To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Ethiopian languages – Phonology, Comparative.
Journal articles on the topic 'Ethiopian languages – Phonology, Comparative'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Ethiopian languages – Phonology, Comparative.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Tesfaye, Wondwosen. "The Comparative Phonology of Konsoid." Macrolinguistics 8, no. 13 (December 30, 2020): 83–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.26478/ja2020.8.13.6.
Full textAbstract:
This study compares the phonology of Konso, Diraytata and Mosittacha languages which belong to the Konsoid subgroup in the Lowland East Cushitic family. The aim is to identify and describe the phonological similarities and differences that exist among these languages. The classification of the languages’ sound systems, gemination, phonotactics and syllable structures are carried out in order to determine the major pattern of differences and similarities. Some major sound changes are discovered and the merger of voiced obstruents into voiceless counterparts is another major finding observed in these languages.
2
Weninger, Stefan. "Sounds of Gǝʿǝz – How to Study the Phonetics and Phonology of an Ancient Language." Aethiopica 13 (June 14, 2011): 75–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.15460/aethiopica.13.1.39.
Full textAbstract:
The phonology belongs to the basic structures of a language. Knowing the sounds of the phonemes of a language is essential for the grammar, etymology or classification of a given language. For ancient languages (extinct or classical), phonology is always problematic, for obvious reasons. In this paper, various approaches are evaluated and combined that can shed light on how Gəʿəz might have sounded in Aksumite times: transcriptions in contemporary language, transcriptions and loanwords from contemporary languages, traditional pronunciation, the phonology of the daughter languages, and comparative evidence.
3
Collier, Katie, Balthasar Bickel, Carel P. van Schaik, Marta B. Manser, and Simon W. Townsend. "Language evolution: syntax before phonology?" Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1788 (August 7, 2014): 20140263. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.0263.
Full textAbstract:
Phonology and syntax represent two layers of sound combination central to language's expressive power. Comparative animal studies represent one approach to understand the origins of these combinatorial layers. Traditionally, phonology, where meaningless sounds form words, has been considered a simpler combination than syntax, and thus should be more common in animals. A linguistically informed review of animal call sequences demonstrates that phonology in animal vocal systems is rare, whereas syntax is more widespread. In the light of this and the absence of phonology in some languages, we hypothesize that syntax, present in all languages, evolved before phonology.
4
Hayward, R. J. "In defence of the skeletal tier." Studies in African Linguistics 19, no. 2 (August 1, 1988): 131–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/sal.v19i2.107463.
Full textAbstract:
This paper investigates empirically the viability of a hypothesis (advanced by Lowenstamm & Kaye [1986]) that morphological classes (in particular, those typical in languages with nonconcatenative morphologies) are fully definable in terms of syllabic structure. This hypothesis has theoretical significance, for, if correct, the skeletal tier-generally regarded as a core object in autosegmental phonology--becomes a derivative and, consequently, redundant entity. Data from four Ethiopian Semitic languages are presented as evidence that it is not always possible to posit unique syllabifications for morphological classes and that underlyingly many such classes are only partially syllabified, full sy11abifiabi1ity being secured by processes occurring later in the derivation. Analyses are proposed for the data, which demonstrate the necessity for a non-derivative skeletal tier.
5
Gong, Xun. "Uvulars and uvularization in Tangut phonology." Language and Linguistics / 語言暨語言學 21, no. 2 (April 2, 2020): 175–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lali.00060.gon.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Tangut, a mediaeval Qiangic language (Sino-Tibetan family) distinguishes three grades (děng 等). The traditional Sofronov-Gong reconstruction of this distinction postulates different degrees of medial yod: Grade I {-Ø-}, Grade II {-i-}, Grade III {-j-}. The yods, however, are not supported by the transcriptional evidence. Based on cognates between Tangut and Rgyalrongic languages, this study proposes the uvularization hypothesis: Tangut syllables have contrastive uvularization. Grade I/II syllables are uvularized, while Grade III syllables are plain. For phonological velars, uvularized syllables trigger a uvular allophone, while plain syllables trigger a velar allophone. Tangut uvularization is an instance of a common typological feature in Qiangic languages, that of Guttural Secondary Vocalic Articulations (GSVA), variously termed uvularization, velarization, tenseness, or Retracted Tongue Root (RTR). Recognizing Tangut grades as a case of Qiangic GSVA has far-ranging potential consequences for Sino-Tibetan comparative linguistics.
6
Garrigues, Stephen L. "Mimetic Parallels in Korean and Japanese." Studies in Language 19, no. 2 (January 1, 1995): 359–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.19.2.03gar.
Full textAbstract:
Korean and Japanese are both known for their extensive utilization of mimetic adverbs. A comparative examination reveals the systematic nature of sound symbolism in the two languages and the striking parallels in their phonology and morphology. Similar mechanisms of symbolic sound alternation, suffixation and reduplication are utilized in both languages to extend the expressive range of mimetic words. The utilization of dark-bright vowel pairs in Korean mimesis is well known, and a comparison between the two languages shows that Japanese also makes use of similar patterns of mimetic volume pairs. Not only does a comparative approach help illuminate the full systematic nature of sound symbolism in each language, but it may also help further our understanding of the wider relationship between the two languages.
7
Shibles, Warren. "The comparative Phonetics of Dutch and its Dialects." ITL - International Journal of Applied Linguistics 111-112 (January 1, 1996): 119–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/itl.111-112.06shi.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The literature on Dutch phonetics reveals a controversy about certain vowels and consonants. Dictionaries typically do not give phonetics, or if they do, it is not standard IPA, but Dutch-IPA, a personal, or local symbolism. In addition, transcriptions differ. The effect is that the researcher must use questionable symbols and descriptions, and that the language teacher and learner are not provided with a reliable or accessible resource for pronunciation. These difficulties are met here by the attempt to give more careful descriptions of articulations, and consonants. Terms for articulation are standardized, and an extended IPA vowel chart is given to provide a better descriptive analysis than is presently available. A system is presented for the consistent and precise location of vowels. This extended IPA system is used as the basis of phonetic description, analysis and comparison. Emphasis is on the specific case or paradigm method of the philosophy of science so that numerous examples must of necessity be given. This contrasts with the usual article on phonology which provides the fewest number of examples required to support a general or universal hypothesis. This is one of the important differences between phonetics and phonology. These examples provide data for phonology, further research, comparative and contrastive phonetics, as well as to aid the language teacher or learner. In addition, a phonetic comparison is given between Dutch and the Germanic languages.
8
Arizo, Cristian D., Alyssa L. Palayon, Angela Paula V. Tornito, and Bayu Permana Sukma. "Comparative Analysis of Filipino and Indonesian Monophthongs." Lexeme : Journal of Linguistics and Applied Linguistics 2, no. 2 (December 4, 2020): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.32493/ljlal.v2i2.8103.
Full textAbstract:
Filipino and Indonesian belong to the Austronesian language family and this explains why they exhibit many linguistic similarities and numerous cognates. This study aims to further compare the two languages and establish their connection through phonology. The researchers use the cognates to compare the Filipino and Indonesian monophthong vowels. Qualitative method is utilized. The result shows that Filipino and Indonesian have a very similar vowel system with the exception of Indonesian having /ə/ phoneme. It was also found out that most of the changes in monophthongs between the two languages appear in medial position. Moreover, most changes are from the mid back rounded vowel /o/ in Filipino to high back rounded vowel /u/ in Indonesian. Lastly, the changes in the unrounded vowels in Filipino usually appear in the initial and medial position whereas in the rounded vowels in Filipino, changes only appear in either the medial or final position.
9
Goddard, Ives. "Leonard Bloomfield’s descriptive and comparative studies of Algonquian." Historiographia Linguistica 14, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1987): 179–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.14.1-2.17god.
Full textAbstract:
Summary Bloomfield’s Algonquian studies comprise a large body of descriptive and comparative work on Fox, Cree, Menominee, and Ojibwa. The materials he used were derived from his own fieldwork, for the most part, and especially in the case of Fox from the published work of others. His major achievement was to bring explicitness and orderliness to the description of Algonquian inflectional and derivational morphology. An examination of the development of his solution to certain phonological problems in Menominee and of his practices in editing his Menominee texts shows his struggle to reconcile the conflicting goals, formulated in his general statements (in his 1933 Language and elsewhere), of describing a language by determining the norm of the speech community and documenting a language in exhaustive objective detail. In his diachronic studies Bloomfield reconstructed the phonology of Proto-Algonquian and worked out the historical phonology of the languages he was concerned with; his work on morphology was largely confined to the comparison and reconstruction of directly corresponding features. A normative approach to variation is evident in these diachronic studies as well.
10
Carvalho, Fernando O. de. "The historical phonology of Paunaka (Arawakan)." Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. Ciências Humanas 13, no. 2 (August 2018): 405–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1981.81222018000200008.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract This paper applies the comparative method to unravel the historical development of the segmental phonology of Paunaka, an Arawakan language of Bolivia. Although the Paunaka vowel system features a single back rounded vowel, it is rather simple to show that it derives from a system with two back rounded qualities *u and *o, but that the former segment shifted to a high central unrounded vowel ɨ. The language has lost *r unconditionally, implying that Paunaka items with r are probable loanwords. Paunaka underewent a spirantization of *ts, thus merging this affricate with the fricative *s. Although Paunaka shares a coronalization of *k > s with Proto-Mojeño, most of the phonological developments that affected Paunaka are either recurrent in the Arawakan language family or only superficially similar to developments in related languages, and thus provide little weight as evidence for subgrouping. An Appendix is also included, with 105 etymologies matching Paunaka lexical and grammatical morphemes with their cognates in Proto-Mojeño, the two extant Mojeño dialects (Ignaciano and Trinitario) and Terena.
11
Al- Sieedy, Dr Ghanim J. Idan. "The Diminutive in English and Arabic: A Comparative study." ALUSTATH JOURNAL FOR HUMAN AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 223, no. 1 (December 1, 2017): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.36473/ujhss.v223i1.309.
Full textAbstract:
Carrying out comparative studies may pave the way for knowing some universal facts about human language and the common characteristics the compared languages have. The present study tackled one phenomenon of language, the diminutive, which was seen common both to English and Arabic. In English, the diminutive usually shows that something is small and it is either used literally or metaphorically. In Arabic, on the other hand, such meanings are also to be noticed together with the idea that the diminutive mainly means shortening. The paper was divided into three sections and a conclusion. Section one dealt with the diminutive in English giving a definition, talking about the formation of the diminutive, showing the relation between the diminutive and phonology, the diminutive and productivity, the diminutive and borrowing, the diminutive and other languages and afterwards the relation between the diminutive and pragmatics. Section two, on the other hand, was concerned with the diminutive in Arabic where a definition was also given, the functions the diminutive achieve, the conditions for forming the diminutive, the prosodic measures the diminutive follows and the rules and exceptions it follows. Section three was a comparison between the diminutive in English and Arabic. The study ended with mentioning some conclusions the study came out with. It was seen that the two languages differed on the phonological level, some differences were noticed as regards the parts of speech and functions the diminutive perform in each of the two languages.
12
Engdahl, Elisabet, and Robin Cooper. "Introduction." Nordic Journal of Linguistics 27, no. 2 (November 17, 2004): 129–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0332586504001222.
Full textAbstract:
This special issue of the Nordic Journal of Linguistics is devoted to Comparative Nordic Semantics. Whereas much research has been carried out on comparative syntax, morphology and phonology in the Nordic languages, much less work has been done on the comparative semantics of these languages. But the fact that some of the Nordic languages, namely the Scandinavian ones, Danish, Faroese, Icelandic, Norwegian and Swedish, are historically, lexically and structurally very similar means that they provide an interesting target for semantic research. Are there systematic semantic differences between these languages? If so, are the formal semantic analytic tools that have been developed mainly for English and German sufficiently fine-grained to account for the differences among the Scandinavian languages? These were some of the questions asked in the research project Comparative Semantics for Nordic Languages (NORDSEM), which was funded by the Joint Committee of the Nordic Research Councils for the Humanities in 1998–2001 and which involved researchers at the Copenhagen Business School, Göteborg University and the University of Oslo. Two of the papers in this issue (by Carl Vikner and Kjell Johan Sæbø) derive directly from the NORDSEM project whereas the third paper, by Erich Round, pursues some issues investigated during the project by Joakim Nivre and published in Nordic Journal of Linguistics 25:1 (2002).
13
Luangthongkum, Theraphan. "Proto-Karen (*k-rjaƞA) Fauna." MANUSYA 17, no. 3 (2014): 86–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/26659077-01703006.
Full textAbstract:
Even though the reconstruction of Proto- Karen has already been attempted and presented in different ways by a few linguists, some serious disagreements among them on some major points have been found. The research objective, here, is to offer a new look at the Proto-Karen phonology and lexicon. However, the emphasis of this paper is on the reconstruction of Proto-Karen fauna. A wordlist consisting of 2,000 items with English and Thai glosses divided into 21 sections based on semantic fields was devised. The data on the six Karenic languages spoken in Thailand, i.e. Pa-O (two varieties), Kayan, Kayah, Kayaw, Pwo (two varieties) and Sgaw (two varieties) was collected by the author at seven research sites in Thailand from January 2009 – January 2012. They represent Northern, Central and Southern Karen languages. The cognate words found in the Bwe Karen Dictionary (Henderson 1997) were added. To analyse the patterns of sound correspondence, the comparative method was applied with an awareness of areal linguistic features due to language contact. A Proto-Karen (*krjaƞ A) phonology and lexicon were reconstructed. With regard to the Proto- Karen phonology, the relationship between the onsets and tones is quite straightforward, so it is not difficult to reconstruct, unlike the rhymes which, in some cases, are problematical resulting from vowel harmony and the loss of final consonants. The 73 reconstructed forms of Proto-Karen animals are presented and the Proto-Karen tones, onsets and rhymes drawn from Proto-Karen Phonology and Lexicon (L-Thongkum, 2013, ms.) are provided in the Appendix.
14
Zavyalova, Viktoriya L. "Tracing the roots of phonetic variation in East Asian Englishes through loan phonology." Russian Journal of Linguistics 24, no. 3 (December 15, 2020): 569–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2687-0088-2020-24-3-569-588.
Full textAbstract:
One key aspect of Englishes in the Kachruvian Expanding Circle concerns phonetic features as they commonly bear traits of speakers native languages. This article explores language contact phenomena that are likely to cause L1L2 phonological transfer, which underlies the phonetic specificity of English in East Asia. Drawing on the general theory of loan phonology, the author treats phonographic adaptation of English loanwords in East Asian languages compared to Russian, as a reliable source of data that supports research on the nature of phonetic variation in Chinese, Korean, Japanese, and Russian Englishes. The data were obtained through comparative analysis of English loanwords (200 for each language) selected from dictionary sources and speech samples from the Russian-Asian Corpus of English which was collected in earlier research. The findings confirm typological correlation of phonological transfer in loanword phonographic adaptation and in foreign language phonology. In both linguistic contexts, a crucial role is played by syllabic constraints, because being the fundamental unit of any phonological system, a syllable serves a domain of its segmental and suprasegmental features. Consequently, various resyllabification phenomena occur in English borrowings in the languages of East Asia whose phonological typology is distant from that of English; as a demonstration of this same conflict, the syllabic and, hence, rhythmic organization of East Asian Englishes tends to exhibit similar code-copying variation. The greater typological proximity of English and Russian syllable regulations leads to fewer manifestations of syllabic and rhythmic restructuring in both loanword adaptations and English spoken by native speakers of Russian.
15
BORJIAN, HABIB. "The Language of the Kharg Island." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 29, no. 4 (October 2019): 659–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1356186319000403.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractKhargi is spoken on the island of Kharg in the Persian Gulf. A member of the Southwest branch of the Iranian languages, Khargi is related to the languages spoken in the province of Fārs and along the coastal line down to the Strait of Hormuz, suggesting extensive maritime contact, yet does not lend itself to any of the known subgroups of the family. As Khargi remains largely obscure, this article offers a morphosyntax and lexical analysis based on published texts and those collected by the author. It investigates the linguistic position of Khargi based on comparative-historical phonology as well as areal features, with a look at cross-linguistic influence in the situation of language contact. By contrasting linguistic findings with details of history and economy, an attempt is made to date the original and later human settlements on the island.1
16
Moore, Devin. "Subgrouping of Coahuitlán Totonac." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 62, no. 1 (July 14, 2016): 84–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cnj.2016.23.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractCoahuitlán Totonac is spoken in Veracruz, Mexico, and has been variously ascribed to two different branches of the Totonacan family tree. While recent work has begun to bring empirical evidence to the internal structure of this family tree, there remain several important areas of disagreement, in addition to the disputed affiliation of Coahuitlán. This article informs the family tree and demonstrates that Coahuitlán belongs to the Northern branch using shared innovations and two computational methods. The comparative method seeks sets of shared innovations for evidence of subgrouping. This article presents proposed shared innovations in phonology, morphology, and lexicon, which fall into two sets, one belonging to the Sierra and Lowland branches, and the other belonging to the Northern. Coahuitlán Totonac overwhelmingly shares innovations found in Northern languages and lacks innovations found in Sierra. Two quantitative methods are also used to show that Coahuitlán groups groups closely with other Northern languages.
17
Johannessen, Janne Bondi. "Factors of variation, maintenance and change in Scandinavian heritage languages." International Journal of Bilingualism 22, no. 4 (March 27, 2018): 447–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367006918762161.
Full textAbstract:
Aims and objectives/purpose/research questions: I investigate variation and change in heritage languages, focusing on descendants of 19th-/early 20th-century North Germanic immigrant languages in America. A battery of predictors (e.g. token frequency, language attitude) are compared against a baseline grammar, something often framed in terms of ‘transfer’, ‘incomplete acquisition’ and ‘attrition’. I examine which particular changes have been attributed to which factors. Design/methodology/approach, data and analysis: I synthesise and draw new conclusions from previous research on heritage Scandinavian. Findings/Conclusions: Relevant factors belong to two main categories: those favouring maintenance and those more likely to trigger change. Factors that support maintenance are structural ones (typically syntax, phonology and morphology), frequency of use and external factors. Factors that contribute to change are articulation, language attitudes and a series of cognitive aspects: incomplete acquisition and attrition, transfer and convergence, processing, memory, complexity and overgeneralisation. Originality: I undertake a comparative synthesis of patterns of change and non-change from baseline varieties. Significance and implications: This opens a door to investigating how factors correlate, what causal connections can be found and what levels of language are affected by what factors.
18
Karataeva, S. "Phonetic Mastering of Arabic Words With Long Vowels in the Turkic Languages." Bulletin of Science and Practice 7, no. 2 (February 15, 2021): 417–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/63/48.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of our article can be characterized as a scientific review of the vocal system of the Kyrgyz language against the background of Turkic phonology and the patterns of development of the vocal paradigm, the transformation and evolution of long vowels in the historical context (influence of the Arabic language) of Central Asia. Analyzing all data related to the long vowels’ changes in the above-mentioned language and the transformations based on Arabic borrowings. Also, subjected to a detailed analysis of the graphic influences from the side of Arabic graphics in relation to Kyrgyz phonology and linguistic facts about the transformation of Arabic tokens during adaptation in a foreign language context. Nevertheless, to explain the areal features of the Kyrgyz language on the scale of Central Asia. To demonstrate (on the example of archaic words, religious lexicon terms) the stages and patterns of the historical development of the vocal system of a given language in a comparative and cognitive plan. The purpose of this study is, therefore, to identify and describe the patterns of development of quantum phonetics, phonosemantic features of long vowels of Kyrgyz lexemes and phonemes on the one hand, and Arabic guttural and posterolinguistic connectives on the other hand. Kyrgyz and Arabic are multisystem languages. The Arabic language, in a typological sense, is inflectional and belongs to the Semitic group, at the same time, according to some scholars, the Kyrgyz is an agglutinative language and has Altai origin. It is well known that the phonetic spectrum and their variable language palette of the Arabic language is very diverse. In phonetic terms, the Arabic language has a widely developed system of consonant phonemes, on the other hand, the likelihood of the phonomorphological and phonosemantic function of vowels in the Kyrgyz language is quite high too. As part of our research, we tried to identify the seven positions of long vowels in the Arabic language, and in parallel to this show the transformations of Arabic sounds based on the internal phonetic laws of the Kyrgyz language. Consequently, the Arabic long vowels in the process of adaptation in the Kyrgyz language environment, to a certain extent, retained their quantitative character (quantum coefficient) in comparison with other Turkic languages of Central Asia.
19
Sukarto, Aprilia Ruby Wikarti, Elizabeth Renata, and Silvia Moira. "Contrastive Analysis between Chinese and Indonesian Phonology and Implementation on Conversation Class." International Journal of Culture and Art Studies 3, no. 1 (September 29, 2019): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/ijcas.v3i1.1390.
Full textAbstract:
This study aims to find out the phonological characteristics of Indonesian Language and Mandarin language, their impact and application in learning Chinese conversations. This study will use descriptive comparative methods and surveys. Based on the data obtained, there are differences in the pronunciation of single Indonesian and Chinese vowels, namely vowel [y], [ɣ], [i]. Mandarin has triftong, which is [iou], [iao]. The consonants of Indonesian and Mandarin have similarities, but the pronunciation is different. The consonant of Indonesian is not distinguished from no aspirations and aspirations, based on no voices and voices. In suprasegmental features, such as tons, intonation, pressure, pauses, Mandarin is one of the tonal languages, whereas Indonesian is not a tonal language. In Indonesian, the pressure functions to distinguish meaning in the sentence level, but does not distinguish meaning at the word level. Whereas in Mandarin, the pressure is divided into word pressure and sentence pressure. In Indonesian, intonation plays an important role when distinguishing the meaning of sentences. Whereas in Mandarin, the rules for pronunciation of intonation are not strict. Pause in Indonesian and Mandarin, marked by the use of signs. The results of this study can help teachers determine and use appropriate learning techniques so that they can help, facilitate the needs, demands, and goals of students in pronunciation.
20
Viti, Carlotta. "Reconstructing Syntactic Variation in Proto-Indo-European." Indo-European Linguistics 2, no. 1 (2014): 73–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22125892-00201004.
Full textAbstract:
This paper discusses the problem of linguistic reconstruction in the Indo-European languages with particular attention to syntax. While many scholars consider syntactic reconstruction as being in principle impossible, other scholars simply apply to syntax the same tenets of the Comparative Method and of Internal Reconstruction, which were originally used in Indo-European studies for reconstructing phonology and morphology. Accordingly, it is assumed that synchronically anomalous syntactic structures are more ancient than productive syntactic constructions; the former are considered as being residues of an early stage of Proto-Indo-European, where they were also more regular and took part in a consistent syntactic system. Various hypotheses of Proto-Indo-European as a syntactically consistent language, which in the last years have witnessed resurgence, are here discussed and criticized. We argue that syntactic consistency is nowhere attested in the Indo-European languages, which in their earliest records rather document an amazing structural variation. Accordingly, we reconstruct Proto-Indo-European as an inconsistent syntactic system in the domains of word order, agreement, configurationality, and alignment, and we consider inconsistency and structural variation to be an original condition of languages. Moreover, we make some proposals for the appropriate use of typology in linguistic reconstruction, with some examples of what can or cannot be reconstructed in syntax.
21
Suparno, Darsita, Santje Inneke Iroth, Syifa Fauzia Chairul, and Muhammad Azwar. "Comparative Basic-Words of Standard Arabic Palestinian and Tunisian." Insaniyat: Journal of Islam and Humanities 4, no. 2 (May 24, 2020): 103–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/insaniyat.v4i2.14509.
Full textAbstract:
This paper studies comparative linguistics on the process of word-formation that occurs in Modern Standard Arabic (MSA), Palestinian Arabic (PLS), and Tunisian Arabic (TNS). It is addressed to portray the process of the verb, adjective, and noun formation in three Arabic languages by using Plag’s theory and to identify sameness and contrariness of basic words by using Hock’s theory. This study used 220 of Morris Swadesh's basic vocabulary as the main guidelines for obtaining data. The criteria were adopted to analyze the data were orthographic, sound-change, phonological and morpheme contrast. This research used descriptive qualitative. The source of the data was basic-word vocabulary. The data were gathered by conducting an in-depth interview with five post-graduate students of the Arabic Department at Universitas Islam Negeri (UIN) Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta as informants to get information. The data were analyzed by using structural linguistics, especially phonology, morphology, and semantics. This investigation informed several aspects of findings such as processes of cognates, back-formation, phonological variations, prefixes, clipping, derivation, acronym, loanword, blending, and metathesis of MSA, PLS and TNS. Using the Swadesh vocabulary list, the results of this study found 207 vocabularies for each language, such as MSA, Tunisian, and Palestinian. Using word categorization, it has found that these vocabularies have categorized into five words classes, namely, nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, determiner.
22
Jaroslavienė, Jurgita, and Jolita Urbanavičienė. "Fundamental study on the sounds of standard Baltic languages: phonetic and phonological differences." Lietuvių kalba, no. 15 (December 28, 2020): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/lk.2020.22437.
Full textAbstract:
The article discusses the most important differences in the sound structure of contemporary Lithuanian and Latvian standard languages, scientific and practical benefits of a fundamental comparative instrumental sound research, reviews possible further innovations in theories and methods of acoustic and articulatory phonetics and phonology, and perspectives as well as tasks of such research.In his monograph Comparative History of the Baltic Languages (2019), Pietro Umberto Dini observes that there is a constant decline in the synthetic structure in the Baltic language systems, most notably as a reduction of the flexural forms of the noun and verb. He argues that the Baltic languages, like all other Indo-European languages, recognise a structural development: agglutination → synthetic → isolation language. According to the author, the isolation stage of development in the Lithuanian language is just starting, and the isolation structure of the Latvian language is becoming more and more pronounced. Pietro Umberto Dini states that “from the Baltic systems, the Latvian language ‘drifts’ faster in terms of structural development, and the Lithuanian language remains the most morphologically conservative of the current Indo-European languages due to the much slower change” (Dini 2019, 577). The author, based on, for example, the growing tendency in the colloquial Lithuanian language to move the accent to the first syllable (where the accent has long been emphasised in the Latvian language), considers that analogous tendencies are observed in both languages, i.e. the Baltic languages are evolving towards convergence. The data presented in this article and the latest synchronous instrumental studies of the sounds of the Baltic languages do not confirm the convergence trends: the sound structure of the Lithuanian and Latvian languages is still quite different (cf. Urbanavičienė, Indričāne, Jaroslavienė, Grigorjevs 2019, 286; see also Jaroslavienė, Grigorjevs, Urbanavičienė, Indričāne 2019). Both Baltic languages are characterised by quantitative vowel opposition, adjective system (polytonicity), sufficiently simple structure of consonant compounds (e.g. CV and CVC syllable types make up 79% of all Lithuanian syllables, see Karosienė, Girdenis 1994, 40), the same phonological opposition of consonants (voting, modal, local). However, the Lithuanian language has a free accent, while the Latvian language has a fixed accent. One of the most important distinguishing features of the current Baltic languages is palatalization: Lithuanian language is characterised by secondary palatalization and opposition palatalised vs. unpalatalised realisation, which presupposes a twice as large inventory of consonant phonemes in the Lithuanian language and, in comparison with the Latvian language, an accurate, precise articulation of consonants.The article highlights certain similarities and differences in the sound structure of the contemporary Lithuanian and Latvian standard languages based on the latest synchronous comparative research of the Baltic sound system: two scientific monographs of the series Sounds of the Baltic Languages in the early 21st Century (Jaroslavienė, Grigorjevs, Urbanavičienė, Indričāne 2019; Urbanavičienė, Indričāne, Jaroslavienė, Grigorjevs 2019), where the sounds of Lithuanian and Latvian languages are instrumentally studied and described according to the same principles. This is an excellent basis to continue the instrumental study of the contemporary Baltic sounds (and to discuss the importance of the research) on other relevant aspects and perspectives (a few new instrumental non-comparative studies already exist, cf. Ledichova 2020); to update and highlight the practical benefits of such studies and audio recordings (by taking into account the assistance in language learning, examining standard language norms, pronunciation tendencies, the importance in medicine, developing tools and instruments for language technology and artificial intelligence), innovations and perspectives of theories and methods. It is a very important incentive to continue instrumental scientific and practical research of Lithuanian sound methodological innovations, drawing increasingly clear prospects for further research.
23
Candra, Haryono, and Yusup Gumilar Sukma. "Comparative Analysis of Chinese and Indonesian Vowel Systems." Humanus 19, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/humanus.v19i1.108017.
Full textAbstract:
In Chinese and Indonesian languages, a syllable is composed of consonants and vowels. Many researchers have focused on studying consonants and paid less attention to vowels. However, vowels play an essential role in a syllable, which is in fact the most pronounced part of a syllable. It is because of vowels that people can perceive language and communicate with each other. This article takes the Chinese and Indonesian vowels as the research object and makes a comparative analysis of the Chinese and Indonesian vowel systems to reveal the similarities and differences between the two at the level of monophthongs, compound vowels, and allophones. Hopefully, it can make contributions to the development of the Chinese-Indonesian comparative phonology discipline. This paper mainly adopts qualitative research method, that is, combining literature integration method, description method, contrast method and analysis method. It reaches several conclusions: First, the Chinese monophthongs, compound vowels, and allophones are more developed than those of Indonesian; Second, there is contrast between rounded and unrounded lip sounds in the Chinese monophthong system, which does not exist in the Indonesian system; Third, there exists some cases in Chinese compound vowels system that the spelling is inconsistent with the actual pronunciation, but this is not the case in Indonesian. Fourth, Chinese vowels’ allophones are mainly caused by the different positions of vowel in the syllables, while in Indonesian they are mainly affected by the different natures of the syllables. The results of this research can provide some insights for other Chinese and Indonesian language researchers.
24
Morozkina, Tatiana, Jarmila Rusiňáková, and Larisa Ivanova. "Phonosemantic interpretation of lexical units in the context of Russian and Slovak linguocultures." Revista Amazonia Investiga 9, no. 29 (May 17, 2020): 496–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.34069/ai/2020.29.05.55.
Full textAbstract:
Phonosemantics is one of the youngest disciplines in the modern linguistics but takes an important part in the intercultural communication. The purpose of the article is to carry out the comparative analysis of lexical units of the Russian and Slovak language systems from the perspective of phonosemantics and philological hermeneutics. There has been made an attempt to study the correlation between the phonetic and semantic motivations of lexemes and paroemias (proverbs and sayings) in the system of the Russian and Slovak languages on the basis of the phonosemantic analysis and hermeneutic method. The mechanism for determining the language connotation on the knowledge based system makes it possible to reveal the linguocultural peculiarities of phraseological units, taking into account national-cultural, territorial, ethnolinguistic factors provided the individual’s cognitive abilities are activated. The problem of decoding of semantics in the situation of cross-cultural cooperation is not researched only from the view of the traditional linguistics, but also by means of cognitive activities: perception, presentation, reflection, interpretation. The adequate interpretation of the linguo-cultural phenomena and lexical units is the reflection in the internal communication aimed at the decoding of cultural and language code. In the external communication the reflection of the individual is expressed in the interpretation. The phonosemantic analysis, based on the description of natural-cultural lexical blocks from the view of philological hermeneutics, was revealed at first differences and similarities in Russian and Slovak languages; secondly, it were determined the so-called linguocultural codes. The analysis of lexical units in the Russian and Slovak languages has revealed common and distinctive peculiarities of the languages regarding their phonology and semantics. Perception and interpretation of linguistic units in foreign culture helps to achieve the most important communicative and pragmatic purpose – the establishment of intercultural and interpersonal parity and mutual understanding in the process of communicative interaction.
25
Zakiyah, Shifa Nur, Susi Machdalena, and Tb Ace Fachrullah. "KORESPONDENSI FONEMIS BAHASA SUNDA DAN BAHASA JAWA." IdeBahasa 2, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 121–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.37296/idebahasa.v2i2.44.
Full textAbstract:
This article discussed the phonemic correspondence in Sundanese and Javanese using a historical comparative linguistic approach. The problem to be examined in this study is the form of phonemic correspondence in Sundanese and Javanese. The purpose of this study was to determine the phonemic correspondence sets in the comparison between Sundanese and Javanese. The method used in this research to analyze the data is the phonemic correspondence method. The correspondence method is used to find the relationship between languages in the field of language sounds (phonology). Phonemic correspondence is used to determine regular phonemic changes in the languages being compared. Data collection used interview techniques, note techniques and recording techniques. After the data is collected, then the data is classified according to the problem being studied and grouped into more specifics. After that, conclusions will be made based on the results of the data analysis. The data source obtained comes from 200 swadesh vocabularies in Sundanese and Javanese. From 200 swadesh vocabulary data found 49 data included in phonemic correspondence which is divided into 12 correspondence sets. The results of this study include the formation of correspondences in Sundanese and Javanese, namely, (ɛ ~ i) and (i ~ ɛ), (a ~ ɔ) and (ɔ ~ a), (d ~ D), (t ~ T) , (ɤ ~ ə), (b ~ w), (ɔ ~ u) and (ɔ ~ U), (i ~ I), (ø ~ h) and (h ~ ø), (ø ~ m), and (a ~ ə).
26
A. Gaeng, Paul. "The extent to which inscriptional evidence may serve as a source of "vulgar," i.e. spoken Latin." Linguistica 32, no. 2 (December 1, 1992): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/linguistica.32.2.19-29.
Full textAbstract:
"Itis incumbent on Romance scholars to analyze and interpret their exceptionally full stock of linguistic material, using all methods of study at their disposal, working both backward and forward in time. Only thus will Romance linguistics be enabled to do what others expect of it: to serve not only as an end in itself but as a model and training-ground for workers in all fields of historical linguistics." Thus wrote the American scholar, Robert A. Hall, jr. some forty years ago in an essay on the recon struction of Proto-Romance. 1 Indeed, the researcher into the history of the Romance languages is faced with, on the one hand, the schemes of reconstruction (essentially based on the principles of the historical comparative method) and the often puzzling testimonies of reality found in the sources. Put in other terms, he has the choice of working with an abstract system represented by starred Latin forms that do not belong to any real language or the reality of the mass of postclassical written records that have come down to us to be analyzed and sifted through with a view to discovering evidences of trends toward Romance in phonology, morpho-syntax, and vocabulary. And while there are, no doubt, materials whose meaning in terms of future evolution of the Romance languages is difficult, if not impossible to discover, there is an abun dance of those that prelude the future. It is the attention to the future that, I believe, can give reality and life to the large number of forms collected from inscriptions, late writers, and other sources of so-called "Vulgar", i. e. non-literary Latin.
27
Miller, John E., Tiago Tresoldi, Roberto Zariquiey, César A. Beltrán Castañón, Natalia Morozova, and Johann-Mattis List. "Using lexical language models to detect borrowings in monolingual wordlists." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 9, 2020): e0242709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242709.
Full textAbstract:
Lexical borrowing, the transfer of words from one language to another, is one of the most frequent processes in language evolution. In order to detect borrowings, linguists make use of various strategies, combining evidence from various sources. Despite the increasing popularity of computational approaches in comparative linguistics, automated approaches to lexical borrowing detection are still in their infancy, disregarding many aspects of the evidence that is routinely considered by human experts. One example for this kind of evidence are phonological and phonotactic clues that are especially useful for the detection of recent borrowings that have not yet been adapted to the structure of their recipient languages. In this study, we test how these clues can be exploited in automated frameworks for borrowing detection. By modeling phonology and phonotactics with the support of Support Vector Machines, Markov models, and recurrent neural networks, we propose a framework for the supervised detection of borrowings in mono-lingual wordlists. Based on a substantially revised dataset in which lexical borrowings have been thoroughly annotated for 41 different languages from different families, featuring a large typological diversity, we use these models to conduct a series of experiments to investigate their performance in mono-lingual borrowing detection. While the general results appear largely unsatisfying at a first glance, further tests show that the performance of our models improves with increasing amounts of attested borrowings and in those cases where most borrowings were introduced by one donor language alone. Our results show that phonological and phonotactic clues derived from monolingual language data alone are often not sufficient to detect borrowings when using them in isolation. Based on our detailed findings, however, we express hope that they could prove to be useful in integrated approaches that take multi-lingual information into account.
28
Abryutina, Anna, and Anna Ponomareva. "German-English Interference in the Field of Vocalism (Based on the Speech of Germans who Study English as a Foreign Language)." Izvestia of Smolensk State University, no. 1 (53) (April 12, 2021): 128–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.35785/2072-9464-2021-53-1-128-143.
Full textAbstract:
The growing popularity of contrastive phonology as a branch of linguis-tics is seen now, in particular, due to the spread of bilingualism and multilin-gualism. Globalization involves the ability to speak several languages, in the study of which the phonetic level is primarily considered. The purpose of this work is to examine and describe the most likely consequences arising from in-terference in the articulation of vowel sounds in the English-language speech of Germans who study English as a foreign language. The article deals with monophthongs, diphthongs, and triphthongs, dis-cusses possible variations in the articulation of sounds, as well as the processes of reduction, elision, and substitution. Descriptive and comparative methods are the leading ones in the work, however, the instrumental method is also used to determine deviations from the norm and the nature of changes in articulation. The paper identifies a number of trends in the articulation of English sounds by Germans and reveals the reasons of the main difficulties which stu-dents face while studying phonetic norms of RP and speaking German as their native language, i.e. the qualitative and quantitative mismatch of allophones. The achievement of this goal testifies to the theoretical significance of this work, namely, the possibility of further detailed research in the field of sociophonetics and phonostylistics.
29
Colomina, María Pilar. "A distinctness approach to clitic combinations in Romance." Studies in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics 13, no. 2 (October 25, 2020): 277–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/shll-2020-2031.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThis paper analyses the combinatorial restrictions that operate in clitic clusters in certain Eastern Iberian varieties (Aragonese, Spanish, and Catalan). In particular, I focus on the combination of third person clitics. As it is well known, in some Romance varieties the combination of a third person accusative clitic and a third person dative clitic is banned (the so-called ∗le lo restriction, Bonet, Eulàlia. 1991. Morphology after syntax: Pronominal clitics in Romance. Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Dissertation; Cuervo, María Cristina. 2013. Spanish clitic clusters: Three of a perfect pair. Borealis: An International Journal of Hispanic Linguistics 2. 191–220; Nevins, Andrew. 2007. The representation of third person and its consequences for person-case effects. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory 25(2). 273–313; Ordóñez, Francisco. 2002. Some clitic combinations in the syntax of Romance. Catalan Journal of Linguistics 1. 201–224, Ordóñez, Francisco. 2012. Clitics in Spanish. In José I. Hualde, Antxon Olarrea & Erin O’Rouke (eds.), The handbook of Spanish Linguistics, 423–453. Malden: Wiley-Blackwell; Perlmutter, David. 1971. Deep and surface structure constraints in syntax. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston). In order to license this troublesome combination, languages resort to different ‘repair strategies’ modifying the structure of one of the merged clitics. In the literature on clitic combinations, there have been two main proposals of analysis: morphological and syntactical. In this paper, I put forward an analysis based on the Distinctness Condition (Hiraiwa, Ken. 2010. The syntactic OCP. In Yukio Otsu (ed.), The proceedings of the 11th Tokyo Conference on Psycholinguistics, 35–56. Hituzi: Tokyo; Neeleman, Ad & Hans van de Koot. 2005. Syntactic haplology. In Martin Everaert & Henk van Riemsdijk (eds.), The Blackwell companion to syntax, 685–710. Wiley-Blackwell; Perlmutter, David. 1971. Deep and surface structure constraints in syntax. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston; Richards, Norvin. 2010. Uttering trees, vol. 56. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; Van Riemsdijk, Henk. 1998. Categorial feature magnetism: The endocentricity and distribution of projections. The Journal of Comparative Germanic Linguistics 2(1). 1–48; Yip, Moira. 1998. Identity avoxidance in phonology and morphology. In Steven G. Lapointe, Diane K. Brentari & Patrick M. Farell (eds.), Mophology and its relation to phonology and syntax, 216–246. Stanford, CA: CSLI). Specifically, I argue that the restrictions that constraint clitic combinations are due to the impossibility to linearize two identical syntactic objects, such as <XP, XP> (Chomsky, Noam. 2013. Problems of projection. Lingua 130. 33–49; Chomsky, Noam. 2015. Problems of projection. In Elisa Di Domenico, Cornelia Hamann & Simona Matteini (eds.), Structures, strategies and beyond: Studies in honour of Adriana Belletti, 1–16. Amsterdam: John Benjamins; Moro, Andrea. 2000. Dynamic antisymmetry (No. 38). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; Richards, Norvin. 2010. Uttering trees, vol. 56. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press). From this perspective, cross-linguistic variation is the result of different ‘repair strategies’ languages deploy to make <XP, XP> objects linearizable (Richards, Norvin. 2010. Uttering trees, vol. 56. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press).
30
Williamson, Kay. "Hounkpati B. C. Capo: A comparative phonology of Gbe. (Publications in African Languages and Linguistics, 14.) xxiv, 238 pp. Berlin and New York: Foris Publications; Garome, Bénin: Labo Gbe (Int.), 1991. DM 138." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 58, no. 2 (June 1995): 429–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x00011587.
Full text
31
Tuan, Vu Van. "Communicative Competence of the Fourth Year Students: Basis for Proposed English Language Program." English Language Teaching 10, no. 7 (June 5, 2017): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/elt.v10n7p104.
Full textAbstract:
This study on level of communicative competence covering linguistic/grammatical and discourse has aimed at constructing a proposed English language program for 5 key universities in Vietnam. The descriptive method utilized was scientifically employed with comparative techniques and correlational analysis. The researcher treated the surveyed data through frequency counts, means and percentage computations, and analysis of variance/t-test to compare two main area variables. The respondents was 221 students from 5 universities randomly chosen. The major findings of the study generally reveal that the students’ level of communicative competence is a factor of their parents’ academic influence. Their linguistic/grammatical and discourse competence is helped by their chance for formal and intensive learning, conversing with a native speaker of the English language, rich exposure to social media networks, and reading materials written in English. Moreover, the students’ greatest strength along linguistic competence is on the use and function of noun, pronoun and preposition, while their weaknesses are on the use and function of conjunction, adverb, interjection, and verb. It is a general finding that the 4th year students who are linguistically competent on the whole system and structure of a language or of languages in general (consisting of syntax, morphology, inflections, phonology and semantics) have the tendency to speak or write authoritatively about a topic or to engage in conversation. Basing on the findings from this study, an enhancement program was proposed with the certainty that this proposed English language program would bring the best efficiency in the second language acquisition.
32
Overall, Simon. "On the non-phonemic status of the velar nasal /ŋ/ in Jivaroan." LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas, no. 8 (April 28, 2010): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/liames.v0i8.1470.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACTThe modern Jivaroan languages and the reconstructed proto language have all been assigned a velar nasal phoneme /ŋ/ by previous analysts. In this paper I argue that such an analysis is incorrect, and propose that the velar nasals in surface forms come from two sources. The first is assimilation of an underlying unspecified syllable-final nasal archiphoneme /N/ to a following velar stop /k/. The second concerns a group of velar nasals that surface only in Aguaruna and arise as a syllable-final allophone of the phoneme /h/. I also propose to reconstruct a rhotic phoneme for the proto language rather than a velar nasal, and show that it has merged with /h/ in Aguaruna. Historical, comparative and documentary evidence is adduced to support these hypotheses.KEYWORDS: Jivaroan; phonology; reconstruction. RESUMENEstudiosos anteriores consideraron el fonema nasal velar /ŋ/ como parte tanto de las lenguas jíbaras actuales como de la proto lengua reconstruida. En este artículo, argumento que esos análisis están incorrectos; propongo, por el contrario, que la nasal velar en la estructura superficial tiene dos orígenes. El primero se relaciona con la asimilación del arquifonema nasal no especificado en final de sílaba a la consonante oclusiva velar /k/. El segundo se relaciona con un grupo de consonantes nasales velares que se manifiestan solamente en la lengua aguaruna, concretizándose como alófono, en sílaba final, del fonema /h/. También propongo reconstruir un fonema rótico para la proto lengua y no una nasal velar. Muestro, asimismo, que el rótico se fusionó con /h/ en aguaruna. Recurro a evidencias de tipo histórico, comparativo y documental para corroborar estas hipótesis.PALABRAS-CLAVE: Jíbaro; Fonología; Reconstrucción.
33
Escher, Julia, and Yves Trachsel. "Shimunek, Andrew: Languages of Ancient Southern Mongolia and North China – A Historical-Comparative Study of the Serbi or Xianbei Branch of the Serbi-Mongolic Language Family, with an Analysis of Northeastern Frontier Chinese and Old Tibetan Phonology." Asiatische Studien - Études Asiatiques 72, no. 4 (December 19, 2018): 1231–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/asia-2018-0039.
Full text
34
Walkden, George. "The correspondence problem in syntactic reconstruction." Diachronica 30, no. 1 (April 12, 2013): 95–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.30.1.04wal.
Full textAbstract:
While considerable swathes of the phonology and morphology of proto-languages have been reconstructed using the comparative method, syntax has lagged behind. Jeffers (1976) and Lightfoot (2002a), among others, have questioned whether syntax can be reconstructed at all, claiming that a fundamental problem exists in applying the techniques of phonological reconstruction to syntax. Others, such as Harris & Campbell (1995) and, following them, Barðdal & Eythórsson (2012), have claimed that the problem does not arise in their frameworks. This paper critically examines the isomorphism between phonological and syntactic reconstruction, made possible by an ‘item-based’ view of syntactic variation as assumed within Minimalist theories of syntax as well as Construction Grammar and others. A case study dealing with the ‘middle voice’ suffix -sk in early North Germanic is presented in support of the approach. While the conclusion drawn is not as pessimistic as that of Lightfoot (2002a), it is argued that the ‘correspondence problem’ is real and that reconstruction of syntax is therefore necessarily more difficult, and speculative, than that of phonology. Resume Si des pans entiers de la phonologie et de la morphologie des proto-langues ont pu etre reconstruits grace a la methode comparative, la syntaxe est restee, elle, peu touchee. Jeffers (1976) et Lightfoot (2002a), entre autres, ont emis des doutes sur la possibilite de reconstruire veritablement toute syntaxe, avancant un probleme fondamental dans l’application a la syntaxe des techniques de la reconstruction phonologique. D’autres, tels que Harris & Campbell (1995), et, par la suite, Barddal & Eythorsson (2012), ont fait valoir que ce probleme ne survenait pas dans leur systeme. Nous faisons ici un examen critique de l’isomorphisme entre les reconstructions phonologique et syntaxique, en nous appuyant sur la vision ‘par item’ de la variation syntaxique telle qu’elle est concue dans le cadre des theories de la syntaxe du programme minimaliste, des grammaires de construction et de bien d’autres encore. Afin d’etayer cette demarche, nous presentons une etude de cas portant sur le suffixe -sk en vieux scandinave. Si nous n’en tirons pas une conclusion aussi pessimiste que celle de Lightfoot (2002a), nous n’en pensons pas moins que ‘le probleme de la correspondance’ est bel et bien reel, et que, necessairement, la reconstruction de la syntaxe est plus difficile et plus conjecturale que celle de la phonologie. Zusammenfassung Wahrend die Phonologie und Morphologie von Proto-Sprachen zu einem bemerkenswert grosen Teil unter Anwendung der komparativen Methode rekonstruiert worden sind, hinkt die Syntax hinterher. Nicht nur Jeffers (1976) und Lightfoot (2002a) haben Bedenken daruber geausert, ob Syntax uberhaupt rekonstruiert werden kann, da es problematisch sei, Techniken, die fur die phonologische Rekonstruktion entwickelt wurden, auf die Syntax anzuwenden. Andere Forscher wie Harris & Campbell (1995) sowie Barddal & Eythorsson (2012) haben behauptet, dass dieses Problem in ihrem Framework nicht auftauche. Im vorliegenden Aufsatz wird die Isomorphie zwischen phonologischer und syntaktischer Rekonstruktion einer kritischen Prufung unterzogen. Ermoglicht wird dies durch eine ‘Item-basierte’ Sicht auf die syntaktische Variation, wie sie beispielsweise innerhalb minimalistischer und konstruktionsgrammatischer Syntaxtheorien und vergleichbaren Ansatzen vertreten wird. Eine Fallstudie zum Suffix -sk im fruhen Nordgermanischen wird zugunsten dieser Herangehensweise angefuhrt. Obwohl die Schlussfolgerung nicht so pessimistisch ausfallt wie diejenige von Lightfoot (2002a), ergibt sich doch, dass das ‘Korrespondenzproblem’ tatsachlich existiert und dass die Rekonstruktion der Syntax daher notwendigerweise schwieriger und spekulativer ist als die der Phonologie.
35
Owens, Jonathan. "Idiomatic Structure and the Theory of Genetic Relationship." Diachronica 13, no. 2 (January 1, 1996): 283–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.13.2.05owe.
Full textAbstract:
SUMMARY It has been an assumption of many practitioners of comparative linguistics that genetic relations are defined between languages as holistic entities. A recent explicit expression of this position is Thomason &Kaufman (1988). An alternative viewpoint, probably a minority position, is that expressed (inter alia) by Allen (1953), which defines genetic relations in terms of linguistic components. Assuming the correctness of the first position, which is the more stringent one, I examine one aspect of linguistic structure in Nigerian Arabic, idiomatic expressions, showing that Nigerian Arabic belongs to what I term a Lake Chad Basin areal type, which is quite distinct from Arabic of the Middle East. On the other hand, the Arabic heritage is unmistakeably dominant in its phonology, morphology, lexicon, and syntax. It follows from this comparative study that either the second, componential conception of linguistic relatedness must be adopted, or language families of the world will need to be radically rethought. RÉSUMÉ On suppose généralement que la notion de parenté génétique s'applique aux langues, définies comme entités indivisibles (voir, par exemple, Thoma-son et Kaufman 1988). Un autre point de vue, minoritaire, soutient que la parenté génétique doit plutôt s'établir entre les diverses composantes linguistiques (voir, entre autres, Allen 1953). Partant de l'hypothèse que le premier des deux points de vue est le bon, on examine une composante linguistique — les expression idiomatiques — de l'arabe nigérian. On constate que cette langue se rattache au type des langues du bassin du Lac Tchad, fort différent de celui de l'arabe du Proche-Orient. Par contre, la phonologie, la morphologie, le lexique et la syntaxe relèvent nettement du type arabe. Deux conclusions possibles s'offrent à nous: ou bien le second des points de vue, qui traite de composantes linguistiques, est le bon, ou alors il faut revoir au complet la classification des langues du monde. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Normalerweise wird angenommen, daß genetische Verhältnisse auf der Basis von Sprachen als gesamte Einheiten zu definiëren sind (z. B. Thomason &Kaufman 1988). Eine andere wohl weniger verbreitete Meinung behauptet dagegen, daB nicht gesamte Sprache sondera deren einzelne linguistische Komponenten (z.B. Morphologie) die zu vergleichenden Einheiten darstellen (Allen 1953). Beide Ansichten werden an Hand von idiomatischen Aus-drücken im Arabischen vom Tschad-See-Gebiet erörtert. Einerseits wird ge-zeigt, daB sich diese Varietät des Arabischen in ihrer idiomatischen Struktur an andere Sprachen des Gebiets angepaBt hat, andererseits allerdings, daB sie in anderen linguistischen Komponenten (Phonologie, Morphologie, Lexikon, Syntax) eine Varietät des Arabischen ist. Als SchluBfolgerung ist daraus zu ziehen, daB entweder ein komponentielles Modell der genetischen Verwandt-schaft anzuwenden wäre oder die Sprachfamilien der Welt radikal umgedacht werden müßten.
36
Abdelgadir, Ehsan Mohammed. "A Contrastive Study of English and Arabic Vowel Phonemes." English Language Teaching 14, no. 5 (April 21, 2021): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/elt.v14n5p58.
Full textAbstract:
Consequently, the present study sheds light on a very important aspect that is a contrastive analysis of segmental vowel phonemes of both L1 and L2. As one of the Problems, that is affecting the teaching/learning process of ELT. Then to clarify the different areas between the segmental vowel phonemes of Arabic and English. It also aims at making a comparative segmental analysis in the vowel phonemes of both L1 - L2, in order to shed light on the areas of difficulties. Taking into account the different forms of sounds in relation to their spellings. Also the sound systems of both languages L1 and L2. Particular the areas of common mistakes. Thus, it encourages teachers to check English pronunciation before teaching and predict problems before they happen. Also the use of advanced methods and pronunciation dictionary for (IPA). It also helps learners to master all the significant sound features and basic structural patterns. On the phonological levels, differences cause difficulties e.g. The areas of Arabic /p/ and /v/ ,and English front vowels phonemes /i:/-/i/- /e/- /æ/, central /ə:/- /ə/-/Λ/,and back/a:/-/o/-/ ﬤ:/-/u/-/u:/ phonemes in English, they do not exist in Arabic. In addition to the English vowel /e/ which doesn’t exist in Arabic. This observation can't be only linguistically, but it will also confirm by L2 learners. These theories need to be clarified in order to allow rules to be expressed. In the English language, there are 26 alphabetical letters which are totally different than their sounds. Another drawback is the alphabetical method which is intended to teach reading by means of spelling. There is no one –to- one correspondence between sounds and letters. That is to say, each different sound cannot be represented by the same letter. There are also words which are spelt differently but sound the same. Therefore, the present study concentrates on the difficulties that Learners and beginners face in using English segmental vowel phonemes. It also tries to get new methods and new ideas. This study is based on the practical experience of the writer, being specialized in English phonology, a lecturer and an author of a phonetics textbook for beginner learners who learn English as a foreign language. And as a supervisor who follows undergraduate students in the field of experience. That is, in order to find out possible remedial solutions, better suggestion and recommendations. Then follows a descriptive method to achieve this purpose. With the sample of twenty student girls. As a case study of undergraduate trainees of Majmaah Universitiy in the training field, to collect data from the subjects’ real environment during talks, speeches, presentations and teaching in the Field Experience. The results were recorded to be analyzed. In particular, the areas of English vowels and diphthongs that are totally different than in Arabic.
37
Yigezu, Moges. "Aspects of the Morphophonology of Hamar." Oslo Studies in Language 8, no. 1 (February 10, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.5617/osla.4421.
Full textAbstract:
Hamar is a member of the Aroid group of languages spoken by around 46,000 individuals (CSA 2008). The Hamar live in the plain lands of the semi-desert region of the rift valley in the south western corner of Ethiopia, in the South Omo Zone of the Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples Region (SNNPR). Their subsistence can be characterized as a mixture of pastoralism and shifting agriculture. The earliest attempts at describing the language were made available through the publications of Conti Rossini (1927) and Da Trento (1941), who provided a few comparative lists of words and grammatical sketches. Over the last few decades, however, some progress has been made in describing aspects of the structure of the language, and these include: Lydall (1976, 1988, 2000), Mary (1987), Getahun (1991), Cupi et al (2013), Binyam & Moges (2014), and Moges & Binyam (2015). Only Lydall (1976), Mary (1987) and Moges & Binyam (2015) briefly described the phonology, the latter with the aim of designing an orthography for the envisaged mother tongue education in the Hamar language. This contribution is a follow up to these previous efforts and it tries to describe aspects of the morphophonology of Hamar. In doing so, the paper gives a concise summary of the sound pattern of the language, focusing on the syllable structure, phonotactic constraints and word structure conditions that regulate the morphophonemic alternations. Three processes are found to be wide-spread in the morphophonology of the language: the spreading of nasality, the spreading of place of articulation and the spreading of manner of articulation. While nasality spreads from right to left, the spreading of place and manner features takes place from left to right.
38
Yumitani, Yukihiro. "A Comparative Sketch of Pueblo Languages: Phonology." Kansas Working Papers in Linguistics, January 1, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.17161/kwpl.1808.514.
Full text
39
Elizabeth AROKOYO, Bolanle. "STUDYING THE PHONOLOGY OF THE OLŮKŮMI, IGALA, OWÉ AND YORŮBA LANGUAGES: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS." Dialectologia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1344/dialectologia2020.25.3.
Full textAbstract:
This study presents a comparative analysis of the phonological systems of the Yorůbá, Owé, Igala and Olůkůmi languages of the Defoid language family of Benue Congo. Data were collected from native speakers using the Ibadan Four Hundred Word List of Basic Items. Using discovered common lexemes in the languages, the classification of the languages sound systems and syllable systems are carried out in order to determine the major patterns of differences and similarities. Some major sound changes were discovered in the lexical items of the languages. The systematic substitutions of sounds also constitute another major finding observed in the languages. It was established in this study that there exists a very strong relationship among these languages. The languages are found to be mutually unintelligible except for Owé that has a degree of mutual intelligibility with Yoruba. The paper concludes that the major reason for divergence is language contact.
40
Dockum, Rikker. "Phylogeny in Phonology: How Tai Sound Systems Encode Their Past." Proceedings of the Annual Meetings on Phonology 5 (February 10, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/amp.v5i0.4238.
Full textAbstract:
The study of sound change is foundational to traditional historical linguistics, particularly the linguistic comparative method. It is well established that the phonology of modern languages encodes useful data for studying the history of those languages, and their genetic relationships to one another. However, phonology has typically been the means to the end, enabling the comparative method, and coding of a comparative lexicon for cognacy. Once coded, the particular sounds involved no longer factor into the analysis. This study examines whether the phoneme inventories and phonotactic profiles of a set of languages themselves contain phylogenetic signal detectable using established statistical tests D statistic (Fritz & Purvis 2010), K (Blomberg et al 2003), and NeighborNet delta score (Holland et al 2002) and Q-residual (Gray et al 2010). This study adds to the growing body of work on the use of phonological traits in computational phylogenetics for linguistics. Using data from 20 Tai lects from the Kra-Dai language family, this study confirms and extends previous findings. This includes detection of strong phylogenetic signal in phoneme frequency and biphone transition probabilities, but also relatively strong phylogenetic signal detected in even coarse-grained phoneme and biphone presence/absence, which previous work was unable to do.
41
Sabaliauskas, Algirdas. "Jānis Endzelīns, Comparative phonology and morphology of the Baltic languages." Baltistica 9, no. 1 (May 21, 2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/baltistica.9.1.1819.
Full text
42
Simon, Johana Grace. "Kekerabatan Bahasa Alunedan Bahasa Wemale." Kajian Linguistik 2, no. 3 (June 22, 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.35796/kaling.2.3.2015.8431.
Full textAbstract:
This research isbased on Comparative Historical Linguistics study. It is motivated by thesimilarity of phonology and lexicon in Alune and Wemale languages, thelanguages are almost extinct, and there is no research about the relationshipof these languages before.The methods usedare Quantitative and Qualitative. The technique for Quantitative islexicostatistics and the technique for Qualitative is reconstruction of protolanguage. The sources of data are taken from the informants, texts, and Swadesh words list.In this research, it is found that there are 94related words, consisting of 33 words with exactly the same phonemes and 61words having resemblance in phonology and lexicon. Meanwhile, there are 105different basic vocabularies. It is also found that Alune and Wemale languagesare related in the level of family. Furthermore, there are 18 reconstructed protophonemes and 94 proto etimons.Keywords:Lexicostatistics, reconstruction.
43
Hualde, José Ignacio. "On the comparative method, internal reconstruction, and other analytical tools for the reconstruction of the evolution of the Basque language: An assessment." Anuario del Seminario de Filología Vasca "Julio de Urquijo", August 9, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1387/asju.23021.
Full textAbstract:
This paper is an attempt to present the state of the art in Basque historical phonology. The accomplishments and limitations of different methodologies are evaluated. These methodologies include the application of the comparative method to Basque dialects, the analysis of old borrowings in Michelena’s work, internal reconstruction, and Lakarra’s canonical root hypothesis. I also discuss the possibilities afforded by internal reconstruction and root theory for discovering genetic relationships between Basque and other languages, focusing on recent proposals.
44
Aor, Terfa, and Pilah Godwin Anyam. "Nature of English and Tiv Metatheses." Indian Journal of Language and Linguistics, June 30, 2021, 27–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/ijll2124.
Full textAbstract:
Metathesis, the transposition of letters and syllables, is a minor phonological process that is found in both English and Tiv languages. This phonological process has not received much attention it deserves because most scholars considered it as a figure of misspelling which is not worthy of researching. This paper investigates the nature of English and Tiv metatheses. The objectives of this paper are to classify English and Tiv metatheses, discuss the formation of metatheses in English and Tiv and state the functions of metatheses in English and Tiv languages. This paper used comparative linguistic theory which compares the nature of English and Tiv metatheses. The researcher used participant observation tool for elicitation of data for this study. Secondary materials such as journal articles, textbooks, dictionaries and encyclopaedias and Internet sources were used. This study links phonology, historical linguistics, onomastics and language pathology (speech disorder). The study has established that metathesis has phonological, orthographic, metrical and onomastic relevance. This paper provides an in-depth material for teaching and learning of English and Tiv languages. It has been recommended that lecturers in the National Institute for Nigerian Languages, Departments of Linguistics and Nigerian Languages should write books and critical works on Nigerian or African languages.
45
Aikio, Ante. "The Uralic-Yukaghir lexical correspondences: genetic inheritance, language contact or chance resemblance?" Finnisch-Ugrische Forschungen 2014, no. 62 (October 18, 2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.33339/fuf.86078.
Full textAbstract:
The Uralic language family has often been hypothesized to be related to Yukaghir, even though no widely accepted evidence for this theory has been presented so far. The study of Uralic-Yukaghir relations has in part been held back by the scarcity of basic documentary and comparative work on the Yukaghir languages. The publication of A Historical Dictionary of Yukaghir (2006) by Irina Nikolaeva, however, has raised Yukaghir lexicology and historical phonology to a level that allows systematic comparison of Proto-Yukaghir and (Proto-)Uralic to be easily carried out. This paper discusses the lexical correspondences between Uralic and Yukaghir languages, and examines to what extent they can be explained as evidence of genetic relationship, products of language contact, or mere chance resemblances. It is argued that there is no clear lexical evidence supporting a genetic connection between the two families, and that no regular sound correspondences between the two proto-languages can be established. A majority of the Uralic-Yukaghir lexical comparisons suggested in earlier references seem to be chance resemblances, but a smaller corpus of probable loanwords supporting contacts between (Pre-)Proto-Samoyed and Proto-Yukaghir can be established.
46
Sagidolda, G., and G. Zhylkybay. "TURKIC LEXICOGRAPHY: ACHIEVEMENTS AND UPCOMING TASKS." BULLETIN Series of Philological Sciences, July 15, 2020, 170–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.51889/2020-3.1728-7804.25.
Full textAbstract:
Since the 50s of the XX century, fundamental research has been published to study the vocabulary, grammatical structure and sound system of modern languages, which are the heirs of the ancient Kipchak language - Kazakh, Karakalpak, Nogai, Bashkir, Tatar, Karaim, Kumuk, Karachay, Balkar, etc. The science of linguistics was formed in each of them. The sound, lexical and grammatical structure of the language system has become an independent form of phonetics, morphology, syntax, lexicology, phraseology, lexicography and other branches, which are subdivided into phonology, morphology, text syntax, terminology, onomastics, historical lexicology, lexicography, etc.). Thus, in the linguistics of a single branch of language, the language of medieval Turkic monuments was studied in terms of its relation to that language. Faced with the problems of linguistic Kipchak studies, the language of works written in the ancient Kipchak literary language in the Middle Ages is divided into today's Kazakh, Karakalpak, Bashkir, Tatar, Nogai, Kumuk, Karachay, Balkar, Kyrgyz and others, obliges to form the basis of comparative-historical lexicology of Kipchak languages, studied at the intersection of "history: language: culture" with each of the dozens of Kipchak languages.
47
Souag, Lameen. "How a West African language becomes North African, and vice versa." Linguistic Typology, July 6, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/lingty-2021-2083.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Updating the methodology of Hayward, Richard J. 1991. A propos patterns of lexicalization in the Ethiopian language area. In Daniela Mendel & Ulrike Claudi (eds.), Ägypten im afroorientalischen Kontext. Special issue of Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere, 139–156. Cologne: Institute of African Studies, using the concept of colexification (François, Alexandre. 2008. Semantic maps and the typology of colexification: Intertwining polysemous networks across languages. In Martine Vanhove (ed.), Studies in language companion series, vol. 106, 163–215. Amsterdam: John Benjamins), this paper, for the first time, provides quantitative evidence that the languages of the West African Sahel/Savanna form a lexical-typological language area characterised by shared colexifications absent further north. It then uses the linguistic comparative method to determine how languages entering or leaving this area, or coming into increasing contact with it at its edges, have converged with their new neighbours within the past millennium. The results indicate sharp differences in the respective roles and rates of borrowing and calquing, with the latter acting almost exclusively to increase shared colexifications.
48
Etxepare, Ricardo, and Aritz Irurtzun. "Gravettian hand stencils as sign language formatives." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 376, no. 1824 (March 22, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2020.0205.
Full textAbstract:
Several Upper Palaeolithic archaeological sites from the Gravettian period display hand stencils with missing fingers. On the basis of the stencils that Leroi-Gourhan identified in the cave of Gargas (France) in the late 1960s, we explore the hypothesis that those stencils represent hand signs with deliberate folding of fingers, intentionally projected as a negative figure onto the wall. Through a study of the biomechanics of handshapes, we analyse the articulatory effort required for producing the handshapes under the stencils in the Gargas cave, and show that only handshapes that are articulable in the air can be found among the existing stencils. In other words, handshape configurations that would have required using the cave wall as a support for the fingers are not attested. We argue that the stencils correspond to the type of handshape that one ordinarily finds in sign language phonology. More concretely, we claim that they correspond to signs of an ‘alternate’ or ‘non-primary’ sign language, like those still employed by a number of bimodal (speaking and signing) human groups in hunter–gatherer populations, like the Australian first nations or the Plains Indians. In those groups, signing is used for hunting and for a rich array of ritual purposes, including mourning and traditional story-telling. We discuss further evidence, based on typological generalizations about the phonology of non-primary sign languages and comparative ethnographic work, that points to such a parallelism. This evidence includes the fact that for some of those groups, stencil and petroglyph art has independently been linked to their sign language expressions. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Reconstructing prehistoric languages’.
49
Liljegren, Henrik. "Profiling Indo-Aryan in the Hindukush-Karakoram: A preliminary study of micro-typological patterns." Journal of South Asian Languages and Linguistics 4, no. 1 (January 1, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jsall-2017-0004.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe study is a typological profile of 31 Indo-Aryan (IA) languages in the Hindukush-Karakoram-Western Himalayan region (covering NE Afghanistan, N Pakistan, and parts of Kashmir). Native speakers were recruited to provide comparative data. This data, supplemented by reputable descriptions or field notes, was evaluated against a number of WALS- or WALS-like features, enabling a fine-tuned characterization of each language, taking different linguistic domains into account (phonology, morphology, syntax, lexicon). The emerging patterns were compared with global distributions as well as with characteristic IA features and well-known areal patterns. Some features, mainly syntactic, turned out to be shared with IA in general, whereas others do have scattered reflexes in IA outside of the region but are especially prevalent in the region: large consonant inventories, tripartite pronominal case alignment, a high frequency of left-branching constructions, and multi-degree deictic systems. Yet other features display a high degree of diversity, often bundling subareally. Finally, there was a significant clustering of features that are not characterizing IA in general: tripartite affricate differentiation, retroflexion across several subsets, aspiration contrasts involving voiceless consonants only, tonal contrasts and 20-based numerals. This clustering forms a “hard core” at the centre of the region, gradually fading out toward its peripheries.
50
"A. MURTONEN, Hebrew in its West Semitic Setting. A Comparative Survey of Non-Masoretic Hebrew Dialects and Traditions. Part 1: Phonetics and phonology. Part 2: Morphosyntactics. Studies in Semitic Languages and Linguistics 16. xiii + 548 pp. + 12 tables + 12 plates. E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1990. 265 guilders." Vetus Testamentum 46, no. 1 (1996): 136–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568533962581206.
Full text