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1
Mengistu, Sintayehu Workineh, and Abere Wondimu Kassie. "Household Level Determinants of Food Insecurity in Rural Ethiopia." Journal of Food Quality 2022 (May 18, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3569950.
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Introduction. Currently, Ethiopia, in particular, the rural areas of Ethiopia, faces high levels of food insecurity. In spite of the fact that there have been many studies on food security, most of them have been conducted in specific national settings. Hence, the determinants of food insecurity should be assessed at the national level. Therefore, this study was primarily aimed to identify the determinant factors of household food insecurity in rural Ethiopia. Method. A cross-sectional Ethiopian socioeconomic survey (ESS) data collected from September 2018 to August 2019 was utilized. A sample of 3115 households was selected from 316 clusters across rural Ethiopia using a two-stage probability sampling technique. To identify the determinants of food insecurity, logistic regression was applied. Results. Among 3,115 households, 50.05% of them were food insecure. Factors such as the household head being aged from 30 to 64 (AOR = 0.786, 95% CI: [0.635, 0.973]), widowed, divorced, or separated (AOR = 1.588, 95%CI: [1.001, 2.518]), literate (AOR = 0.702, 95%CI: [0.590, 0.834]), household aid (AOR = 1.339, 95%CI: [1.089, 1.648]), drought-affected (AOR = 0.640, 95%CI: [0.507, 0.808]), nonagricultural business (AOR = 0.655, 95%CI: [0.472, 0.908]), dependency ratio from 50 to 75% (AOR = 0.680, 95%CI: [0.534, 0.867]), having 6 to 10 livestock (AOR = 0.644, 95%CI: [0.496, 0.836]), and more than 10 livestock (AOR = 0.362, 95% CI: [0.284, 0.461]) were found to be significantly associated with the household’s food insecurity at 5% level of significance. Conclusion. The household head’s age from 30 to 64, being literate, drought-affected, having nonagricultural business, dependency ratio from 50 to 75%, and owning more than 10 livestock have been negatively affecting food insecurity. While supporting households, a “widowed, divorced, or separated” household head has had a positive effect on food insecurity in rural Ethiopia positively influencing food insecurity in rural Ethiopia. Policymakers need to pay special attention to very young and old-aged household heads, adult education, household self-help, livestock improvement, and entrepreneurship while implementing poverty reduction programs.
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Dito, Bilisuma Bushie. "Intrahousehold Gender Relations and Child Labor and Schooling in Rural Ethiopia." Journal of African Development 23, no. 2 (December 1, 2022): 272–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/jafrideve.23.2.0272.
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ABSTRACT Child labor and low schooling of children are still serious issues in many developing countries and finding a breakthrough to substantially reduce these phenomena are urgent according to the International Labor Organization (ILO). This study investigated how child labor and schooling vary with intrahousehold gender relations in rural Ethiopia, using data from the 2009 Ethiopian Rural Household Survey (ERHS). The sample includes 1,922 children between the ages of 5 and 15 years in 755 households. Indicators are used to measure mothers’ and fathers’ roles on various tasks within a household. The study examines how the distribution of gender relations within a household influences children’s time use in schooling and labor activities. One innovation used in the study is the construction of intrahousehold gender relations on a continuum. The findings indicate that balanced intrahousehold relations and gender roles between parents increase the chances of both boys and girls going to school while reducing the hours they spend on domestic work. Findings from the other covariates point to the gendered processes behind human capital formation in rural Ethiopia, which warrant separate investigations of boys’ and girls’ labor and schooling activities.
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Alemu, Minyahil, and Amsalu Dachito. "Rural Infrastructure and its Implication to Labor Market Participation in Jimma Zone, South-West Ethiopia." Open Journal for Research in Economics 3, no. 2 (December 17, 2020): 67–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.32591/coas.ojre.0302.02067a.
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Rural economy remain the back bone of Ethiopian economy absorbing tremendous labor share while how these labor market behave in rural economy of Ethiopia is yet uncovered. Besides the appreciated role of rural access to basic infrastructure with reference to rural labor supply decision, the topic is not bold in domestic literature. Considering this inadequate attention to the topic, we tried to examine the impact of rural infrastructure provision on individual labor supply, and assess the implication with each component of rural services to household participation decision in the labor market, using household survey from Jimma zone. Our multinomial logit regression indicated that rural services like education, health, credit, market information and access to all-weather-road are important considerations with regard to individual labor supply decision in farm and off-farm activities. It would be better to enhance rural access to efficient agricultural extension as well as other basic services towards empowering rural livelihood, and ensuring economic transformation at large.
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Haile, Minyahil Alemu, and Amsalu Dachito Chigeto. "Rural Infrastructure and its Implication to Labor Market Participation in Jimma Zone, South-West Ethiopia." Journal of Advance Research in Business Management and Accounting (ISSN: 2456-3544) 6, no. 9 (September 30, 2020): 01–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.53555/nnbma.v6i9.896.
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Rural economy remain the back bone of Ethiopian economy absorbing tremendous labour share while how these labour market behave in rural economy of Ethiopia is yet uncovered. Besides the appreciated role of rural access to basic infrastructure with reference to rural labor supply decision, the topic is not bold in domestic literature. Considering this inadequate attention to the topic, we tried to examine the impact of rural infrastructure provision on individual labour supply, and assess the implication with each component of rural services to household participation decision in the labor market, using household survey from Jimma zone. Our multinomial logit regression indicated that rural services like education, health, credit, market information and access to all-weather-road are important considerations with regard to individual labor supply decision in farm and off-farm activities. It would be better to enhance rural access to efficient agricultural extension as well as other basic services towards empowering rural livelihood, and ensuring economic transformation at large.
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Tshabalala, Precious Makhosazana, and Shaufique Fahmi Sidique. "Determinants of non-farm enterprise diversification in rural Ethiopia." Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy 14, no. 4 (July 9, 2020): 495–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jec-03-2020-0020.
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Purpose This study aims to analyze the factors that determine non-farm enterprise diversification among farm households in Ethiopia. It extends the analysis by examining enterprises and using pooled data, which has the capacity to generate more accurate outcomes. The existing empirical evidence has focused on all non-farm activities, based on single period, single region data. Much of the existing empirical evidence is based on small-scale and location-specific sample surveys that do not demonstrate the characteristics of aggregate populations. Design/methodology/approach The empirical analysis was conducted using a quantitative method. To cater to the censoring nature of participating in non-farm enterprise activities, a panel data double-hurdle model is used to a representative sample of 3,594 Ethiopian rural households. Findings The study finds that the age of household head, household size, distance to the market, social capital and access to credit, are determinants for owning one or more non-farm enterprises. The level of income from these enterprises is then determined by the age and education level of the household head, household size, agricultural equipment, distance to markets and access to credit. Practical implications This study brings to light factors that influence households to participate in non-farm enterprises and the determining factors for the income level. Originality/value Non-farm activities are an important source of household income and a driver of development. This paper provides empirical evidence on factors that determine enterprise ownership using panel data.
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Bersisa, Mekonnen, and Almas Heshmati. "A Distributional Analysis of Uni-and Multidimensional Poverty and Inequalities in Ethiopia." Social Indicators Research 155, no. 3 (February 2, 2021): 805–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11205-021-02606-w.
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AbstractThis study analyzes uni-and multidimensional poverty and inequalities in rural and small towns in Ethiopia. Unlike the unidimensional measure, the multidimensional measure of poverty shows all the channels through which poverty may manifest itself; it also shows the extent of deprivation. The analysis uses 6 dimensions with 14 indicators to construct a multidimensional index of poverty and inequalities using Ethiopian Households’ Socioeconomic Survey dataset. The study also uses multiple correspondence analyses for determining relative weights in computing a multidimensional index and conducts a stochastic dominance analysis of distribution of poverty for different population segments. The paper sheds light on the degree of inequalities in consumption expenditure and multidimensional deprivations. In addition, it also compares the degree of poverty using the conventional measure of poverty and the multidimensional approach. It also examines the determinants of household poverty status using both unidimensional and multidimensional measures using the logit model. The results show that the intensity, severity, and depth of poverty varies substantially across the 2 measures. The unidimensional measure of poverty shows that 36 percent of the households were poor as compared to 46 percent multidimensionally poor households. Moreover, demographic, regional, and household heads’ characteristics also affect households’ poverty status.
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Tenaye, Anbes. "Technical Efficiency of Smallholder Agriculture in Developing Countries: The Case of Ethiopia." Economies 8, no. 2 (April 20, 2020): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/economies8020034.
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The efficient use of inputs is indispensable in many developing countries, such as Ethiopia. This study assesses the level and determinants of technical efficiency of smallholder farmers using the true fixed effects (TFE) model. The TFE model separates inefficiency from unobserved heterogeneity. Empirical data come from four rounds of panel data (1994–2009) from the Ethiopian rural household survey (ERHS). A one-step maximum likelihood estimator was employed to estimate the Cobb-Douglas stochastic frontier production function and factors influencing technical efficiency. The results indicated that the major variables affecting technical efficiency are policy responsive, albeit to varying degrees: education of the household head, family size, farm size, land fragmentation, land quality, credit use, extension service, off-farm employment, and crop share. The analyses also identify variables amenable to policy changes in the production function: labor, traction power, farm size, seeds, and fertilizer. The mean household-level efficiency for the surveyed farmers is 0.59, indicating that farmers could improve technical efficiency. This implies that smallholder farms in Ethiopia can reduce the input requirement of producing the average output by 41% if their operations become technically efficient. This study recommends that the above policy variables be considered to make Ethiopian smallholder farmers more efficient.
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Mengesha, Ayelech Kidie, Thomas Bauer, Doris Damyanovic, Sayeh Kassaw Agegnehu, Reinfried Mansberger, and Gernot Stoeglehner. "Gender Analysis of Landholding and Situation of Female-Headed Households after Land Registration: The Case of Machakel Woreda." Land 11, no. 7 (July 7, 2022): 1029. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11071029.
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Well-implemented and functioning land administration systems are able to improve the wellbeing of rural households and support the achievement of the UN Sustainable Development Goals. As cadastral data are an essential part of a modern land administration system for documenting and securing the boundaries of parcels, Ethiopia recently embarked on one of the largest land surveying programs for rural land registration in Africa. Cadastral and land registration data provided by the land administration office of the woreda were analyzed using a Geographical Information System to investigate whether parcels of female-headed households were disadvantaged compared to parcels of male-headed households with regard to parcel size, parcel features, and access to infrastructure. In addition, the situation of female-headed households after the land registration process was analyzed in more detail. To this aim, quantitative and qualitative data were collected in the Ethiopian Machakel woreda through a household survey, in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, and key informant interviews. The results document no significant gender discrepancies in parcel features and access to infrastructures. In general, women confirmed an improvement in the wellbeing of female-headed households after the land registration and certification process.
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Tenaye, Anbes. "New Evidence Using a Dynamic Panel Data Approach: Cereal Supply Response in Smallholder Agriculture in Ethiopia." Economies 8, no. 3 (July 30, 2020): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/economies8030061.
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Increasing agricultural production is essential to improving food availability and farm household incomes in developing economies. This study investigated the dynamic supply responses of major cereal crops to price and nonprice factors in Ethiopia using the Ethiopian Rural Household Survey (ERHS) panel dataset from 1994 to 2009. According to the Nerlovian expectation and adjustment approach in conjunction with the system GMM (generalized method of moments) estimator, both the planted areas and produced yields of major crops (teff, wheat, and barley) are influenced by price and nonprice factors in Ethiopia. The supply of major cereal crops is affected positively by their own prices and negatively by the prices of substitute crops. Nonprice factors such as education, farm size, fertilizer, land quality, and precipitation also affect supply of major cereals. Both the short-term and long-term acreage and yield response elasticities of teff and barley are positive. Moreover, the adjustment coefficients are positive for teff, barley, and wheat. The results suggest that Ethiopian farmers are capable of analyzing market signals and responding positively to price increases of staple crops. The findings also imply that the Ethiopian agricultural sector has been responsive to the cereal price increases observed since 2006. The remarkable growth of Ethiopian agriculture over recent decades is partly explained by the increase in agricultural prices. This study recommends that a fine-tuned balance between government interventions and market solutions is important, in addition to improving farmers’ agronomic practices, for increasing agricultural production.
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Mellaku, Meselu, Travis Reynolds, and Teshale Woldeamanuel. "Linear Programming-Based Cropland Allocation to Enhance Performance of Smallholder Crop Production: A Pilot Study in Abaro Kebele, Ethiopia." Resources 7, no. 4 (November 23, 2018): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources7040076.
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Smallholder farmer crop production is a mainstay of the Ethiopian economy. A series of agricultural extension programs have been implemented since the 1950s in an effort to improve smallholder productivity. In this study, we argue that the limited attention that is given to cropland allocation by smallholders is one key driver of low performance of crop production as well as a key factor in environmental degradation. Drawing on data from a household survey of 75 randomly selected households in Abaro Kebele, Ethiopia, combined with focus-group discussions, key informant interviews, and secondary data sources, we use linear programming to highlight the impact of cropland allocation decisions on the performance of rural smallholder crop production systems. We find that under current land use practices households are not able to meet their consumption needs. The average profitability of farms under the current cropland allocation is also significantly below the estimated level of profit that could be realized by reallocating cropland while using linear programming. Additionally, survey results suggest that low crop production performance (in terms of meeting both household food crop production needs and profit goals) is the primary reason why households do not participate in conservation efforts and sustainable resource management practices. This study suggests that linear programming-based cropland allocation modeling might be applied to enhance the profit performance of smallholder crop production, help meet household food crop production requirements, and thereby promote the sustainable utilization of environmental resources.
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Bocher, Temesgen Fitamo, Bamlaku Alamirew Alemu, and Zerihun Getachew Kelbore. "Does access to credit improve household welfare? Evidence from Ethiopia using endogenous regime switching regression." African Journal of Economic and Management Studies 8, no. 1 (March 13, 2017): 51–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ajems-03-2017-145.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate how credit access affects the welfare of households and sheds light on how household characteristics influence the decision to take credit and the efficiency in credit use. Design/methodology/approach This study uses data from the fourth round of the Ethiopian Rural Household Survey conducted in 2009, and examines factors that determine the decision to take credit and the effect of such decision on household welfare. The household welfare variable is measured by the food security indicator and total food expenditure. The study employs endogenous Regime Switching model to account for endogeneity in access to credit and self-selection bias in the decision to participate in credit. Findings The result from the kernel distribution shows households with access to credit have more consumption expenditure than those without access to credit. The ordinary least square regression shows that access to credit increases total consumption by 12 percent without considering self-selection bias. Participation in non-farm activity increases the demand for credit by 17 percent. Land holding, household size, and participation in saving associations increase the probability of getting credit by 5, 11, and 20 percent, respectively. Access to credit appears to have a positive impact on food security in both actual and counterfactual cases for the current credit receivers. Originality/value This study provides a thorough analysis of the impacts of access to credit on household welfare in Ethiopia. The study contributes to the debate on the link between access to credit and household welfare and provides valuable input for policy makers.
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Bogale, Ayalneh, and Shimelis A. "Household level determinants of food insecurity in rural areas of Dire Dawa, eastern Ethiopia." African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 9, no. 30 (November 25, 2009): 1914–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.30.3740.
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Even though the struggle to achieve food security at the household level in the rural areas of Ethiopia dates back a long period, it has remained as a challenging goal even today. Making their living on marginal, moisture stressed, heavily degraded and less productive land, households in rural areas of Dire Dawa face persistent food shortages. The design and implementation of effective measures to reduce household food insecurity in the region depends on in-depth understanding of its covariates. This study seeks to address these issues by assessing location specific socio-economic factors that influence food insecurity of households in rural areas of Dire Dawa Administrative region. The analysis is based on survey data gathered from randomly selected 115 sample rural households in the study area. A binary logit model was used to identify the factors influencing household level food insecurity. A total of thirteen explanatory variables were included in the empirical model. The empirical results estimated using the survey data to identify the determinants of food insecurity among rural households in the study area revealed mixed impressions. Among variables considered , family size, annual income, amount of credit received, access to irrigation, age of household head, farm size, and livestock owned showed theoretically consistent and statistically significant effect. However, estimated coefficients of number of oxen owned and dependency ratio showed theoretically inconsistent and statistically insignificant effect on the probability of household to be food insecure.. Estimated coefficients of sex of household head, total off-farm income, education of household head and amount of food aid received were not found to be statistically significant in determining household food insecurity in the study area. The findings imply that improvement in food security situation needs to build assets, improve the functioning of rural financial markets and promote family planning. These areas could provide entry points for policy intervention to reduce hunger and augment household and community livelihood opportunities.
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Endris, Neima, Henok Asefa, and Lamessa Dube. "Prevalence of Malnutrition and Associated Factors among Children in Rural Ethiopia." BioMed Research International 2017 (2017): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/6587853.
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Background. Child malnutrition continues to be the leading public health problem in developing countries. In Ethiopia, malnutrition is a leading cause of child illness and death. Recently the composite index of anthropometric failure (CIAF) has been implemented to measure the prevalence of malnutrition. This index presents a more complete picture compared with the previous conventional indices. In this study, CIAF was used to determine the prevalence of malnutrition among children aged 0–59 months in rural Ethiopia. Methods. Data was extracted from the 2014 Ethiopian Mini Demographic and Health Survey (EMDHS) for this study. A total of 3095 children were included in the analysis. The composite index of anthropometric failure (CIAF) was used to measure the nutritional status of the children. Logistic regression was fitted, to identify factors associated with malnutrition among children in rural Ethiopia, using STATA 13. Result. The prevalence of malnutrition among rural children in Ethiopia was 48.5%. Age of the children, preceding birth interval, educated status of mother, wealth status, and region were factors independently associated with nutritional status of children in rural Ethiopia. Conclusion. The prevalence of malnutrition among children in rural Ethiopia was high. A child older than 12 months, having uneducated mother, living in a household with poor wealth status, born with short birth interval, and living in some region of the country are associated with increased odds of being malnourished.
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Zegeye, Mesele Belay. "Remittance Inflows and Adoption of Agricultural Technology: Evidence from Ethiopia." Remittances Review 6, no. 2 (October 27, 2021): 77–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/rr.v6i2.1495.
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This study investigates the effect of remittance on agricultural technology adoption in rural Ethiopia using cross-sectional data from the Ethiopian Socioeconomic Survey collected in 2015/16. To estimate the effect of remittance on the adoption of agricultural technology, this study employs probit regression, IV Probit, and 2SLS methods. Data for analysis is obtained from 2316 sample households drawn from regions of Tigray, Amhara, Oromia, and south nation nationalities and peoples. The results show that the effect of remittances on agricultural technology adoption is negative and significant. The results also show that the education level of the household head, Tropical livestock unit, extension visit, credit access, and land ownership right has positive effects on agricultural technology adoption; and distance to market, zonal town, and plot have a negative effect on the probability of adoption. Therefore, policy measures aim to enhance the skills of migrants and enabling them to channel remittances to productivity-enhancing agricultural capital and inputs might help improve productivity.
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Schwei, Rebecca J., Haile Tesfay, Frezer Asfaw, Wellington Jogo, and Heidi Busse. "Household dietary diversity, vitamin A consumption and food security in rural Tigray, Ethiopia." Public Health Nutrition 20, no. 9 (March 30, 2017): 1540–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980017000350.
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AbstractObjectiveTo describe: household dietary diversity across four zones in Ethiopia; the relationship between household dietary diversity and consumption of vitamin A-rich foods; and the relationship between household dietary diversity and food security status.DesignThis was a cross-sectional survey. Data were collected using structured questionnaires in the local language. Household dietary diversity scores measured types of foods households consumed, and households were classified by food security status using a modified version of the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale. An ordinal logistics regression model was created to assess the relationship between three tiers of dietary diversity (low, medium and high) and food security while controlling for agricultural zone, educational variables and household characteristics.SettingRural households in Tigray, Ethiopia.SubjectsThree hundred households in Tigray, Ethiopia, were interviewed.ResultsOf the households, 23, 47 and 30 % had low, medium and high dietary diversity, respectively. Among households with high dietary diversity, eggs and fruit were the most common foods added to the diet. In the fully adjusted model, participants who reported being food secure had 1·8 increased odds of greater dietary diversity (95 % CI 1·0, 3·2) compared with participants who were food insecure.ConclusionsFood security was positively associated with dietary diversity. In order to enhance health, interventions that improve dietary diversity and vitamin A consumption should remain important areas of focus for health leaders in the region.
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Hailu, Aregash Getachew, and Zerihun Yohannes Amare. "Impact of productive safety net program on food security of beneficiary households in western Ethiopia: A matching estimator approach." PLOS ONE 17, no. 1 (January 21, 2022): e0260817. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0260817.
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From various Ethiopian government food security strategies, the Productive Safety Net Program (PSNP) is one of the strategies to improve households’ consumption. As a result, the government needs to know the outcome of the program intervention for further decisions in similar poverty reduction strategies. This study examined the impact of Productive Safety Net Program intervention on food security of rural households in rural western Ethiopia. A cross-sectional survey data were gathered from a total of randomly selected 188 beneficiary and non-beneficiary sample households. Key informants interviews and focus group discussions were employed to triangulate household survey results. A Chi-square test was employed to compare the households’ food security status. The propensity score matching method was used to evaluate the impact of a Productive safety net on beneficiary households’ food security status. In this study, the Productive Safety net program has significantly increased households’ calorie intake. The beneficiaries’ households were more food secure than non-beneficiary households by 68% and54% respectively. The mean energy available for the beneficiary and non-beneficiary households is 2488.500 and 2153.394 kcal, respectively. Estimates of the average treatment effect of the treated indicated that a Productive safety net program can impact households food security by 2519.29348 kilocalories, higher in the kernel matching method. This is an encouraging indicator for Programme implementers and funding agents. Therefore, channeling further efforts on this indicator is important for a more pronounced impact of the Programme. Given a certain level of variations of different program impact studies, this study recommends further research with greater scope and at different locations on the impact of PSNP and related Food Security Programs on households’ food security status.
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Bekele, Worku Genanew, and Friedrich Georg Schneider. "Preferences for forms of land conservation investment in the Ethiopian Highlands: a household plot-level analysis of the roles of poverty, tenure security and market incentives." Environment and Development Economics 21, no. 1 (March 31, 2015): 78–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x1500011x.
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AbstractThis study used the multinomial logistic model to examine the factors leading to differences in farm-households' preferences for various forms of land conservation measures. Using a survey of 4,795 household-plots in rural Ethiopia, the study demonstrates the inappropriateness of pooling different forms of land conservation investments in preference studies. The results suggest that poverty drives farm-households towards conservation measures which are more short term and which entail the expenditure of less skill. While tenure security has a mixed effect on such preferences, market access seems not to matter for preference decisions. Further, farm-households consider the characteristics of the plot in their preference, which also vary across villages. This study shows that a farm-household's preference is a complex decision. Major changes in conservation investments on the part of farm-households will require attention to many factors, since no single factor exerts enough control to be used solitarily as a major policy leverage instrument.
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Woldeamanuel, Berhanu Teshome, and Tigist Tigabie Tesfaye. "Risk Factors Associated with Under-Five Stunting, Wasting, and Underweight Based on Ethiopian Demographic Health Survey Datasets in Tigray Region, Ethiopia." Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism 2019 (December 20, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6967170.
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Background. Stunting, wasting, and underweight among children are major problems in most regions of Ethiopia, including the Tigray region. The main objective of this study was to assess the risk factors associated with stunting, wasting, and underweight of children in the Tigray region. Methods. The information collected from 1077 children born 5 years before the survey was considered in the analysis. Multivariable binary logistic regression analysis was fitted to identify significant risk factors associated with stunting, wasting, and underweight. Results. Male children and rural born were having a higher burden of both severe and moderate stunting, wasting, and underweight than females and urban born. Among male children, 27.6%, 4.10%, and 14.2% of them were stunted, wasted, and underweight, respectively. Protected drinking water (odds ratio (OR) = 0.68; 95% confidence interval (CI): (0.50, 0.92)) was associated with stunting. Maternal age at birth less than 20 years (OR = 0.66; 95% CI: (0.45, 0.97)) and being male (OR = 2.04; 95% CI: (1.13, 3.68)) were associated with high risk of underweight. No antenatal care follow-up (OR = 2.20; 95% CI: (1.04, 4.64)) was associated with wasting, while the poor wealth index, diarrhea, low weight at birth (<2.5 kg), lower age of a child, and 3 or more under-five children in a household were significantly associated with stunting, wasting, and underweight. Conclusions. Being born in rural, being male, unprotected drinking water, smaller weight at birth, no antenatal follow-ups, diarrhea, and poor household wealth were factors associated with increased stunting, wasting, and underweight. Thus, interventions that focus on utilization of antenatal care services, improving household wealth, and improving access to protected drinking water were required by policymakers to decrease stunting, wasting, and underweight more rapidly.
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Abebe, Tsehaynesh, Tamiru Chalchisa, and Adugna Eneyew. "The Impact of Rural Livelihood Diversification on Household Poverty: Evidence from Jimma Zone, Oromia National Regional State, Southwest Ethiopia." Scientific World Journal 2021 (December 23, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/3894610.
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In Ethiopia, agriculture is the principal source of food and livelihood for many rural households, making it a central component of programs that seek to reduce poverty and achieve food security. Since the sector is faced with many challenges, rural households are compelled to develop strategies through diversification to cope with the increasing vulnerability associated with agricultural production. As a result, the purpose of this research is to assess the impact of livelihood diversification on household poverty in the Jimma zone of Ethiopia’s Oromia regional state. A multistage sampling procedure was employed to select 385 sample household heads. The study utilized data obtained from a cross-sectional survey using an interview schedule, focus group discussion, key informant interview, and personal observations. Both descriptive and econometric data analysis techniques were applied. The result of the FGT poverty measure revealed that the incidence of poverty among rural households was 37.14%, implying that 62.86% were non-poor. The descriptive statistics revealed that age of household, dependency ratio, year of schooling, sex of household, livestock ownership, landholding, non-farm income, market distance, and extension contact were found to have a significant influence on the poverty status of a household at different probability levels. Based on the cost of basic needs approach, it was applied to measure poverty status. The results of the logit model indicate that family size, landholding, livestock ownership, year of schooling, access to credit services, and off-farm income of the households were found to have significantly determined livelihood diversification. Moreover, the results of the propensity score matching indicate that household participation in livelihood diversification has a positive and significant impact on household poverty. Accordingly, households with diversified livelihoods were found to be 9% better off than those that were not diversified in terms of poverty. Policies aimed at increasing the income generation ability of the household should be strongly considered. Therefore, to ensure the capacity of rural households to practice farming along with a wide range of income-generating activities to improve the well-being of the rural poor and have a significant impact on poverty reduction, participating in livelihood diversification should be given emphasis in development planning.
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Belay, Daniel Gashaneh, and Zewdu Andualem. "Limited access to improved drinking water, unimproved drinking water, and toilet facilities among households in Ethiopia: Spatial and mixed effect analysis." PLOS ONE 17, no. 4 (April 1, 2022): e0266555. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0266555.
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Background Most people in sub-Saharan countries had limited drinking water services and toilet facilities. The collection of water can affect the health of the whole family, particularly children. Therefore this study aims to investigate determinants of limited access to drinking water services and spatial distributions of limited access to drinking water services, unimproved drinking water sources, and toilet facilities among households in Ethiopia. Method Cross-sectional collected secondary data analysis was conducted based on the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS). A mixed-effect logistic regression model was used for analysis. The total weighted sample of 10, 183 households was included in the analysis. The study population is comprised of all households who had recorded the time taken to fetch improved drinking water during the survey. The primary outcome of this study is the proportion of households that have limited access to drinking water services. Whereas the secondary outcomes are determinants of limited access to drinking water services and spatial distributions of limited drinking water services, unimproved drinking water sources, and toilet facilities among households in Ethiopia. Results In this study, 39.74% [95% CI: 38.79, 40.69] of households in Ethiopia had limited access to drinking water services. This proportion ranges from 2.64% in Addis Ababa to 57.35% in the Somali region. Household head, education, residence, and regions were associated with limited access to drinking water services. The spatial analysis showed that the eastern part of Amhara, Afar and the Somali region predicted the highest limited drinking water services. The unimproved drinking water source was detected in the Central part of Amhara, Somalia regions. Almost all regions except Addis Ababa and Diredewa predicted the highest prevalence of unimproved toilet facilities. Conclusion Access to improved drinking water is relatively poor throughout Ethiopia, with some regions experiencing more limited access than others. From individual level variables age, educational level, and sex household head, whereas from community level variables residences, and region were factors significantly associated with access to limited drinking water services. The spatial analysis confirmed that there are inequalities in unimproved drinking water sources, and toilet facilities between regions in Ethiopia. The government of Ethiopia should work to increase the accessibility of improved drinking water at the national level and to narrow the gap in its accessibility between urban and rural residences and between regions. Accessibility to drinking water programs should focus on the disadvantaged group such as non-educated, male head households and living rural residences. All stalk holders should work to improve the quality of drinking water and sanitation facilities.
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Deshpande, Ashwini Sunil, Addis Kassahun Mulat, Wenhui Mao, Mohamed M. Diab, and Osondu Ogbuoji. "Coverage of social assistance in Ethiopia during the COVID-19 pandemic: a time-to-event analysis." BMJ Global Health 7, no. 7 (July 2022): e008432. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2022-008432.
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ObjectiveIn a pandemic, government assistance is essential to support the most vulnerable households as they face health and economic challenges. However, government assistance is effective only when it reaches vulnerable households in time. In this paper, we estimated the timeliness of government assistance for the most vulnerable households (ie, the poor households) in Ethiopia during its COVID-19 response of 2020. In particular, we conducted a time-to-event analysis to compare the time to receive government assistance between poor and non-poor households in Ethiopia.MethodsWe used a semiparametric Cox proportional model to evaluate whether the time to first receipt of government assistance during the COVID-19 response in 2020 differed between poor and non-poor Ethiopian households. We used the Schoenfeld test to check the proportionality assumption and conducted the stratified Cox regression analysis to adjust for non-proportional variables. The data from World Bank’s High-Frequency Phone Surveys on COVID-19 and the 2019 Ethiopian Socioeconomic Survey were used for this analysis.ResultsWe found that the poor households in rural areas were 88% (HR: 1.88; 95% CI: 1.19 to 2.98) more likely to receive government assistance than non-poor households at any point within 10 months after the start of the pandemic. However, there was no significant difference between urban poor and non-poor households’ likelihood of receiving government assistance during this timeframe.ConclusionThe Ethiopian government has leveraged its existing social protection network to quickly reach poor households in rural areas during the COVID-19 response of 2020. The country will need to continue strengthening and scaling the existing social protection systems to accurately target the wider vulnerable population in urban areas.
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Yisma, Engida, Ben W. Mol, John W. Lynch, and Lisa G. Smithers. "The changing temporal association between caesarean birth and neonatal death in Ethiopia: secondary analysis of nationally representative surveys." BMJ Open 9, no. 10 (October 2019): e027235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-027235.
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ObjectiveTo examine the changing temporal association between caesarean birth and neonatal death within the context of Ethiopia from 2000 to 2016.DesignSecondary analysis of Ethiopian Demographic and Health Surveys.SettingAll administrative regions of Ethiopia with surveys conducted in 2000, 2005, 2011 and 2016.ParticipantsWomen aged 15–49 years with a live birth during the 5 years preceding the survey.Main outcome measuresWe analysed the association between caesarean birth and neonatal death using log-Poisson regression models for each survey adjusted for potential confounders. We then applied the ‘Three Delays Model’ to 2016 survey to provide an interpretation of the association between caesarean birth and neonatal death in Ethiopia.ResultsThe adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR) for neonatal death among neonates born via caesarean section versus vaginal birth increased over time, from 0.95 (95% CI: 0.29 to 3.19) in 2000 to 2.81 (95% CI: 1.11 to 7.13) in 2016. The association between caesarean birth and neonatal death was stronger among rural women (aPR (95% CI) 3.43 (1.22 to 9.67)) and among women from the lowest quintile of household wealth (aPR (95% CI) 7.01 (0.92 to 53.36)) in 2016. Aggregate-level analysis revealed that an increased caesarean section rates were correlated with a decreased proportion of neonatal deaths.ConclusionsA naïve interpretation of the changing temporal association between caesarean birth and neonatal death from 2000 to 2016 is that caesarean section is increasingly associated with neonatal death. However, the changing temporal association reflects improvements in health service coverage and secular shifts in the characteristics of Ethiopian women undergoing caesarean section after complicated labour or severe foetal compromise.
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Himelein, Kristen, Stephanie Eckman, and Siobhan Murray. "Sampling Nomads: A New Technique for Remote, Hard-to-Reach, and Mobile Populations." Journal of Official Statistics 30, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 191–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jos-2014-0013.
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Abstract Livestock are an important component of rural livelihoods in developing countries, but data about this source of income and wealth are difficult to collect due to the nomadic and seminomadic nature of many pastoralist populations. Most household surveys exclude those without permanent dwellings, leading to undercoverage. In this study, we explore the use of a random geographic cluster sample (RGCS) as an alternative to the household-based sample. In this design, points are randomly selected and all eligible respondents found inside circles drawn around the selected points are interviewed. This approach should eliminate undercoverage of mobile populations. We present results of an RGCS survey with a total sample size of 784 households to measure livestock ownership in the Afar region of Ethiopia in 2012. We explore the RGCS data quality relative to a recent household survey, and discuss the implementation challenges.
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Chikako, Teshita Uke, Abdul-Aziz Seidu, John Elvis Hagan, and Bright Opoku Ahinkorah. "Complex Multilevel Modelling of the Individual, Household and Regional Level Variability in Predictors of Undernutrition among Children Aged 6–59 Months in Ethiopia." Nutrients 13, no. 9 (August 29, 2021): 3018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13093018.
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Worldwide, ten and a half million children under five die every year, with 98% of these deaths in low- and middle-income countries, including Ethiopia. Undernutrition is a serious public health problem in Ethiopia and children are the most affected segments of the population. This study, therefore, sought to investigate the socio-economic, demographic, health and environmental factors associated with undernutrition among children aged 6–59 months in Ethiopia. Data were obtained from the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey. In this study, anthropometric data (height and weight) and other variables of 9461 children were measured. Descriptive statistics and multilevel logistic regression models were fitted. The descriptive results revealed that about 27.5% of the children aged between 6–59 months were undernourished. Place of residence, employment status of the mother, educational status of the mother, the mother’s nutritional status, age of the child, birth order of children, source of drinking water, diarrhea and fever among children in the two weeks before the survey were the most important factors associated with undernutrition among children aged 6–59 months in Ethiopia. The findings indicate that it is useful to support health care and food security programs in rural areas to directly address food insecurity and undernutrition problems of the poor and exposed communities in rural parts of the country. The education sector must increase mothers’ access to education in all areas to help identify the quality of healthcare and the required attention needed for their children. The health sector should increase their health education programs on the importance of exclusive breastfeeding.
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Tesema, Dereje, and Abeje Berhanu. "Rural Livelihood Strategies and Household Food Security of Farmers Surrounding Derba Cement Factory, Oromia Region, Ethiopia." Rural Sustainability Research 40, no. 335 (December 1, 2018): 2–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/plua-2018-0006.
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Abstract This study examined the livelihood strategies and food security situation of rural households around Derba Cement Factory by taking a randomly selected sample of 215 heads of farm households from three rural kebeles. A mixed research approach was employed to triangulate concurrently collected data through household survey, key informant interviews and focus group discussions. Informed by the sustainable rural livelihood framework, descriptive statistics were used to describe rural households’ livelihood strategies and challenges they faced while inferential statistics was employed to explain households’ food security situations with different livelihood combinations. While mixed farming was found to be the mainstay of the household economy, small-scale irrigation and extracting forest products were also used as supplementary economic activities. More than a half of the respondents (52.5%) reported at least one non-farm activity. Land shortage was identified as a major constraint to expand crop production and this was further aggravated by the activities (e.g. querying leading to displacement) of the Derba Cement Factory. This further affected household labor allocation and natural resources utilization. The result of household food (in) security access scale indicated that 59% of the respondents have experienced food access insecurity in 2016. However, respondents who combined agriculture and non-farm activities appeared relatively more food secure than those engaged in agriculture alone or in non-farm activity only. Overall, households with multiple livelihood strategies had diverse food entitlements to maintain sustainable food consumption. Yet, necessity induced diversification was found to affect food access security of households. This calls for inclusive policies and strategies that integrate rural non-farm activities to subsistence farming in order to assure sustainable livelihood in rural communities.
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Gebre, Mamo Nigatu, Merga Belina Feyasa, and Teshome Kabeta Dadi. "Levels of mother-to-child HIV transmission knowledge and associated factors among reproductive-age women in Ethiopia: Analysis of 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey Data." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 19, 2021): e0256419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256419.
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Background The world community has committed to eliminating the mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus. Even though different studies have been done in Ethiopia, to the knowledge of the investigators, the Ethiopian women’s level of knowledge on the mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus is not well studied and the existing evidence is inconclusive. The current study is aimed to study the Ethiopian women’s level of knowledge on the mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus and its associated factors using the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey Data. Methods Data of 15,683 women were extracted from the 2016 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey. Descriptive statistics and multilevel ordinal logistic regression were respectively used for the descriptive and analytical studies. Results 41.1% [95% CI: 39.5%, 42.7%] of the Ethiopian reproductive-age women have adequate knowledge of the mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus. 77%, 84% and 87.8% of the women respectively know that human immunodeficiency virus can be transmitted during pregnancy, delivery, and breastfeeding. There are wider regional variations in the women’s level of knowledge of the mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus. Being an urban resident, having better educational status, being from a wealthy household, owning of mobile phone, frequency of listening to the radio, frequency of watching television, and being visited with field workers were significantly associated with having adequate knowledge of the mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus. Conclusion Despite all collective measures put in a place by different stakeholders to prevent the mother-to-child transmission of HIV in Ethiopia, a large proportion of the Ethiopian women do not know about the mother-to-child transmission of the disease. Stakeholders working on HIV prevention and control should give due emphasis to promoting mobile phone technology and other media like radio and television by giving due focus to rural residents and poor women to promote the current low level of the knowledge. Emphasis should also be given to the information, education, and communication of the mother-to-child transmission of the disease through community-based educations.
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Mengesha, Ayelech Kidie, Reinfried Mansberger, Doris Damyanovic, and Gernot Stoeglehner. "Impact of Land Certification on Sustainable Land Use Practices: Case of Gozamin District, Ethiopia." Sustainability 11, no. 20 (October 9, 2019): 5551. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11205551.
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Agroforestry is attracting considerable attention in Ethiopia because of its potential for sustainable land use practices. As land tenure insecurity is a major limiting factor for sustainable land use practices in Ethiopia and developing countries in general, the Ethiopian government launched a rural land certification program to secure land tenure. There are limited empirical studies about the impacts of land certification on sustainable land use practices. To fill this knowledge gap, this study was outlined for an area in the Ethiopian Gozamen district. It investigates the impact of land certification on sustainable land use practices and is focused on factors affecting tree plantation based on a household survey, key informant interviews, focus group discussions, and field observations. The results of the study showed that the majority of the respondents practiced sustainable land use practices after their land was certified. Therefore, land certification has a great contribution on sustainable land use practices. In addition, age, consultancy, land size, education, and nurseries proved as significant factors for tree plantation. As access to land is a basic socio-economic precondition for sustainable agriculture and forestry in developing countries, tenure security is a key pathway for the development of the poor and it contributes essentially to achieve sustainable development goals.
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Etea, Bekele Gebisa, Deyi Zhou, Kidane Assefa Abebe, and Dessalegn Anshiso Sedebo. "Household Income Diversification and Food Security: Evidence from Rural and Semi-Urban Areas in Ethiopia." Sustainability 11, no. 12 (June 12, 2019): 3232. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11123232.
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Reducing food insecurity remains a major public policy challenge in developing countries. Food insecurity becomes severe in areas where households highly depend on undiversified livelihoods. However, studies linking household income diversification to food security are limited. This study, therefore, examined the effect of income diversification on food security in the Ambo district, Ethiopia. A survey of rural (n = 175) and semi-urban (n = 175) households was conducted. The Simpson’s index of diversity (SID) was used to measure the level of household income diversity. Food security (access) was measured using the daily calorie consumption (nutrition-based) and the household food insecurity access scale (HFIAS) (experience-based) methods. Consequently, we used binary logistic regression and ordinary least squares (OLS) estimation methods to determine the effect of household income diversity on food security. The instrumental variable (IV) method was also employed to overcome an endogeneity bias. The results revealed that the level of household income diversification was low, and the majority of households were food insecure. The binary logistic and the second-stage least square (2SLS) regression results suggested that income diversification contributes significantly and positively to food security in the study areas. Therefore, we conclude that income diversification reduces food insecurity by enhancing households’ access to food.
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Desalegn, Beruk, Christine Lambert, Simon Riedel, Tegene Negese, and Hans Biesalski. "Ethiopian Orthodox Fasting and Lactating Mothers: Longitudinal Study on Dietary Pattern and Nutritional Status in Rural Tigray, Ethiopia." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 8 (August 17, 2018): 1767. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15081767.
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About half of Ethiopians belong to the Orthodox Tewahedo religion. Annually, more than 200 days are dedicated to religious fasting, which includes abstaining from all types of food, animal source foods, and water. However, the association of fasting with undernutrition remains unknown in Ethiopia. Therefore, dietary pattern and nutritional status of lactating women during lent fasting and non-fasting periods were studied, and predictor variables for maternal underweight were identified. To achieve this, lactating mothers in lent fasting (N = 572) and non-fasting (N = 522) periods participated from rural Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. Average minimum diet diversity (MDD-W) was computed from two 24-h recalls, and nutritional status was assessed using body mass index (BMI). Binary logistic regression was used to identify potential predictors of maternal underweight. Wilcoxon signed-rank (WSRT) and McNemar’s tests were used for comparison of the two periods. The prevalence of underweight in fasting mothers was 50.6%. In the multivariate logistic regression model, younger age, sickness in the last four weeks preceding the survey, fasting during pregnancy, lactation periods, grandfathers’ as household decision makers, previous aid experience, non-improved water source, and not owning chicken were positively associated with maternal underweight. In WSRT, there was no significant (p > 0.05) difference on maternal body weight and BMI between periods. The average number of meals, diet diversity, and animal source foods (ASFs), consumption scores were significantly increased in non-fasting compared to fasting periods in both fasting and non-fasting mothers (p < 0.001, p < 0.05, and p < 0.001, respectively). Consumption of dark green leafy vegetables was higher in the fasting period (11%) than non-fasting (3.6%), in the study population. As a conclusion, Ethiopian Orthodox fasting negatively affected maternal nutritional status and dietary pattern in rural Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. To reduce maternal malnutrition in Ethiopia, existing multi-sectoral nutrition intervention strategies, should include religious institutions in a sustainable manner.
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Tigabu, Aschalew D., Charles F. Nicholson, Amy S. Collick, and Tammo S. Steenhuis. "Determinants of household participation in the management of rural water supply systems: A case from Ethiopia." Water Policy 15, no. 6 (July 24, 2013): 985–1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2013.160.
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Access to safe drinking water supply in Ethiopia is among the lowest in sub-Saharan Africa. While both governmental and non-governmental organizations have implemented water supply projects in recent years, many fail shortly after construction due to improper management. In this paper, we examine socio-economic, institutional and exogenous factors affecting household participation in the management of water supply systems for drinking purposes. A survey was carried out involving 16 water supply systems and 160 households within the Achefer area, in the Amhara region, Ethiopia. The results show that household contributions to water supply system management are positively and significantly affected by user participation during the project design and implementation, by advocacy provided by the project and by greater household income. Thus, for drinking water systems in rural areas to be sustainable, these factors should be included when planning water supply projects.
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Desta, Chalachew Getahun. "Do young children prohibit mothers from working? A study in the Amhara Region, Ethiopia." International Journal of Population Studies 3, no. 2 (December 8, 2017): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.18063/ijps.v3i2.208.
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Theoretical work relating economic effect of children suggests that labor market participation decreases for mothers with large number of young children and increases when children are adults. The majority of empirical studies find results consistent with this expectation, but there are some studies which fail to confirm this theoretical prediction for the developing countries. This paper used data from a household survey of rural and urban married women to test the theoretical prediction that labor market participation decreases for mothers with large number of young children and increases when children are adults. Results show that when all households are considered, children seem to have positive effects on the probability of the mother’s work participation. However, when household lifecycle and rural-urban location differences are considered, coefficients are negative (but not statistically insignificant) for urban households with large number of young children and positive (and statistically significant) for those households with more adult children; whereas for rural households, these coefficient signs are reversed. Results from the quantitative data combined with qualitative narratives suggest that large numbers of young children do not prohibit rural mothers from working.
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Fenta, Haile Mekonnen, Temesgen Zewotir, and Essey Kebede Muluneh. "Disparities in childhood composite index of anthropometric failure prevalence and determinants across Ethiopian administrative zones." PLOS ONE 16, no. 9 (September 23, 2021): e0256726. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256726.
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Background The prevalence of under-five children’s undernutrition in Ethiopia is among the highest in the world. This study aimed at exploring the prevalence and risk factors of the composite index for anthropometric failure (CIAF) of under-five children in Ethiopia by incorporating the zonal (district) effects. Methods The data was drawn from Ethiopian Demographic and Health Surveys (EDHSs), a population-based cross-sectional study of 29,599 under-five year children from 72 Zones in the years 2000, 2005, 2011, and 2016. Fixed effect variables related to child and maternal-household were included in the model. We adopted a generalized mixed model with CIAF as outcome variable and Zones as random effects. Results The prevalence of CIAF in Ethiopia was 53.78% with the highest prevalence of 61.30% in 2000 and the lowest prevalence of 46.58% in 2016. The model result revealed that being a female child, absence of comorbidity, singleton births, and the first order of birth showed significantly lower CIAF prevalence than their counterparts. Among the household characteristics, children from mothers of underweight body mass index, uneducated parents, poor household sanitation, and rural residents were more likely to be undernourished than their counterparts. Based on the best linear unbiased prediction for the zonal-level random effect, significant variations of CIAF among zones were observed. Conclusion The generalized linear mixed-effects model results identified gender of the child, size of child at birth, dietary diversity, birth type, place of residence, age of the child, parental level of education, wealth index, sanitation facilities, and media exposure as main drivers of CIAF. Disparities of CIAF were observed between and within the Ethiopian administrative Zones over time.
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Wencheko, Eshetu, and Mekonnen Tadesse. "Determinants of Ethiopian Women’s Attitudes Toward Wife Beating." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 35, no. 1-2 (February 7, 2017): 510–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260517691524.
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The World Health Organization stipulated that intimate partner violence is one of the most common forms of violence against women and includes physical, sexual, and emotional abuse and controlling behaviors by an intimate partner. Opposition of women against any form of violence at home, beating by their husbands in particular, is a manifestation of readiness to assert their personal rights. This study used data from the 2011 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey to identify some predictors to determine attitudes of married Ethiopian women toward wife beating. The dataset used consisted of 5,818 married women of the reproductive age group 15 to 49 years. While 1,393 (24%) married women did not oppose wife beating, a total of 4,425 (76%) opposed the practice. In the binary multiple logistic regression analysis, age, economic status, level of education, employment status of a woman, number of children living in the household, region (federal administrative regions delineated on the basis of ethnicity), place of residence (urban vs. rural), religion, and husband’s level of education have been included as possible socioeconomic and demographic determinants of women’s attitudes toward wife beating. The findings showed that the predictors region, place of residence, number of living children in a household, and religion were significantly associated with women attitudes toward wife beating.
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KINFU, A. YOHANNES. "CHILD UNDERNUTRITION IN WAR-TORN SOCIETY: THE ETHIOPIAN EXPERIENCE." Journal of Biosocial Science 31, no. 3 (July 1999): 403–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932099004034.
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Using data from a cross-sectional nutrition survey conducted in rural Ethiopia between March and April 1992, roughly a year after the end of one of the longest civil wars in modern human history, this study attempts to document the magnitude and correlates of childhood undernutrition in Ethiopia. Findings from the study reveal that, at the time of the survey, 59% of children in the country were exposed to long-term or chronic undernutrition (stunted); about 4% were suffering from acute problems (wasted); and about the same proportion were both stunted and wasted. Less than a third of the country's children had normal growth. The logistic–binomial regression results demonstrated the existence of significant clustering of risks of undernutrition within areas of residence and notable differentials by age of child, duration of breast-feeding, age at introduction of supplementary foods and number of under-five siblings. Significant variations were also noted by age of household head, per capita land holding, religious affiliation and prevalence of endemic diseases in an area.
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Tsegay, Kiros, Hongzhong Fan, Hailay Shifare, and Priyangani Adikari. "Does credit access matter for household livelihood diversification in Ethiopia?" International Journal of Business Ecosystem & Strategy (2687-2293) 3, no. 2 (October 30, 2021): 51–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.36096/ijbes.v3i2.260.
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This study examines the effect of credit access on both agricultural and off-farm activities based on a household survey of 371 rural farmer respondents in Ethiopia.it was analyzed using a logistic regression model and statistical description. Findings demonstrated that the demographic factors; gender, age, level of education, and family size have a positive and significant effect on credit access. Agricultural credit access is impacted by each of the demographic variables as independent variables. On the other hand, the result indicated that the relationship between credit access and non-farm economic activities has a negative relationship. Credit access has a significant effect on agricultural intensification and specialization rather than diversification. Therefore, a comprehensive policy and strategy needs for credit access in both the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors. The Ethiopian government should follow the integration policy between both sectors and participate in livelihood diversification strategies and achieve sustainable development goals by 2030 at large.
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Wolde, Kibrealem Sisay, and Reta Habtamu Bacha. "Trend and correlates of under-5 mortality in Ethiopia: A multilevel model comparison of 2000–2016 EDHS data." SAGE Open Medicine 10 (January 2022): 205031212211006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20503121221100608.
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Objectives: The main objectives of this article were to answer (1) what is the trend of under-5 mortality from 2000 to 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey? (2) What are the correlates that contribute to under-5 mortality in Ethiopia? Methods: The data used in this study were obtained from 2000, 2005, 2011, and 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey data. We used multivariable three-level logistic regression model to predict under-5 mortality, with sex of a child, preceding birth interval, birth order, place of delivery, weight of child at birth, and plurality as first-level variables; mother’s education level, wealth index, mother’s age at first birth, and sex of household head as second-level variables; and residence and survey time as third-level variables. Results: The under-5 mortality declined from 166 deaths per 1000 live birth in 2000 to 67 deaths per 1000 live births in 2016. The odds of under-5 mortality among children with rural residence were 2.81 times greater than among children with urban residence. Moreover, the odds of under-5 mortality were higher among mothers who gave birth with preceding birth intervals of less than 24 months. A child whose preceding birth interval was less than 24 months had a 0.235, 0.174, 0.143, and 0.107 predicted probability of dying in the years 2000, 2005, 2011, and 2016, respectively. Conclusion: Child mortality varied across time in Ethiopia. Understanding both the time-varying nature of the correlates and changes in the type of their associations can help to explain some of the decreases in child mortality rates. Direction and/or presence of a relationship between these correlates and child mortality significantly interacted with time. Therefore, to mitigate the burden of under-5 mortality, the concerned body should provide awareness to the community.
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Yadeta, Tesfaye Assebe, Bizatu Mengistu, Tesfaye Gobena, and Lemma Demissie Regassa. "Spatial pattern of perinatal mortality and its determinants in Ethiopia: Data from Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey 2016." PLOS ONE 15, no. 11 (November 23, 2020): e0242499. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242499.
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Background The perinatal mortality rate in Ethiopia is among the highest in Sub Saharan Africa. The aim of this study was to identify the spatial patterns and determinants of perinatal mortality in the country using a national representative 2016 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) data. Methods The analysis was completed utilizing data from 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey. This data captured the information of 5 years preceding the survey period. A total of 7230 women who at delivered at seven or more months gestational age nested within 622 enumeration areas (EAs) were used. Statistical analysis was performed by using STATA version 14.1, by considering the hierarchical nature of the data. Multilevel logistic regression models were fitted to identify community and individual-level factors associated with perinatal mortality. ArcGIS version 10.1 was used for spatial analysis. Moran’s, I statistics fitted to identify global autocorrelation and local autocorrelation was identified using SatSCan version 9.6. Results The spatial distribution of perinatal mortality in Ethiopia revealed a clustering pattern. The global Moran’s I value was 0.047 with p-value <0.001. Perinatal mortality was positively associated with the maternal age, being from rural residence, history of terminating a pregnancy, and place of delivery, while negatively associated with partners’ educational level, higher wealth index, longer birth interval, female being head of household and the number of antenatal care (ANC) follow up. Conclusions In Ethiopia, the perinatal mortality is high and had spatial variations across the country. Strengthening partner’s education, family planning for longer birth interval, ANC, and delivery services are essential to reduce perinatal mortality and achieve sustainable development goals in Ethiopia. Disparities in perinatal mortality rates should be addressed alongside efforts to address inequities in maternal and neonatal healthcare services all over the country.
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Gebremichael, Shewayiref Geremew, and Setegn Muche Fenta. "Factors Associated with U5M in the Afar Region of Ethiopia." Advances in Public Health 2020 (July 29, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6720607.
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Background. Ethiopia has experienced a significant reduction of under-five mortality over the past few decades. But still, the country is far from the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of 2030. This study aims to identify the potential associated factors of under-five mortality in the Afar region, Ethiopia. Methods. Data from a national representative cross-sectional survey of Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey of the year 2016 were used. Data were collected from the population of all under-five children in randomly selected enumeration areas of the Afar region of Ethiopia. Chi-squared and binary logistic regression analyses were employed. Results. The result revealed that twin child [(AOR = 5.37; 95%CI: 2.12–13.62)], age of mothers at first birth [(AOR = 0.47; 95%CI: 0.35–0.62) of greater than 16], current breastfeeders (AOR = 0.41; 95%CI: 0.32–0.54), rural residents (AOR: 2.54; 95%CI: 2.49–2.58), used current contraceptive methods (AOR = 0.38; 95%CI: 0.15–0.94), vaccinated the child (AOR = 0.40; 95%CI: 0.27–0.59), family size [(AOR = 0.65; 95%CI: 0.41–0.92) for 4–6 household members and (AOR = 0.49; 95%CI: 0.29–0.80) for seven and more household members], rich households (AOR = 0.03; 95%CI: 0.01–0.16), mother’s age group [(AOR = 3.24; 95%CI: 1.90–5.54) (age 20–29), (AOR = 12.43; 95%CI: 6.86–22.51) (age 30–39), and (AOR = 46.31; 95%CI: 21.74–98.67) (age 40 and above), and antenatal visits ((AOR = 0.48; 95%CI: 0.31–0.74) (1–3 visits) and (AOR = 0.44; 95%CI: 0.24–0.81) (4 and more visits)) significantly determined the under-five mortality. Conclusions. The study showed that giving birth at an early age, low coverage and quality of health access, unimproved breastfeeding culture, nonaccessibility to contraceptive methods, absence of awareness of mothers on vaccination of a child, low economic status of households, and low status of mothers’ antenatal visits lead to the highest under-five mortality in the area. Therefore, community-based educational programs and public health interventions focused on improving the survival of children by providing awareness to the community and specifically to mothers should be improved.
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Mulugeta, Solomon Sisay, Shewayiref Geremew Gebremichael, Setegn Muche Fenta, and Berhanu Engidaw Getahun. "Geographical variation and determinants of women unemployment status in Ethiopia; A multilevel and spatial analysis from 2016 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey data." PLOS ONE 17, no. 7 (July 7, 2022): e0270989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0270989.
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Background Unemployment is a major problem in both developed and developing countries. In Ethiopia, women unemployment is particularly high, and this makes it a grave socio-economic concern. The aim of this study is to assess the spatial distribution and identify the determinant factors of women unemployment in Ethiopia. Methods The data used for the study is the Ethiopian Demographic and Health Surveys of 2016. A total of 15683 women are involved in the study. Global Moran’s I statistic and Poisson-based purely spatial scan statistics are employed to explore spatial patterns and detect spatial clusters of women unemployment, respectively. To identify factors associated with women unemployment, multilevel logistic regression model is used. Results A spatial analysis showed that there was a major spatial difference in women unemployment in Ethiopia with Global Moran’s index value of 0.3 (p<0.001). The spatial distribution of women’s unemployment varied significantly across the country. The major areas of unemployment were Afar and Somalia; southwest Tigray; North and west Oromia, and Eastern and southern parts of Amhara. Women with primary level of education(AOR = 0.88, 95%CI: 0.80, 0.98), secondary and above level of education (AOR = 0.71, 95%CI: 0.62, 0.82), women with rich wealth index (AOR = 0.79, 95% CI: 0.70, 0.90), pregnant women (AOR = 1.24, 95% CI: 1.06, 1.5), women with a male household head(AOR = 1.4, 95% CI: 1.28, 1.50), and urban women(AOR = 0.60, 95% CI: 0.50, 0.70) statistically associated with women unemployment. Conclusion The unemployment rate of women in Ethiopia showed variation across different clusters. Improving entrepreneurship and women’s education, sharing business experiences, supporting entrepreneurs are potential tools for reducing the unemployment women. Moreover, creating community-based programs that prioritize participation of poor households and rural women as well as improving their access to mass media and the labor market is crucial.
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Handebo, Simegnew, Setognal Birara, Ayenew Kassie, Adane Nigusie, and Wallelign Aleminew. "Smoking Intensity and Associated Factors among Male Smokers in Ethiopia: Further Analysis of 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey." BioMed Research International 2020 (July 23, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/4141370.
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Background. Smoking invariably has health, social, economic, and environmental consequences in Ethiopia. Reducing and quitting cigarette smoking improves individual health and increases available household funds for food, education, and better economic productivity. Therefore, this study is aimed at assessing cigarette smoking intensity and associated factors among male smokers in Ethiopia. Methods. The data were extracted from the 2016 national cross-sectional Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey. Our study used data from the standardized and adapted men’s questionnaire. The study included a total of 391 (weighted) smokers who at least smoked one manufactured cigarette per day. The data were collected using a two-stage cluster design which includes selection of enumeration areas and then selection of households. The number of manufactured cigarettes smokers smoked per day was used to measure smoking intensity. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the study findings. Bivariable and multivariable truncated negative binomial Poisson regression models were employed to determine smoking intensity. Results. The finding showed that on average men smoked weighted nine cigarettes per day. One in every five of the smokers (21.2%) smoked 10 cigarettes per day. Smokers living in rural areas (IRR=0.43, 95% CI: 0.244, 0.756), currently married (IRR=0.64, 95% CI: 0.46, 0.91), formerly married (IRR=0.54, 95% CI: 0.30, 0.96), richer men (IRR=0.63, 95% CI: 0.43, 0.90), and richest men (IRR=0.49, 95% CI: 0.28, 0.87) were associated with lower smoking intensity. Smokers in the Somali (IRR=2.80, 95% CI: 1.29, 6.11), Harari (IRR=3.46, 95% CI: 1.14, 10.51), and Dire Dawa (IRR=3.09, 95% CI: 1.23, 7.80) regions; older age (IRR=1.77, 95% CI: 1.31, 2.40); affiliated with Protestant religion (IRR=1.81, 95% CI: 1.12, 2.92); poorer men (IRR=1.64, 95% CI: 1.19, 2.27); watched television (IRR=1.18, 95% CI: 1.04, 1.35); drunk alcohol (IRR=1.37, 95% CI: 1.03, 1.82); and completed primary (IRR=1.15, 95% CI: 1.01, 0.317) and higher education (IRR=2.96, 95% CI: 1.88, 4.67) were positively associated with smoking intensity. Conclusion. Male smokers in Ethiopia smoked intensively with an average of nine manufactured cigarettes per day. Tobacco control interventions should target the following: Eastern Ethiopia regions, older aged, affiliated with Protestant religion, poorer men, watched television, drunk alcohol, and primary and higher educational level.
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Regassa, Nigatu, and Barbara J. Stoecker. "Household food insecurity and hunger among households in Sidama district, southern Ethiopia." Public Health Nutrition 15, no. 7 (December 8, 2011): 1276–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980011003119.
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AbstractObjectiveTo examine household food insecurity and hunger in Sidama Zone, one of the most populous zones in southern Ethiopia.DesignCross-sectional survey administered individually by trained interviewers. Food insecurity was calculated with both the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) and the Household Hunger Scale (HHS), developed by the Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance Project.SettingRural households from ten kebeles (the smallest administrative district) selected from two agro-climatic zones in Sidama, southern Ethiopia, from December 2010 to January 2011.SubjectsMen and women respondents from 1094 rural households were selected using multistage sampling techniques.ResultsUsing the HFIAS, 17·7 % of households were food secure. The percentage of households that were mildly, moderately and severely food insecure was 6·8 %, 27·7 % and 47·8 %, respectively. Using the HHS, 29·0 % and 5·6 % of households fell into the moderate and severe household hunger categories. Using multivariate statistical techniques, five variables were significant predictors of both food insecurity and hunger. These variables were migration of a household member, agro-climatic zone, and younger age, less education and lower radio access for the woman. Being eligible for safety-net credit programmes also was a predictor of hunger, while limited animal ownership and household wealth as well as alcohol use by the household head added to the prediction of food insecurity.ConclusionsThe study documented that food insecurity is a major concern of smallholder farming households in the study area. A substantial majority of the households were facing mild to severe food insecurity and hunger for an extended period of time.
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Tsegay, Kiros, Hongzhong Fan, Hailay Shifare, and PriyanganiAdikari AM. "The role of small town in household livelihood diversification in Ethiopia rural areas." International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147- 4478) 10, no. 7 (November 7, 2021): 230–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.20525/ijrbs.v10i7.1407.
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There is a high expectation that urban-rural linkage in general and the function of small towns, in particular, has a great role in livelihood diversification and poverty reduction in rural areas than sectoral development. However, the previous empirical studies give little attention to the function of small towns and the livelihood diversification of rural communities. We analyze the function of a small town and participating in non-farm economic activities from a rural farm household survey of 371 farmer household heads in Ethiopia. The data was analyzed using a logistic regression model and statistical description. The study found that rural households who have road access have likely participated in none-farm activities and it has positive and significant effects. Education and FHH has also a significant relationship with the function of a small town. Distance from the small town has a significant and positive impact on the non-farm economic activities of rural communities. Overall, benefits from the function of small towns such as the provision of road access, agricultural extension, financial credit services, administrative services, educational and health services are some of the provisions of a small town. Therefore, a comprehensive integrated urban-rural linkage strategy could empower rural farm smallholders to diversify their livelihoods through strengthening small town functions is mandatory. The role of small towns needs to be integrated into rural communities. Participate in livelihood diversification strategies and achieve sustainable development goals by 2030 at large.
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Wood, Shannon N., Robel Yirgu, Abigiya Wondimagegnehu, Jiage Qian, Rachel Mait Milkovich, Michele R. Decker, Nancy Glass, Fatuma Seid, Lensa Zekarias, and Linnea A. Zimmerman. "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on intimate partner violence during pregnancy: evidence from a multimethods study of recently pregnant women in Ethiopia." BMJ Open 12, no. 4 (April 2022): e055790. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-055790.
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ObjectivesThis multimethods study aimed to: (1) compare the prevalence of intimate partner violence (IPV) during pregnancy pre-COVID-19 and during the COVID-19 pandemic using quantitative data and (2) contextualise pregnant women’s IPV experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic through supplemental interviews.DesignQuantitative analyses use data from Performance Monitoring for Action-Ethiopia, a cohort of 2868 pregnant women that collects data at pregnancy, 6 weeks, 6 months and 1-year postpartum. Following 6-week postpartum survey, in-depth semistructured interviews contextualised experiences of IPV during pregnancy with a subset of participants (n=24).ParticipantsAll pregnant women residing within six regions of Ethiopia, covering 91% of the population, were eligible for the cohort study (n=2868 completed baseline survey). Quantitative analyses were restricted to the 2388 women with complete 6-week survey data (retention=82.7%). A purposive sampling frame was used to select qualitative participants on baseline survey data, with inclusion criteria specifying completion of quantitative 6-week interview after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, and indication of IPV experience.InterventionsA State of Emergency in Ethiopia was declared in response to the COVID-19 pandemic approximately halfway through 6-week postpartum interview, enabling a natural experiment (n=1405 pre-COVID-19; n=983 during-COVID-19).Primary outcome measuresIPV during pregnancy was assessed via the 10-item Revised Conflict and Tactics Scale.Results1-in-10 women experienced any IPV during pregnancy prior to COVID-19 (10.5%), and prevalence of IPV during pregnancy increased to 15.1% during the COVID-19 pandemic (aOR=1.51; p=0.02). Stratified by residence, odds of IPV during the pandemic increased for urban women only (aOR=2.09; p=0.03), however, IPV prevalence was higher in rural regions at both time points. Qualitative data reveal COVID-19-related stressors, namely loss of household income and increased time spent within the household, exacerbated IPV.ConclusionsThese multimethods results highlight the prevalent, severe violence that pregnant Ethiopian women experience, with pandemic-related increases concentrated in urban areas. Integration of IPV response and safety planning across the continuum of care can mitigate impact.
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Muluneh, Essey Kebede, and Habitu Liyew Molla. "Factors influencing desired number of children among Ethiopian women: Application of count regression models." Ethiopian Journal of Science and Technology 15, no. 2 (June 1, 2022): 141–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ejst.v15i2.3.
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The number of children wanted in one’s lifetime is one of the major factors influencing population dynamics. Knowing the factors influencing the desired family size is crucial in regulating the population growth of a nation. This study assesses the desired number of children and its determinants among Ethiopian women. The study used the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) data where samples were selected using two stage stratified random sampling. A total of 13,941 women with complete information on the study variables were considered in the study. Generalized linear model was used to identify determinant factors for the desired number of children among women in Ethiopia. The average number of children desired per women was 4.9. The random intercept negative binomial regression model was found to best fit the data. The model identified that women’s age, household head, contraception, wealth index, women’s education, religion, marital status, husband’s work, family size and age at first marriage were significantly associated with women’s desire for children (p < 0.05). Women who had attained a higher level of education preferred a smaller family size compared to women with no formal education. Desire for more children was high among mothers from rural areas, women in the poorest economic level and women having no work. Educating women and engaging them in income generating activities should be among the priority policy agendas.
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Tesfaye, Mamaru, and Paulos Gutema. "Impact of Improved Forage Technology Adoption on Dairy Productivity and Household Income: A Propensity Score Matching Estimation in Northern Ethiopia." Advances in Agriculture 2022 (September 19, 2022): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6197119.
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Adoption of improved forage technologies remains to be one of a promising strategy to boost dairy productivity and enhance household income in many developing countries. However, there are limited rigorous impact evaluation studies on the contributions of such technologies on smallholder dairy productivity and household welfare. This paper examined the impact of improved forage technologies use on smallholder dairy productivity and farm household income in Northern Ethiopia. In this study, a cross-sectional survey design and a multistage stratified sampling procedure were employed. Primary data for the study were obtained from a random sample of 319 rural households, 128 of which are improved forage technology users and the rest are nonusers. The research employed the propensity score matching (PSM) procedure to determine the causal relationship between adoption of improved forage technologies and changes in milk yield and farm household income. Results from PSM revealed that households using improved forage technologies have increased the household milk yield (productivity) by 29.32% and farm income (welfare) by 19.56%. Higher milk yield and annual farm income were compared to those households not using such technologies. Our findings highlight the importance of promoting multiple improved forage technologies among rural smallholder’s dairy producers. Considering this potential, it is suggested that improved forage technology generation, dissemination, and adoption interventions be strengthened for optimum milk production and to attain optimum income under the smallholder farmers’ dairy production system. Moreover, the linkage among research, extension, universities, and farmers needs to be enhanced through facilitating a multistakeholder’s innovation platform.
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Usman, Muhammed A., and Nicolas Gerber. "Irrigation, drinking water quality, and child nutritional status in northern Ethiopia." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 10, no. 3 (August 6, 2020): 425–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2020.045.
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Abstract In this paper, we investigate the relationship between household drinking water quality and irrigation and child nutrition using primary household survey data and microbiological water sample testings in two rural districts of Ethiopia. Anthropometric measures such as height-for-age z-scores (HAZ), weight-for-age z-scores (WAZ), and weight-for-height z-scores (WHZ) were used to measure stunting, underweight, and wasting, respectively. Our survey results show that 41% of the children are stunted, 26% underweight, and 8% wasted. More than 58% of household's stored drinking water samples were also contaminated with Escherichia coli bacteria. The multivariate regression results suggest that irrigation farming and on-premises water sources are significantly associated with lower HAZ, while uncontaminated household stored drinking water quality is correlated with higher WAZ. The results also reveal that dietary diversity score and the number of antenatal care visits by the primary caretaker are statistically significant predictors of child nutritional status. These findings, however, cast doubt on the hypothesis that irrigated agriculture exclusively has a positive effect on child nutrition outcomes.
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Masha, Mamush, Teshome Yirgu, and Mulugeta Debele. "Impacts of Soil and Water Management Measures on Crop Production and Farm Income of Rural Households in the Damota Area Districts, Southern Ethiopia." International Journal of Agronomy 2021 (September 1, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5526713.
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Improving crop productivity and farm income of rural households and ensuring food security through soil and water conservation (SWC) measures are one of the integral parts of sustainable livelihood approaches. The study aims to assess the impact of soil and water conservation measures on improving the rural livelihoods, which is measured in terms of annual crop production and farm income of rural households in the Damota area districts. The data was collected from 378 households (209 adopters and 169 nonadopters of SWC measures) using survey questionnaires, which were randomly chosen by using multistage sampling techniques. Descriptive and inferential statistics with propensity score matching (PSM) method were used to analyze the collected data. The propensity score matching method was used to assess the impacts of soil and water conservation measures by controlling unobserved heterogeneity and were matched with balanced observable characteristics. The result showed that the mean value of wheat production of adopter households was higher (654 kilograms per hectare) than that of nonadopters (496 kilograms per hectare). Similarly, the mean values of farm income of adopter households were higher (17372.67 Ethiopian Birr per year) than those of nonadopter households (13883.22 Ethiopian Birr per year). The result indicated that both crop production and annual farm income were more pronounced when farmers implemented sustainable soil and water conservation measures on their farming lands. This suggests that all rural households need to focus on the large-scale adoption, integration, and maintenances of damaged structures for better agricultural outcomes.
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Andualem, Zewudu, Henok Dagne, Zelalem Nigussie Azene, Asefa Adimasu Taddese, Baye Dagnew, Roman Fisseha, Atalay Goshu Muluneh, and Yigizie Yeshaw. "Households access to improved drinking water sources and toilet facilities in Ethiopia: a multilevel analysis based on 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey." BMJ Open 11, no. 3 (March 2021): e042071. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-042071.
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ObjectiveThis study aimed to assess households access to improved drinking water sources and sanitation facilities and their associated factors in Ethiopia.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingEthiopia.ParticipantsHousehold heads.Primary outcomesAccess to improved drinking water sources and toilet facilities.MethodsWe conducted an in-depth secondary data analysis of 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey. Data from a total of 16 650 households and 645 clusters were included in the analysis. The households were selected using a stratified two-stage cluster sampling technique. Multilevel binary logistic regression analyses were performed to identify factors associated with access to an improved drinking water source and toilet facilities. Adjusted OR with a 95% CI was reported with p value <0.05 was used to declare a significant association between the covariates and the outcome variables.ResultsThe proportions of households’ access to improved sources of drinking water and toilet facilities were 69.94% (95% CI: 69.23% to 70.63%) and 25.36% (95% CI: 24.69% to 26.03%), respectively. Households headed by women and households with a better wealth index were positively associated with access to improved drinking water sources. Whereas rural households, ≥30 min round trip to obtain drinking water and region were factors negatively associated with households access to improved drinking water sources. A higher probability of having access to improved toilet facilities: households with heads who had attained higher education, households having better access to improved sources of drinking water and households with better wealth index. While the following households were less likely to have access to improved toilet facilities: households with heads were widowed, households with four to six members, rural households and region.ConclusionThe study found that the proportions of households’ access to improved drinking water sources and toilet facilities in Ethiopia were relatively low, which demands the need to tailor strategies to increase the coverage of access to improved drinking water sources and toilet facilities.
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Gebissa, Bacha, and Wandu Geremew. "Determinants of Food Insecurity and the Choice of Livelihood Strategies: The Case of Abay Chomen District, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia." Scientific World Journal 2022 (August 9, 2022): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1316409.
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Most of the sub-Saharan African countries including Ethiopia were affected by the food insecurity issue. This study aimed to analyze the drivers of food insecurity, the choice of livelihood strategies, and factors that impact the choices of food security strategies in response to food insecurity in Abay Chomen District of Ethiopia’s Oromia region, Ethiopia. The result of this study is based on primary data and obtained from 150 randomly chosen sample households and secondary data generated from various sources. As for the technique of data analysis, this study employed descriptive statistics for the food insecurity index, as well as a binary logistic model and a multinomial logit model for the choice of household livelihood techniques. The findings of the survey showed that 51.3% of the households were found to be food-insecure and 48.7% food-safe in the study area. Furthermore, the result indicated that the average calorie consumption of the households surveyed was 2008.54 kcal for each adult equivalent per day, which is below the lowest calorie necessity of 2200 kcal. The estimated logistic model outcome on the drivers of household food insecurity confirmed the oldness of the household leader, larger family holder, and off-farm income affects negatively, while the gender of the household leader, the size of the built-up area, the number of livestock holdings (except oxen), the number of oxen owned, access to credit, the participation in the sale of cattle, and others affect positively. In addition, the multinomial logit model result indicates that the educational status of the household leader, the size of livestock farming, the number of oxen possessed, access to credit, remoteness to the market, and monthly agricultural earning are the main drivers of the choice of livelihood strategies of concern for the food insecurity of households. As a result, this research attempted to produce a result of analysis with a defined scope, although many questions remain unsolved. Future studies should concentrate on presenting fundamental data on the factors that affect food security status and livelihood strategy, the social, political, natural, and environmental aspects, the descriptive information on the shopping habits of people who experience food insecurity, and the key aspects that increase the vulnerability of the rural poor to food insecurity.
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Kassie, Abere Wondimu, and Sintayehu Workineh Mengistu. "Spatiotemporal Analysis of the Proportion of Unimproved Drinking Water Sources in Rural Ethiopia: Evidence from Ethiopian Socioeconomic Surveys (2011 to 2019)." Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2022 (March 16, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2968756.
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Currently, around 36% of the rural Ethiopian population is accessing drinking water from unimproved sources and it is unevenly distributed through time and geographic regions. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the spatiotemporal patterns of unimproved drinking water sources and identify hotspot areas in rural Ethiopia. Ethiopian Socioeconomic Survey (ESS) data obtained from the Central Statistical Agency were used. It was conducted in four waves from 2011 to 2019. A two-stage probability sampling design was applied. The sample of enumeration areas and households were taken as the first and second stages of sampling, respectively. A total of 3912, 3775, 3698, and 3115 sample households with complete information on drinking water sources were taken in each wave of ESS data, respectively. Weighted proportions, autocorrelation (Moran’s “I”) statistic, and hotspot analyses were applied to estimate the prevalence, test the presence of clustering, and identify vulnerable areas with unimproved drinking water sources. The STATA version 14, Excel, and ArcGIS 10.6 were used to manage and analyze data. The proportions of households with unimproved drinking water sources were 0.497, 0.385, 0.298, and 0.363 in consecutive waves of ESS data. The results also revealed the existence of geographical and temporal variations of access to drinking water from unimproved sources, and the most recent vulnerable (hotspot) areas in the borders of the West and East Gojjam zones in the western Amhara region, Zone one in southern Afar region, and Liben, Afder, Shebelle, Korahe, and Nobob zones in Somali region were identified. In conclusion, this study reveals significant geographic inequalities in the use of improved drinking water sources. This may be necessary for policies and coverage targeting the most vulnerable regions. The presented map and analytical approaches can provide a mechanism to monitor future reductions in inequality within countries by reflecting resource allocation priorities.