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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Ethiopian highlands'
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1
Ashkriz, Elnaz. "Regional Sources of Precipitation in the Ethiopian Highlands." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-252771.
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The purpose of this essay is to investigate the origin of the large amount of precipitation that is present in the northern Ethiopian Highlands. With Moisture transport into the Ethiopian Highlands by Ellen Viste and Asgeir Sorteberg as a base, this essays intents to compare the same data but by focusing on a much smaller time scale. This frame was chosen to see if the data would deviate (i.e. a small and specific time scale versus a large and general time scale). Whilst the investigation by Viste and Sorteberg focuses on the two most rain rich months, July and August during 1998-2008, this essay focuses on only July during 2008. To investigate where the precipitation originates from, this essay has analyzed different meteorological parameters such as horizontal and vertical winds at different altitudes and the moisture content of these winds. This essay has like Viste’s and Sorteberg’s paper used ERA-Interim data as a basis. However the course of action has differed. This essay has made conclusions by visually drawing conclusions by studying the data images while Viste and Asgeir have drawn their conclusions by backtracking the wind to its origin. This investigations results showed that great amounts of moisture were transported into the highlands from the south-west, and to some extent also from the north. While the moisture transport from the south-west was large due to the level of moist in the air, these winds where fairly small and at low altitudes. The winds from the north were visible at higher altitudes and were stronger, however they carried much less water vapor. However, exactly how much each of these winds actually contributed to producing rain is more difficult to say. The results from Viste and Asgeir (2011) showed that the amount of moist that was transported into the highlands were about 46 percent more from the north compared to from the south. The contribution to moisture release within the area was however almost equally great from north and south. Both investigations thus showed that the largest amount of moist was transported from the south and north. What this study did however not address was how large amount of the entire moist that had contributed to rain. One anomaly of large amounts of precipitation was registered on the 20th of July 2008. This study looked closer into this which showed that large winds were registered this date as well as an upwind cell. One can presume that these winds carried large amounts of moisture, which previous results has shown, and that this might be an explanation to the large amount of precipitation that was measured on the 20th of July.
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Shen, Tommy. "Beyond agriculture diversification of household income in the Ethiopian highlands /." CONNECT TO ELECTRONIC THESIS, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1961/6984.
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Zeleke, Gete. "Landscape dynamics and soil erosion process modelling in the North-western Ethiopian Highlands /." [Bern] : [s.n.], 1999. http://www.ub.unibe.ch/content/bibliotheken_sammlungen/sondersammlungen/dissen_bestellformular/index_ger.html.
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Tibbo, Markos. "Productivity and health of indigenous sheep breeds and crossbreds in the central Ethiopian highlands /." Uppsala : Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2006. http://epsilon.slu.se/200651.pdf.
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Handino, Mulugeta Lolamo. "'Green famine' in Ethiopia : understanding the causes of increasing vulnerability to food insecurity and policy responses in the Southern Ethiopian highlands." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2014. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/48738/.
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This thesis examines the underlying causes of food insecurity, famine in general and green famine in particular in the enset-dominant livelihood zones of Kambata land in southern Ethiopia, which are historically considered more resilient and less vulnerable to food insecurity and famine than other parts of Ethiopia. Given Ethiopia's long-standing history of food insecurity and famines, the discourse of food insecurity and famine is dominated by natural and demographic factors as the main causes. In order to unpack the multi-layered underlying causes of food insecurity in general and green famine in particular, the thesis adopts Sen's analytical framework of ‘entitlement to food'. Using multi-site qualitative research techniques, this thesis captures the perceptions of different actors at different levels about the causes of green famine, identifies the sources of livelihood vulnerability and the types of livelihood strategies undertaken by households in the study area. By systematically capturing and analysing these different aspects, the study concludes that the causes of green famine extend beyond the dominant narratives of drought and population growth, and that these factors alone cannot fully explain famine occurrence. Green famine is caused by a web of complex and intertwined policy-related, political, natural, socio-‐economic and demographic factors that have long been present in the study area. The thesis further investigates how the contemporary understanding and classification of famine is dominated by anthropometric and mortality outcomes (‘objective indicators') and thresholds set by outsiders and how ‘subjective indicators' such as the perceptions, knowledge, experience and coping strategies of famine victims are undervalued and given less weight by ‘famine scales'. By incorporating ‘subjective indicators' of famine, this thesis challenges conventional famine conceptualisation and measurement and recommends that these indicators be given equal treatment and weight to ‘objective indicators' in famine classification.
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Habermann, Birgit. "Ways of knowing of farmers and scientists : tree and soil management in the Ethiopian Highlands." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2014. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/49648/.
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The Ethiopian Highlands have been studied extensively, hosting a large amount of research for development projects in agriculture and forestry over several decades. The encounters in these projects were also encounters of different ways of knowing that were negotiated by the actors meeting in the space provided by the projects. This research explores these encounters and the social worlds they are embedded in, drawing on actor-oriented approaches as well as theories of narratives and framing. Ways of knowing and citizen epistemologies are taken as a lens to understand the role of identities in knowledge production and use. The two case studies were agroforestry research projects in the Ethiopian Highlands. The research followed a range of qualitative and ethnographic research methods. Different types of farmers and scientists meet in the case studies. I recognise that they all have individual agency, nevertheless I use the terms ‘scientist' and ‘farmer' in this thesis. I use the terms to describe certain groups of actors who all draw on different ways of knowing, and different value systems, when interacting with each other and their environment. The results indicate that the importance of social worlds at different scales and the contexts of research projects tend to be underestimated. In spite of good intentions scientific methodologies, terminologies and narratives tend to dominate. Scientists in the case studies acknowledged the existence of farmers' ‘indigenous' knowledge, but they determined the value of knowledge by its scientific applicability and the replicability of experiments. Research systems force the scientists into a certain modus operandi with limited possibilities to experiment and to respond to the complexities and diversities of people's social worlds. Farmers in the case studies preferred observation from their parents, observing from others or the environment as a way of learning and gaining knowledge. Depending on their personalities and their life histories they also relied on alternative ways of knowing rooted in spirituality, emotions and memories. Powerful influences on ways of knowing resulted from the way languages and authority had been used. These often led to the exclusion of marginalised community members from access to knowledge and technologies. Unfortunately, common narratives prevailed in the case studies, and alternative ways of knowing were often marginalised. By acknowledging different ways of knowing and the importance of different social worlds and different ways of doing research, both scientists and farmers could benefit and develop more sustainable pathways for agricultural and forestry land use.
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Darmon, Chloé. "A morphosyntactic description of Xamtanga : an Agaw (Central Cushitic) language of the northern Ethiopian highlands." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO20089.
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Cette thèse propose une description de la morphologie et de la syntaxe du xamtanga, une langue membre de la famille agaw, c’est à dire la branche centrale du couchitique (afro-asiatique). Le xamtanga est parlé par environ 200 000 locuteurs sur les hauts plateaux du nord de l’Ethiopie, dans la zone Wag Xɨmrä de la région Amhara. Cette étude est basée sur des données (textes et élicitations) issues des dialectes d’Abɨrgälle et de Saqʷät’ä collectées durant cinq séjours de terrain entre 2008 et 2013. Prenant appui sur les précédents travaux de David Appleyard (1987) et de Leo Reinisch (1884), elle a pour objectif d’offrir une description du xamtanga axée sur l’analyse de certains phénomènes intéressants d’un point de vue typologique et/ou aréal. Une attention particulière est par exemple accordée au système de marquage casuel en partie gouverné par la hiérarchie +/- animé/défini, à l’existence de causatifs multiples, à l’expression de l’applicatif via différents types de périphrases construites avec les opérateurs verbaux ‘donner’, ‘dire’ ou ‘laisser’, aux catégories relevant du Temps-Aspect-Mode qui mettent en jeu des formes identiques à des subordonnées de but, et aux diverses subordonnées relativesThis dissertation intends to provide a description of the morphology and syntax of Xamtanga, a language which belongs to the Agaw family, i.e. the Central branch of Cushitic (Afro-Asiatic). Xamtanga is spoken by approximately 200 000 speakers on the northern Ethiopian highlands, in the Wag Xɨmrä zone of the Amhara region. Based on data (texts and elicitations) from the Abɨrgälle and Saqʷät’ä dialects collected during five fieldtrips between 2008 and 2013 and building on the previous studies of David Appleyard (1987) and Leo Reinisch (1884), the thesis aims at offering a description of Xamtanga that focuses on the analysis of some particularly interesting features from a typological and/or areal perspective. Special attention is for instance given to the system of case marking partly driven by the animacy/definiteness hierarchy, the existence of multiple causatives, the expression of the applicative through different types of periphrastic constructions built with the verbal operators ‘give’, ‘say’ or ‘leave’, the Tense-Aspect-Mood categories which involve forms identical to purpose subordinate clauses, as well as the various uses of relative clauses
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Finneran, Niall Patrick. "Post-Pleistocene socio-economic developments in the northern Ethiopian/Eritrean Highlands : a case study from Aksum, Tigray." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1999. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/273076.
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Eshetu, Zewdu. "Forest soils of Ethiopian highlands : their characteristics in relation to site history : studies based on stable isotopes /." Umeå : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges lantbruksuniv.), 2000. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/2000/91-576-5881-1.pdf.
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Bekele, Wagayehu. "Economics of soil and water conservation : theory and empirical application to subsistence farming in the Eastern Ethiopian highlands /." Uppsala : Dept. of Economics, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, 2003. http://epsilon.slu.se/a411.pdf.
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Weigel, Gerolf. "The soils of the Maybar/Wello and Gununo/Sidamo area : their potential and constraints for agricultural development : a case study in the Ethiopian Highlands /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 1986. http://www.ub.unibe.ch/content/bibliotheken_sammlungen/sondersammlungen/dissen_bestellformular/index_ger.html.
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[Verfasser], Sewmehon Demissie Tegegne. "Livestock Water Productivity (LWP) improvement in the mixed croplivestock system of Ethiopian Highlands, Amhara Region: a gendered sustainable livelihood approach to target LWP interventions for rural poverty reduction / Sewmehon Demissie Tegegne. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät." Bonn : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1018830065/34.
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Legesse, Belaineh. "Risk management strategies of smallholder farmers in the eastern highlands of Ethiopia /." Uppsala : Dept. of Rural Development Studies, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, 2003. http://epsilon.slu.se/a404.pdf.
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Loakes, Katie. "Late Quaternary palaeolimnology and environmental change in the South Wollo Highlands, Ethiopia." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2016. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/21488.
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Lake Hayq is a closed, freshwater basin on the eastern margin of the north-central highlands, Ethiopia. Using a sediment core extracted from the northern basin, this thesis aims to provide a high-resolution, detailed palaeolimnological reconstruction of changes to the environment and climate in the region since the late Pleistocene. A multi-proxy approach was applied, utilising diatoms, photosynthetic pigments and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry. Lithological and chronological analyses were also performed, as well as the development of a transfer function to model diatom-inferred conductivity, and other quantitative analyses. Between ~ 15.6 15.1 cal kyr BP, Lake Hayq experienced a lowstand, synchronous with the timing of Heinrich Event 1 and an intense drought across East Africa. At ~ 15.1 cal kyr BP a lake began to develop at the core site in response to wetter, more humid conditions, most likely caused by the reactivation of the African-Indian monsoonal circulation. This was abruptly ended however at ~ 14.7 cal kyr BP, as the climate shifted back towards aridity and Lake Hayq shallowed, in contrast to the majority of other East African lakes, which continued to refill. This most likely reflects changes to the Indian Ocean monsoon system caused by variability in the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation at this time, in conjunction with site-specific mechanisms affecting the delivery of precipitation to Lake Hayq. At ~ 12.3 cal kyr BP the African Humid Period resumed over Lake Hayq and the lake refilled, reaching maximum water depth between ~ 12.0 10.0 cal kyr BP. The lake was dominated by planktonic diatom taxa and photosynthetic pigments indicate it was meromictic. Lake level gradually declined throughout the Holocene, culminating in the termination of the African Humid Period. A high-resolution study of the period tentatively suggests that climate flickering , in the form of oscillations between dominant diatom taxa, occurred in the build up to the major climatic shift. The termination spanned ~ 600 cal years between ~ 5.2 4.6 cal kyr BP. A lowstand occurred between ~ 3.9 2.2 cal kyr BP, during which the lake became occasionally subsaline. In the late Holocene, ~ 2.2 1.3 cal kyr BP, Lake Hayq became deep and fresh again, although there is evidence of lake level variability. The palaeo-record from Lake Hayq indicates that it broadly experienced the same high-latitude, glacial-interglacial dynamics and sub-millennial shifts in climate found in other palaeolimnological records from across East Africa. The precise timing and expression of these climatic events is not always synchronous between Lake Hayq and other East African waterbodies however, most likely caused by local, site-specific positive feedback mechanisms and variability in lake morphometry. This highlights the heterogeneous pattern of climate across the region and the significance of regional drivers. This palaeo-record, spanning the late Quaternary, will help bridge gaps in current knowledge and understanding of the underrepresented, climatically sensitive and vulnerable north Ethiopian highlands. This is vital for future climate change modelling and regional downscaling, and may also inform ethnographic-archaeological research in a region considered to be the cradle of humankind.
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Sulas, Federica. "Environmental and cultural interplay in highland Ethiopia : geoarchaeology at Aksum." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.608682.
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Demie, Feyisa. "An empirical study of technological change in the Ethiopian highland farming systems." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/38283.
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Freeman, Dena Gail. "Transforming traditions : the dynamics of cultural variation in the Gamo highlands, southwest Ethiopia." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1999. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1526/.
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This thesis is about cultural variation. Its ethnographic focus is the Gamo highlands of southwest Ethiopia, where there are two politico-ritual systems, one based on sacrifices and the other based on initiations. While the sacrificial system is remarkably homogeneous over the area, the initiatory system varies considerably. The central purpose of this work is to try to understand why these two systems exhibit such different degrees of variation in the same setting and among the same people. After describing the structure of the two cultural systems as they exist in the late twentieth century, the thesis examines some of the politico-economic changes that have taken place in southern Ethiopia over the past few centuries, and considers how some of these external changes would have led to internal cultural change in the highlands. It suggests that external changes are manifested as strains on certain social relations, evidenced as either interpersonal conflicts or communal misfortune, and that people try to resolve these strains through discussions at assemblies. The particular organisation of the Gamo assemblies facilitates decisions that lead to incremental cultural change. The thesis then argues that these incremental changes have various intended and unintended consequences in the different cultural systems. The 'linked chain' pattern of interconnections in the initiatory system leads to complex nonlinear behaviour such that small incremental changes produce dramatic structural transformation, while the 'Russian doll' pattern of interconnections in the sacrificial system leads to linear behaviour such that small changes have only small effects. The thesis therefore concludes that, although change in both systems has been driven by the same politico-economic factors, the form of change has been different due to their different systemic organisation, leading the initiations to transform rather more than the sacrifices. It is for this reason, then, that they exhibit such different degrees of variation.
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Schneider-Blum, Gertrud. "A grammar of Alaaba a highland East Cushitic language of Ethiopia." Köln Köppe, 2006. http://d-nb.info/985708859/04.
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Schneider-Blum, Gertrud. "A grammar of Alaaba : a highland East Cushitic language of Ethiopia /." Köln : Köppe, 2007. http://deposit.d-nb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=3004792&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm.
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Negussie, Achalu D. "Farm forestry decision making strategies of the Guraghe households, Southern-Central Highlands of Ethiopia." Doctoral thesis, Tharandt : Inst. für Internat. Forst- und Holzwirtschaft, 2004. http://deposit.d-nb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=971015996.
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Negussie, Achalu D. "Farm forestry decision-making strategies of the Guraghe Households, Southern-Central Highlands of Ethiopia." Doctoral thesis, Technische Universität Dresden, 2003. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A24322.
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In this study, farm forestry decision criteria were elicited by adopting a behavioral decision-making study approach from households in ten Peasant Associations of the study district. Major decision objectives, available alternatives, constraints, and the likelihood of the chance events were elicited through a questionnaire survey, participatory observation, detailed discussion, and review of archival information. It was found that farmers generally, plant various tree and shrub species for meeting various household needs and for generating cash incomes. The goal of cash generation is for sustenance of livelihoods through fulfillment of various basic obligations and overcoming unforeseen contingencies. The three most economically important tree/shrub species were eucalypts, coffee, and t?chat. Eucalypt wood covers nearly all the construction needs and constitutes a substantial part of the fuelwood consumptions. Coffee and t?chat are vital sources of cash income and makeup an important part of daily diets. Growing of eucalypts for cash income is mainly constrained by lack of access road, low farm gate prices, high competition with food crops for soil nutrients and moisture, and shortage of land and labor. The household uses and cash values of coffee are generally, undermined by high incidence of berry disease and lack of manure. Financial benefits of t?chat are weakened by high local tax rates. The logistic regression analysis confirms that agro-ecological zone, sex of household head, number of eucalypt trees owned, and age of household head represent important explanatory variables that explain farmers readiness to expand eucalypt woodlots. The model so constructed correctly predicted 84.1 % of the households that established additional eucalypt woodlots mainly for cash generation. The total number of eucalypt trees owned by households is significantly related to the attitude of the household head towards eucalypts, wealth status, and landholding size of the household. Financial viability of eucalypt woodlots was assessed through both methods of conventional economic calculations and Chayanovian calculations. Both methods confirmed the highly lucrative markets of eucalypt poles as compared to agricultural crop production. This is mainly because of lack of access to more profitable production techniques and low productivity of agricultural crops per unit area. Otherwise, farm gate prices of eucalypt poles are far from being attractive and outperforming that of agricultural crops.
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Kassa, Belay Habtemariam. "Livestock and livelihood security in the Harar highlands of Ethiopia : implications for research and development /." Uppsala : Dept. of Rural Development Studies, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, 2003. http://epsilon.slu.se/a388-ab.html.
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Tizale, Chilot Yirga. "The dynamics of soil degradation and incentives for optimal management in the Central Highlands of Ethiopia." Thesis, Pretoria : [s.n.], 2007. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-06082007-094341.
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Legesse, Getahun. "Productive and economic performance of small ruminants in two production systems of the highlands of Ethiopia /." Göttingen : Cuvillier, 2008. http://d-nb.info/990885739/04.
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Jijo, Teklu Erkossa. "Land preparation methods and soil quality of a vertisol area in the Central Highlands of Ethiopia." [S.l. : s.n.], 2005. http://www.bsz-bw.de/cgi-bin/xvms.cgi?SWB12103721.
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Negussie, Achalu D. [Verfasser]. "Farm forestry decision making strategies of the Guraghe households, Southern-Central Highlands of Ethiopia / Achalu D. Negussie." Tharandt : Inst. für Internat. Forst- und Holzwirtschaft, 2004. http://d-nb.info/971015996/34.
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Peters, Petula Christine. "Liquid gold : an ethnographic exploration of the water - gender - power nexus in Tigray, Highland Ethiopia." Thesis, Goldsmiths College (University of London), 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.424367.
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Negatu, Workneh. "Cereal-based farming systems in the central highlands of Ethiopia : technological innovation for surplus production and poverty alleviation." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.337981.
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Bulale, Abdinasir Ibrahim. "Smallholder dairy production and dairy technology adoption in the mixed farming system in Arsi Highland, Ethiopia /." Berlin : Köster, 2000. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=009047143&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Zewdie, Yihenew. "Access to forest resources and forest-based livelihoods in highland Kafa, Ethiopia : a resource management perspective." Thesis, University of Huddersfield, 2002. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/4730/.
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Ethiopia's forest resource base, which is mostly found in the southwestern highlands, supports a multitude of agricultural production systems. However, similar to the trend in other parts of the developing world, deforestation has taken a heavy toll in this part of Ethiopia. Cognisant of this, recently policies and strategies have been devised that emphasise the need for citizens' participation in natural forest management. Yet, in Ethiopia there is little field-based analytical literature that throws light on the stake that villagers have in forest resources and the workings of local level forest access channels. Against this backdrop, the research examines state-community and intra-community relationships in the course of accessing forest resources under governments of widely differing political persuasions, and investigates the current importance of forests to the local household economy. This is achieved through a case study of six forest communities in a rural district of highland Kafa, southwest Ethiopia. The study employs a time line approach to trace the evolution of state-community interactions in the provision and administration of forest tenure at the local level. To this end, the research has examined the political history of Kafa and the land management policies of successive Ethiopian governments that had a bearing on local forest access and use. The broader themes of the research are informed by the literature on natural resource tenure establishment and household level forest use in agrarian systems and the discourse on management regimes in common pool resources. The research has established that throughout much of Kafa's history forests were accessed through customary tenure principles. However, following Kafa's incorporation into the Ethiopian State the central government became an important organ of forest allocation, and this situation favoured outsiders and local notables in acquiring private forest rights. The 1975 Land Reform decree extinguished all such claims, bestowed the State with exclusive land ownership rights, and created grassroots Peasant Associations (PAs) with a wide range of land administration roles. The PAs in some localities allocated village forests to rural households. Crucially, though, the State used its land ownership prerogatives to impose a range of measures that went contrary to the forest access interests of the local people. Formal state tenure notwithstanding, traditional principles and channels of forest access such as territoriality, patrilineal descent, and share cropping continue to play critical roles in the local tenure scene. These locally tailored mechanisms also command the protection and enforcement to which other formally recognised forest access channels have been accorded. The factors that permitted the co-existence of formal and informal means of access have also called for the involvement of traditional community-based organisations (CBOs) alongside state sponsored ones in the mediation of local access provision and dispute settlement. The empirical analysis underscores that local people stake forest resources with the view to producing forest goods, which are found to be important livelihood resources. Forest dependency, however, reflects the socio-economic differentiation existing in the study communities. The operational implications which the research draws are based primarily on the observed high degree of dependence of local people on the forest for their livelihoods and the communal ethos that characterise forest access provision and tenure enforcement. Finally, the influence of past patterns of access principles on the current situation; the divergent outcomes of the forest use process; and the local importance of forest goods has enabled the research to identify issues that would enrich the discourse on common property theory. These centre on the relevance of 'stewardship' in the study of resource access; the utility of examining inter-CBO interactions in the analysis of CPR access and management; the need to look beyond the 'tragedyTcomedy' dichotomy in the conceptualisation of resource management outcomes; and the desirability of re-orienting the discourse on CPR analysis towards development ideals contained in the notion of'the sustainable community'.
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Yimer, Fantaw. "Soil properties in relation to topographic aspects, vegetation communities and land use in the south-eastern highlands of Ethiopia /." Uppsala : Dept of. Soil Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2007. http://epsilon.slu.se/200745.pdf.
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Lobago, Fikre. "Reproductive and lactation performnace of dairy cattle in the Oromia Central Highlands of Ethiopia : with special emphasis on pregnancy period /." Uppsala : Dept. of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2007. http://epsilon.slu.se/2007121.pdf.
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Zewdie, Mulugeta. "Temporal changes of biomass production, soil properties and ground flora in Eucalyptus globulus plantations in the Central highlands of Ethiopia /." Uppsala : Dept. of Forest Soils, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2008. http://epsilon.slu.se/200818.pdf.
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Shiene, Shimeles Damene [Verfasser]. "Effectiveness of soil and water conservation measures for land restoration in the Wello area, northern Ethiopian highland / Shimeles Damene Shiene." Bonn : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1043056122/34.
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Tulu, Assefa Nega. "Determinants of malaria transmission in the highlands of Ethiopia : the impact of global warming on morbidity and mortality ascribed to malaria." Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 1996. http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/682286/.
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A study was undertaken in Debre Zeit sector, central Ethiopia to identify the most important determinants of malaria transmission with a specific purpose of assessing whether global warming was the main cause of increased morbidity and mortality ascribed to malaria in the highlands of Ethiopia. Both retrospective and prospective methods were employed to conduct the study in 430 localities with a total population of 406,891. Some nine data sets were collected including altitude, malaria incidence and prevalence, hospital morbidity and mortality, outbreaks of malaria, vector control, climate patterns and in-vivo drug resistance mostly on a monthly basis with varying time periods ranging from 1951 to 1993. Morbidity analysis revealed a 67-fold increase in monthly incidence of malaria in about two decades. Mortality patterns showed a 13-fold increase in deaths ascribed to malaria in the last decade alone. Furthermore, highland communities living in localities lying between 2,000 and 2,200 metres were affected by P. falciparum transmission for the first time since 1986. Time series analysis of climate patterns revealed a trend of increased climatic warming in both day-time and night-time temperature especially since 1988, at which time a coincident peak in the incidence rate of malaria was also observed despite a decrease in total rainfall. Each °C rise in monthly mean night-time temperature was associated with up to 64% and 58% estimated rise in monthly incidence of falciparum malaria two and three months later respectively. The historic epidemic of malaria in which 150,000 people were estimated to have died among 3 million cases of malaria in Ethiopia in 1958 was associated with abnormally high ambient temperature and rainfall. This year also saw a very strong El Niño event. A simultaneous peak was seen in incidence of malaria, hospital admissions and hospital deaths ascribed to malaria together with an abnormal rise in mean night-time temperature in 1988. Based on current data it is concluded that epidemics of malaria in the highlands of Ethiopia that were observed during the past decade were mainly due to an increase in night-time temperature. The coincident peak in both malaria and ambient temperature together with statistical evidence suggested that global warming was the main cause of the rise in incidence of highland malaria. This appeared to be the cause of new foci of transmission at high altitude localities while also increasing both the rate and duration of transmission in previously known epidemic-prone areas from highly seasonal to perennial transmission. Furthermore, non-climatic biological and human conditions such as chloroquine resistant falciparum malaria, decreased vector control efforts and large scale population migration were also identified as important factors amplifying the impact of global warming on morbidity and mortality ascribed to highland malaria by affecting more distal parts of the causal pathway.
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Kindu, Mengistie [Verfasser]. "Landscape Level Modelling of the Ethiopian Highland Resources : A geo-informatics application to their sustainable management, use and conservation / Mengistie Kindu." Aachen : Shaker, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1161298940/34.
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Beyene, Yoseph Aydagn. "Genetic analysis of traditional Ethiopian Highland Maize (Zea Mays L.) using molecular markers and morphological traits : implication for breeding and conservation." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/30529.
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Knowledge of the genetic variation of crop collections is essential for their efficient use in plant breeding programs. The Ethiopian Highland Maize Germplasm Collection Mission was launched throughout the highlands of Ethiopia in 1998 and 287 traditional maize accessions were collected from farmers’ fields. To date, no information was available on the morphological and genetic diversity in this important collection. Various molecular marker techniques and quantitative genetics approaches were applied to accurately unravel the extent of phenotypic and genetic diversity, to study patterns of morphological and molecular variation and to determine association of molecular markers with quantitative trait variation, with the view of designing a sound breeding program and management strategy for maize in the highlands of Ethiopia. The morphological study confirmed that traditional Ethiopian highland maize accessions contain large amounts of variation for agro-morphological traits. The broad trait diversity observed among the accessions suggested ample opportunities for the genetic improvement of the crop through selection directly from the accessions and/ or the development of inbred lines for a future hybrid program. Selection practices followed by local farmers are mostly consistent within agroecology and gave rise to morphologically distinct maize accessions in different agroecologies. This underscores the importance of considering farmers’ knowledge of diversity in the collection and evaluation of local accessions. The results of amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and microsatellite or simple sequence repeat (SSR) marker analyses showed that bulking leaf samples from 15 individual plants per out-bred accession is an effective means of producing representative profiles of individual plants, thereby reducing the cost of DNA extraction and subsequent marker analysis of open-pollinated varieties. Cluster analyses based on AFLP and SSR data showed that most of the accessions collected from the Northern agroecology were genetically distinct from the Western and Southern accessions suggesting that differentiation for adaptive traits for drought conditions may have occurred in the Northern accessions. However, there was very little genetic differentiation between the Western and Southern accessions suggesting gene flow between the two agroecologies and recent introduction of similar improved varieties in these agroecoogies . In both marker systems, high mean genetic diversity was observed among the traditional Ethiopian highland maize accessions. This is possibly due to (i) the continuous introduction of maize from abroad by different organizations; (ii) genetic variation generated through farmers management practices; and (iii) the presence of different environmental conditions in the highlands of Ethiopia to which local landraces may have been adapted. The correlation between the morphological dissimilarity matrix and the matrices of genetic dissimilarity based on SSR and AFLP markers were 0.43 and 0.39, respectively (p = 0.001 in both cases). The correlation between SSR and AFLP dissimilarity matrices was 0.67 (p = 0.001). These significant correlations indicate that the three independent sets of data likely reflect the same pattern of genetic diversity, and validate the use of the data to calculate the different diversity statistics for Ethiopian highland maize accessions. From this study, three groups of maize accessions with distinctive genetic profiles and morphological traits were identified that will be useful for future collection, conservation and breeding programs of maize for the highlands of Ethiopia. A pilot association study using SSR markers and quantitative trait variation indicated that molecular markers could be useful to identify genetic factors controlling earliness, tallness, grain yield and associated traits, which could be exploited by various breeding schemes. The analytical tools outlined in this dissertation can be a useful tool in managing genetic variation of open-pollinated crops and will aid in the conservation of unique genetic diversity. Production stability and global food security are linked to the conservation and exploitation of worldwide genetic resources and this research attempts to add to that body of knowledge. Copyright 2005, University of Pretoria. All rights reserved. The copyright in this work vests in the University of Pretoria. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the University of Pretoria. Please cite as follows: Beyene, YA 2005, Genetic analysis of traditional Ethiopian Highland Maize (Zea Mays l.) using molecular markers and morphological traits : implication for breeding and conservation, PhD thesis, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, viewed yymmdd < http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-02212006-112610 / >Thesis (PhD (Genetics))--University of Pretoria, 2005.
Genetics
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Lemenih, Mulugeta. "Effects of land use changes on soil quality and native flora degradation and restoration in the highlands of Ethiopia : implications for sustainable land management /." Uppsala : Dept. of Forest Soils, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, 2004. http://epsilon.slu.se/s306.pdf.
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[Verfasser], Teklu Erkossa Jijo. "Land preparation methods and soil quality of a vertisol area in the central highlands of Ethiopia / Universität Hohenheim, Institut für Bodenkunde und Standortslehre. Teklu Erkossa Jijo." Stuttgart : Inst. für Bodenkunde und Standortslehre, 2005. http://d-nb.info/976411008/34.
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Kindu, Mengistie [Verfasser], Thomas [Akademischer Betreuer] Knoke, Thomas [Gutachter] Knoke, Demel [Gutachter] Teketay, and Uwe [Gutachter] Stilla. "Landscape Level Modelling of the Ethiopian Highland Resources - A geo-informatics application to their sustainable management, use and conservation / Mengistie Kindu Mengesha ; Gutachter: Thomas Knoke, Demel Teketay, Uwe Stilla ; Betreuer: Thomas Knoke." München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1149550635/34.
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Minase, Nigatu Alemayehu. "Assessment of environmental-livestock interactions in crop-livestock systems of central Ethiopian highlands." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/13359.
Full textAbstract:
The study was done in Adaa district which is one of the 12 districts in East Shoa zone in Oromia regional state of Ethiopia. It is located southeast of Addis Ababa at 38o51’ 43.63’’ to 39o04’ 58.59’’ E and 8o46’ 16.20’’ to 8o59’ 16.38’’ N, on the western margin of the Great East African Rift Valley. The altitude ranges from 1 500 to ≥ 2 000 meters above sea level. The district has a high potential for mixed livestock and crop production systems. The purpose of this study was to make up for the paucity of information on livestock and environment interaction by assessing the relationship of livestock, soil, water, land, climate and crops under mixed crop-livestock production systems in central Ethiopian highlands.
The objectives of the study were: (a) to assess the effect of change in land management on carbon storage and the contribution of livestock to carbon storage; (b) to examine the impact of livestock on natural resources and the environment; (c) to assess the effects of the change in traditional agricultural practices, expansion of factories, slaughter houses, greenhouses and flower farms on water and soil quality; (d) to evaluate the effect of climate change on livestock production under small-scale agriculture; and (e) to recommend options for mitigation and adaptation to environmental changes.
The research design was non-experimental and did not involve the manipulation of the situation, circumstances or experiences of the interviewees. The design was comparative research that compared two or more groups on one or more variables, such as the effect of agricultural land use management, tillage type etc. on carbon storage in the soil. This research also applied a longitudinal design that examined variables such as the performance exhibited by groups over time. Purposive sampling was often used to measure the effect of agricultural, industrial effluent and human interferences on the environment by measuring nutrient contents at sources in the soil, water and manure. Biological data were complemented by key socio-economic survey by interviewing individual farmers and focus groups from sampling sites. Secondary data were also reviewed to measure soil degradation and run-off attributed to livestock.
Results showed that animal waste and farmyard manure had the highest contribution in the addition of carbon in the soil. This implied that for most of carbon inputs livestock products and by-products had a greater place in the carbon sink. Therefore, livestock production could be considered as one of the major agricultural production systems in soil carbon storage. Similarly, livestock production systems also play an important role in maintaining the eco-system balance through nutrient recycling.
On the average, the number of livestock per household for most species increased during the Derge regime in the 1990s compared to the Haile Sellassie regime in the 1970s when people did not own land; and then the number declined in the 2000s except for equines, crossbreeds and oxen. The change to crop intensification led to the change in the purpose for livestock keeping. Farmers started keeping certain types of animals for specific purposes unlike before when livestock was kept for prestige and economic security. The major drive for the change of attitude towards the purpose of keeping livestock was scarcity of resources, mainly feed and water. Equine ownership has significantly increased due to their low off-take rate and their feeding habits which allowed them to survive in harsh environments where feed resources were extremely scarce.
There was a significant difference in crop response to manure application. Vegetables produced higher yields with manure than chemical fertilizers. Cereals on the other hand responded more to chemical fertilizers than to manure. Therefore, combining manure and chemical fertilizers was the best option for the sustainability of crop production in the study area. Some of the limitations to the use of manure as an organic fertilizer were inadequate manure production, high labour cost, bulkiness and high cost of transport to the fields and weed infestation. Manure management systems in the study area were affected by livestock husbandry practices. Only crossbred cattle (5%) were zero-grazed and used; and manure was stored in pits as slurry. Indigenous cattle were grazed outdoors in the fields during the day and at night they were kept in kraals near homesteads. There was a substantial loss of nutrients during the day when animals were grazing in the fields through leaching and trampling of dung and urine patches. Indoor or zero grazing of livestock could reduce nutrient losses.
The use of manure as fuel in the study area had no significant effect on CO2 emissions at household or local level, but had a negative impact on soil organic carbon storage and soil fertility. Therefore, for improved yield and balanced eco-systems manure burning has to be replaced by other alternative energy sources such as bio-gas and kerosene. The largest carbon equivalent emissions were from CH4 (72.6%), N2O (24%) and CO2 (3.4%) which indicated the need to improve livestock and manure management systems under smallholder agriculture.
Overall, there was an indication of a decline in water resources on per capita basis. The major contributing factors were combined pressure of human and animal population on natural resources that led to excessive deforestation, loss of biological diversity, overgrazing, soil degradation and various forms of pollution and contamination. The global climate change also played a role in the decline in water resources due to the decrease in annual precipitation and increasing temperatures. Urbanization and economic growth increased the demand for milk and meat, which required additional water use for each unit of increased animal protein. The demand for milk and meat is expected to double in the next 20 years with an annual growth rate of between 2.5 to 4%.
From the sixty-year meteorological data (1951-2009) there was an established increase in rainfall by 2% per annum; and maximum and minimum temperature by 0.08oC per decade, which amounted to a cumulative temperature increase of 0.5oC in the last decade. The increase in precipitation and temperature favoured the adaption of lowland crops like maize and sorghum to highland agro-ecology. Climate prediction models forecasted that most of the highlands in Ethiopia will remain suitable for cereals like wheat and Teff for the next 50 to100 years. However, the perception of farmers indicated that they felt more heat and warm weather than they have experienced before. They reported that rainfall is now more erratic or comes late and stops earlier before plants completed their vegetative growth.Environmental Sciences
D. Litt. et Phil. (Environmental Science)
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Dalacho, Desalegn Wana [Verfasser]. "Plant species and functional diversity along altitudinal gradients, Southwest Ethiopian highlands / von Desalegn Wana Dalacho." 2009. http://d-nb.info/999702483/34.
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Gebru, Getachew. "Land tenure and access to and use of feed resources in the mixed farming system of the Ethiopian Highlands." 2000. http://www.library.wisc.edu/databases/connect/dissertations.html.
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Tefera, Tesfaye Lemma. "Livelihood strategies in the context of population pressure : a case study in the Hararghe Highlands, Eastern Ethiopia." Thesis, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/27689.
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The thesis presented the results of an investigation into livelihood strategies of rural households in the Hararghe Highlands in the context of population pressure. The human welfare and resource outcomes of rural livelihood strategies were assessed, accounting for the “mediating” factors. The study enriches the current policy debate on how to create an enabling environment to strengthen sustainable rural livelihoods and mitigate adverse welfare and resource consequences of unsustainable rural livelihood strategies. The sustainable livelihood framework for analysing rural livelihoods in the context of population pressure was modified in the thesis to guide the analyses. Primary data was obtained from 197 randomly selected households from three representative sites in the Hararghe Highlands. Whilst verbal description, interpretation and appreciation of facts, and case studies were used for the qualitative data analysis, multivariate techniques and logistic regression were employed to analyse the quantitative data. The study showed that subdivision and fragmentation of agricultural land and re-emergence of landlessness have accompanied the unprecedented population growth in the Hararghe Highlands. The pace of demographic change of the area is so fast that it has caused failure of indigenous countervailing and adaptations. Sufficient effective demand for sustainable intensification of smallholder farms has, however, not been created due to uncertain right to the land and inadequate market incentives. Furthermore, the technology generation and dissemination systems have failed to build the capacity of smallholder farmers to respond to the demographic pressure in a sustainable way. This has generally resulted in negative welfare and resource outcomes. Nonetheless, rural households pursue heterogeneous livelihood strategies due to differential access to livelihood assets, and heterogeneous constraints and incentives. The nature and the extent of welfare and resource outcomes of rural livelihood strategies are different across sites and among different households. A livelihood strategy that integrates cash crop production with high external input-based staple crops production and trade was found to be more successful. Overall, the findings challenge the current untargeted and uniform intervention that implicitly assumes that only farming and the intensification of staple crop production for food self-sufficiency is important to all households. Furthermore, the findings challenge the over simplified generalisations regarding the human welfare and resource effects of rural population growth in Ethiopia as if the interactions between them were taking place in a political, an institutional and an agro-climatic vacuum and as if rural households in a district, a sub-district or a village were a “homogeneous” group. What is thus needed is decentralisation of rural development planning and building of the capacity of local institutions so that they may be able to understand rural livelihoods and design innovative and locally specific integrated interventions to support sustainable rural livelihoods. The specific recommendations include ensuring land tenure security, improving farmers’ access to the market and appropriate technologies, creating conducive environment for commercialisation and livelihood diversification, institutionalised safety net, resettlement and family planning.Thesis (PhD (Rural Development Planning))--University of Pretoria, 2006.
Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development
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Yesuph, Asnake Yimam. "Prospects of sustainable land management amidst interlocking challenges in the Upper Beshillo Catchments, Northeastern Highlands of Ethiopia." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/26493.
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Land degradation is a great threat to the Beshlo Catchment in Blue Nile Basisn, not merely as an
environmental issue, but also a social and economic problem. In Gedalas Watershed (one of the micro
catchments of Beshelo), land degradation, mediated by both biophysical and socio-economic drivers, is
among the major environmental sustainability and social-economic development threats in the area.
The threat is manifested in depletion of natural vegetations, water, soil and other natural resources;
disruption of ecosystem functions, processes, integrity, and services. Given its particular vulnerability,
watershed management activities have been in operation since the mid-1970s. Recently, the idea of
Sustainable land management through integrated watershed development program has been initiated
with the objective of reducing land degradation risks and ensuring food security at both the nationwide
and family circle. Despite these investments and efforts, real evidences of success and failures of such
efforts were not satisfactory explored. The objectives of this study were, therefore, to analyze the
existing status and future prospects of sustainable land management and evaluates its implication on
the environmental integrities and the local livelihoods specific to Gedalas watershed. For this effect, the
study investigated the dynamics, deriving forces and implications of LULC, soil erosion and soil fertility
status of the watershed, current status of watershed management practices, pertinent challenges and
opportunities for practicing land management technologies and approaches that might help meet the
sustainability requirements of SLM practices. In addition, the study explored factors that determine the
willingness of farming households to undertake SLM practice. As the study carried in the coupled
human-environment system of rural landscapes, interdisciplinary geographical approaches which
integrats social and natural science methodologies were employed to deal with issues of land
degradation-and-rehabilitation status comprehensively. The general findings of the study show that
though it would be dificult to measure all the composite aspects of land degradation, some of the
parameters considered in this study revealed that land degradation is a perpetuating challenge in the
watershed. It is evidenced from the overall undesirable land use/cover changes i.e transition of 21.25%
of Afro/sub alpine landscapes, 17.59% of the grasslands and 8% of shrub lands to either to cultivated
land or settlement areas over the 1973–2017 period, which have unintended negative socio-ecological
repercussions on the watershed; high annual mean soil loss value (which range from 37t/ha/year average values to 393 t/ha/yr soil loss rates on water courses) that exceed threshold level and a wide
gap between the need for SLM and the actual achievement of SLM practices,including limited adherence
to the idea behind contemporary land management policies and implementation principles and
approaches. The study further revealed the presence of opportunities as well as a myriad of challenges
that need to be tackled in order to achieve sustainable land management goals. The study colcludes
that, though, some encouraging progresses have been observed in the SLM project sites; land
degradation has remained a problem in the watershed. This calls for strenuous efforts to promote and
assist wide scale adoption of SLM practices that address the pervasive land degradation problem and
achieve land degradation neutrality as highlighted in sustainable development goals.Department of Geography
Ph. D. (Geography)
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Bishaw, Badege. "Determining options for agroforestry systems for the rehabilitation of degraded watersheds in Alemaya Basin, Hararghe Highlands, Ethiopia /." 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/10024.
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Desta, Getachew Demissie. "Highland-lowland linkages and its implications on the livelihood of the communities in Ethiopia : the case of Bale Administrative Zone, Oromia Region, Southeast Ethiopia." Thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/26377.
Full textAbstract:
Historically, development in Ethiopia, is a result of intimate highland-lowland interdependencies and complementarities. However, over the course of time, this age-old equilibrium that has harmoniously ruled the economic, social and political life of the highland and lowland communities is getting weaker. This study aimed at investigating the nature and extent of links between the highland and lowland communities of Bale administrative zone and the consequent impacts on their livelihoods. Multi-stage cluster sampling techniques were employed to select 403 sample household heads from the two agro-ecological regions. Questionnaire, interview, FGD and field observations were used as tools of primary data collection. ANOVA, multiple linear regressions ans binary logistic regression were used to analize the quantitative data. Accordingly, the findings of the study indicated that the overwhelming majority (82.2%) of the respondents witnessed the presence of interaction with the adjacent agro-ecological communities. It was identified that highlanders and lowlanders of the zone are interlinked ecologically, economically, socio-culturally and politically. However, due to diminishing of ecological resources, inadequacy of agricultural products and gradual development of resentments between various socio-cultural groups, the status of the linkage is not to the level expected in the study area. In some instances, it steered them to conflict driven by various factors of natural resources, socio-economic and political elements which in turn resulted in humanitarian, social, economic and environmental consequences. Notwithstanding its devastating impacts, both the highland and lowland communities employed the legal and indigenous conflict resolution strategies to curb the problem. Hence, as both the highlanders and lowlanders are vulnerable to some sorts of stresses, seasonality and shocks, strengthening complementarities between them would have invaluable contribution for building resilient livelihoods of both communities, particularly the highly vulnerable lowlanders.Geography
Ph. D. (Geography)
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Kusák, Michal. "Morfostrukturní analýza Etiopské vysočiny pomocí dálkového průzkumu Země." Doctoral thesis, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-369454.
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- Morphostructural analysis of Ethiopian Highland based on remote sensing The morphometric analysis of lineaments, valleys and signs of erosion taken from a digital elevation model (DEM) made it possible to not only confirm most of the conclusions of the morphotectonic development of the area from the previously published results of structural, petrological, tectonic and geochronological analyses from the Ethiopian Highlands, but to also to expand our knowledge by applying several new hypotheses. Faults, lineaments and valleys are predominantly oriented in a direction compatible to the published concepts of the tectonic development of the area. Overall, the most abundant NE-SW and NNE-SSW lines reflect a change of extension from a NW-SE to WNW-ESE direction during the Pliocene (~40ř rotation), in relation to the creation and development of the Main Ethiopian Rift. The most pronounced morphological manifestations of the extension of the MER and western Afar during the Quaternary are confined to the borders of the MER, and the maximum SOLR values indicate a very short-lived effect of the stress field on the development of the landscape. The directions of the Pre-Neogene rift structures to the NW-SE and WNW-ESE are compatible with the oldest elements of the current landscape, i.e. the most developed...
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Maca, Vít. "Analýza náchylnosti ke svahovým pohybům v povodí Jemmy (Etiopská vysočina)." Master's thesis, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-335147.
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Ethiopia like other developing countries depends on domestic agricultural production, struggling with infrastructure and healthcare is also at a low level. Among these factors there is also added impact of catastrophic natural processes. Landslides in this area have caused enormous material damage and also human deaths. Effects of those losses are huge and locals are dealing with them difficuly. Therefore, prevention should be a priority concern. In theoretical part the basic facts about modeling and simulation of landslides susceptibility is presented. Those facts are complemented with specific researches from Ethiopian highlands. Furthermore, it describes the methodology that was used. It compares the real distribution of slope movements against the expected occurrence across the classes of input layers. An essential part of the model is mapping work, supported with terrain work, during which 242 landslides was mapped. Model parameters are: slope, altitude, lithology, land cover, distance from geological boundary and distance to river. Slope was determined as most significant factor. Used methodology is universally applicable and the results it generates match reality well. Key words: slope movements, natural hazards, susceptibility analysis, geomorphology, Ethiopian Highland