Academic literature on the topic 'Ethnic discrimination and wellbeing'

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles

Select a source type:

Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'Ethnic discrimination and wellbeing.'

Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.

You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.

Journal articles on the topic "Ethnic discrimination and wellbeing"

1

Manuela, Sam. "Ethnic Identity Buffers the Effect of Discrimination on Family, Life, and Health Satisfaction for Pacific Peoples in New Zealand." Pacific Health Dialog 21, no. 7 (June 22, 2021): 390–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.26635/phd.2021.113.

Full text
Abstract:
Introduction: The effect of discrimination on health and wellbeing varies. Mixed findings show that greater ethnic identity can make one more susceptible to the harmful effects of discrimination, or that ethnic identity can protect one against discrimination. This study tests how ethnic identity moderates the relationship between ethnic discrimination and a range of wellbeing measures for Pacific peoples in Aotearoa New Zealand. Methods: Two independent studies, The Pacific Identity and Wellbeing Study (N = 752) and the New Zealand Attitudes and Values Study (N = 472), surveyed Pacific peoples in New Zealand across measures of ethnic identity, perceived discrimination, family satisfaction, life satisfaction, and health satisfaction. Findings: Moderated regression analyses for both studies showed a significant identity x discrimination interaction. Across all analyses, for those with lower ethnic identity scores, there was a significant negative relationship between discrimination and the health and wellbeing measures. For those with higher ethnic identity scores, there was no significant relationship between discrimination and wellbeing measures. Conclusions: These results suggest that higher scores of Pacific ethnic identity buffer the negative effects of discrimination on satisfaction with family, life, and health. These findings offer support for the protective properties of Pacific ethnic identities. As such, initiatives that seek to bolster Pacific ethnic identities and culture will support a multifaceted approach for enhancing Pacific health and psychological wellbeing.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Jeremiah, Rohan, Adrian Raygoza, Xavier Hernandez, and Charles Brandon. "How American Attitudes about Race, Ethnicity, and Gender affect the Health and Wellbeing of Black-African Refugee Men in the United States." International Journal of Mens Social and Community Health 4, no. 1 (August 17, 2021): e83-e91. http://dx.doi.org/10.22374/ijmsch.v4i1.39.

Full text
Abstract:
More than half of all refugees currently resettled in the United States are racial-ethnic-minority men. Yetrefugee health scholarship has not fully explored racial ethnic minority refugee men's encounters with resettlement environment norms about race, ethnicity and gender. This paper describes an intersectional-informed qualitative study of the daily stressors experienced by Black-African refugee men in the United States to explain how such experiences impact their health and wellbeing. These men’s life narratives illumi-nate how stigma and discrimination associated with race, ethnicity, gender affect their health and wellbeing during resettlement. These findings offer evidence that the realities of ethnic minority refugee men in the United States, while unique, can contribute to broader discourses about minority men’s health inequities.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Bobowik, Magdalena, Anna Wlodarczyk, and Siu Lay-Lisboa. "Dark and Bright Side of Claiming Discrimination: Making Attributions to Prejudice and Social Wellbeing among Immigrants in Spain." Universitas Psychologica 16, no. 5 (January 29, 2018): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.11144/javeriana.upsy16-5.dbsc.

Full text
Abstract:
Research on the consequences of making attributions to prejudice for the psychological functioning of minority groups is still scare and rather inconsistent. In this study we set out to examine the consequences of making attributions to prejudice in response to social rejection for social wellbeing among immigrants in Spain. We tested this relationship and the mediating effects with representative samples of 1250 foreign-born immigrants who had lived for at least six months in the Basque Country, having been born in Bolivia, Colombia, Morocco, Romania, or Sub-Saharan African countries. The sample was drawn from public records and obtained through a probability sampling procedure by ethnicity with stratification by age and sex. We conducted mediation analyses using structural equation modeling (SEM) to verify whether the perceived ethnic discrimination effect on the five dimensions of social wellbeing was partially or completely explained by the attributions to prejudice. Our results indeed partially revealed that making attributions to prejudice protect social wellbeing form negative consequences of personal discrimination only the dimension of social contribution. In turn, attributions to prejudice explained the negative relationship between perceived discrimination and social acceptance and social actualization: that is, these dimensions of social wellbeing that reflect social trust. We discuss the results integrating social identity, social stigma, and positive psychology framework, through inclusion of societal aspects of wellbeing for measuring immigrants’ adaptation in the host society.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Nkimbeng, Manka, Janiece Taylor, Laken Roberts, Peter Winch, Yvonne Commodore-Mensah, Roland Thorpe, Hae-Ra Han, and Sarah Szanton. "Older African Immigrants’ Experiences of Discrimination in the United States." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 689. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.2408.

Full text
Abstract:
Abstract Discrimination is implicated in the disproportionate burden of disease and health disparities in racial/ethnic minorities. This qualitative descriptive study explored the experiences of discrimination and its impact on the health of older African immigrants. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 15 participants. Three main themes and six sub-themes were identified. These included: 1) types of discrimination: a) accent-based, b) unfair treatment during routine activities, c) experience with police and other systems; 2) costs of discrimination; 3) surviving and thriving with discrimination: a) “blind eye to it”, b) reacting to it, c) avoiding it. These themes describe common forms of discrimination that these older adults have experienced, current strategies used to deal with discrimination, and the impact of discrimination on the wellbeing of this sample. To improve the emotional and mental health of older African immigrants, providers serving them should assess for perceived discrimination, and refer participants with any concerns for treatment.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Dachachi, Bizuayehu Dengechi, Nigatuwa Worku Woyessa, and Fisseha Mikre Weldmeskel. "Perceived Discrimination Difference between the Manjo Minority and Non-Manjo Ethnic Group in Kaffa Zone, Ethiopia." Research, Society and Development 9, no. 9 (September 1, 2020): e626997386. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v9i9.7386.

Full text
Abstract:
This study has attempted to examine perceived discrimination difference between the Manjo clan and non-manjos in Kaffa zone that is located in the south west of Ethiopia. A total of 298 individuals who belong to the manjo and non-manjo groups were randomly selected and involved in the study. The researchers utilized an independent sample t-test to compare the level of perceived discrimination between the Manjo and the non-Manjos ethnic groups. Seen segregation is the changeability of thought coming because of behavior of isolating group of people that radiates from predisposition and partiality. As revealed in the study, there is a significant mean variation among manjos and non-manjos with respect to perceiving discrimination. The thought of being discriminated showed significant mean difference between the group of manjos and non-manjos. The finding implies the need for further research and social work intervention to minimize the action and sense of being discriminated as this relates to the overall psychosocial wellbeing of persons in a given community.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Shefer, G., C. Henderson, D. Rose, and S. Evans-Lacko. "FC20-04 -’Who is on my side?’ - qualitative analysis of ethnic minorities experiences of mental health related stigma and discrimination." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 1924. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)73628-8.

Full text
Abstract:
IntroductionThe Time to Change (TTC) anti-stigma campaign, launched in January 2009 in England, intends to make fundamental improvements across England in: public knowledge, attitudes and discriminatory behaviour in relation to people with mental illness. To be effective and valid the campaign must reach a wide range of diverse audiences. This study explores attitudes of people from ethnic minority communities in relation to mental health.ObjectivesThe study investigates:1)General attitudes and perceptions about mental illness in ethnic minority communities2)How we might increase awareness about mental wellbeing and decrease stigma in ethnic minority communities.MethodsTen focus groups with members of ethnic minority groups were conducted. Five groups consisted of service users and five were composed of non-service users. Two groups comprised participants from an Indian origin, two Somali origin, two Afro-Caribbean origin and the other groups were mixed.ResultsWe will present findings regarding the ways in which traditional perceptions of mental health and personal experiences of ethnic minority service users affect their perceptions of sources of support such as family, friends, medical staff and religion and how this feedback could inform ant-stigma interventions.ConclusionThe study suggests that in order to maximise the impact of anti-stigma campaigns, attention should be given to sources of discrimination and traditional perceptions of mental illness which are emphasised by ethnic minority groups. When planning anti-stigma campaigns it is important to incorporate experiences and perceptions from a wide range of audiences.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

CHOU, RITA JING-ANN, and NAMKEE G. CHOI. "Prevalence and correlates of perceived workplace discrimination among older workers in the United States of America." Ageing and Society 31, no. 6 (February 11, 2011): 1051–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x10001297.

Full text
Abstract:
ABSTRACTThe workplace is one of the areas in which discrimination most frequently occurs. Despite increasing workforce participation among older adults and the adverse effects of workplace discrimination on the physical and psychological wellbeing of older adults, limited attention has been given to workplace discrimination against older workers. Based on a national survey of 420 older workers age 50 and above, this study first examined the prevalence of perceived workplace discrimination. Results indicated more than 81 per cent of the older workers encountered at least one workplace discriminatory treatment within a year. Prevalence of perceived workplace discrimination differed with age, gender, education, occupation and wage. The study further tested two competing hypotheses on the level of perceived workplace discrimination and found mixed support for both. As hypothesised (based on the social barriers theory), lower education and racial/ethnic minority status were positively associated with perceived workplace discrimination. As counter-hypothesised (based on the attribution-sensitivity theory), younger ages and being male were positively associated with perceived workplace discrimination. In examining the roles of supervisor and co-worker support, the study discovered that supervisor support was negatively associated with workplace discrimination. Finally, this study revealed a non-linear relationship between wages and perceived workplace discrimination, with the mid-range wage group experiencing the highest level of workplace discrimination.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Bistárová, Lucia. "Formovanie kultúrnej a etnickej identity Maoriov prostredníctvom príslušnosti ku gangu." Kulturní studia 2021, no. 1 (May 1, 2021): 61–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.7160/ks.2021.150104.

Full text
Abstract:
Though often called a “heaven on Earth” New Zealand suffers from a serious problem with gangs. Ethnic gangs have dominated the New Zealand gang scene since the 70s when many Maoris left traditional rural areas and migrated in search of work to the cities but ended up in poverty because of lack of skills and poorly-paid jobs. Maori urbanization and the dual pressures of acculturation and discrimination resulted in a breakdown of the traditional Maori social structures and alienated many from their culture. Maoris who have been unable to maintain their ethnic and cultural identity through their genealogical ties and involvement in Maori culture attempt to find it elsewhere. For many of those that have lost contact with their cultural and ethnic links gangs have replaced families and community and provides individuals with a sense of belonging and safety. The aim of this article is to demonstrate the role of gangs in Maori ethnic and cultural identity development. This paper demonstrates the impact of gang environment on individual identity development and provides evidence that cultural engagement initiatives can enhance Maori identities, which in turn could increase psychological and socio-economic wellbeing.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Gladney, Dru C. "The Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region as an example of separatism in China." Kulturní studia 2021, no. 1 (May 1, 2021): 85–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.7160/ks.2021.150105.

Full text
Abstract:
Though often called a “heaven on Earth” New Zealand suffers from a serious problem with gangs. Ethnic gangs have dominated the New Zealand gang scene since the 70s when many Maoris left traditional rural areas and migrated in search of work to the cities but ended up in poverty because of lack of skills and poorly-paid jobs. Maori urbanization and the dual pressures of acculturation and discrimination resulted in a breakdown of the traditional Maori social structures and alienated many from their culture. Maoris who have been unable to maintain their ethnic and cultural identity through their genealogical ties and involvement in Maori culture attempt to find it elsewhere. For many of those that have lost contact with their cultural and ethnic links gangs have replaced families and community and provides individuals with a sense of belonging and safety. The aim of this article is to demonstrate the role of gangs in Maori ethnic and cultural identity development. This paper demonstrates the impact of gang environment on individual identity development and provides evidence that cultural engagement initiatives can enhance Maori identities, which in turn could increase psychological and socio-economic wellbeing.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Zhang, Mailun, Mengting Li, and XinQi Dong. "The Association Between Discrimination and Self-Mastery in U.S. Chinese Older Adults." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 338. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.1085.

Full text
Abstract:
Abstract Perceived discrimination related to one’s racial/ethnic membership has been linked to negative impact on the health and wellbeing of minority populations. While the anti-Chinese sentiment in the US dates to the 19th century, discrimination experienced by this population and its impact has been poorly understood. Self-mastery is a protective psychological resource reflecting one’s ability to cope with stressors. This study examines the interaction between discrimination and self-mastery among 3,157 US Chinese older adults. Data were obtained from the Population Study of Chinese Elderly in Chicago (PINE) collected between 2011 and 2013. Self-mastery was measured using the Pearlin Mastery Scale. Discrimination was measured using the Experiences of Discrimination instrument. Linear regression was used. Discrimination experiences were found common (21.3%) among the US Chinese older adults. Younger age, male gender, higher levels of education, higher income, being married, more children, and fewer medical comorbidities were associated with a higher sense of self-mastery. After controlling for these potential confounders, discrimination experiences appeared to be significantly associated with lower self-mastery. Specifically, people who have experienced discrimination when getting hired (Beta [B]=-4.47,Standard Error [SE]=1.04, p<0.01), in working environment (B=-1.13,SE=0.52, p<0.05), getting health care (B=-3.45,SE=0.85, p<0.01), getting services in a store or restaurant (B=-2.12,SE=0.78, p<0.01), getting credit, bank loans, or a mortgage (B=-6.86,SE=2.83, p<0.05) and interacting with police or in the courts (B=-4.15,SE=1.48, p<0.01) were associated with lower levels of self-mastery. The findings suggested that discrimination experiences might be harmful by diminishing one’s protective coping mechanism, which warrants longitudinal studies among minority aging populations to clarify.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
More sources

Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Ethnic discrimination and wellbeing"

1

Khan, Arubah. "Discrimination, Attachment, and Ethnic Identity as Predictors for Wellbeing and American Affirmation among Racial and Ethnic Minority University Students." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2019. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1538727/.

Full text
Abstract:
Extant literature has provided evidence suggesting that ethnic minority individuals experiencing discrimination report poor mental health outcomes, including depression, anxiety, and an overall lower sense of belongingness with the majority culture, but empirical research examining how ethnic identity affects this relationship is extremely scarce. The first goal of the current study was to replicate the results of previous studies demonstrating a strong relationship between discrimination and selected wellbeing indicators: meaning in life, American affirmation, depression, and life satisfaction. The second goal of the study was to examine a moderation model and two moderated moderation models that depict the relationships among adult attachment, the affective component of ethnic identity, exploration and commitment to ethnic identity, and wellbeing indicators. Data was collected from 206 students who were recruited from undergraduate psychology courses. Findings provided partial support to the direct effects of discrimination on various wellbeing indicators but did not support the moderating effect of ethnic identity. Additionally, adult attachment, ethnic identity, and discrimination were not found to significantly interact, but the relationship between discrimination, ethnic identity, and American affirmation was found to be significantly moderated by the affective component of ethnic identity. Discussion on the findings, limitations of the study, future research directions, and counseling implications are addressed.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Junuzi, Benita, and Envera Aljic. "Hur arbetar äldreomsorgen i Kommun NN förebyggande mot etnisk diskriminering och hur upplever anställda det förebyggande arbetet? : En kvalitativ studie." Thesis, Högskolan i Jönköping, Högskolan för lärande och kommunikation, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-35477.

Full text
Abstract:
Denna empiriska studie ämnade till att undersöka hur äldreomsorgen inom kommun NN (påhittat namn) arbetar förebyggande mot etnisk diskriminering samt upplevelser kring detta arbete. Studien hade en kvalitativ ansats med en psykologisk utgångspunkt där semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes på både arbetstagare och enhetschefer för att sammanställa en helhetsbild av arbetet. Författarna genomförde ett målinriktat urval av organisation och därefter ett bekvämlighetsurval av respondenter. Detta resulterade i åtta deltagare (n=8) varav fyra av dessa var enhetschefer och fyra var undersköterskor, med en fördelning på tre män och fem kvinnor. En konstruerad intervjumall användes i genomförandet av intervjuerna och för resultatet användes en tematisk analysmetod. Studiens resultat visade att det förekommer brister i det förebyggande arbetet mot etnisk diskriminering på kommun NN. Information och kommunikation visade sig vara de huvudsakliga bristande faktorerna i det förebyggande arbetet mot etnisk diskriminering.
This empirical study aimed to investigate how the care of the elderly in municipality NN (fictive name) works to prevent ethnic discrimination and the experiences with this work. The study was operationalized with a qualitative approach with a psychological point of view. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with both employees and unit managers to compile a holistic picture of the work. The authors conducted a targeted selection of organization and then a convenience sampling. This resulted in eight participants (n = 8) of whom four were unit managers and four were nurses, with a distribution of three men and five women. A constructed interview template was used when conducting the interviews, and for the result a thematic analysis method was used. The findings of the study showed that there is a lack of preventive efforts against ethnic discrimination in municipality NN. The inadequate factors in the preventive work against ethnic discrimination were shown to be information and communication.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Coles, Steven. "Ethnic discrimination and mood." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/31224.

Full text
Abstract:
The thesis comprises of three sections relating to ethnic discrimination and depression. The first is a literature review on the relationship between discrimination and depression in Black and minority ethnic (BME) communities. The second is a research report, which considers the utility of the concepts of external shame and belongingness in explaining the relationship between ethnic discrimination and depression. The third is a critical reflection on the process of the research. Literature review: The review found evidence of a cross-sectional association between discrimination and depression, but there was a lack of methodologically robust prospective studies. Subtle forms of discrimination were found to be as important as blatant forms. Ethnic identity was found to be a generally protective factor in the relationship between discrimination and depression. The process of perceiving discrimination was found to be complex and related to ethnic identity. The utility of considering depression in terms of positive and negative affect was recommended. Research Report: This section reports on a cross-sectional study that used self-report measures. The study sampled White British (WB) and BME students. The results supported a social ranking model of the relationship between discrimination and mood. External shame was found to mediate the relationship between ethnic discrimination and negative affect for the BME and WB groups and with positive affect for the BME group. The BME group was found to report a greater frequency of ethnic discrimination than the WB group. Ethnic discrimination had a greater psychological effect on the BME group than the WB. The results did not support belongingness to ethnic community mediating the relationship between discrimination and mood for either group.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Imani, Armin. "Ethnic stereotypes and discrimination in the workplace /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2004. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe17971.pdf.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Åberg, Aaron, and Måns Boström. "Ethnic Discrimination : A Study on Swedish Municipalities." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för nationalekonomi och statistik (NS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-95973.

Full text
Abstract:
This paper analyzes whether there are differences in treatment for Western-Balkan and Arabic sounding names when requesting information about the Swedish for Immigrants (SFI) program by Swedish municipalities. To answer this question, a correspondence test was conducted in which all 290 municipalities in Sweden were contacted via emails from two fictitious inquirers. We were able to gather data on six outcome variables from this correspondence test, which were chosen to measure the time and effort spent on replies to each inquirer. The results suggest that government officials provide differential treatment in favor of a Western-Balkan-sounding name, but that the outcome variables are relatively small. Moreover, we found no strong evidence for whether this differential treatment is due to taste-based or statistical discrimination. The findings in our study highlights potential consequences for immigrants with an Arabic background as limited access to the SFI program could have implications for their integration into the labor market.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Laouénan, Morgane. "Essays in ethnic discrimination in labor markets." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM1092.

Full text
Abstract:
Cette thèse de doctorat a pour vocation de contribuer au débat sur l'origine de la discrimination ethnique, en se focalisant sur la population des immigrés africains en France et sur celle des Afro-américains aux Etats-Unis. Spécifiquement, en analysant des données microéconomiques françaises et américaines, elle permet d'identifier l'existence de la discrimination fondée sur le principe des préférences des employeurs et des consommateurs et leur effet sur la fragilisation de la situation économique de ces deux groupes minorés. Elle établit l'importance de la discrimination indirecte de la part des consommateurs, et suggère qu'il est primordial de connaître les origines de la discrimination ethnique pour instaurer des politiques publiques à même de lutter efficacement contre ce phénomène. Le premier chapitre propose une analyse descriptive de l'accès des actifs selon leurs origines géographiques aux emplois en contact avec la clientèle en France. Celui-ci révèle le moindre accès des immigrés en France, et des immigrés africains en particulier, aux emplois en contact avec le public. Dans le but d'analyser si les consommateurs jouent un rôle dans cette sous-représentation, le deuxième chapitre formule une stratégie de test destinée à distinguer la discrimination des consommateurs de celle des employeurs. L'existence de ces deux sources de discrimination à l'encontre des immigrés africains est ensuite prouvée à travers l'utilisation du recensement de la population française. A l'aide de la stratégie de test précédente, le troisième chapitre révèle la présence de cette source de discrimination envers les Afro-américains aux Etats-Unis
This dissertation aims at contributing to the debate on the origins of ethnic discrimination by focusing on the population of African immigrants in France, and of African-Americans in the United States. More specifically, by analyzing French and US microeconomic data, it identifies the existence of discrimination based on the principle of employers' and consumers' tastes, and their impact on the weakening of the economic situation of these two discriminated groups. It establishes the importance of consumer discrimination and suggests that it is essential to understand the origins of ethnic discrimination in order to introduce efficient public policies to overcome this phenomenon. The first chapter provides a descriptive analysis of the access to customer-contact jobs for employed individuals based on their geographic origin. It reveals a lower access for immigrants in France, and African immigrants in particular, everything else being constant. In order to analyze whether consumer discrimination plays a part in this under-representation, the second chapter builds a test strategy to disentangle consumer from employer discrimination. The existence of consumer discrimination against African immigrants is then proved using the French census. Using the aforementioned test strategy, the third chapter reveals the presence of this source of discrimination against African-Americans in the US
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Hjortsberg, Marcus. "Etnisk strukturell diskriminering i arbetslivet : när ditt namn väger tyngre än dina meriter." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för ekonomistyrning och logistik (ELO), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-41524.

Full text
Abstract:
The situation on the Swedish labour market is different in opportunities whether you are a native Swede or someone who has a foreign background. People with foreign backgrounds tend to have lower wages, higher rate of unemployment and often have temporary employment contracts. There is a conception that the Swedish culture is the standard and other foreign cultures are abnormal and different. The purpose of this study has been to investigate why there is discrimination on the labour market against ethnic minorities and how the Swedish history has contributed to the structural ethnic discrimination that we are struggling with. I have been using the right dogmatic method and a social science perspective as complement in order to answer the purpose.   The legislation forbids ethnic discrimination, although the struggle is real and people get discriminated due to their ethnic heritage. Even though there are statistics and studies that confirm the ethnic discrimination on the labour market, the court cases are low and there has only been one conviction since 2002. There is a burden of proof that is controlled in the Swedish legislation, where the one who has been exposed of discrimination must proof that it is so. Then it is up to the defendant to prove the opposite. Because of this Arbetsdomstolen must take a stand whether which party is more reliable, based on both parties ability to persuade. Regarding the two cases known as the “racist cases”, Arbetsdomstolen put importance on the fact that the working atmosphere was harsh and the dialogues between the employees were tough. Even though it clearly was not considered as wanted by all, Arbetsdomstolen went with the majority and did not consider their behavior as discriminating. This could be an indicator on the fact that the structural discrimination against ethnic minorities and the idea of your own culture as the right one and the alienation against cultures that are “divergent” are deeply rooted even in authorities.   All people no matter where you come from should as the law regulates have the same opportunities and rights. I believe the problem is not with the law itself, but with the people and the structure in society. We have to change the way we alienate foreign cultures and undermine them, your ethnicity doesn’t decide your qualifications.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Martin, Nicole. "Discrimination and ethnic group identity as explanations of British ethnic minority political behaviour." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:22c28eef-4f30-4174-89f9-392b4ab7bc1d.

Full text
Abstract:
This thesis looks at the role of discrimination and ethnic group identity as explanations of political behaviour of ethnic minorities in Britain. Chapter 2 examines vote choice and partisanship, arguing that a group utility heuristic explains the high level of support for the Labour party among ethnic minorities. I provide individual-level evidence of this heuristic by showing that ethnic minority voters support the Labour party to the extent that they are (i) conscious of the experiences of their ethnic group members with regards to discrimination, and (ii) believe that the Labour party is the best political party to represent their interests. These two attitudes mediate the effects of group-level inequalities. Chapter 3 asks whether Muslims are alienated from mainstream politics by Islamophobia and British military intervention in Muslim countries. I find that perceptions of Islamophobia are linked with greater political alienation, to a greater likelihood of non-electoral participation, but also to a lesser likelihood of voting. Likewise, disapproval of the war in Afghanistan is associated with greater political alienation and a greater likelihood of some types of non-electoral participation. I also provide strong evidence that Muslims in Britain experience more religious discrimination than adherents of other minority religions. Chapter 4 considers the interaction between the extreme right and ethnic minority political attitudes and behaviour. I find evidence that the extreme right British National Party (BNP) increases voting for the Labour party, at the expense of minor parties and abstention. Surprisingly, the BNP effect also benefits the other main parties. Although they do not benefit in increased vote share, Liberal Democrat and Conservative party and leader evaluations are more positive where the BNP stood and performed better in 2010, which I suggest is due to the electoral contrast provided by the BNP. Chapter 5 looks at the mobilisation effect of ethnic minority candidates on ethnic minority voters. I find a positive mobilisation effect of Pakistani and Muslim Labour candidates on Pakistani and Muslim voters, conditional on someone trying to convince the respondent how to vote. I also find a demobilisation effect of Labour Muslim candidates on Sikh voters.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Jacob, Eriksson, and Max Andreasson. "Ethnic Discrimination : A study about housing plots in municipalities." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för nationalekonomi och statistik (NS), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-106128.

Full text
Abstract:
This study presents an investigation of ethnic discrimination in municipalities, by conducting a corresponding test, asking for information about available housing plots, and further examines if the municipalities are contributing to the ethnic discrimination in the housing market. The experiment was conducted by creating two fictitious couples, one Arabic and one Swedish, which was used in the emails, which then was sent out to all municipalities in Sweden. The corresponding test measured the callback rate, the time to receive a reply from the municipality and excluded auto generated replies from the municipalities. We present evidence of ethnic discrimination in the treatment of non natives, using the variable Reply, we found that the Arabic couple were being discriminated against on a 5 percent significance level, with them getting 8,62 percent less answers, Thus, the study's findings indicate that the Arabic couple is being disfavored, relative to the Swedish couple, when emailing municipalities. We conclude that municipalities, could be a contributing factor to the existing ethnic discrimination of non natives in the housing market.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Wang, Yang. "Integration and discrimination of Chinese ethnic minority in Spain." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/672390.

Full text
Abstract:
This thesis uses quantitative and qualitative analyses to explore the integration of Chinese minorities living in Spain – especially, of the second generation born or educated in the country – and the problems of discrimination. The main findings include, first, that Chinese immigrant youths have lower educational attainments than other ethnic minorities in Spain. Parents’ low educational background and lack of ambition for the educational attainments of their children, and Chinese immigrant youths’ high perceived discrimination play significant roles in explaining their low educational attainment. In order to get a deeper understanding of the source of such perceived discrimination, the thesis next explores the role played by coping strategies and community support on these feelings of discrimination. It finds that while many Chinese immigrant youths adopt negative coping strategies to face perceived discrimination, they compensate them with a strong social support from their own ethnic community. The community provides them with a comfortable and secure environment to live in, but also contributes their gradual segregation from the Spanish society, which further leads to discrimination. In the third part of the thesis I further explore the issue of discrimination through experimental methods. I test whether there is discrimination against Chinese minority groups by doing an experiment on the extent to which they have more difficulties than the nationals for buying and selling products in online, second-hand commodity trading markets. I also explore if any discrimination is likely to be taste-based or statistical. I find that when Chinese buyers offer to buy products for sale in the market, they receive fewer positive responses from the sellers than nationals, which demonstrates that they are discriminated against, at least in trading. However, I do not find evidence that they are discriminated against when selling products. This, and the fact that sellers and buyers adjust their responses to a change in the price in the same way regardless of the nationality of the person altering the price, leads me to conclude that they are affected mostly by statistical discrimination, i.e., that they discriminate on the basis of stereotypes about the lower socio-economic status of the Chinese ethnic minority.
Esta tesis utiliza análisis cuantitativos y cualitativos para explorar la integración de las minorías chinas que viven en España -especialmente, de la segunda generación nacida o educada en el país- y los problemas que experimentan de discriminación. Los principales hallazgos incluyen, en primer lugar, que los jóvenes inmigrantes chinos tienen logros educativos más bajos que otras minorías étnicas en España. El bajo nivel educativo de los padres y la falta de ambición por los logros educativos de sus hijos, así como la alta discriminación percibida por los jóvenes inmigrantes chinos juegan un papel importante en la explicación de su bajo nivel educativo. Con el fin identificar más profundamente la fuente de tal discriminación subjetiva, la tesis explora a continuación el papel que juegan en estos sentimientos de discriminación las estrategias de afrontamiento y el apoyo de la comunidad. Concluye que mientras muchos jóvenes inmigrantes chinos adoptan estrategias de afrontamiento negativas para enfrentar la discriminación percibida, las compensan con un fuerte apoyo social de su propia comunidad étnica. La comunidad les brinda un ambiente próspero y seguro para vivir, pero también contribuye a su segregación de la sociedad española, lo que conduce aún más a la discriminación. En la tercera parte de la tesis se explora más a fondo el tema de la discriminación a través de métodos experimentales. Se evalúa si hay discriminación contra los grupos minoritarios chinos haciendo un experimento sobre la medida en que tienen más dificultades que los nacionales para comprar y vender productos en los mercados de comercio de segunda mano en línea. También se explora si es probable que la discriminación esté basada en el gusto o si es podría ser estadística. Los resultados muestran que cuando los compradores chinos ofrecen comprar productos en venta en el mercado, reciben menos respuestas positivas de los vendedores que los nacionales, lo que demuestra que son discriminados, al menos en el comercio. Sin embargo, no se encuentran evidencias de que sean discriminados cuando venden productos. Esto, y el hecho de que vendedores y compradores ajustan sus respuestas a un cambio en el precio independientemente de la nacionalidad de la persona que modifica el precio, lleva a concluir que se ven afectados mayoritariamente por formas de discriminación estadística, es decir, que son discriminados sobre la base de estereotipos que muy probablemente tienen que ver con el bajo nivel socioeconómico de la minoría étnica china.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
More sources

Books on the topic "Ethnic discrimination and wellbeing"

1

Racial and ethnic discrimination. Cambridge: Independence, 2009.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Lentin, Alana. Racism and ethnic discrimination. New York: Rosen Pub., 2011.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Lohmann, Larry. Ethnic discrimination in "global" conservation. London: Goldsmiths College, Centre for Urban and Community Research, 2000.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Stewart, Gail. Discrimination. New York: Crestwood House, 1989.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

fonds--Latvija, Sorosa, and Latvian Center for Human Rights and Ethnic Studies., eds. Occupational representation and ethnic discrimination in Latvia. Rīgā: Nordik, 2002.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Glazer, Nathan. Affirmative discrimination: Ethnic inequality and public policy. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1987.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Glazer, Nathan. Affirmative discrimination: Ethnic inequality and public policy. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1987.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Boucher, Manuel. Discrimination et ethnicisation. La Tour-d'Aigues: Ed. de l'Aube, 2006.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Racial discrimination: Institutional patterns and politics. New York: Routledge, 2008.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Zang, Ted. Destroying ethnic identity. New York, NY: Human Rights Watch, 1991.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
More sources

Book chapters on the topic "Ethnic discrimination and wellbeing"

1

Molina, Kristine M., Kristine M. Molina, Heather Honoré Goltz, Marc A. Kowalkouski, Stacey L. Hart, David Latini, J. Rick Turner, et al. "Racial/Ethnic Discrimination." In Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine, 1612. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1005-9_101429.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Seaton, Eleanor K., Tiffany Yip, and Sara Douglass. "Racial and Ethnic Discrimination." In Encyclopedia of Adolescence, 2287–94. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1695-2_227.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Seaton, Eleanor K., Tiffany Yip, and Sara Douglass. "Racial and Ethnic Discrimination." In Encyclopedia of Adolescence, 1–12. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32132-5_227-2.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Seaton, Eleanor K., Tiffany Yip, and Sara Douglass. "Racial and Ethnic Discrimination." In Encyclopedia of Adolescence, 3026–37. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-33228-4_227.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Pulla, Venkat, Bhairabi Nandini Kaushik, Bharath Bhushan Mamidi, and Sanjai Bhatt. "Understanding Ethnic Violence in North East India." In Discrimination, Challenge and Response, 57–71. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46251-2_4.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Rea, Andrea, John Wrench, and Nouria Ouali. "Introduction: Discrimination and Diversity." In Migrants, Ethnic Minorities and the Labour Market, 1–18. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-27615-8_1.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Dion, Kenneth L., Karen Kisiel Dion, and Rupa Banerjee. "Discrimination, Ethnic Group Belonging, and Well-Being." In Multiculturalism and Social Cohesion, 69–87. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9958-8_3.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Fibbi, Rosita, Arnfinn H. Midtbøen, and Patrick Simon. "Combatting Discrimination." In IMISCOE Research Series, 79–91. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67281-2_7.

Full text
Abstract:
AbstractThere is a large variety of policies and actions contributing to tackling discrimination against immigrants and ethno-racial minorities, and countries vary greatly in their strategies to tackle ethnic and racial discrimination. This chapter distinguishes between three main types of measures – antidiscrimination legislation, affirmative action and other equal opportunity policies, and tools for promoting diversity – and describe their origins as well as whether they are implemented in different contexts. The chapter also reviews studies that have aimed at assessing the effectiveness of measures to combat discrimination and concludes by pointing out the necessity of statistics broken down by ethnicity or race to uncover unfair treatment and disadvantage faced by minorities.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Agyekumhene, Esenam, Dillys Amega, Samuelson Appau, Sefa Awaworyi Churchill, and Janet Ocloo. "Ethnic Diversity, Prejudice and Wellbeing Among Older Chinese." In Measuring, Understanding and Improving Wellbeing Among Older People, 161–85. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2353-3_8.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

LeBrón, Alana M. W., and Edna A. Viruell-Fuentes. "Racial/Ethnic Discrimination, Intersectionality, and Latina/o Health." In New and Emerging Issues in Latinx Health, 295–320. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-24043-1_14.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Conference papers on the topic "Ethnic discrimination and wellbeing"

1

Vorobyova, Tatyana V., and Larisa G. Poleshchuk. "Ethnic tolerance among students." In II International Scientific Symposium on Lifelong Wellbeing in the World. Cognitive-crcs, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2016.02.40.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Fell, Elena. "Against Discrimination: Equality Act 2010 (UK)." In III International Scientific Symposium on Lifelong Wellbeing in the World. Cognitive-crcs, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2017.01.25.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Fomina, Yuliya I. "Specificities of Handling Conflict Situations by Young People with Different Types of Ethnic Identity." In Wellbeing and Security in the Face of Social Transformations. Liberal Arts University – University for Humanities, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.35853/lau.ws.2019.sp08.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Kuznetsova, Natalia. "Methods Of Objectification Of Ethnic Discrimination In Modern German Media-Culture." In WUT 2018 - IX International Conference “Word, Utterance, Text: Cognitive, Pragmatic and Cultural Aspects”. Cognitive-Crcs, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2018.04.02.85.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Reid, Alison, Jun Chih, Renee Carey, Ellie Darcey, and Corie Gray. "O02-5 Workplace discrimination and mental health among ethnic minority workers in australia." In Occupational Health: Think Globally, Act Locally, EPICOH 2016, September 4–7, 2016, Barcelona, Spain. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2016-103951.10.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Macedo, DM, LG Smithers, R. Roberts, DG Haag, and LM Jamieson. "OP44 Does ethnic-racial identity modify the effects of racism on australian aboriginal children socio-emotional wellbeing?" In Society for Social Medicine and Population Health and International Epidemiology Association European Congress Annual Scientific Meeting 2019, Hosted by the Society for Social Medicine & Population Health and International Epidemiology Association (IEA), School of Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, 4–6 September 2019. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2019-ssmabstracts.45.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Hackett, RA, A. Steptoe, and SE Jackson. "RF08 Perceived sex discrimination, mental health and wellbeing: a prospective analysis of the UK household longitudinal study." In Society for Social Medicine and Population Health and International Epidemiology Association European Congress Annual Scientific Meeting 2019, Hosted by the Society for Social Medicine & Population Health and International Epidemiology Association (IEA), School of Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, 4–6 September 2019. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2019-ssmabstracts.123.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Shariff-Marco, Salma, Elizabeth Ellis, Meera Sangaramoorthy, Jennfier Jain, Catherine Thomsen, Christine Ambrosone, Lawrence Kushi, Candyce Kroenke, and Scarlett L. Gomez. "Abstract B040: The impact of racial/ethnic discrimination and residential segregation on cancer survivorship." In Abstracts: Eleventh AACR Conference on The Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; November 2-5, 2018; New Orleans, LA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7755.disp18-b040.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Firdausy, Adriana Grahani. "Measuring Human Rights Legal Resilience in the Context of Ethnic Anti-Discrimination: Study of Universalism or Cultural Relativism?" In 3rd International Conference on Law and Governance (ICLAVE 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.200321.019.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

McFalls, M., Y.-S. Nam, L. Marquez-Reagan, A. Iwan, and M. Ramirez. "0110 Emotional/behavioral difficulties and racial and ethnic discrimination among youth and families: results from a pilot study." In Injury and Violence Prevention for a Changing World: From Local to Global: SAVIR 2021 Conference Abstracts. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/injuryprev-2021-savir.83.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Reports on the topic "Ethnic discrimination and wellbeing"

1

Cook, Benjamin L., Ana M. Progovac, Dharma E. Cortés, Danny McCormick, Michael Flores, Leslie B. Adams, Timothy B. Creedon, et al. Comparing Preferences for Depression and Diabetes Treatment among Adults of Different Racial and Ethnic Groups Who Reported Discrimination in Health Care. Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI), January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25302/01.2021.me.150731469.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Moser, Petra. An Empirical Test of Taste-based Discrimination Changes in Ethnic Preferences and their Effect on Admissions to the NYSE during World War I. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, May 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w14003.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Yusupov, Dilmurad. Deaf Uzbek Jehovah’s Witnesses: The Case of Intersection of Disability, Ethnic and Religious Inequalities in Post-Soviet Uzbekistan. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/creid.2021.008.

Full text
Abstract:
This study explores how intersecting identities based on disability, ethnicity and religion impact the wellbeing of deaf Uzbek Jehovah’s Witnesses in post-Soviet Uzbekistan. By analysing the collected ethnographic data and semi-structured interviews with deaf people, Islamic religious figures, and state officials in the capital city Tashkent, it provides the case of how a reaction of a majority religious group to the freedom of religious belief contributes to the marginalisation and exclusion of religious deaf minorities who were converted from Islam to the Jehovah’s Witnesses. The paper argues that the insensitivity of the dominant Muslim communities to the freedom of religious belief of deaf Uzbek Christian converts excluded them from their project activities and allocation of resources provided by the newly established Islamic Endowment Public charity foundation ‘Vaqf’. Deaf people in Uzbekistan are often stigmatised and discriminated against based on their disability identity, and religious inequality may further exacerbate existing challenges, lead to unintended exclusionary tendencies within the local deaf communities, and ultimately inhibit the formation of collective deaf identity and agency to advocate for their legitimate rights and interests.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Carter, Becky, and Luke Kelly. Social Inequalities and Famine and Severe Food Insecurity Risk. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.097.

Full text
Abstract:
This rapid review summarises the evidence on the ways in which social inequalities and discrimination affect the risk of famine or severe food insecurity. Looking at the risk at the national and sub-national level, gender and other horizontal inequities can affect a society’s risk of violent conflict and therefore food insecurity, while fragile livelihoods associated with ethnic marginalisation can impact regional food security. At the individual and household level, there is a lack of disaggregated data on people’s social characteristics and famines. There is a broader literature on the impact of systemic discrimination (based on gender, age, disability, sexuality, and ethnic identity) on individuals’ and households’ livelihoods and assets, thereby increasing their vulnerability to food insecurity. A key finding from the literature is the gender gap, with women more at risk of being food insecure than men. Also, some ethnic groups are highly vulnerable particularly in conflict-related famines; starvation is used as a warfare tactic in political and ethnic conflicts. There is evidence of how social inequalities heighten individuals’ risks during food crises and famines, including through exposure to protection threats, while limiting their access to essential services and humanitarian assistance. A broad range of measures seeks to address the multi-dimensional ways in which social inequalities affect vulnerability and resilience to food insecurity.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Sultan, Sadiqa, Maryam Kanwer, and Jaffer Mirza. A Multi-layered Minority: Hazara Shia Women in Pakistan. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/creid.2020.011.

Full text
Abstract:
Shia account for approximately 10–15 per cent of the Muslim population in Pakistan, which has a largely Sunni Muslim population. Anti-Shia violence, led by extremist militant groups, dates to 1979 and has resulted in thousands killed and injured in terrorist attacks over the years. Hazara Shia, who are both an ethnic and a religious minority, make an easy target for extremist groups as they are physically distinctive. The majority live in Quetta, the provincial capital of Balochistan in central Pakistan, where they have become largely ghettoised into two areas as result of ongoing attacks. Studies on the Hazara Shia persecution have mostly focused on the killings of Hazara men and paid little attention to the nature and impact of religious persecution of Shias on Hazara women. Poor Hazara women in particular face multi-layered marginalisation, due to the intersection of their gender, religious-ethnic affiliation and class, and face limited opportunities in education and jobs, restricted mobility, mental and psychological health issues, and gender-based discrimination.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
We offer discounts on all premium plans for authors whose works are included in thematic literature selections. Contact us to get a unique promo code!

To the bibliography