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1
Willis, Mary S., and Shimelis Beyene. "It Takes a Village: Creating a Short-Term Study Abroad in Ethiopia." Practicing Anthropology 40, no. 1 (December 1, 2018): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/0888-4552.40.1.63.
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A USDA “International Science and Education” grant allowed the University of Nebraska Lincoln to develop a curriculum-based, short-term study abroad focused on food security, health, and nutrition in two highly diverse, agro-ecological zones of Ethiopia. Incorporating best practices for creating a rigorous academic experience, we employed a “learn on the job” approach to implement the five-week program using an anthropological lens. We share the design, experiences, and student outcomes of our Ethiopian education abroad, describing the “who, what, and where” of our recently-established program and provide reflections of the three-year journey.
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Sebhatu, Kifle T., Tafesse W. Gezahegn, Tekeste Berhanu, Miet Maertens, Steven Van Passel, and Marijke D’Haese. "Exploring variability across cooperatives: economic performance of agricultural cooperatives in northern Ethiopia." International Food and Agribusiness Management Review 24, no. 3 (April 13, 2021): 397–419. http://dx.doi.org/10.22434/ifamr2019.0215.
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The number of agricultural cooperatives increased quickly in Ethiopia since the 1990s. While many papers studied the impact of membership of Ethiopian cooperatives, not much is known on their performance. This study takes a cooperative-level perspective which is unique in an African context. It compares the economic performance proxied by sales revenue and profit of a wide range of agricultural cooperatives in northern Ethiopia. Data were collected from 511 agricultural cooperatives in 12 districts of Tigray. The contributing factors of the performance are analyzed with Ordinary Least Squares regression (OLS) and Heckman selection models. Our results underscore the importance of membership size, total assets, presence of conflict among members, and union membership. Chairperson characteristics and the internal organization of a cooperative seem to be less correlated to performance.
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Tessema, Marshet, and Markos Debebe Belay. "Confronting past gross human rights violations in Ethiopia: Taking stock of the Reconciliation Commission." South African Journal of Criminal Justice 33, no. 3 (2020): 563–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.47348/sacj/v33/i3a3.
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It is a trite fact that in the recent past decades, Ethiopia has been under a one-party dictatorship. The ruling political party encountered protracted civil protest and at times, an armed struggle. This has led to the overthrow of former party leaders and the dictatorship. The protracted protest against the party has led to change from within the ruling party. Thus, with the coming to power of Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed, there has been a widespread change in the political and legal landscape. Ethiopia has adopted various mechanisms including establishing a reconciliation commission as a means to reckon with legacies of a repressive past. This article takes stock of the major problematic areas of the Ethiopian Reconciliation Commission establishment law, Proclamation 1102/2018, with the aim to propose measures to be taken to rectify its blind spots.
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Barata, Data Dea. "Minority Rights, Culture, and Ethiopia's “Third Way” to Governance." African Studies Review 55, no. 3 (December 2012): 61–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0002020600007204.
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Abstract:Following a successful armed resistance against a dictatorial state regime, a new government of former rebels took control of the national state in Ethiopia in 1991. Prompted partly by unfolding sea changes in global politics in the early 1990s, the new Ethiopian government pledged to undertake radical governance reform. More than twenty years after the new government took office, contested assessments of its record vis-à-vis its human and minority rights pledge, among other issues, have generated waves of debate, criticism, controversy, and global protests. Based on observations from southern Ethiopia, this article takes an ethnographic look at both the process and the outcome of Ethiopia's experiment with ethnic self-government, with a special focus on understanding the value of minority rights as an ideological construct. Conceptually, the paper attempts to explain a disjuncture between the globally prescribed ideal of human/minority group rights and the realities of governance on the ground.
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Wray Witten, Montgomery. "The Protection of Land Rights in Ethiopia." Afrika Focus 20, no. 1-2 (February 15, 2007): 153–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2031356x-0200102007.
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The Protection of Land Rights in Ethiopia Protection of land rights takes place within a complex interconnected environment of constantly changing domestic institutions and organizations at the federal, state and local levels of society. Usually these institutions and organizations function imperfectly, are the subject of a variety of ongoing reforms, and are poorly understood by those who seek to change them. These statements are as true of rich countries as of poor, but poverty does matter. This paper frames the Ethiopian environment within an Ecology of Land Rights Protection, presents examples of the current mixture of outcomes, and concludes with observations about the work of the Mekelle University Law Faculty in improving human rights protection.
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Molvaer, Reidulf K. "The Function of Charter-Myths and Trickster-Tales in Ethiopia." Aethiopica 7 (October 22, 2012): 136–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.15460/aethiopica.7.1.284.
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Where there is no consensus between rulers and ruled about the extent of and limits to the use of power, rulers usually invent charters that give them divine rights to wield power at their own discretion. Most people are law-abiding citizens even under such conditions, but their sympathies lie with the few who dare to take the law into their own hands and free themselves from the constraints imposed by society as if social rules were inviolable. Such people are a law unto themselves, just like rulers who consider themselves to be above the law, but on a much smaller scale. Without checks on behaviour ‘from above’, lawlessness would flourish; but trickster-tales may hint that obedience to the law is not absolute, and that rebellion is a possibility if power is misused. Trickster-tales remind rulers to be moderate in their use of power. ATTENTION: Due to copy-right no online publication is provided.
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Badea, Cătălin. "Water Conflicts: The Case of the Nile River and the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam." Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Studia Europaea 65, no. 2 (December 30, 2020): 179–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbeuropaea.2020.2.09.
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"The most crucial element of every life form on our planet, water has always been a source of potential animosity between clans, tribes and even states. With the advent of modern technology we have devoted less and less of our attention to this all-needed resource, but pollution, large-scale industrialization and agriculture, the population boom of the last centuries and crucially the climate calamity that it threatens to unleash, forces us to reconsider the key role played by water in the delicate and fragile ecosystem of our planet. This article takes a look at how water is, and will increasingly be, a source of contention and even conflicts between states, as climate changes and increasingly larger populations will be forced to fight over more and more depleted resources. With a focus on the case of the Nile river and the potential conflict over its water resources between Egypt and Ethiopia, this article examines how the mainstream state of water conflict thinking fails to explain the case of the Nile River Basis and the newly built Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) and why the alternative ideas that are based on the notions of cooperation and justice might ultimately provide a better way of understanding the complex problem of the delicate management and use of water resources. Keywords: Water conflicts, Egypt, Ethiopia, GERD, The Nile"
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Mohammed, Hamu Kedir, Yonas Mekonnen Wetere, and Mikael Shibru Bekelecha. "Soundness of Ethiopian Banks." International Journal of Finance & Banking Studies (2147-4486) 4, no. 2 (May 21, 2015): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.20525/ijfbs.v4i2.218.
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A well-functioning financial institution will sustain a countries economic development and play a great role in reduction of poverty. One of the major participants in the financial institution is the banking industry. However, the mal-functioning of the banking system can be extremely costly to the real economy. As Bank is one of the participants and major key player in the financial institutions, it needs a continuous assessment by its supervisory and management. Mere ratio analyses are commonly used Performance measurement among the banking industry in Ethiopia. Nonetheless, these financial ratios are more of traditional as well as partial measurements. As such this study conducted using CAMEL framework set by bank for international settlement. The study takes secondary data which are gathered from audited annual reports of all banks. The result shows CAMEL framework is the best fit measurement for Ethiopian Banks and it give a comprehensive result which is very helpful for the governor to set a well determined policy and procedure.
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Virtanen, Pekka. "Rewriting Oromo History in the North: Diasporic Discourse about National Identity and Democracy in Ethiopia." Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies 18, no. 3 (September 2015): 253–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/diaspora.18.3.253.
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This article analyzes the way the Oromo intellectuals living in diaspora have reflected on and positioned themselves in the ethno-political conflict and related debate between the dominant Amharic- and Tigrinya-speaking “Abyssinian” groups and the descendants of the various Oromo groups, which were conquered by the former during the nineteenth century. Even though they are the largest ethnic group in Ethiopia, a large part of the Oromo perceive themselves as discriminated against and exploited by the groups holding political power, and many have fled the country. In the debate, the Oromo diaspora has had an important role. Theoretically, the article takes off from the concept of “orientational frame” launched by Kevin Gillan, which is developed further with support from postcolonial theory, particularly Arjun Appadurai’s discussion about “ideoscapes.” A key research question is whether diaspora intellectuals are what Homi Bhabha calls “strategic intellectuals” who provide resources for postcolonial discourse and practice that surpass the traditional claims to representation and objectivity made by the dominant discourse. Can they come up with an alternative space that does not merely revise or invert the dualities, but reconsiders the ideological bases of division and difference? The article is based on twenty-two individual interviews with members of the Ethiopian diaspora in the Nordic countries and representatives of academic institutions and non-governmental organizations in Ethiopia, participant observation in three ethnic identity-based culture and history workshops organized in Europe, and selected research papers and books published by key members of the diaspora.
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Weber, Benjamin. "An Incomplete Integration into the Orbis Christianus." Medieval Encounters 21, no. 2-3 (July 2, 2015): 232–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700674-12342193.
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Contacts between Ethiopia and the papacy may have developed since the twelfth century and are securely documented from the first half of the fourteenth century. Information and mutual knowledge, very vague at the beginning, slowly increased through merchants, missionaries, and official embassies; both sides learned from each other. But numerous misunderstandings remained and fabulous tales about Ethiopia were diffused in papal documents until the fifteenth century. This was caused, of course, by the difficulty of obtaining precise and genuine information about these remote lands but it was also the consequence of an intentional confusion and distortion of reality, fed by the papacy in order to highlight its universal power.
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Alemu Zemene, Desta, and Belete Tewedros Hiluf. "The Influence of Waiting Lines Management on Customer Satisfaction in Commercial Bank of Ethiopia." Financial Markets, Institutions and Risks 3, no. 3 (2019): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/fmir.3(3).5-12.2019.
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The main objective of the study is to find out how queue management affects the level of customer satisfaction in the case of Commercial Bank of Ethiopia. The study tried to discover the impact of queue management in the Bank on the behavior of consumers the article is carried out in the following logical sequence: the nature and impact of queue management on customer satisfaction, evaluation of queue management mechanisms used, the key problems that face commercial Bank of Ethiopia in the implementation and administering of queue management. The methodological tools of the work include: the method of questioning (to collect primary information from both the client base and operational managers), descriptive statistics and STATA (for data analysis based on analytical statistical tools – frequency distribution tables, cross-tabulation), regression model (to determine the influence of independent variables on the dependent value). Independent factors are presented by the author in the form of waiting environment, perception of waiting time, the information provided to the client from the commercial Bank and queue discipline, dependent indicator – the level of customer satisfaction. As a result of the study, the author concludes that the majority of clients of the commercial Bank of Ethiopia are not satisfied with the current mechanisms of the queue management. The paper states that the key factor influencing customer satisfaction is the waiting time. The study empirically confirms that the Bank’s customers are not satisfied with the information that comes into the waiting room, and the conditions of waiting in banks. The author states the following reasons for dissatisfaction with the mechanisms of queue management on the part of customers: the use of a physical bank, manual queue measurement systems, poor-quality Internet banking, and mobile banking. The paper substantiates recommendations for Ethiopian commercial banks to increase their additional investment in queue management mechanisms, which will contribute to increasing customer satisfaction through the introduction of warning and alarm systems, the use of interactive communication, and advertising on television screens. Keywords: Commercial Bank, Customer satisfaction, Queue management mechanisms.
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Salamon, Hagar. "Cow Tales: Decoding Images of Slavery in the Ethiopian Jewish Community." Slavery & Abolition 29, no. 3 (September 2008): 415–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01440390802267832.
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Hodzi, Obert. "Book review: Tales of Hope, Tastes of Bitterness: Chinese Road Builders in Ethiopia." China Information 35, no. 1 (March 2021): 117–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0920203x21992707e.
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A. Mamo, Siyum, and Abiot D. Habte. "The Political Economy of Commercial Agricultural Land in Ethiopia." PanAfrican Journal of Governance and Development (PJGD) 1, no. 1 (February 20, 2020): 49–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.46404/panjogov.v1i1.1362.
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This paper provides a critical examination of the political economy of commercial agricultural land in Ethiopia, taking a case from the peripheral State of Gambella where the Anyuaa and the Nuer ethnic groups interact. Since 2002, the government of Ethiopia has pursued a controversial investment approach that promotes large-scale investment dominated by FDI while officially denouncing the current wave of the neoliberal economic discourse. Such investment ventures in the State of Gambella have put significant agricultural lands under a long-term lease to foreign developers. The central argument of this study lies in the point that, in a political economy avenue where practices contradict official state ideology, mechanized agricultural developments face failure beyond adverse social and ecological crises. Under the guise of the political economy of development where the state takes in hand the responsibility for playing a leadership role, private developers cannot easily find a space for leverage for making productive investments. Rather, such ventures as the case of Gambella tend to institute land alienation of the rural indigenous poor who are already marginalized because of their double-peripheral positions – a manifestation of South in the South. The consequence of both inter-group relations and the environment is catastrophic. The paper concludes that the influence of (trans)national companies on indigenous communities living especially in fragile environments continues to be disconcerting whereas the conflation of the neoliberal inspiration in the peripheral regions appears to be disguising while leaving the local environment and inter-group relations at stake. Thus, the Ethiopian government should recognize the contradiction between its official ideology and the investment practices in agricultural lands overtaken by (trans)national developers.
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Zegeye, Assefa D., Eddy J. Langendoen, Cathelijne R. Stoof, Seifu A. Tilahun, Dessalegn C. Dagnew, Fasikaw A. Zimale, Christian D. Guzman, Birru Yitaferu, and Tammo S. Steenhuis. "Morphological dynamics of gully systems in the subhumid Ethiopian Highlands: the Debre Mawi watershed." SOIL 2, no. 3 (September 7, 2016): 443–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/soil-2-443-2016.
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Abstract. Gully expansion in the Ethiopian Highlands dissects vital agricultural lands with the eroded materials adversely impacting downstream resources, for example as they accumulate in reservoirs. While gully expansion and rehabilitation have been more extensively researched in the semiarid region of Ethiopia, few studies have been conducted in the (sub)humid region. For that reason, we assessed the severity of gully erosion by measuring the expansion of 13 selected permanent gullies in the subhumid Debre Mawi watershed, 30 km south of Lake Tana, Ethiopia. In addition, the rate of expansion of the entire drainage network in the watershed was determined using 0.5 m resolution aerial imagery from flights in 2005 and 2013. About 0.6 Mt (or 127 t ha−1 yr−1) of soil was lost during this period due to actively expanding gullies. The net gully area in the entire watershed increased more than 4-fold from 4.5 ha in 2005 to 20.4 ha in 2013 (> 3 % of the watershed area), indicating the growing severity of gully erosion and hence land degradation in the watershed. Soil losses were caused by upslope migrating gully heads through a combination of gully head collapse and removal of the failed material by runoff. Collapse of gully banks and retreat of headcuts was most severe in locations where elevated groundwater tables saturated gully heads and banks, destabilizing the soils by decreasing the shear strength. Elevated groundwater tables were therefore the most important cause of gully expansion. Additional factors that strongly relate to bank collapse were the height of the gully head and the size of the drainage area. Soil physical properties (e.g., texture and bulk density) only had minor effects. Conservation practices that address factors controlling erosion are the most effective in protecting gully expansion. These consist of lowering water table and regrading the gully head and sidewalls to reduce the occurrence of gravity-induced mass failures. Planting suitable vegetation on the regraded gully slopes will in addition decrease the risk of bank failure by reducing pore-water pressures and reinforcing the soil. Finally, best management practices that decrease runoff from the catchment will reduce the amount of gully-related sediment loss.
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Russell, James R. "The Armenian Magical Scroll and Outsider Art." Iran and the Caucasus 15, no. 1-2 (2011): 5–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157338411x12870596615313.
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AbstractUnordained clergy make Armenian prayer scrolls, which go back to the amulets against the Child-stealing Witch. They are analogous to the MSS of Ethiopian Christians, made often by charismatic and socially marginal figures. This art found a niche in East Christian society; but none was provided for the appropriately named "outsider" art and the art of the insane in the West, which often expresses religious visions and sentiments that the artistic and mental health establishments—rather than an ecclesiastical order this time!—have forced to the margin of society or beyond it. Despite the early efforts of Frederic Macler, though Armenian magical and talismanic texts have been edited and published there has been little study of the art as such of the manuscripts that contain them. Perhaps because of their greater flamboyance and their situation partially in an African context, it is the analogous material of the Ethiopian Christian tradition that has received art historical attention. And modern avowedly religious art of almost any kind in the West became so generally marginalised in criticism that much of it, including the art of people labelled insane, has come to be studied, if at all, under the rubric of art brut or outsider art. Since the makers of folk-religious-magical art in Armenia (the tirac'u) and in Ethiopia (the debtera) are sometimes marginal figures like outsider artists, I have attempted in this essay to initiate an approach to Armenian magical and talismanic art that employs the comparative method and takes advantage of the insights of studies of outsider art, the art of the psychologically abnormal, and the art of self-taught religious visionaries.
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Skjerdal, Terje, and Sintayehu Gebru. "Not quite an echo chamber: ethnic debate on Ethiopian Facebook pages during times of unrest." Media, Culture & Society 42, no. 3 (April 2020): 365–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0163443719895197.
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Social media commonly function as alternative channels for debate in controlled media societies, often supported by the digital diaspora. This study takes a closer look at Ethiopia, where communication traditionally has been controlled by the government. The situation was particularly tense between 2016 and 2017, when a state of emergency act was declared following anti-government protests. The study scrutinizes three of the most popular online channels during the unrest (Ethiopian DJ, Mereja.com and Zehabesha), all of which used Facebook as their primary means of communication. The findings show that the stories posted by the sites were overwhelmingly political, with a particular focus on ethnic issues. Reader reactions show a slightly different pattern, concentrating less on politics and more on society and culture. This could be an expression of felt anxiety among the public due to the tense political situation. Interestingly, when users did comment on ethnic issues, they were not in agreement, but debated the issues intensely and fiercely. A diversity of views was represented. The study concludes that an echo chamber effect was not detected. For lack of appropriate channels for public discussion in the mainstream media, Facebook accommodated a space for political exchange during the state of emergency.
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Crummey, Donald. "Ethiopia, Europe and Modernity: A Preliminary Sketch." Aethiopica 3 (September 2, 2013): 7–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.15460/aethiopica.3.1.569.
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This paper explores some of the issues of cultural epistemology which underlie the relations between Ethiopia and Europe. It briefly explores the origins of modern diplomatic contacts, arguing that the appropriation of modernity increasingly became a central concern of Ethiopia’s rulers in their relations with Europe. It then raises the question, if Europeanized modernity has increasingly marked Ethiopia in the twentieth century, how are we to discern Ethiopia’s contribution to this process? To what extent, in its modernization, has Ethiopia’s educated elite lost contact with an indigenous point of view? The paper argues that a critical appreciation of modernity in Ethiopia must be made against a background which historicizes the process whereby it came about, which takes fully into account the modes of reasoning embodied in Gǝʿǝz texts, and which privileges the views of those rural Ethiopians so lightly touched by modernity.
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Ratzon, Eshbal. "The First Jewish Astronomers: Lunar Theory and Reconstruction of a Dead Sea Scroll." Science in Context 30, no. 2 (June 2017): 113–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269889717000114.
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ArgumentThe Astronomical Book of Enoch describes the passage of the moon through the gates of heaven, which stand at the edges of the earth. In doing so, the book describes the position of the rising and setting of the moon on the horizon. Otto Neugebauer, the historian of ancient science, suggested using the detailed tables found in later Ethiopic texts in order to reconstruct the path of the moon through the gates. This paper offers a new examination of earlier versions of the Astronomical Book, using a mathematical analysis of the figures and astronomical theories presented throughout the Aramaic Astronomical Book; the results fit both the data preserved in the scrolls and the mathematical approach and religious ideology of the scroll's authors better than the details found in the late Ethiopic texts. Among other new insights, this alternate theory also teaches about the process of the composition of the Astronomical Book in the first centuries of its composition.
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Blunch, N. H., and C. R. Laderchi. "The winner takes it all: Internal migration, education and wages in Ethiopia." Migration Studies 3, no. 3 (May 25, 2015): 417–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/migration/mnv008.
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Zegeye, Assefa D., Misganew Fentahun, Tilashwork C. Alemie, and Tadele Amare. "A low-cost subsurface drainage technique to enhance gully bank stability in the sub-humid highlands of Ethiopia." Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics 69, no. 3 (August 10, 2021): 311–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/johh-2021-0019.
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Abstract Gully erosion is the leading cause of elevated sediment yields in the world. Few low-cost techniques are available for rehabilitating gullies. The objective of this research was to evaluate the applicability of a low-cost horizontal sub-surface drainage system for decreasing gully erosion by stabilizing gully banks. The study was conducted in the sub-humid Ethiopian highlands in two active gullies, one in a Vertisol and another in a Nitisol. One bank was drained with a plastic pipe, and the other bank acted as the control. The two opposite banks are hydrologically isolated from one another. The surrounding groundwater tables were continuously monitored for two years. Over two wet seasons, the average bank retreat in the Vertisol gully was 0.62 m for the control and 0.15 m for the drained bank. Similarly, in the Nitisol gully, in 1.1 m for the control and 0.29 m for the drained bank. The average groundwater table of the drained bank was 20% lower than the non-drained banks during the monitoring periods. These results suggest that bank dewatering maintained higher levels of stability of gully banks and promoted lower rates of bank retreat on both soil types. The initial cost of the dewatering treatments was significantly less than the conventional bank stabilization measures. Bank dewatering could be one of the technologies for gully rehabilitation. Gully management techniques in Ethiopia and elsewhere could benefit from integrating bank drainage with other physical and biological protective measures.
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Marcus, Harold G. "Prejudice and Ignorance in Reviewing Books about Africa: The Strange Case of Ryszard Kapuscinski's The Emperor (1983)." History in Africa 17 (January 1990): 373–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3171827.
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In 1983 Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich issued an English version of Ryszard Kapuscinski's The Emperor, Downfall of an Autocrat, published originally in 1978. Of the fifteen reviews I have read, none was written by an Ethiopianist who might have been expected to know something about Ethiopia's most durable emperor (r. 1916-1974). In other words, the published reviews reflect ignorance about the book's subject, so much so that the critics, to a person, found that the book was not about Ethiopia, or even the emperor, but was about Poland and its then dictator Edward Gierek. They fell for the notion, origanlly invented by the book's bitter Polish readers, that The Emperor was an allegory I They comment, therefore, that Haile Sellassie's story merely “illustrates exactly how the mighty rule, and why, as a result, they fall.” Had I been asked to review Kapuscinski's book, I would have regarded the volume as a serious effort to explain Haile Sellassie and commented accordingly.I would first have stated that Kapuscinski had written a flawed book because he had uncritically believed his informants, several of whom told tall tales about the short monarch. A few examples will suffice to clarify this point. One, Mr. Richard as he is called by several raconteurs, reported that the emperor had a little dog that was permitted to urinate on the shoes of courtiers and that there was a servant whose sole duty was to wipe the offending shoes dry. True, the emperor enjoyed small dogs, but he never would have permitted any animal to humiliate his courtiers. Second, Kapuscinski recounts that the emperor's sole teacher was a French Jesuit, who never was able to inculcate reading into his young charge. In fact, the young Haile Sellassie had several teachers, among them two Capucins but nary a Jesuit. His Ethiopian Capucin, Father Samuel, introduced his student to the classics of Ethiopian and Western philosophical literature and instilled in him a profound respect for reading and learning. Third, Haile Sellassie was, by all reports, a sedulous reader in Amharic, French, and, later, in English. He not only perused books but also reports, newspapers, and magazines. Furthermore, he wrote instructions and orders, giving the lie to Kapuscinski's absurd statement (8): “Though he ruled for half a century, not even those closest to him knew what his signature looked like.”
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Stockmans, Jep, and Karen Büscher. "A spatial reading of urban political-religious conflict: contested urban landscapes in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Journal of Modern African Studies 55, no. 1 (February 2, 2017): 79–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x1600077x.
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ABSTRACTThis article presents a spatial approach to the recent history of conflict and confrontation between the Ethiopian Government and Ethiopian Muslim Communities in Addis Ababa. Based on original ethnographic data and inspired by existing academic studies on political-religious relationships in Addis Ababa, this study takes a closer look at the significance of the urban public landscape in power-struggles between the EPRDF and the Muslim communities. The article argues that political-religious struggle in Addis Ababa shapes the current urban landscape, as use of and control over urban public space and place forms a crucial element in the strategies of public authority of all involved actors.
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Disassa, Getachew Abeshu, and Tsehay Baissa Into. "Indigenous Marriage and Family Counseling among Oromo Community in Ethiopia." Diversitas Journal 5, no. 4 (October 28, 2020): 3008–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17648/diversitas-journal-v5i4-1384.
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ABSTRACT: Semi-structured interview and FGD was employed to extract information from thirteen respondents selected purposefully. The result of the study disclosed that marriage and family counseling is a tradition among Oromo community right after shaving of born hair. Mostly, the father takes responsibility of the male and mother follows her daughter. ‘Kuchu’ and engagement counseling, and knowledge of blessing and curse are among the major areas of concern. Consequently, principles of marriage and family counseling, procedures and ages of application are fundamental. Incorporating indigenous knowledge and skills of counseling in education curriculum and training for its sustainability was recommended for upgrading.
KEYWORDS: family counseling; indigenous counseling; marriage counseling.
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Müller-Mahn, Detlef, and Million Gebreyes. "Controversial Connections: The Water-Energy-Food Nexus in the Blue Nile Basin of Ethiopia." Land 8, no. 9 (September 5, 2019): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land8090135.
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The article takes hydro-development schemes in the Upper Blue Nile Basin of Ethiopia as an example to discuss the suitability and shortcomings of nexus approaches for the analysis of complex socio-ecological transformations. Based on critical theoretical debates and extensive field research in Ethiopia, the paper broadens the nexus perspective by integrating the three analytical dimensions of time, space, and power. The empirical material comes from a case study of the Fincha-Amerti-Neshe scheme that was implemented in three consecutive stages over almost half a century, combining dams, hydro-power plants, large-scale sugar cane plantations, and a factory for sugar production. The empirical findings follow the historical stages of the scheme and their physical outcomes, which affected much more than just water, energy, and food. The paper explores socio-ecological transformations along the analytical dimensions of time, scale, and power. First, it views time and temporality as essential aspects of change and calls for a more systematic recognition of the historical context out of which development trajectories and current nexus situations have emerged. Second, it takes a cross-scalar perspective to explain how local land use is influenced by regional and global drivers. And third, it emphasizes the importance of asymmetric power structures to explain the dynamics of hydro-developments and their social consequences. In conclusion, the paper calls for a “nexus-plus” perspective that is more sensitive to the historical and cross-scalar embeddedness of hydro-development, and which enables more inclusive and fair governance of scarce resources.
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Gemeda, Shibabaw Tadesse, Emily Springer, Sirak Robele Gari, Solomon Melake Birhan, and Hailu Tolasa Bedane. "The importance of water quality in classifying basic water services: The case of Ethiopia, SDG6.1, and safe drinking water." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 5, 2021): e0248944. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248944.
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Introduction Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6 aims to coordinate international efforts toward “clean water and sanitation.” However, water contaminated with pathogenic bacteria or thermotolerant coliforms (TTC) will not achieve the SDG target of clean water in the lives of people around the world. The aim of this study is to assess the water quality parameters of basic water services in Amhara and Afar regions of Ethiopia as well as the role and importance of local managerial committees in ensuring basic water functionality. Methods This mixed methods research, conducted in January-June 2019, sampled 22 districts from food-insecure areas in the Amhara and Afar regions of Ethiopia. From the 22 districts, which represent nearly one third of all districts in each region, 111 water services classified as “basic” were randomly selected. For each selected water service, research included: water quality sample testing, visual observation of water services, interviews and focus group discussions with the associated water managerial committee members. Descriptive statistics frequency, percent, mean, median, standard deviations, normal tables, cross-tables and graphs are used to present the data. Results Although the international water standard for thermotolerant coliform (TTC) levels is 0 CFU/100ml, in our sample of 111 water services, the maximum TTC counts were 71 CFU/100 ml and the mean was 4 CFU/100 ml. Thermotolerant coliform counts were above the permissible standard values for nearly 40% (n = 111) of the basic water services. TTC was detected in 44 (39.64%) (n = 111) basic water services. Of these, 38 (34.23%) were operationally functional while 6 (5.41%) were not functional. Approximately one third of the basic water services sampled, deemed “functional” by international standards, do not provide potable water due to thermotolerant coliform (TTC) levels. Conclusion Our findings from the Amhara and Afar regions of Ethiopia demonstrate that water quality parameters are not currently considered in classifying basic water services. This suggests that international efforts to address SDG 6 should incorporate water quality as a key parameter to better track international progress toward “clean water and sanitation” efforts. We discuss two potential pathways for stronger inclusion of water quality parameters in international definitions: (1) to mandate water quality within “functional” and “non-functional” definitions or (2) to add a ladder rung titled “safe basic water services” to the international drinking water ladder. Our findings from Ethiopia suggest that additional research should be undertaken in development contexts to assess whether or not “functional” basic water services provide safe drinking water to users.
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Alamneh, Alehegn Aderaw, Cheru Tesema Leshargie, Melaku Desta, Molla Yigzaw Birhanu, Moges Agazhe Assemie, Habtamu Temesgen Denekew, Yoseph Merkeb Alamneh, and Daniel Bekele Ketema. "Availability of adequately iodized salt at the household level in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis." PLOS ONE 16, no. 2 (February 16, 2021): e0247106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247106.
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Background Iodine deficiency disorder (IDD) is a global, regional, and national public health problem that is preventable. Universal salt iodization is a worldwide accepted strategy to prevent IDD. The level of iodine in the salt should be adequate at the household level (≥15ppm). Though there was fragmented evidence on the proportion of adequately iodized salt at the household level in Ethiopia, the national level proportion of adequately iodized salt at the household level was remaining unknown. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis estimated the pooled proportion of adequately iodized salt at the household level in Ethiopia from 2013–2020. Method We systematically searched the databases: PubMed/MEDLINE, Google Scholar, and Science Direct for studies conducted in Ethiopia on the availability of adequately iodized salt at the household level since 2013. We have included observational studies, which were published between January first, 2013, and 10 August 2020. The report was compiled according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. The quality of included studies was scored based on the Newcastle Ottawa quality assessment scale adapted for cross-sectional studies. The data were extracted in Microsoft excel and analyzed using Stata version 14.1 software. We employed a random-effects model to estimate the pooled proportion of adequately iodized salt at the household level in Ethiopia. The presence of statistical heterogeneity within the included studies was evaluated using the I-squared statistic. We used Egger’s regression test to identify evidence of publication bias. The pooled proportion with a 95% confidence interval (CI) was presented using tables and forest plots. Results We screened a total of 195 articles. Of these, 28 studies (with 15561 households) were included in the final systematic review and meta-analysis. In Ethiopia, the pooled proportion of adequately iodized salt at the household level was 37% (95% CI: 28, 46%). The subgroup analyses of 28 studies by residence revealed that the pooled proportion of adequately iodized salt at the household level was 32% (95% CI: 29, 35%) and 48% (95% CI: 31, 66%) in rural and urban areas, respectively. Based on geographic location, the highest proportion was found in Addis Ababa (81%; 95%CI: 78, 83), and the lowest proportion found in Dire Dawa (20%; 95%CI: 17, 22). Besides, the proportion of adequately iodized salt at the household level was significantly increased during 2017–2020 (42%; 95% CI: 30, 53%) as compared with 2013–2016 (27%; 95% CI: 17, 39%). Conclusions In Ethiopia, the pooled proportion of adequately iodized salt at the household level was very low as compared to the world health organization’s recommendation. Thus, the Federal Ministry of Health of Ethiopia and different stakeholders should give more attention to improve the proportion of adequately iodized salt at the household level.
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Hanisch, Sarah. "DRIESSEN, Miriam. 2019. Tales of Hope, Tastes of Bitterness: Chinese Road Builders in Ethiopia. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press." China Perspectives 1, no. 2020 (March 1, 2020): 54–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/chinaperspectives.10012.
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Yosef, Tewodros, Biruk Bogale, Alemnew Destaw, and Angesom Weldu. "The Burden of Overweight and Obesity among Long-Distance Truckers in Ethiopia." Journal of Obesity 2020 (July 31, 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/4242789.
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Background. Abnormal body mass index (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2) has become a major global public health problem which is rising at a faster rate in urban areas of low- and middle-income countries. In Ethiopia, the prevalence gradually increases. Long-distance truckers are at a high risk of developing overweight or obesity due to the sedentary nature of their job. Despite these populations at a high risk of developing overweight/obesity such as drivers elsewhere, pieces of data that showed the prevalence and contributing factors of overweight and obesity among long-distance truckers in Ethiopia are not yet available. Objective. To assess the prevalence and contributing factors of overweight and obesity among long-distance truckers in Ethiopia. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 400 systematically selected truckers at Modjo dry port in Ethiopia from February to March, 2018. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews using a structured questionnaire. The final results were presented in tables and numerical summary measures such as mean and standard deviation (SD). Results. Of the 400 truckers interviewed, the prevalence of overweight and obesity was 56.5%, 95% CI (51.6%–61.4%). The study also found that a monthly income ≥220 USD (AOR = 1.83, 95% CI (1.05–3.18)), having 3 or more family sizes (AOR = 2.24, 95% CI (1.15–4.36)), less than 6 hours of sleep at night (AOR = 3.34, 95% CI (1.99–5.78)), driving for 9 or more hours daily (AOR = 2.29, 95% CI (1.09–4.81)), and a truck driving experience of 10 or more years (AOR = 2.13, 95% CI (1.29–4.18)) were significantly associated with overweight and obesity. Conclusion. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was substantially high. The study also found that sociodemographic and occupational factors are mainly associated with overweight and obesity. Therefore, a health education program should be designed for awareness creation on the importance of reducing a sedentary lifestyle, consuming healthy foods or drinks, and having regular physical exercise to mitigate the problem.
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Tsehaynesh, T., Mohammed Abdi, S. Hassen, and W. Taye. "Aspergillus species and aflatoxin contamination in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) in West Gojjam, Ethiopia." African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 21`, no. 01 (February 2, 2021): 17178–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.96.18815.
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Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is an important spice and source of income for smallholder producers in Ethiopia. Since the larger proportion is for the market, it takes a significant share of the national income from export commodity. However, often the product was rejected by some of the European Union markets due to the maximum aflatoxin level accumulations beyond their acceptable limits. So, the present study was carried out to highlight the importance of Aspergillus species invasion in pepper, and levels of aflatoxin contamination at maturity in the field (pod form), farmers' storage and local market (powder form)in West Gojjam, Ethiopia. A total of 135 pepper samples were collected from three districts of West Gojjam(Burie, Jabitehnan, and Fnoteselam), Ethiopia for fungal and aflatoxin analysis.The producers used a pre-validated structured questionnaire to obtain information on pepper production practices. Aspergillus species isolates were recovered using potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium and counting was through dilution method (cfu g-1). The pepper pods were ground to a fine powder for aflatoxin analysis using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay(ELISA). The prevalence of infected samples revealed that, pre-harvest samples(51%) were less infected by Aspergillus species, compared to local markets (65 %) and storage (79 %).Aspergillus flavus species were recovered in pre-harvest samples, whilst A.niger were found in local market samples. Aflatoxin contamination at pre-harvest, storage, and local market were 10, 47, and 42 % with levels which ranged from non-detected to 10.6, 0.3 -17.1 and 3.1 -19.2 ppb, respectively.The mean aflatoxin concentration detected from storage samples (10.6 ppb)and local market (12.6 ppb)were found to be above the tolerable limits set byEU (5 ppb) in pepper products.From the findings in this study, proper drying, physical separation of molded pods and use of clean storage structures should be implemented along the production chain in order to reduce aflatoxin contamination in pepper in Ethiopia.
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Fiseha, Assefa. "Federalism and Development: The Ethiopian Dilemma." International Journal on Minority and Group Rights 25, no. 3 (August 3, 2018): 333–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718115-02503004.
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Key to Ethiopia’s remarkable political and economic changes is its transformation from highly homogenising and centrist rule to a federal system aiming at managing its complex diversity. The post-1991 dispensation has ended years of civil war, and served as a foundation for the impressive economic performance. Lately the country has continued to face wide-spread protests. How does one explain the paradox between an impressive economic performance versus growing political instability? Development is centrally designed and managed along with the identification of poverty as an existential threat against which all resources must be mobilised. This means that development takes overriding priority and a central role, compromising the constitutional autonomy of the states. The outcome as witnessed in the protests is new mobilisation and conflict unleashed by growing ethno-nationalism. The absolute dominance of a single vanguard party that monopolised power has also overshadowed institutions and sidelined political opposition while emboldening hardliners.
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Sigler, David. "Shaftesbury takes an Ethiopian to the Carnival: Foreignness, Subjectivity, and Intersubjectivity in "Sensus Communis"." Eighteenth Century 53, no. 1 (2012): 23–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ecy.2012.0003.
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Strauss, Julia C. "Tales of Hope, Tales of Bitterness: Chinese Road Builders in Ethiopia Miriam Driessen Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2019 vii + 198 pp. HK$350.00; $45.00 ISBN 978-988-8528-04-2." China Quarterly 242 (June 2020): 588–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741020000661.
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Mulisa, Diriba, Tadesse Tolossa, Bizuneh Wakuma, Werku Etafa, and Girma Yadesa. "Magnitude of first line antiretroviral therapy treatment failure and associated factors among adult patients on ART in South West Shoa, Central Ethiopia." PLOS ONE 15, no. 11 (November 11, 2020): e0241768. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241768.
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Background First-line antiretroviral treatment failure has become a public health concern in high, low and middle-income countries with high mortality and morbidity In Ethiopia, around 710,000 peoples were living with HIV and 420,000 of them were receiving ART in 2017. Little is known about the magnitude of first-line ART treatment failure and its associated factors in Ethiopia, particularly in the study area. Therefore, this study was aimed to find the magnitude of first-line ART treatment failure and its associated factors among adult patients attending ART clinic at Southwest shoa zone public hospitals. Methods Institutions based cross-sectional study was employed from February 1 to April 2, 2019. An interviewer administered questionnaire was used to collect data from 350 adult patients on ART using a systematic random sampling technique. The collected data were coded and entered into Epidata version 3 and exported to STATA SE version 14 for analysis. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression was done to identify factors associated with first-line ART treatment failure. At 95% confidence level strength of association was measured using Odds ratio. Variables with a p-value of ≤ 0.25 in the bivariable analysis were considered as a candidate variable for multivariable analysis. To get the final variables step-wise backward selection procedure was used and those in the final model were selected at a p-value <0.05. Finally, texts, simple frequency tables, and figures were used to present the findings. Results In this study the magnitude of first-line ART treatment failure was 33.42%. Absence of baseline opportunistic infection AOR = 0.362 (95%CI0.178, 0.735), Staying on first-line ART for <5 years AOR = 0.47 (95%CI 0.252, 0.878), Nevirapine containing ART regimen AOR = 3.07 (95%CI 1.677, 5.63), Baseline CD4 count ≥100 cells/mm3 AOR = 0.299 (95%CI 0.152 0.591), absence of opportunistic infections after ART initiation AOR = 0.257 (95%CI 0.142, .467), time taking greater than an one-hour to reach health facility AOR 1.85 (95%CI 1.022 3.367) were significantly associated with first-line ART treatment failure. Conclusion The magnitude of first-line ART treatment failure was high in the study area. Base-line opportunistic infection, duration on first-line ART, NVP based ART, Baseline CD4 count level, OI after ART initiation, and time it takes to reach health facility were independent determinants of first-line ART treatment failure.
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Belachew, Sewunet Admasu, Niguse Yigzaw Muluneh, Daniel Asfaw Erku, and Adeladlew Kassie Netere. "A cross sectional study on beliefs and roles of community pharmacy professionals in preventing and managing metabolic syndrome in an Ethiopian setting." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 21, 2020): e0244211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244211.
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Introduction Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a group of cardiovascular risk factors, and its prevalence is becoming alarmingly high in Ethiopia. Studies uncovered as community pharmacy professionals (CPPs) have not yet well integrated into public health programs and priorities. In low income setting like Ethiopia, evidence regarding the roles CPPs in preventing and management of MetS is dearth. Objective The study was aimed to assess community pharmacy professionals’(CPPs) opinions about metabolic syndrome, describe their perception level towards the effectiveness of the main interventions and explore their extent of involvement in counseling patients with the metabolic syndrome in Gondar town, Northwestern Ethiopia. Method A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted among pharmacists and druggists working in community medication retail outlets (CMROs) in Gondar town, northwestern Ethiopia from April 1 to May 31, 2019. Data were collected using a self-administered pre-tested questionnaire. Descriptive statistics was used to summarize different variables, and presented in tables and figure. An independent t-test and one way ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) were used to compare mean scores. A 5% level of significance was used. Result Out of the 75 CPPs approached, 65(40 pharmacists and 25 druggists) completed the survey giving a response rate of 86.7%. Smoking cessation practice was identified to be low. There were a statistically significant difference (t = 2.144, P = 0.036) in the involvement towards counseling patients between CPPs who claimed to work in pharmacy (mean = 3.96 out of 5 points Likert scale) and drug stores (mean = 3.80 out of 5 points Likert scale). Conclusion The study concluded that the overall involvement of professionals in counseling patients, opinion about metabolic syndrome, and perception towards the effectiveness of the intervention was found to be more or less positive. However, the provision of services, such as monitoring therapy, selling equipment for home blood pressure and glucose monitoring and documenting patient care services needs to be encouraged. Given proper education and training, the current study hope that community pharmacists could be an important front-line contributors to contain this emerging epidemic in Gondar town as well as in the entire nation.
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Kiros, Teklehaimanot, Lema Workineh, Tegenaw Tiruneh, Tahir Eyayu, Shewaneh Damtie, and Debaka Belete. "Prevalence of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." International Journal of Microbiology 2021 (March 31, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6669778.
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Background. Antimicrobial resistance especially caused by extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-PE) has become a global public health concern. Globally, these isolates have remained the most important causes of several infections and associated mortality. Their rapid spread in Ethiopia is associated with a lack of regular surveillance and antibiotic stewardship programs. Isolates of ESBL-PE from different regions of Ethiopia were searched exhaustively. However, published data regarding the pooled estimate of ESBL-PE are not conducted in Ethiopia. For this reason, we systematically reviewed laboratory-based studies to summarize the overall pooled prevalence of the isolates recovered from various human specimens. Methods. An exhaustive literature search was carried out using the major electronic databases including PubMed, Web of Science, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Wiley Online Library to identify potentially relevant studies without date restriction. Original articles which address the research question were identified, screened, and included using the PRISMA follow diagram. Data extraction form was prepared in Microsoft Excel, and data quality was assessed by using 9-point Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tools. Then, data were exported to STATA 16.0 software for analyses of pooled estimation of outcome measures. Estimation of outcome measures at 95% confidence interval was performed using Der-Simonian-Laird’s random-effects model. Finally, results were presented via text, figures, and tables. Results. A comprehensive electronic database literature search has yielded a total of 86 articles. Among the total, 68 original articles were excluded after the review process. A total of 18 studies with 1191 bacterial isolates recovered from 7919 various clinical samples sizes were included for systematic review and meta-analysis. In this study, the pooled prevalence of ESBL-PE was 18% (95% CI: 9–26). Nine out of the total (50%) reviewed articles were studied using the combination disk test. Likewise, E. coli and K. pneumoniae (50% both) were the predominant isolates of ESBL-PE in addition to other isolates such as Salmonella spp. and Shigella spp. Conclusion. This meta-analysis has shown a low pooled estimate of ESBL-PE in Ethiopia.
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Deriba, Berhanu Senbeta, Elias Teferi Bala, Gizachew Abdissa Bulto, Tinsae Abeya Geleta, Agumas Fentahun Ayalew, Addis Adera Gebru, Habtamu Oljira Desta, Mengistu Benayew Shiferaew, and Lidya Zerihun Sahile. "Determinants of Anemia among Pregnant Women at Public Hospitals in West Shewa, Central Ethiopia: A Case-Control Study." Anemia 2020 (November 28, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/2865734.
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Introduction. Anemia is highly dominant among pregnant women due to the need for iron for women themselves and their fetuses. Nearly half a billion globally and around one-third in Ethiopia of pregnant women were affected by anemia which has both health and economic impact. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the determinants of anemia among pregnant women attending antenatal care at public hospitals in the West Shewa zone, Oromia regional state, Central Ethiopia, 2019. Methods. An unmatched case-control study was conducted at public hospitals in the West Shewa zone, Ethiopia, from February to April 2019. A consecutive sampling was used to select study participants. Data were collected by a structured questionnaire, and the collected data were entered into Epi Info version 7 and SPSS version 23 for analyses. Descriptive statistics such as tables, graphs, and proportions were used to present the data. Binary and multiple logistic regression analyses were computed to identify the determinants of anemia. Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) and p value <0.05 were used to determine the presence of an association. Result. A total of 426 women (142 cases and 284 controls) participated in this study with a 95.3% response rate. Family size >5 (AOR = 2.95, 95% CI: 1.34–6.50), peptic ulcer diseases (PUD) (AOR = 2.85, 95% CI: 1.14–7.13), having the previous history of abortion (AOR = 2.84, 95% CI: 1.08–7.47), birth interval <2 years (AOR = 2.61, 95% CI: 1.20–5.70), antepartum hemorrhage (APH) (AOR = 6.05, 95% CI: 1.95–18.81), and not using latrine (AOR = 3.45, 95% CI: 1.30–9.24) were the identified determinants of anemia. Conclusions. Family size, PUD, abortion, birth interval, APH, and unable to use latrine were the determinants of anemia among pregnant women. Therefore, the intervention on anemia prevention should consider the promotion of family planning methods and counseling on latrine utilization.
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Kassaw, Mesfin Wudu, Ayele Mamo Abebe, Ayelign Mengesha Kassie, Biruk Beletew Abate, and Seteamlak Adane Masresha. "Trends of proximate low birth weight and associations among children under-five years of age: Evidence from the 2016 Ethiopian demographic and health survey data." PLOS ONE 16, no. 2 (February 10, 2021): e0246587. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246587.
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Background Low birth weight puts a newborn at increased risk of death and illness, and limits their productivity in the adulthood period later. The incidence of low birth weight has been selected as an important indicator for monitoring major health goals by the World Summit for Children. The 2014 World Health Organization estimation of child death indicated that 4.53% of total deaths in Ethiopia were due to low birth weight. The aim of this study was to assess trends of proximate low birth weight and associations of low birth weight with potential determinants from 2011 to 2016. Methods This study used the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey data (EDHS) as data sources. According to the 2016 EDHS data, all the regions were stratified into urban and rural areas. The variable “size of child” measured according to the report of mothers before two weeks of the EDHS takes placed. The study sample refined from EDHS data and used for this further analysis were 7919 children. A logistic regression model was used to assess the association of proximate low birth weight and potential determinates of proximate low birth weight. But, the data were tested to model fitness and were fitted to Hosmer-Lemeshow-goodness of fit. Results The prevalence of proximate low birth weight in Ethiopia was 26.9% (2132), (95%CI = 25.4, 27.9). Of the prevalence of child size in year from 2011 to 2016, 17.1% was very small, and 9.8% was small. In the final multivariate logistic regression model, region (AOR = xx), (955%CI = xx), Afar (AOR = 2.44), (95%CI = 1.82, 3.27), Somalia (AOR = 0.73), (95%CI = 0.55, 0.97), Benishangul-Gumz (AOR = 0.48), (95%CI = 0.35, 0.67), SNNPR (AOR = 0.67), (95%CI = 0.48, 0.93), religion, Protestant (AOR = 0.76), (95%CI = 0.60, 0.95), residence, rural (AOR = 1.39), (95%CI = 1.07, 1.81), child sex, female (AOR = 1.43), (95%CI = 1.29, 1.59), birth type, multiple birth during first parity (AOR = 2.18), (95%CI = 1.41, 3.37), multiple birth during second parity (AOR = 2.92), (95%CI = 1.86, 4.58), preparedness for birth, wanted latter child (AOR = 1.26), (95%CI = 1.09, 1.47), fast and rapid breathing (AOR = 1.22), (95%CI = 1.02, 1.45), maternal education, unable to read and write (AOR = 1.46), (95%CI = 1.56, 2.17), and maternal age, 15–19 years old (AOR = 1.86), (95%CI = 1.19, 2.92) associated with proximate low birth weight. Conclusions The proximate LBW prevalence as indicated by small child size is high. Region, religion, residence, birth type, preparedness for birth, fast and rapid breathing, maternal education, and maternal age were associated with proximate low birth weight. Health institutions should mitigating measures on low birth weight with a special emphasis on factors identified in this study.
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Degefie, Belachew Girma. "Consociation as a Guarantee for the Protection of Minority Rights in Ethiopia." International Journal on Minority and Group Rights 26, no. 3 (May 14, 2019): 335–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718115-02603004.
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The Constitution of Ethiopia takes diversity seriously as a response to the country’s history. On the other hand, the Constitution does not protect minority groups to the extent that it promised in its Preamble, as has been observed for many years. This necessitates a system that at best fosters the interests of minorities and thereby contributes to establishing a legitimate government. This article recommends that a consociational arrangement protects minorities by enabling them to exercise autonomy at the municipal level and be represented in the federal government, thereby allowing them to participate in the federal law-making process. Executive power sharing allows ethnic groups to participate in the federal executive and feel that they are part of the government. Finally, minority veto allows them to veto laws that affect their vital interests such as language rights.
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Gelaye, Kidia K., Franz Zehetner, Willibald Loiskandl, and Andreas Klik. "Effects of soil texture and groundwater level on leaching of salt from saline fields in Kesem irrigation scheme, Ethiopia." Soil and Water Research 14, No. 4 (October 9, 2019): 221–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/137/2018-swr.
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In Ethiopia, soil salinity has become a challenge for agricultural production in irrigated arid and semi-arid areas. This research investigates the effectiveness of leaching salt remediation under different soil textures and groundwater tables. Leaching was conducted in the bare parts of three abandoned saline fields. Soil texture of Field 1 (F1) is sandy loam while Field 2 (F2) and Field 3 (F3) are clay loam. The F1, F2, and F3 groundwater was located at 1.8, 1.5 and > 3 m, respectively. The leaching requirement water levels were 15, 20, 25, and 30% higher than the evaporation of the bare field needed for four consecutive weeks, respectively. The results of this study show that, after four days of leaching, the salinity of F1 with sandy loam texture was significantly (P < 0.05) and more strongly reduced than for the other fields exhibiting clay loam texture. For F1, salinity was reduced from 16.3 to 6.2 dS/m and from 12.4 to 5.5 dS/m at depths of 0–30 and 30–60 cm, respectively. In head parts of F1 and F3, the salinity level was reduced to 2.0 dS/m. However, in F2 with shallow groundwater and clay loam texture, the salinity levels were slightly higher after leaching, i.e. from 11.2 to 12.0 dS/m and from 8.1 to 11.6 dS/m at 0–30 and 30–60 cm depths, respectively. In our experiment, effective leaching was achieved only in the field with sandy soil and deeper groundwater table. We saw that the application of leaching with surface drainage at shallow groundwater levels may further exacerbate salinity problems. For such situations, the use of subsurface drainage could sustain the groundwater depth and prevent additional salinization. On clay-textured fields with shallow groundwater table, a prolonged leaching application is necessary to reduce the salt contents.
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Bedford, Juliet, Meena Gandhi, Metasebia Admassu, and Anteneh Girma. "‘A Normal Delivery Takes Place at Home’: A Qualitative Study of the Location of Childbirth in Rural Ethiopia." Maternal and Child Health Journal 17, no. 2 (February 23, 2012): 230–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10995-012-0965-3.
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ZINK, JESSE. "Lost Boys, Found Church: Dinka Refugees and Religious Change in Sudan's Second Civil War." Journal of Ecclesiastical History 68, no. 2 (January 9, 2017): 340–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022046916000683.
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The experience of young male Dinka refugees during Sudan's second civil war (1983–2005) illustrates the connections between religious change, violence and displacement. Many of the ‘unaccompanied minors’ who fled to camps in Ethiopia and then Kenya moved decisively towards Christianity in the years during which they were displaced. Key variables were the connection between education and Christianity, the need for new structures of community, and the way in which the Church offered a way to make sense of the destruction of civil war. As the war ended, many former refugees returned to their home regions as Christian evangelists, leading to further religious change. Their case parallels other mass conversion movements in African Christian history but takes place in a post-colonial context of civil war.
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Kwami, Corina Shika, Samuel Godfrey, Hippolyte Gavilan, Monica Lakhanpaul, and Priti Parikh. "Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene: Linkages with Stunting in Rural Ethiopia." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 20 (October 9, 2019): 3793. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16203793.
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Stunting is a global burden affecting nearly 160 million children younger than five years of age. Whilst the linkages between nutrition and stunting are well recognized, there is a need to explore environmental factors such as water and sanitation, which may influence feeding practices and result in potential infection pathways. This paper explores the linkages between stunting and water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) factors in Ethiopia, which is a relatively understudied context. The research draws upon baseline data for children under the age of five from 3200 households across four regions in Ethiopia as part of a wider study and integrated program led by the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). Using World Health Organization (WHO) z-scoring, the average stunting rate in the sample is 47.5%. This paper also takes into account demographic and social behavioural factors such as the age, gender of children, and gender of the primary caregiver, in addition to handwashing behaviour and drinking water facilities. The evidence recommends efforts to improve handwashing behaviour for mothers and children with a focus on access to clean water. Higher stunting rates with an increase in the age of children highlight the need for continued interventions, as efforts to improve nutrition and WASH behaviours are most effective early on in promoting long-term health outcomes for children.
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Baynes-Rock, Marcus. "THE ONTOGENY OF HYENA REPRESENTATIONS AMONG THE HARARI PEOPLE OF ETHIOPIA." Africa 86, no. 2 (April 6, 2016): 288–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000197201600005x.
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ABSTRACTEmploying a theoretical framework developed by ecologist Paul Shepard, I explore here the ways in which Harari people's representations of spotted hyenas develop in tandem with their ontogenesis. The Harari word for hyena,waraba, takes on different meanings depending on the socialization of Harari individuals and the particular life stages of these persons. In early childhood,warabais a terrifying beast of the imagination. As children mature, their initial conceptions are overturned as they learn that local hyenas are in fact peaceful; it is the hyenas from beyond Harar's borders whom they learn to fear. Throughout and beyond middle childhood, representations of hyenas are employed in folktales, songs, chants and idioms to represent other humans while at the same time reflecting an engagement with the local hyenas. The representations culminate in the conception ofDerma Sheikh: the reliable, protective, religious hyena who shares the same interest in peace and security as the Hararis. In Harar, representations of hyenas reflect an attention to what hyenas do ‘out there’ in the streets and in the surrounding farmland. They speak of a level of engagement with hyenas as persons: one that is atypical of an ‘urbanized, industrialized’ society.
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Ayhualem, Sileshi, Abayneh Alamer, Sisay Deme Dabi, Kefale Getie Bogale, Abey Bekele Abebe, and Mulugeta Bayisa Chala. "Burden of neck pain and associated factors among smart phone user students in University of Gondar, Ethiopia." PLOS ONE 16, no. 9 (September 7, 2021): e0256794. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256794.
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Background Mobile technology has spread rapidly around the globe. In 2018 the numbers of mobile subscribers in Ethiopia hit 66.2 million. Musculoskeletal complaints related to smartphone use in different body parts have been reported ranging from 8.2% to 89.9%. Neck pain has the highest prevalence rate, which ranges from 17.3% to 67.8%. However, there is limited evidence on the burden of neck pain related to Smartphone usage and no research is done in Ethiopia. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the burden of neck pain and factors associated with smartphone use in Ethiopia. Purpose The objective of this study was to identify the prevalence and factors associated with neck pain among smartphone users at University of Gondar. Methods Institutional based cross-sectional study was conducted from November to December 2019 to determine the prevalence and associated factors of neck pain, with a sample of 845 university student smartphone users at University of Gondar, Ethiopia. A self-administered questionnaire adapted from the Nordic musculoskeletal questionnaire was used to collect data. Independent variables which had a significant association were identified using logistic regression models. Results were reported by using texts and frequency distribution tables. Results Out of 845 questionnaires distributed, 808 students responded; hence, the response rate was 95.6%. The overall prevalence of neck pain among smart phone users in the past 12 months was 47.4% (95% CI, 44.1–50.9%). Attending 5th year (AOR: 3.907, 95% CI: 1. 952–7.82) and 6th year (AOR: 2.93,95% CI: 1,304–6.59), regular physical exercise (AOR: 2.405, 95% CI: 1.549–3.734), cigarette smoking (AOR: 5.415, 95% CI: 2.685–10.919), residency (AOR: 1.681, 95% CI: 1.181–2.391), break while using smartphone (AOR: 3.253 95% CI: 2.252–4.699), used smartphone > 6 hour per day (AOR: 2.782 (1.528 95% CI: 1.528–5.063), used other devises (AOR: 3.158 95% CI: 2.128–4.689), number of social media used daily (AOR: 2.007 95% CI: 1.228–3.2788), used devise for playing game (AOR: 1.484 95% CI: 1.024–2.15) were factors significantly associated with neck pain. Conclusion The current study depicted that nearly half of the study participants reported neck pain in the past 12 months. Attending last year of university, personal characteristics, use of smart phone for longer period, playing game, not taking break, other electronic device use, increased number of social media use were associated with neck pain among smartphone users.
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Donham, Donald L. "A note on space in the Ethiopian revolution." Africa 63, no. 4 (October 1993): 583–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1161007.
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AbstractThere have been two major approaches to spatial analysis in social and cultural anthropology. The first insists that distance is culturally categorised, that a person 's experience of space is relative to particular ways of dividing and conceptualising spatial relations. The second approach, most often associated with central-place theory, takes the opposite tack. Distance, in this view, has certain universal predicates; for example, the inherent difficulty of transporting goods with a simple technology means that markets in agrarian societies have a limited set of recurrent features—no matter how space is locally encoded. These two modes of analysis are often taken as mutually exclusive ways of proceeding. In this article it is suggested that neither can be neglected if large-scale transformations like social revolutions are to be understood in their complexity. In the course of developing a pioneering study of the role of peasants in revolutions Eric Wolf offered the beginnings of a general theory. After summarising some of his hypotheses, the author confronts them with data from the Ethiopian revolution as it unfolded during 1975 in an area called Maale.
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Tadesse, Degena Bahrey, and Hadgu Gerensea. "Self-care practice among hypertensive patients in Ethiopia: systematic review and meta-analysis." Open Heart 8, no. 1 (May 2021): e001421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/openhrt-2020-001421.
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BackgroundIn high-income and low-income countries, including Ethiopia, hypertension (HTN) is a serious public health concern. As a consequence, a massive self-care practice (SCP) is necessary, and the domains of SCP, including adherence to medication, physical activity, weight management, low-salt diet, non-smoking, moderate alcohol usage, and dietary management, are required. However, there is no nationwide study on HTN SCPs in Ethiopia. This meta-analysis, therefore, aimed to estimate the pooled level of HCP among individuals living with HTN in Ethiopia.MethodsThe Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guideline was used to report this systematic review and meta-analysis. We systematically searched the databases PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Google Scholar and Science Direct for studies conducted in Ethiopia. All observational studies published until July 2020 were included. Data were analysed using R V.3.5.3 software, and the pooled prevalence with 95% CIs was presented using tables and forest plots. The presence of statistical heterogeneity (I2) within the included studies was evaluated. We used a funnel plot to identify evidence of publication bias. The random-effects meta-analysis model was employed to estimate the pooled proportion of good HTN SCPs.This was submitted for registration with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews in March 2020 and accepted with the registration number CRD42020175743 (https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO).ResultsOur search databases produced 356 papers. Twelve of these papers fulfilled the inclusion and were found suitable for the review. The total population in this study was 3938. Off these hypertensive populations, 44% (95% CI 34 to 53) had good SCP. The subgroup analysis for each component of SCP was done. The subgroup analysis of good adherence to low-salt diet, alcohol abstinence, medication adherence, non-smoking, physical exercise and weight management was 52% (95% CI 39% to 66%), 77% (95% CI 69% to 88%), 65% (95% CI 45% to 85%), 92% (95% CI 88% to 95%), 43% (95% CI 30% to 56%) and 51% (95% CI 32% to 69%), respectively. In conclusion, nearly half of patients with HTN had good SCPs.
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Deriba, Berhanu Senbeta, Agumas Fentahun Ayalew, and Addis Adera Gebru. "Determinants of preterm birth in public hospitals in central Ethiopia: an unmatched case-control study." F1000Research 10 (August 6, 2021): 773. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.50974.1.
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Background: Around 15 million babies are born prematurely in the world every year. The most common cause of neonatal death in Ethiopia is premature birth. To reduce the rate of preterm delivery by correcting modifiable or preventable causes, the availability of local data is important. Hence, this study aimed to identify the determinants of preterm birth among women who gave birth in public hospitals in central Ethiopia. Methods: An Institutional-based unmatched case-control study was conducted at public hospitals in central Ethiopia to select 170 cases and 340 controls. The collected data were entered into EPI INFO and transferred to SPSS for analysis. Tables, graphs, and proportions were used to present the results. Binary and multiple logistic regressions analysis were computed to identify determinants of preterm birth. Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR), 95% Confidence Interval (CI), and a p-value < 0.05 were computed to determine the presence of an association between preterm birth and independent variables. Results: A total of 166 cases and 332 controls participated in the study, giving a response rate of 97.6%. Cigarette smoking (AOR=3.77, 95% CI=1.35,10.56), alcohol consumption (AOR=1.85, 95% CI=1.11,3.10), wanted but unplanned pregnancy (AOR=3,95% CI=1.68,5.34), neither wanted nor planned pregnancy(AOR=3.61% CI=1.62,8.06), lack of antenatal care (ANC) visits (AOR=4.13, 95% CI=1.95, 8.74), adverse birth outcomes (AOR=5.66, 95% CI=2.88,11.12), presence of a diagnosed illness (AOR=2.81, 95% CI=1.37, 5.76), presence of one or more of obstetrics complications(AOR=6.44, 95% CI=5.49, 3.35, 9), and hemoglobin level < 11g/dl (AOR=2.78, 95% CI=1.48, 5.22) were determinants of preterm birth. Conclusion:-In this study, cigarette smoking status, alcohol drinking status, pregnancy status, adverse birth outcomes, ANC visits, obstetric complications, presence of medical illness, and anemia were identified as determinants of preterm birth. It is important to encourage such women to attend ANC visits, stop smoking, and abstain from alcohol.
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Abdullaev, R. A., O. V. Yakovleva, I. A. Kosareva, E. E. Radchenko, and B. A. Batasheva. "SCREENING OF POWDERY MILDEW RESISTANT BARLEY ACCESSIONS FROM ETHIOPIA FOR TOLERANCE TO ABIOTIC STRESSORS." Proceedings on applied botany, genetics and breeding 180, no. 4 (January 8, 2020): 152–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.30901/2227-8834-2019-4-152-158.
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Background. Analyzing the adaptive potential of cultivated barley with the aim of using new genotypes selected and developed in the process of work is a priority trend in scientific research. The Ethiopian barleys adapted to a variety of soil and climate conditions are characterized by many valuable biological and agronomic traits. Of particular value are genotypes that combine resistance to harmful organisms and environmental stressors.Materials and methods. The collection accessions of Ethiopian barley possessing powdery mildew resistance were studied for tolerance to adverse edaphic factors (chloride salinity and high content of toxic aluminum ions in the soil). Resistance to abiotic stressors was assessed in laboratory experiments. In the study of salt tolerance, a ‘roll-based’ assessment technique was used, which takes into account the inhibition of root growth under salt (NaCl) stress conditions, compared with the reference conditions without salinization. Aluminum sensitivity of barley accessions was diagnosed in the early stages of plant development using the root test.Results and conclusions. A polymorphism of Ethiopian barleys for resistance to adverse edaphic factors was revealed. Twentyone new sources of barley resistance to toxic aluminum ions were identified, of which accessions k-8552 and k-22933 were classified as highly resistant. Accessions k-17554, k-19975, k-20029, k-20048, k-22752, k-23450 and k-25009 proved resistant to soil salinization. Barley accessions k-17554, k-22752 and k-25009 were characterized by complex resistance to powdery mildew, toxic aluminum ions, and chloride soil salinity.
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Rammelt, Crelis F., Maggi Leung, and Kebede Manjur Gebru. "The Exclusive Nature of Inclusive Productive Employment in the Rural Areas of Northern Ethiopia." Work, Employment and Society 32, no. 6 (August 18, 2017): 1044–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0950017017716882.
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Inclusiveness, with its emphasis on productive employment, has become central in development policy. From this perspective, unwaged-work is condemned for not being sufficiently productive; that is, for failing to lift incomes above a poverty threshold. However, insights from the sociology of work reveal a range of unwaged activities that are potentially highly productive in their contribution to self-reliance. The article explores whether these activities are undermined by the promotion of inclusiveness. The case study takes place in Tigray, Ethiopia. Through semi-structured interviews, the activities of different households were classified according to a typology of work based on the work of Gorz, Illich, Wheelock, Taylor, Williams and others. Results show the heterogeneous character of work and shed light on the meaning of productivity. The article ends with a discussion on the risk that inclusiveness may be achieved by replacing activities ‘that count’ with activities ‘that can be counted’.