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Journal articles on the topic 'Ethiopian highlands'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Saleem, M. A. Mohamed. "Fragile East African Highlands: a Development Vision for Smallholder Farmers in the Ethiopian Highlands." Outlook on Agriculture 24, no. 2 (June 1995): 111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003072709502400208.

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For societies that depend on agriculture, the process of meeting current or future welfare demands should not continue without regard to the potential long-term dangers of land resource over-use. With an increasing human and animal population in the Ethiopian highlands development efforts so far have been hasty and disjointed, and have sidetracked issues of production base security and conservation. As a result, large-scale degradation has ensued, and if the trend continues the agricultural future of the country is threatened. Cohesive land-use practices are needed in order to manage the fragile Ethiopian highland resource environment properly and to support growing human demands.

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2

Asrat, Asfawossen, Metasebia Demissie, and Aberra Mogessie. "Geoheritage conservation in Ethiopia: the case of the Simien Mountains." Quaestiones Geographicae 31, no. 1 (March 1, 2012): 7–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10117-012-0001-0.

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Geoheritage conservation in Ethiopia: the case of the Simien Mountains Ethiopia constitutes one of the most significant environmental and cultural reserves on Earth. Ethiopia's natural and cultural tourist attractions are mostly associated with geological features: the active Ethiopian and Afar rifts as well as the Simien and Bale massifs are few examples. Ethiopia's cultural history, religious manifestations and civilization, like the rock-hewn churches of Lalibela and the stelae of Axum, are also imprinted in rock. Geomorphological and geological features, notably the isolation of the north-western highlands from the external world by the harsh Afar depression close to the sea, determined the route of Ethiopian history. Though tourism has been identified as a major sustainable development sector, systematic geoheritage evaluation and conservation strategies are lacking in the country. I this paper the Simien Mountains are presented as major geoheritages which should be prioritized for geoconservation in order to develop sustainable tourism (geotourism) in the area.

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3

Jury, Mark R. "Ethiopian Highlands Crop-Climate Prediction: 1979–2009." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 52, no. 5 (May 2013): 1116–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-12-0139.1.

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AbstractThis study compares different methods of predicting crop-related climate in the Ethiopian highlands for the period 1979–2009. A target index (ETH4) is developed as an average of four variables in the June–September season—rainfall, rainfall minus evaporation, estimated latent heat flux, and vegetation, following correlation with crop yields at Melkassa, Ethiopia (8.4°N, 39.3°E, 1550 m elevation). Predictors are drawn from gridded near-global fields of surface temperature, surface air pressure, and 200-hPa zonal wind in the preceding December–March season. Prediction algorithms are formulated by stepwise multivariate regression. The first set of predictors derive from objective principal component (PC) time scores with tropical loading patterns, and the second set is based on key areas determined from correlation with the target index. The second PC of upper zonal wind reveals a tropical–subtropical dipole that is correlated with ETH4 at two-season lead time (correlation coefficient r = −0.53). Point-to-field regression maps show high-latitude signals in surface temperature (positive in North America and negative in Eurasia) and air pressure (negative in the North Pacific Ocean and positive in the South Pacific). Upper zonal winds are most strongly related with ETH4 over the tropical Pacific and Africa at two-season lead time. The multivariate algorithm that is based on PC predictors has an adjusted r2 fit of 0.23, and the algorithm using key-area predictors achieves r2 = 0.37. In comparison, numerical model forecasts reach r2 = 0.33 for ECMWF simulations but are low for other models. The statistical results are specific to the ETH4 index, which is a climate proxy for crop yields in the Ethiopian highlands.

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Mekonnen, Ademe, and William B. Rossow. "The Interaction between Deep Convection and Easterly Wave Activity over Africa: Convective Transitions and Mechanisms." Monthly Weather Review 146, no. 6 (June 2018): 1945–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-17-0217.1.

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Recent work using observational data from the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) and reanalysis products suggests that African easterly waves (AEWs) form in association with a “transition” process from smaller and scattered convection into larger and organized mesoscale convective activity. However, the transition process is unclear and how mesoscale convection initiates AEWs is not well understood. Analysis based on 25 years of ISCCP and reanalysis datasets show that increasing intradiurnal activity, atmospheric instability, and specific humidity precede the development of well-organized convection over the Ethiopian highlands. Atmospheric instability favors a high frequency of scattered, isolated convection to the east of the Ethiopian highlands, first, followed by a continuing and large increase in instability and increasing humidity, which supports well-organized larger-scale convection. The timing of the changes of thermodynamic variables shows that the dominant transition process is scattered, with weakly organized convection transitioning into the well-organized mesoscale convection, and this initiates the AEWs. Slightly before the mesoscale convection peaks over the Ethiopian highlands, low-level moist westerlies, low- to midlevel wind shear, and positive relative vorticity increase over the region. Evidence shows that the large-scale and local environment enables the scattered and less well-organized convection to merge and form larger and well-organized convection. The dynamic processes suggest that the dominant pathway for AEW initiation is scattered convection transitioning to large and well-organized convection over the Ethiopian highlands and this initiates AEWs westward of the Ethiopian highlands.

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5

Feyisa, Taye Hailu, and Jens B. Aune. "Khat Expansion in the Ethiopian Highlands." Mountain Research and Development 23, no. 2 (May 2003): 185–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1659/0276-4741(2003)023[0185:keiteh]2.0.co;2.

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6

Viste, Ellen, and Asgeir Sorteberg. "Moisture transport into the Ethiopian highlands." International Journal of Climatology 33, no. 1 (November 23, 2011): 249–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/joc.3409.

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7

Wakjira, Mulugeta, and Abebe Getahun. "Ichthyofaunal diversity of the Omo-Turkana basin, East Africa, with specific reference to fish diversity within the limits of Ethiopian waters." Check List 13, no. 2 (March 4, 2017): 2059. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/13.2.2059.

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The freshwaters of the East African nation of Ethiopia are divided into nine main drainage basins. One of these, the Omo-Turkana basin, spans a large part of southwestern Ethiopian highlands and northern Kenya, and consists of the Omo-Gibe (or simply, Omo) River and a northern portion of Lake Turkana. Despite some development activities, including proposed dam construction with potential impacts on ichthyofaunal diversity, the Ethiopian part of the basin generally lacks comprehensive study or full scientific documentation. During the current surveys 31 species were identified from the lower Omo River and Ethiopian part of Lake Turkana, with some new records for the basin. The Omo River system was found to be richer in species while Lake Turkana has a higher abundance. Ichthyofaunal diversity within Ethiopian waters is specifically addressed, and an annotated checklist for native species of the basin is provided.

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8

Holloway, Garth John. "Sustainable Land-Use Pathway Ranking and Selection." Sustainability 12, no. 19 (September 23, 2020): 7881. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12197881.

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The desire for refining status quo cost–benefit protocols to fully encompass econometric model uncertainty motivates the search for improved technology. Availability of unique Ethiopian highlands milk-market livestock data provides an ideal laboratory for investigation of alternative land-use pathway designs. In these contexts, we present novel methodology for ranking and selecting sustainable ‘land-use pathways,’ arguing that the methodology is central to sustainable-land-use-policy prescriptions, providing essential innovation to assessments hitherto devoid of probabilistic foundation. Demonstrating routine implementation of Markov-Chain, Monte-Carlo procedure, ranking-and-selection enactment is widely disseminable and potentially valuable to land-use policy prescription. Application to a sample of Ethiopian-highlands, land-dependent households highlights empirical gains compared to conventional methodology. Applications and extensions that profit future land-use sustainability within the Ethiopian highlands and, also, more generally, are discussed.

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9

Cheneka, Bedassa R., Susanne Brienen, Kristina Fröhlich, Shakeel Asharaf, and Barbara Früh. "Searching for an Added Value of Precipitation in Downscaled Seasonal Hindcasts over East Africa: COSMO-CLM Forced by MPI-ESM." Advances in Meteorology 2016 (2016): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4348285.

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Downscaling of seasonal hindcasts over East Africa with the regional climate model (RCM) COSMO-CLM (CCLM), forced by the global climate model (GCM) and MPI-ESM, is evaluated. The simulations are done for five months (May to September) for a ten-year period (2000–2009), with the evaluation performed only for June to September. The dry years, 2002 and 2009, and the wet years, 2006 and 2007, are well captured by the models. By using ground based and satellite gridded observation data for evaluation it is found that both COSMO-CLM and MPI-ESM overestimate June to September precipitation over the Ethiopian highlands and in parts of the lowland with respect to all reference datasets. In addition we investigated the potential and real added value for both the RCM and the GCM hindcasts by upscaling (arithmetic mean) the precipitation resolution both in temporal and in spatial scales, over North Ethiopia (EN), South Ethiopia (ES), South Sudan (SS), and Sudan (S). Results inferred that using the RCM for seasonal forecast adds value in capturing extreme precipitation years, especially in the Ethiopian highlands. It is also found that the potential and relative potential added value decrease with decreasing the temporal resolution.

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10

Gottelli, Dada, and Claudio Sillero-Zubiri. "The Ethiopian wolf – an endangered endemic canid." Oryx 26, no. 4 (October 1992): 205–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605300023735.

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The Ethiopian wolf is a social canid endemic to the highlands of Ethiopia. Today perhaps only 500 individuals survive, making it the world's rarest and probably most endangered canid. Its range has already been reduced and it is threatened by further loss of habitat to high-altitude subsistence agriculture and overgrazing by livestock. Today it survives in only six locations, with the largest and probably only genetically viable population being found in the Bale Mountains National Park. The most immediate threats for the survival of Ethiopian wolves are disease, domestic dogs and human persecution. Improved management in Bale and Simien Mountains National Parks and the establishment of a captive-breeding programme are urgently needed to prevent the extinction of this species.

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Adem, Anwar A., Dessalew W. Aynalem, Seifu A. Tilahun, and Tammo S. Steenhuis. "Predicting Reference Evaporation for the Ethiopian Highlands." Journal of Water Resource and Protection 09, no. 11 (2017): 1244–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jwarp.2017.911081.

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12

Pohjonen, V., and T. Pukkala. "Which eucalypt grows best in Ethiopian highlands?" Biomass and Bioenergy 1, no. 4 (January 1991): 193–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0961-9534(91)90002-t.

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13

Jury, Mark R. "Evaluation of Coupled Model Forecasts of Ethiopian Highlands Summer Climate." Advances in Meteorology 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/894318.

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This study evaluates seasonal forecasts of rainfall and maximum temperature across the Ethiopian highlands from coupled ensemble models in the period 1981–2006, by comparison with gridded observational products (NMA + GPCC/CRU3). Early season forecasts from the coupled forecast system (CFS) are steadier than European community medium range forecast (ECMWF). CFS and ECMWF April forecasts of June–August (JJA) rainfall achieve significant fit (r2=0.27, 0.25, resp.), but ECMWF forecasts tend to have a narrow range with drought underpredicted. Early season forecasts of JJA maximum temperature are weak in both models; hence ability to predict water resource gains may be better than losses. One aim of seasonal climate forecasting is to ensure that crop yields keep pace with Ethiopia’s growing population. Farmers using prediction technology are better informed to avoid risk in dry years and generate surplus in wet years.

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14

Zewdu, Feleke Tilahun, Tsehai Seife, Alie Ayal, and Mastewal Misganaw. "Treatment Patterns, And Effectivness of Anti- Leishmaniasis Agents for Patients with Cutaneous Leishmaniasis at Boru Meda Hospital, South Wollo, North East Ethiopia, 2017/18." Journal of Clinical Research in Dermatology 5, no. 2 (June 25, 2018): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.15226/2378-1726/5/2/00179.

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Cutaneous leishmaniasis is one of the endemic and neglected diseases known to exist in Ethiopian highlands. However, a neglected tropical disease overshadowed by lack of effective anti-leishmaniasis agent in Ethiopia. Thus, high number of population is faced for various degree of socio-economical and psychosocial morbidity. Hence, this study was initiated and conducted from July-February, 2017/18 to assess the patterns and effectiveness of different types of anti-leishmaniasis agents in Boru Meda Hospital, Dessie District.

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15

Koda, Kazuhisa, Gebreyohannes Girmay, Tesfay Berihu, and Fujio Nagumo. "Reservoir Conservation in a Micro-Watershed in Tigray, Ethiopian Highlands." Sustainability 11, no. 7 (April 5, 2019): 2038. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11072038.

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Soil erosion in Ethiopian highlands has caused land deterioration due to moving nutrient-rich top soil to downstream reservoirs while leaving reservoirs dysfunctional due to sedimentation. Micro-watershed management by removing reservoir sediments and using them for reclaiming farmland, while using reservoir water for irrigation, can be a potential solution to simultaneously address soil and water constraints and food security challenges. Still, there is knowledge gap before such a solution can be practically applied. The objective of this paper is to present potential solutions for the reservoir sedimentation problem and specifically highlight the utility of bathymetric survey using an echo-sounder to assess sediment volume. Our results indicated that the estimated reservoir sediment volume was 6400 m3 leading to a reclamation of 3.2 hectares by layering 0.2 m sediment. The sediment used for reclamation depicts neutral pH (7.3), high organic carbon (2.5%), available phosphorus (9.2 mg/kg) and exchangeable potassium (25 cmol(+)/kg). Garlic (Allium sativum) was planted in the reclaiming abandoned farmland and produced 7.1 t/ha of bulb on average. There is a potential of producing 2–3 horticultural crops per year. Thus, developing methods for scaling up potential farmland reclamation using reservoir sediment would contribute to degraded farmland restoration and food security in Ethiopia and beyond.

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16

Merdekios, Behailu, Myrthe Pareyn, Dagimawie Tadesse, Solomon Getu, Bereket Admassu, Nigatu Girma, Herwig Leirs, Jean-Pierre Van geertruyden, and Johan van Griensven. "Detection of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Foci in South Ethiopia." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 105, no. 1 (July 7, 2021): 156–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.20-0708.

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Abstract.Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a major public health problem in Ethiopia. The disease is endemic in Ochollo, a village in southern Ethiopia, but there are no reports of CL in the wider area, although it is ecologically very similar. We conducted a rapid assessment survey in the South Ethiopian Rift Valley and found 100 parasitologically confirmed CL cases in 38 villages not reported endemic for CL. Approximately half of the cases were children (57%), and most lesions occurred on the face (78%) and were older than 6 months (77%). Only 2% of the people was aware of the mode of transmission, and 9% sought modern treatment at a hospital. These preliminary data indicate that CL is much more widespread than previously reported and that the disease might have a large psychosocial impact. Hence, this study calls for larger surveys across the Ethiopian highlands. Additionally, health education and treatment capacity need to be implemented.

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17

Mouazen, A. M., S. Smolders, F. Meresa, S. Gebregziabher, J. Nyssen, H. Verplancke, J. Deckers, H. Ramon, and J. De Baerdemaeker. "Improving animal drawn tillage system in Ethiopian highlands." Soil and Tillage Research 95, no. 1-2 (September 2007): 218–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2007.01.003.

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18

Lyon, Bradfield, Tufa Dinku, Anita Raman, and Madeleine C. Thomson. "Temperature suitability for malaria climbing the Ethiopian Highlands." Environmental Research Letters 12, no. 6 (June 1, 2017): 064015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa64e6.

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19

Elizabeth, K., T. Getachew, W. D. Taylor, and G. M. Zinabu. "Eutrophication of Lake Hayq in the Ethiopian Highlands." Journal of Plankton Research 14, no. 10 (1992): 1473–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plankt/14.10.1473.

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20

Kruseman, Gideon, Ruerd Ruben, and Girmay Tesfay. "Diversity and development domains in the Ethiopian highlands." Agricultural Systems 88, no. 1 (April 2006): 75–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2005.06.020.

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21

Hammond, James, Mark van Wijk, Nils Teufel, Kindu Mekonnen, and Peter Thorne. "Assessing smallholder sustainable intensification in the Ethiopian highlands." Agricultural Systems 194 (December 2021): 103266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2021.103266.

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22

Sakai, Toru, Emiru Birhane, Buruh Abebe, and Destaalem Gebremeskel. "Applicability of Structure-from-Motion Photogrammetry on Forest Measurement in the Northern Ethiopian Highlands." Sustainability 13, no. 9 (May 9, 2021): 5282. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13095282.

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Ethiopia is one of the countries with the most degraded forest resources. Information on tree structure is needed at some points in the process to assess the appropriateness of forest management. The objectives are to examine whether the Structure from Motion (SfM)-based photogrammetry can be used to derive the forest structural parameters, and how the tree structural parameters can vary by location. In this study, the possible applicability of low-cost SfM-based photogrammetry was evaluated for forest management and conservation purposes in the Adi Zaboy watershed of the Northern Ethiopian highlands. In the watershed, dwarf Acacia etbaica was sparsely distributed. Consequently, the full three-dimensional point clouds of the individual trees were generated, which provided a wide variety of tree structural parameters in a non-destructive manner. The R2 values for tree height, canopy width, and stump diameter were 0.936, 0.891, and 0.808, respectively, and the corresponding RMSE values were 0.128 m, 0.331 m, and 0.886 cm. In addition, differences in forest structure and composition were caused by differences in the environment. The SfM-based photogrammetry would provide fundamental information to meet the demand of sustainable forest management from a morphological point of view, especially in forests of Ethiopian highlands.

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23

Getinet, A., G. Rakow, J. P. Raney, and R. K. Downey. "Development of zero erucic acid Ethiopian mustard through an interspecific cross with zero erucic acid Oriental mustard." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 74, no. 4 (October 1, 1994): 793–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps94-141.

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Ethiopian mustard (Brassica carinata A. Braun) is a high-yielding oilseed crop of the Ethiopian highlands, but the seed is high in erucic acid. The objective of this study was to develop zero erucic acid forms in this mustard species. This was achieved through an interspecific transfer of genes for zero erucic acid from Brassica juncea. Key words:Brassica carinata, zero erucic acid

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24

KOPPETSCH, THORE. "A new species of Trachylepis (Squamata: Scincidae) from the Amhara Region, Ethiopia, and a key to the Ethiopian Trachylepis." Zootaxa 4859, no. 1 (October 5, 2020): 113–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4859.1.4.

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Ethiopia is known for its highly endemic and rich herpetofaunal diversity shaped by its biogeographical patterns. Here, a new species of skink, Trachylepis boehmei sp. nov., is described from the Ethiopian Highlands. It differs from its congeners in having smooth uncarinated dorsal scales, 26–29 scale rows around midbody, a slender body of small size, a relatively short tail, a low eye–snout distance and a unique colour pattern with 6–8 darkish brown dorsal stripes. Based on morphological characteristics, its biogeographical pattern and comparisons with other similar congeners this new species is closely related to Trachylepis megalura. A published new record of Trachylepis wingati for the Kafa region is re-examined and identified as T. megalura. An updated comprehensive key to the Trachylepis found in Ethiopia is provided. In the context of ongoing phylogenetic and taxonomic revisions of Trachylepis and its species complexes the presence of further cryptic taxa can be expected also for the Ethiopian biodiversity hotspots. Consequently, the need of further herpetological investigations in this region of ecological importance is stressed.

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25

Siraj, Amir S., Menno J. Bouma, Mauricio Santos-Vega, Asnakew K. Yeshiwondim, Dale S. Rothman, Damtew Yadeta, Paul C. Sutton, and Mercedes Pascual. "Temperature and population density determine reservoir regions of seasonal persistence in highland malaria." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1820 (December 7, 2015): 20151383. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.1383.

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A better understanding of malaria persistence in highly seasonal environments such as highlands and desert fringes requires identifying the factors behind the spatial reservoir of the pathogen in the low season. In these ‘unstable’ malaria regions, such reservoirs play a critical role by allowing persistence during the low transmission season and therefore, between seasonal outbreaks. In the highlands of East Africa, the most populated epidemic regions in Africa, temperature is expected to be intimately connected to where in space the disease is able to persist because of pronounced altitudinal gradients. Here, we explore other environmental and demographic factors that may contribute to malaria's highland reservoir. We use an extensive spatio-temporal dataset of confirmed monthly Plasmodium falciparum cases from 1995 to 2005 that finely resolves space in an Ethiopian highland. With a Bayesian approach for parameter estimation and a generalized linear mixed model that includes a spatially structured random effect, we demonstrate that population density is important to disease persistence during the low transmission season. This population effect is not accounted for in typical models for the transmission dynamics of the disease, but is consistent in part with a more complex functional form of the force of infection proposed by theory for vector-borne infections, only during the low season as we discuss. As malaria risk usually decreases in more urban environments with increased human densities, the opposite counterintuitive finding identifies novel control targets during the low transmission season in African highlands.

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Tedla, Abate, J. Sherington, and M. A. Mohamed-Saleem. "Integration of Forage and Food Crops Grown Sequentially on Vertisols under Rainfed Conditions in the Mid-Altitude Ethiopian Highlands." Experimental Agriculture 30, no. 3 (July 1994): 291–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s001447970002439x.

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SUMMARYPoor drainage of Vertisols in the Ethiopian mid-altitude highlands limits farming operations and cropping in the early rainy season (July–August). Traditional crops are grown on residual moisture late in the season (September–January) when waterlogging is less of a problem. Productivity is therefore below its potential. The recent introduction of a broadbed and furrow system for improved drainage on Vertisols allows full use of the growing period and provides scope for a wider variety of cropping systems and increased productivity. Trials using a sequential cropping system demonstrated that two crops a year can be grown when Vertisols are drained. The crops used in the trial were oats or an oat/vetch mixture forage in the early season followed by grasspea or chickpea food crops in the late season as the second crop. Further on-farm research on sequential cropping of forages and food crops in the mid-altitude highlands of Ethiopia is now needed.

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Gutema, Tariku Mekonnen, Anagaw Atickem, Diress Tsegaye, Afework Bekele, Claudio Sillero-Zubiri, Jorgelina Marino, Mohammed Kasso, Vivek V. Venkataraman, Peter J. Fashing, and Nils C. Stenseth. "Foraging ecology of African wolves ( Canis lupaster ) and its implications for the conservation of Ethiopian wolves ( Canis simensis )." Royal Society Open Science 6, no. 9 (September 11, 2019): 190772. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.190772.

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African wolves (AWs) are sympatric with endangered Ethiopian wolves (EWs) in parts of their range. Scat analyses have suggested a dietary overlap between AWs and EWs, raising the potential for exploitative competition, and a possible conservation threat to EWs. However, in contrast to that of the well-studied EW, the foraging ecology of AWs remains poorly characterized. Accordingly, we studied the foraging ecology of radio-collared AWs ( n = 11 individuals) at two localities with varying levels of anthropogenic disturbance in the Ethiopian Highlands, the Guassa-Menz Community Conservation Area (GMCCA) and Borena-Saynt National Park (BSNP), accumulating 845 h of focal observation across 2952 feeding events. We also monitored rodent abundance and rodent trapping activity by local farmers who experience conflict with AWs. The AW diet consisted largely of rodents (22.0%), insects (24.8%), and goats and sheep (24.3%). Of the total rodents captured by farmers using local traps during peak barley production (July to November) in GMCCA, averaging 24.7 ± 8.5 rodents/hectare/day, 81% ( N = 3009) were scavenged by AWs. Further, of all the rodents consumed by AWs, most (74%) were carcasses. These results reveal complex interactions between AWs and local farmers, and highlight the scavenging niche occupied by AWs in anthropogenically altered landscapes in contrast to the active hunting exhibited by EWs in more intact habitats. While AWs cause economic damage to local farmers through livestock predation, they appear to play an important role in scavenging pest rodents among farmlands, a pattern of behaviour which likely mitigates direct and indirect competition with EWs. We suggest two routes to promote the coexistence of AWs and EWs in the Ethiopian highlands: local education efforts highlighting the complex role AWs play in highland ecosystems to reduce their persecution, and enforced protection of intact habitats to preserve habitat preferred by EWs.

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28

Birhanu, Yelebe, Rebecca Bendick, Shimeles Fisseha, Elias Lewi, Michael Floyd, Robert King, and Robert Reilinger. "GPS constraints on broad scale extension in the Ethiopian Highlands and Main Ethiopian Rift." Geophysical Research Letters 43, no. 13 (July 4, 2016): 6844–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2016gl069890.

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29

TROMP, Jan. "Aksumite Architecture and Church Building in the Ethiopian Highlands." Eastern Christian Art 4 (December 31, 2007): 49–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/eca.4.0.2024666.

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30

Mwendera, E. J., and M. A. Mohamed Saleem. "Hydrologic response to cattle grazing in the Ethiopian highlands." Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 64, no. 1 (June 1997): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8809(96)01127-9.

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31

Mwendera, E. J., M. A. Mohamed Saleem, and Zerihun Woldu. "Vegetation response to cattle grazing in the Ethiopian highlands." Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 64, no. 1 (June 1997): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8809(96)01128-0.

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32

Holden, Stein, Bekele Shiferaw, and John Pender. "Market Imperfections and Land Productivity in the Ethiopian Highlands." Journal of Agricultural Economics 52, no. 3 (November 5, 2008): 53–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9552.2001.tb00938.x.

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33

MacDonald, A. M., R. A. Bell, S. Kebede, T. Azagegn, T. Yehualaeshet, F. Pichon, M. Young, et al. "Groundwater and resilience to drought in the Ethiopian highlands." Environmental Research Letters 14, no. 9 (August 27, 2019): 095003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab282f.

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Dagnew, Dessalegn C., Christian D. Guzman, Assefa D. Zegeye, Adugnaw T. Akal, Mamaru A. Moges, Tigist Y. Tebebu, Wolde Mekuria, Essayas K. Ayana, Seifu A. Tilahun, and Tammo S. Steenhuis. "Sediment Loss Patterns in the Sub‐Humid Ethiopian Highlands." Land Degradation & Development 28, no. 6 (December 8, 2016): 1795–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ldr.2643.

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Tebebu, Tigist Y., Haimanote K. Bayabil, Cathelijne R. Stoof, Shree K. Giri, Azalu A. Gessess, Seifu A. Tilahun, and Tammo S. Steenhuis. "Characterization of Degraded Soils in the Humid Ethiopian Highlands." Land Degradation & Development 28, no. 7 (July 4, 2017): 1891–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ldr.2687.

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Pender, John, Berhanu Gebremedhin, Saumuel Benin, and Simeon Ehui. "Strategies for Sustainable Agricultural Development in the Ethiopian Highlands." American Journal of Agricultural Economics 83, no. 5 (December 2001): 1231–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0002-9092.00272.

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Scheinfeldt, Laura B., Sameer Soi, Simon Thompson, Alessia Ranciaro, Dawit Woldemeskel, William Beggs, Charla Lambert, et al. "Genetic adaptation to high altitude in the Ethiopian highlands." Genome Biology 13, no. 1 (2012): R1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/gb-2012-13-1-r1.

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Abebe, Bekele, Francesco Dramis, Giandomenico Fubelli, Mohammed Umer, and Asfawossen Asrat. "Landslides in the Ethiopian highlands and the Rift margins." Journal of African Earth Sciences 56, no. 4-5 (March 2010): 131–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2009.06.006.

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Mhiret, Demesew A., Dessalegn C. Dagnew, Tewodros T. Assefa, Seifu A. Tilahun, Benjamin F. Zaitchik, and Tammo S. Steenhuis. "Erosion hotspot identification in the sub-humid Ethiopian highlands." Ecohydrology & Hydrobiology 19, no. 1 (January 2019): 146–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecohyd.2018.08.004.

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Nyssen, J., H. Vandenreyken, J. Poesen, J. Moeyersons, J. Deckers, Mitiku Haile, C. Salles, and G. Govers. "Rainfall erosivity and variability in the Northern Ethiopian Highlands." Journal of Hydrology 311, no. 1-4 (September 2005): 172–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2004.12.016.

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WARET-SZKUTA, A., A. ORTIZ-PELAEZ, D. U. PFEIFFER, F. ROGER, and F. J. GUITIAN. "Herd contact structure based on shared use of water points and grazing points in the Highlands of Ethiopia." Epidemiology and Infection 139, no. 6 (July 20, 2010): 875–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268810001718.

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SUMMARYThe use of shared common water points (WPs) and grazing points (GPs) at two different levels of administrative aggregation (village and kebelle) in a region of the Highlands of Ethiopia was explored by means of a questionnaire survey and social network analysis. Despite GPs being more abundant than WPs (208 and 154, respectively), individual GPs provide more contact opportunities for animals. There was great variability in the contact structure of the selected villages within kebelles for both networks, with this variability being higher in the GP networks for each kebelle. Contrary to the commonly held view that WPs are critical for the potential transmission of infectious diseases, intervention at GPs in the Ethiopian Highlands may have greater impact on contacts and thereby opportunities for transmission of infectious diseases between flocks. Some villages appear naturally at much lower risk of introducing disease. These findings could help the design of surveillance and control activities for directly transmitted infectious diseases.

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van Kesteren, F., K. J. Piggott, T. Bengui, S. B. Kubri, A. Mastin, C. Sillero-Zubiri, M. Paris, et al. "Helminth parasites in the endangered Ethiopian wolf,Canis simensis." Journal of Helminthology 89, no. 4 (July 9, 2014): 487–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x14000534.

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AbstractEthiopian wolves,Canis simensis, are an endangered carnivore endemic to the Ethiopian highlands. Although previous studies have focused on aspects of Ethiopian wolf biology, including diet, territoriality, reproduction and infectious diseases such as rabies, little is known of their helminth parasites. In the current study, faecal samples were collected from 94 wild Ethiopian wolves in the Bale Mountains of southern Ethiopia, between August 2008 and February 2010, and were screened for the presence of helminth eggs using a semi-quantitative volumetric dilution method with microscopy. We found that 66 of the 94 faecal samples (70.2%) contained eggs from at least one group of helminths, includingCapillaria,Toxocara,Trichuris, ancylostomatids,Hymenolepisand taeniids. Eggs ofCapillariasp. were found most commonly, followed byTrichurissp., ancylostomatid species andToxocaraspecies. Three samples containedHymenolepissp. eggs, which were likely artefacts from ingested prey species. Four samples contained taeniid eggs, one of which was copro-polymerase chain reaction (copro-PCR) and sequence positive forEchinococcus granulosus, suggesting a spillover from a domestic parasite cycle into this wildlife species. Associations between presence/absence ofCapillaria,ToxocaraandTrichuriseggs were found; and egg burdens ofToxocaraand ancylostomatids were found to be associated with geographical location and sampling season.

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Jury, Mark R., and Sen Chiao. "Representation of Ethiopian Wet Spells in Global and Nested Models." Advances in Meteorology 2014 (2014): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/237374.

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Weather forecast and reanalysis models exhibit different performance in daily rainfall estimation over the Ethiopian highlands, 2000–2012, with ECMWF closer to observations than other models. Background is given to illustrate the Hadley circulation and easterly jets over Ethiopia, using sections on 37°E in July–August 2011. ECMWF reanalysis has a narrow band of rainfall >15 mm/day on 10°N, consistent with TRMM satellite estimates, associated with a steep gradient in meridional wind. MERRA and GFS models have a wider band of rainfall and weaker gradients in meridional winds. The contrasting background states influence a nested WRF model simulation of heavy rain in the upper Nile Valley on 29 July, 2011. The GFS (ECMWF) initialization yields stronger northerly (southerly) winds north (south) of Ethiopia, while aircraft observations are southerly at 850 mb and northerly at 700 mb. ECMWF produces heavy and widespread rainfall consistent with observations, with a potentially more realistic simulation of the Hadley circulation.

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Addisie, Meseret B., Getaneh K. Ayele, Nigus Hailu, Eddy J. Langendoen, Seifu A. Tilahun, Petra Schmitter, J. Yves Parlange, and Tammo S. Steenhuis. "Connecting hillslope and runoff generation processes in the Ethiopian Highlands: The Ene-Chilala watershed." Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics 68, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 313–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/johh-2020-0015.

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AbstractEffective watershed planning requires an understanding of the hydrology. In the humid tropical monsoon climates and especially in volcanic highland regions such as the Ethiopian Highlands, the understanding of watershed processes is incomplete. The objective is to better understand the hydrology of the volcanic regions in the humid highlands by linking the hillslope processes with the discharge at the outlet. The Ene-Chilala watershed was selected for this study. The infiltration rate, piezometric water levels and discharge from two nested sub watersheds and at the watershed outlet were measured during a four-year period. Infiltration rates on the hillsides exceeded the rainfall intensity most of the time. The excess rain recharged a perched hillside aquifer. Water flowed through the perched aquifer as interflow to rivers and outlet. In addition, saturation excess overland flow was generated in the valley bottoms. Perched water tables heights were predicted by summing up the recharge over the travel time from the watershed divide. Travel times ranged from a few days for piezometers close to the divide to 40 days near the outlet. River discharge was simulated by adding the interflow from the upland to overland flow from the saturated valley bottom lands. Overland flow accounted only for one-fourth of the total flow. There was good agreement between predicted and observed discharge during the rain phase therefore the hillslope hydrologically processes were successfully linked with the discharge at the outlet.

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Tiutenko, Arthur, and Oleksandr Zinenko. "Tadpole of Leptopelis ragazzii (Boulenger, 1896), Shoa Forest Tree Frog (Anura, Arthroleptidae)." Herpetozoa 32 (May 13, 2019): 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/herpetozoa.32.e35742.

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The tadpole of poorly studied Leptopelisragazzii (Boulenger, 1896), a high-altitude tree frog species from the Ethiopian highlands, is described for the first time and compared with closely related sympatric species – L.gramineus (Boulenger, 1898) and L.vannutellii (Boulenger, 1898).

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Kaplan, Steven. "Themes and Methods in the Study Of Conversion in Ethiopia: a Review Essay." Journal of Religion in Africa 34, no. 3 (2004): 373–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1570066041725475.

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AbstractAlthough conversion is one of the major themes in the religious and cultural history of Ethiopia, it has yet to benefit from extensive and systematic comparative discussion. For generations, scholars have worked to deepen our understanding of conversion to both Orthodox Christianity and Islam in the Ethiopian highlands. Recent works, moreover, are noteworthy for their efforts to expand our knowledge of both regions and groups hitherto neglected. Modern Islam, Evangelical Christianity and the religious histories of the peoples of Southern Ethiopia are only a few of the topics that have benefited from scholarship during the past decade. We are, therefore, in an unprecedented position to offer a review of research which, while by no means comprehensive, at least offers broader coverage than was previously possible.

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Amare, Tadele, Christian Hergarten, Hans Hurni, Bettina Wolfgramm, Birru Yitaferu, and Yihenew G. Selassie. "Prediction of Soil Organic Carbon for Ethiopian Highlands Using Soil Spectroscopy." ISRN Soil Science 2013 (June 20, 2013): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/720589.

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Soil spectroscopy was applied for predicting soil organic carbon (SOC) in the highlands of Ethiopia. Soil samples were acquired from Ethiopia’s National Soil Testing Centre and direct field sampling. The reflectance of samples was measured using a FieldSpec 3 diffuse reflectance spectrometer. Outliers and sample relation were evaluated using principal component analysis (PCA) and models were developed through partial least square regression (PLSR). For nine watersheds sampled, 20% of the samples were set aside to test prediction and 80% were used to develop calibration models. Depending on the number of samples per watershed, cross validation or independent validation were used. The stability of models was evaluated using coefficient of determination (R2), root mean square error (RMSE), and the ratio performance deviation (RPD). The R2 (%), RMSE (%), and RPD, respectively, for validation were Anjeni (88, 0.44, 3.05), Bale (86, 0.52, 2.7), Basketo (89, 0.57, 3.0), Benishangul (91, 0.30, 3.4), Kersa (82, 0.44, 2.4), Kola tembien (75, 0.44, 1.9), Maybar (84. 0.57, 2.5), Megech (85, 0.15, 2.6), and Wondo Genet (86, 0.52, 2.7) indicating that the models were stable. Models performed better for areas with high SOC values than areas with lower SOC values. Overall, soil spectroscopy performance ranged from very good to good.

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Tarkegn, Gashaw Bimrew, and Mark R. Jury. "Changes in the Seasonality of Ethiopian Highlands Climate and Implications for Crop Growth." Atmosphere 11, no. 9 (August 24, 2020): 892. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11090892.

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Rain-fed agriculture in North-West (NW) Ethiopia is seasonally modulated, and our objective is to isolate past and future trends that influence crop growth. Statistical methods are applied to gauge-interpolated, reanalysis, and satellite data to evaluate changes in the annual cycle and long-term trends. The June to September wet season has lengthened due to the earlier arrival and later departure of rains. Meteorological composites relate this spreading to local southerly winds and a dry-south/wet-north humidity dipole. At the regional scale, an axis of convection over the Rift Valley (35E) is formed by westerly waves on 15S and an anticyclone over Asia 30N. Coupled Model Intercomparsion Project (CMIP5) Hadley2 data assimilated by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparision Project (ISIMIP) hydrological models are used to evaluate projected soil moisture and potential evaporation over the 21st century. May and October soil moisture is predicted to increase in the future, but trends are weak. In contrast, the potential evaporation is rising and may put stress on the land and water resources. A lengthening of the growing season could benefit crop yields across the NW Ethiopian highlands.

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Tesfaye, Abonesh, and Roy Brouwer. "Exploring the scope for transboundary collaboration in the Blue Nile river basin: downstream willingness to pay for upstream land use changes to improve irrigation water supply." Environment and Development Economics 21, no. 2 (June 23, 2015): 180–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x15000182.

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AbstractIn this study we model the preferences and willingness to pay (WTP) of downstream farmers in one of the largest irrigation schemes worldwide in Sudan for improved irrigation water supply through transboundary collaboration with farmers upstream in Ethiopia. In a choice experiment, Sudanese farmers are asked to pay an increase in existing irrigation fees to secure future irrigation water availability by either enhancing the removal of sediments in their local irrigation channels or compensating farmers in the Ethiopian highlands for taking soil conservation measures to prevent land degradation and soil erosion. Although Sudanese farmers downstream do not feel very connected to farmers upstream in Ethiopia, we find a high degree of trust in international cooperation and a positive WTP for improved irrigation water supply and water use efficiency through transboundary collaboration.

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Mohammed, Shimels H., Tesfa D. Habtewold, Debelo D. Abdi, Shahab Alizadeh, Bagher Larijani, and Ahmad Esmaillzadeh. "The relationship between residential altitude and stunting: evidence from >26 000 children living in highlands and lowlands of Ethiopia." British Journal of Nutrition 123, no. 8 (January 6, 2020): 934–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114519003453.

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AbstractLittle information is known about the influence of altitude on child growth in Ethiopia, where most people live in highlands. We investigated the relation of residential altitude with growth faltering (stunting) of infants and young children in Ethiopia. We also examined whether the altitude–growth relationship was independent of the influence of the dietary and non-dietary determinants of growth. We used the data of 26 976 under-5-year-old children included in the Ethiopian Demographic and Health Surveys, conducted from 2005 to 2016. The samples were recruited following a two-stage cluster sampling strategy. Stunting was defined by height-for-age <−2 z-scores. The relationship between residential altitude and stunting was examined by running multiple logistic regression analysis, controlling the effect of covariate dietary and non-dietary variables. The residential altitude of the study participants ranged from −116 to 4500 m above sea level (masl). There was a significant and progressive increase in the prevalence and odds of stunting with increasing altitude (P < 0·001), irrespective of the dietary and non-dietary predictors of stunting. The prevalence of stunting was lowest in lowlands (39 %) and highest in highlands (47 %). Compared with altitude <1000 masl, the odds of stunting was 1·41 times higher at altitude ≥2500 masl (OR 1·41, 95 % CI 1·16, 1·71) and 1·29 times higher at altitude 2000–2499 masl (OR 1·29, 95 % CI 1·11, 1·49). Children living in highlands might be at a higher risk of poor growth. Further studies are warranted to understand the mechanism behind the observed altitude–stunting link and identify strategies to compensate for the growth-faltering effect of living in highlands.

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