and documented; and, the way the insight drawn from the inquiry can be used in future research for developing design theory, is discussed.Keywords: design outcomes, failure, evaluation, questionnaire, analyze

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Minda, Motuma Hirpassa, Mikire Dase Boka, and S. Nakkiran. "Analysis of the Governance Models Applied in Agricultural Primary Cooperatives: The Case of Ilu Galan District, West Shawa Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia." IJOHMN (International Journal online of Humanities) 5, no. 5 (October 17, 2019): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.24113/ijohmn.v5i5.135.

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Prompted by increased concern about cooperative governance, the study was conducted to analyze the governance architecture, the governance models applied and the factors determining the choice of the application of the models using data obtained from 114(99 male and 15 female) respondents from four of Primary Agricultural cooperatives in Ilu Galan District. The study focuses on the governance architecture, six governance models (Democratic, Compliance, Partnership, Cooptation, Stakeholder and Rubber Stamp) and determining factors thematically organized in to seven themes: Teaming, leadership, Conflict of interest, Unnecessary intervention, legal, governance and education/training. The data analysis was made using descriptive statistics: percentage of frequency, weighted mean, standard deviation and ranking methods. The results identified that primary Agricultural cooperatives in the District have the poorly adapted governance architecture which cannot clearly show the governance framework or the four pillars (accountability, transparency, predictability and participation) and strategic leadership activities (the vision, mission, objectives and activities to be achieved in their plan and bylaw). The cooperatives hardly apply the principles of cooperatives in general and that of governance models in particular. Democratic, Co-optation, Rubber Stamp Models were the top three models that Primary Agricultural Cooperatives were implementing in the District. The data analyzed show that almost all the members of the cooperatives were confused with word “model” as a result of which governance related factors, lack of awareness/education/training, Teaming and strategic leadership factors were the first four important factors in influencing the choice of the application of Cooperative Governance Model to Primary Agricultural Cooperatives in the District. Therefore, the prescriptions for the cure also lie in bringing about improvement in these factors.

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DEMISSIE, Tsegaye Ebabey. "Addis Amba Mädhané Aläm: the Uncommon Troglodytic Heritage of Ethiopia." Warszawskie Studia Teologiczne 32, no. 2 (March 5, 2019): 104–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.30439/wst.2019.2.6.

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Ethiopia is one of the few African countries that have preserved the antiquities of early and medieval Christianity. The cave church of Addis Amba Mädhané Aläm (the church of Saviour of the World), is one of the little known troglodytic heritages found in Mäqét, North Wällo. This study aims to uncover the historical, architectural and artistic values of the cave church that has unique cultural testimonies.Data for the study were collected through fieldwork, interviews, and archival consultations. The cave is believed to have been excavated by Musé, the second bishop of Ethiopia. The church has six different caves cut into a rock face. Five of them are chapels, treasuries and gusting rooms. This paper discusses the cave which is the church of Mädhané Aläm. It has a complex layout compartmented into chanting room, holy and sanctuary. The holy and sanctuary form the nave which is rock-hewn monolithic feature detached from the main rock except on its roof and base. This planning is uncommon in the rock cave church tradition of Ethiopia because the nave is monolithically carved within a cave that should not be confused with churches built under a natural cave. The old enough canopy, a large artistic processional umbrella permanently projected over the chanting place also distinguishes this cave church. This is an indigenous piece of handcraft crafted locally from the bark of a tree. It is painted with different symbols and saint icons. The cave is also home to archaic mural paintings.

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Gebre Selassie, Yohannes, and Iwona Gajda. "A Pre-Aksumite Inscribed Incense Burner and Some Architectural Ornaments from Addi Akaweh (Tigrai, Ethiopia)." Annales d'Ethiopie 24, no. 1 (2009): 49–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/ethio.2009.1387.

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Lanzarone, Peter, Ervan Garrison, René Bobe, and Assiged Getahun. "Examining Fluvial Stratigraphic Architecture Using Ground-Penetrating Radar at the Fanta Stream Fossil and Archaeological Site, Central Ethiopia." Geoarchaeology 31, no. 6 (August 3, 2016): 577–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gea.21584.

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Cotula, Lorenzo, and Liliane Mouan. "Labour Rights in Special Economic Zones: Between Unilateralism and Transnational Law Diffusion." Journal of International Economic Law 24, no. 2 (April 10, 2021): 341–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jiel/jgab012.

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ABSTRACT Special economic zones (SEZs) have spread rapidly over the past 20 years, including in many low- and middle-income countries keen to attract private investment for industrial development. But while much debate has focused on their economic performance and success factors and on links with the wider architecture of international economic law, there are enduring concerns over respect for labour rights in SEZs. These concerns are partly rooted in features of the legal regimes that underpin SEZs, such as arrangements that qualify the application of ordinary labour law, or ineffective systems to ensure compliance. This article discusses the law governing labour rights in SEZs, drawing on the case studies of Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Kenya—three countries reflecting different generations of SEZ legislation, types of SEZs, and regulatory approaches. The article explores the complex interplay of different ‘unilateral’ and international legal regimes, the structural features that affect labour rights in SEZs, and possible ways forward for research and practice.

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Cherenet Mamo, Zegeye, and Helawi Sewnet Beshah. "The demand for responsive architectural planning and production in rapidly urbanizing regions: The case of Ethiopia." UN Chronicle 53, no. 3 (April 11, 2016): 19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/c516779a-en.

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Beyer, Elke, Lucas-Andrés Elsner, Anke Hagemann, and Philipp Misselwitz. "Industrial Infrastructure: Translocal Planning for Global Production in Ethiopia and Argentina." Urban Planning 6, no. 3 (September 23, 2021): 444–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/up.v6i3.4211.

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Current development and re-development of industrial areas cannot be adequately understood without taking into account the organisational structures and logistics of commodity production on a planetary scale. Global production networks contribute not only to the reconfiguration of urban spatial and economic structures in many places, but they also give rise to novel transnational actor constellations, thus reconfiguring planning processes. This article explores such constellations and their urban outcomes by investigating two current cases of industrial development linked with multilateral transport-infrastructure provisioning in Ethiopia and Argentina. In both cases, international partners are involved, in particular with stakeholders based in China playing significant roles. In Mekelle, Ethiopia, we focus on the establishment of a commodity hub through the implementation of new industry parks for global garment production and road and rail connections to international seaports. In the Rosario metropolitan area in Argentina, major cargo rail and port facilities are under development to expand the country’s most important ports for soybean export. By mapping the physical architectures of the industrial and infrastructure complexes and their urban contexts and tracing the translocal actor constellations involved in infrastructure provisioning and operation, we analyse the spatial impacts of the projects as well as the related implications for planning governance. The article contributes to emergent scholarship and theorisations of urban infrastructure and global production networks, as well as policy mobility and the transnational constitution of planning knowledge and practices.

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Ejigu, Alazar G., and Tigran Haas. "Sustainable Urbanism: Moving Past Neo-Modernist & Neo-Traditionalist Housing Strategies." Open House International 39, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-01-2014-b0002.

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The growing alienation of modernist public housing estates and their ethnically and socially excluded residents, as well as the neglected human potential-capital they symbolize (not social burden), is a grotesque expression of the failure of a system driven by the profit motive and failed housing, planning and social policy, rather than by the requirement to satisfy sustainable urbanism and dignified and just housing for all. The modernist concept of architecture & urban planning, which emerged in response to a very particular set of regional circumstance, spread throughout the world in the 20th century. The result, where the idea was simplistically accepted, had disastrous consequences. The postmodernist approach on the other hand has given up altogether on the social agenda of architecture and housing. Paying particular attention to housing, this paper discusses the contrasting results of modernist and –or post modernist planning approaches in housing and its consequences. It also looks at the rather recent Sustainable Urbanism paradigm and the possibility that it might offer as an alternative or a new complement to housing planning and design; this in contrast to the modernist satellite-suburban generic type of living in most major European cities as well as in the developing countries. The study is based on multiple methods which include, descriptive and exploratory qualitative approach (observation, introspection, analysis and deduction), as well as Futurescape Method of selected cases in the American Housing Program HOPE VI, and from ethnographic survey of an ongoing large scale housing program in Ethiopia known as Integrated Housing Development Program (IHDP).

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Mulualem, Getachew Mehabie, and Yuei-An Liou. "Application of Artificial Neural Networks in Forecasting a Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index for the Upper Blue Nile Basin." Water 12, no. 3 (February 27, 2020): 643. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12030643.

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The occurrence frequency of drought has intensified with the unprecedented effect of global warming. Knowledge about the spatiotemporal distributions of droughts and their trends is crucial for risk management and developing mitigation strategies. In this study, we developed seven artificial neural network (ANN) predictive models incorporating hydro-meteorological, climate, sea surface temperatures, and topographic attributes to forecast the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) for seven stations in the Upper Blue Nile basin (UBN) of Ethiopia from 1986 to 2015. The main aim was to analyze the sensitivity of drought-trigger input parameters and to measure their predictive ability by comparing the predicted values with the observed values. Statistical comparisons of the different models showed that accurate results in predicting SPEI values could be achieved by including large-scale climate indices. Furthermore, it was found that the coefficient of determination and the root-mean-square error of the best architecture ranged from 0.820 to 0.949 and 0.263 to 0.428, respectively. In terms of statistical achievement, we concluded that ANNs offer an alternative framework for forecasting the SPEI drought index.

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Oguntona, O. A., C. O. Aigbavboa, and W. D. Thwala. "A SCIENTOMETRIC ANALYSIS AND VISUALIZATION OF GREEN BUILDING RESEARCH IN AFRICA." Journal of Green Building 16, no. 2 (March 1, 2021): 83–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/jgb.16.2.83.

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ABSTRACT Owing to the adverse impact of the architecture, engineering and construction industry on the human and natural environment, the adoption of green building (GB) has been on the rise globally. The significant rise in the number of global research output on GB is a pointer to its proliferation. In this paper, a novel scientometric analysis of GB research in Africa is presented. This study aims to analyze and visualize GB research output in Africa from the millennium development goals (MDGs) era up to the present sustainable development goals (SDGs) era. A quantitative method (science mapping) was employed to analyze the 156 bibliometric records gathered from the Scopus database. An analysis of the dataset reveals that significant contributions to GB research in Africa originate from Egypt, South Africa, Nigeria, Algeria, Ghana, Morocco, Kenya, Mauritius, Ethiopia and Cameroon. This research provides stakeholders in the built environment with the requisite knowledge and understanding of the trend and state of GB research in Africa, which will help in guiding policymaking, research directions and intervention areas in every sector of the economy.

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Kapočiūtė-Dzikienė, Jurgita, and Senait Gebremichael Tesfagergish. "Part-of-Speech Tagging via Deep Neural Networks for Northern-Ethiopic Languages." Information Technology And Control 49, no. 4 (December 19, 2020): 482–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.itc.49.4.26808.

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Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) have proven to be especially successful in the area of Natural Language Processing (NLP) and Part-Of-Speech (POS) tagging—which is the process of mapping words to their corresponding POS labels depending on the context. Despite recent development of language technologies, low-resourced languages (such as an East African Tigrinya language), have received too little attention. We investigate the effectiveness of Deep Learning (DL) solutions for the low-resourced Tigrinya language of the Northern-Ethiopic branch. We have selected Tigrinya as the testbed example and have tested state-of-the-art DL approaches seeking to build the most accurate POS tagger. We have evaluated DNN classifiers (Feed Forward Neural Network – FFNN, Long Short-Term Memory method – LSTM, Bidirectional LSTM, and Convolutional Neural Network – CNN) on a top of neural word2vec word embeddings with a small training corpus known as Nagaoka Tigrinya Corpus. To determine the best DNN classifier type, its architecture and hyper-parameter set both manual and automatic hyper-parameter tuning has been performed. BiLSTM method was proved to be the most suitable for our solving task: it achieved the highest accuracy equal to 92% that is 65% above the random baseline.

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Kment, Patric. "Rieger-Jandl, Andrea (ed.): Tradition in Transition. Reflections on the Architecture of Ethiopia; with a Special Focus on the Afar Region." Anthropos 110, no. 1 (2015): 266. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0257-9774-2015-1-266.

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Martínez d'Alòs-Moner, Andreu. "John Jeremy Hespeler-Boultbee: A Story in Stones: Portugal’s Influence on Culture and Architecture in the Highlands of Ethiopia 1493–1634." Aethiopica 11 (April 26, 2012): 254–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.15460/aethiopica.11.1.168.

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Pankhurst, Richard. "Ruth Plant, Architecture of the Tigre, Ethiopia, Worcester: Ravens Educational & Development Services Ltd, 1985, £24, ISBN 0 947895 00 0." Africa 55, no. 3 (July 1985): 356. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1160599.

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Demissie, Tsegaye Ebabey. "Threats to Cultural Monument in Ethiopia: Based on Evidences of Causes and Problems of Some Forgotten Rock-cut Churches." Journal of Heritage Management 4, no. 1 (June 2019): 85–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2455929619866301.

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Ethiopia is endowed with incredible rock-cut churches embodying great architectural, aesthetic and artistic significance built over its past. However, these priceless cultural antiquities are frequently confronted with different threats. This study aims to explore potential threats and associated impacts evidencing with least known and threatened rock-cut churches. Several rock-cut churches are subjected to different problems such as stripping, cracking, degradation, breaking and demolition that badly affected their significant values. Different natural and anthropogenic agents are responsible for these problems. Recycling rainfall and sunlight, among others, are the major natural factors that caused deterioration or destruction of various rock-cut churches. Uninformed local intervention, one of the major anthropogenic factors, not only has failed to restore lost structural, architectural and aesthetic elements of the rock-cut churches but it also has replaced original rock-cut features by culturally unfamiliar contemporary buildings. Previous war and conflict, the sixteenth-century war of the Islamic Sultanates against the Christian Kingdom, for instance, were also the other man-made causes of destruction, abandonment and plundering of many rock-cut churches that are evidenced in different areas. Above all, the absence of governmental attention towards heritage management is costing the country with a profound loss of its incredible built heritages particularly in the remote areas. All the evidences presented in this study are indicators that the country’s cultural heritage management is at its critical situation which needs the engagement of concerned stakeholder to preserve the country’s past.

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Ayalew, Lulseged, Dietmar Moeller, and Gerhard Reik. "Geotechnical Aspects and Stability of Road Cuts in the Blue Nile Basin, Ethiopia." Geotechnical and Geological Engineering 27, no. 6 (September 17, 2009): 713–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10706-009-9270-3.

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Hailu, Haven, Eshetu Gelan, and Yared Girma. "Indoor Thermal Comfort Analysis: A Case Study of Modern and Traditional Buildings in Hot-Arid Climatic Region of Ethiopia." Urban Science 5, no. 3 (July 15, 2021): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/urbansci5030053.

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Indoor thermal comfort is an essential aspect of sustainable architecture and it is critical in maintaining a safe indoor environment. Expectations, acceptability, and preferences of traditional and modern buildings are different in terms of thermal comfort. This study, therefore, attempts to evaluate the indoor thermal comforts of modern and traditional buildings and identify the contributing factors that impede or facilitate indoor thermal comfort in Semera city, Ethiopia. This study employed subjective and objective measurements. The subjective measurement is based on the ASHRAE seven-point thermal sensation scale. An adaptive comfort model was employed according to the ASHRAE standard to evaluate indoor thermal comfort. The results revealed that with regards to thermal sensational votes between −1 and +1, 88% of the respondents are satisfied with the indoor environment in traditional houses, while in modern houses this figure is 22%. Likewise, 83% of occupants in traditional houses expressed a preference for their homes to remain the same or be only slightly cooler or warmer. Traditional houses were, on average, in compliance with the 80% acceptability band of the adaptive comfort standard. The study investigated that traditional building techniques and materials, in combination with consideration of microclimate, were found to play a significant role in regulating the indoor environment.

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