Journal articles: 'Ethnic discrimination and wellbeing'

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Manuela, Sam. "Ethnic Identity Buffers the Effect of Discrimination on Family, Life, and Health Satisfaction for Pacific Peoples in New Zealand." Pacific Health Dialog 21, no. 7 (June 22, 2021): 390–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.26635/phd.2021.113.

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Introduction: The effect of discrimination on health and wellbeing varies. Mixed findings show that greater ethnic identity can make one more susceptible to the harmful effects of discrimination, or that ethnic identity can protect one against discrimination. This study tests how ethnic identity moderates the relationship between ethnic discrimination and a range of wellbeing measures for Pacific peoples in Aotearoa New Zealand. Methods: Two independent studies, The Pacific Identity and Wellbeing Study (N = 752) and the New Zealand Attitudes and Values Study (N = 472), surveyed Pacific peoples in New Zealand across measures of ethnic identity, perceived discrimination, family satisfaction, life satisfaction, and health satisfaction. Findings: Moderated regression analyses for both studies showed a significant identity x discrimination interaction. Across all analyses, for those with lower ethnic identity scores, there was a significant negative relationship between discrimination and the health and wellbeing measures. For those with higher ethnic identity scores, there was no significant relationship between discrimination and wellbeing measures. Conclusions: These results suggest that higher scores of Pacific ethnic identity buffer the negative effects of discrimination on satisfaction with family, life, and health. These findings offer support for the protective properties of Pacific ethnic identities. As such, initiatives that seek to bolster Pacific ethnic identities and culture will support a multifaceted approach for enhancing Pacific health and psychological wellbeing.

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Jeremiah, Rohan, Adrian Raygoza, Xavier Hernandez, and Charles Brandon. "How American Attitudes about Race, Ethnicity, and Gender affect the Health and Wellbeing of Black-African Refugee Men in the United States." International Journal of Mens Social and Community Health 4, no. 1 (August 17, 2021): e83-e91. http://dx.doi.org/10.22374/ijmsch.v4i1.39.

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More than half of all refugees currently resettled in the United States are racial-ethnic-minority men. Yetrefugee health scholarship has not fully explored racial ethnic minority refugee men's encounters with resettlement environment norms about race, ethnicity and gender. This paper describes an intersectional-informed qualitative study of the daily stressors experienced by Black-African refugee men in the United States to explain how such experiences impact their health and wellbeing. These men’s life narratives illumi-nate how stigma and discrimination associated with race, ethnicity, gender affect their health and wellbeing during resettlement. These findings offer evidence that the realities of ethnic minority refugee men in the United States, while unique, can contribute to broader discourses about minority men’s health inequities.

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Bobowik, Magdalena, Anna Wlodarczyk, and Siu Lay-Lisboa. "Dark and Bright Side of Claiming Discrimination: Making Attributions to Prejudice and Social Wellbeing among Immigrants in Spain." Universitas Psychologica 16, no. 5 (January 29, 2018): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.11144/javeriana.upsy16-5.dbsc.

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Research on the consequences of making attributions to prejudice for the psychological functioning of minority groups is still scare and rather inconsistent. In this study we set out to examine the consequences of making attributions to prejudice in response to social rejection for social wellbeing among immigrants in Spain. We tested this relationship and the mediating effects with representative samples of 1250 foreign-born immigrants who had lived for at least six months in the Basque Country, having been born in Bolivia, Colombia, Morocco, Romania, or Sub-Saharan African countries. The sample was drawn from public records and obtained through a probability sampling procedure by ethnicity with stratification by age and sex. We conducted mediation analyses using structural equation modeling (SEM) to verify whether the perceived ethnic discrimination effect on the five dimensions of social wellbeing was partially or completely explained by the attributions to prejudice. Our results indeed partially revealed that making attributions to prejudice protect social wellbeing form negative consequences of personal discrimination only the dimension of social contribution. In turn, attributions to prejudice explained the negative relationship between perceived discrimination and social acceptance and social actualization: that is, these dimensions of social wellbeing that reflect social trust. We discuss the results integrating social identity, social stigma, and positive psychology framework, through inclusion of societal aspects of wellbeing for measuring immigrants’ adaptation in the host society.

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Nkimbeng, Manka, Janiece Taylor, Laken Roberts, Peter Winch, Yvonne Commodore-Mensah, Roland Thorpe, Hae-Ra Han, and Sarah Szanton. "Older African Immigrants’ Experiences of Discrimination in the United States." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 689. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.2408.

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Abstract Discrimination is implicated in the disproportionate burden of disease and health disparities in racial/ethnic minorities. This qualitative descriptive study explored the experiences of discrimination and its impact on the health of older African immigrants. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 15 participants. Three main themes and six sub-themes were identified. These included: 1) types of discrimination: a) accent-based, b) unfair treatment during routine activities, c) experience with police and other systems; 2) costs of discrimination; 3) surviving and thriving with discrimination: a) “blind eye to it”, b) reacting to it, c) avoiding it. These themes describe common forms of discrimination that these older adults have experienced, current strategies used to deal with discrimination, and the impact of discrimination on the wellbeing of this sample. To improve the emotional and mental health of older African immigrants, providers serving them should assess for perceived discrimination, and refer participants with any concerns for treatment.

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Dachachi, Bizuayehu Dengechi, Nigatuwa Worku Woyessa, and Fisseha Mikre Weldmeskel. "Perceived Discrimination Difference between the Manjo Minority and Non-Manjo Ethnic Group in Kaffa Zone, Ethiopia." Research, Society and Development 9, no. 9 (September 1, 2020): e626997386. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v9i9.7386.

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This study has attempted to examine perceived discrimination difference between the Manjo clan and non-manjos in Kaffa zone that is located in the south west of Ethiopia. A total of 298 individuals who belong to the manjo and non-manjo groups were randomly selected and involved in the study. The researchers utilized an independent sample t-test to compare the level of perceived discrimination between the Manjo and the non-Manjos ethnic groups. Seen segregation is the changeability of thought coming because of behavior of isolating group of people that radiates from predisposition and partiality. As revealed in the study, there is a significant mean variation among manjos and non-manjos with respect to perceiving discrimination. The thought of being discriminated showed significant mean difference between the group of manjos and non-manjos. The finding implies the need for further research and social work intervention to minimize the action and sense of being discriminated as this relates to the overall psychosocial wellbeing of persons in a given community.

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Shefer, G., C. Henderson, D. Rose, and S. Evans-Lacko. "FC20-04 -’Who is on my side?’ - qualitative analysis of ethnic minorities experiences of mental health related stigma and discrimination." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 1924. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)73628-8.

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IntroductionThe Time to Change (TTC) anti-stigma campaign, launched in January 2009 in England, intends to make fundamental improvements across England in: public knowledge, attitudes and discriminatory behaviour in relation to people with mental illness. To be effective and valid the campaign must reach a wide range of diverse audiences. This study explores attitudes of people from ethnic minority communities in relation to mental health.ObjectivesThe study investigates:1)General attitudes and perceptions about mental illness in ethnic minority communities2)How we might increase awareness about mental wellbeing and decrease stigma in ethnic minority communities.MethodsTen focus groups with members of ethnic minority groups were conducted. Five groups consisted of service users and five were composed of non-service users. Two groups comprised participants from an Indian origin, two Somali origin, two Afro-Caribbean origin and the other groups were mixed.ResultsWe will present findings regarding the ways in which traditional perceptions of mental health and personal experiences of ethnic minority service users affect their perceptions of sources of support such as family, friends, medical staff and religion and how this feedback could inform ant-stigma interventions.ConclusionThe study suggests that in order to maximise the impact of anti-stigma campaigns, attention should be given to sources of discrimination and traditional perceptions of mental illness which are emphasised by ethnic minority groups. When planning anti-stigma campaigns it is important to incorporate experiences and perceptions from a wide range of audiences.

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CHOU, RITA JING-ANN, and NAMKEE G. CHOI. "Prevalence and correlates of perceived workplace discrimination among older workers in the United States of America." Ageing and Society 31, no. 6 (February 11, 2011): 1051–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x10001297.

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ABSTRACTThe workplace is one of the areas in which discrimination most frequently occurs. Despite increasing workforce participation among older adults and the adverse effects of workplace discrimination on the physical and psychological wellbeing of older adults, limited attention has been given to workplace discrimination against older workers. Based on a national survey of 420 older workers age 50 and above, this study first examined the prevalence of perceived workplace discrimination. Results indicated more than 81 per cent of the older workers encountered at least one workplace discriminatory treatment within a year. Prevalence of perceived workplace discrimination differed with age, gender, education, occupation and wage. The study further tested two competing hypotheses on the level of perceived workplace discrimination and found mixed support for both. As hypothesised (based on the social barriers theory), lower education and racial/ethnic minority status were positively associated with perceived workplace discrimination. As counter-hypothesised (based on the attribution-sensitivity theory), younger ages and being male were positively associated with perceived workplace discrimination. In examining the roles of supervisor and co-worker support, the study discovered that supervisor support was negatively associated with workplace discrimination. Finally, this study revealed a non-linear relationship between wages and perceived workplace discrimination, with the mid-range wage group experiencing the highest level of workplace discrimination.

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Bistárová, Lucia. "Formovanie kultúrnej a etnickej identity Maoriov prostredníctvom príslušnosti ku gangu." Kulturní studia 2021, no. 1 (May 1, 2021): 61–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.7160/ks.2021.150104.

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Though often called a “heaven on Earth” New Zealand suffers from a serious problem with gangs. Ethnic gangs have dominated the New Zealand gang scene since the 70s when many Maoris left traditional rural areas and migrated in search of work to the cities but ended up in poverty because of lack of skills and poorly-paid jobs. Maori urbanization and the dual pressures of acculturation and discrimination resulted in a breakdown of the traditional Maori social structures and alienated many from their culture. Maoris who have been unable to maintain their ethnic and cultural identity through their genealogical ties and involvement in Maori culture attempt to find it elsewhere. For many of those that have lost contact with their cultural and ethnic links gangs have replaced families and community and provides individuals with a sense of belonging and safety. The aim of this article is to demonstrate the role of gangs in Maori ethnic and cultural identity development. This paper demonstrates the impact of gang environment on individual identity development and provides evidence that cultural engagement initiatives can enhance Maori identities, which in turn could increase psychological and socio-economic wellbeing.

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Gladney, Dru C. "The Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region as an example of separatism in China." Kulturní studia 2021, no. 1 (May 1, 2021): 85–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.7160/ks.2021.150105.

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Though often called a “heaven on Earth” New Zealand suffers from a serious problem with gangs. Ethnic gangs have dominated the New Zealand gang scene since the 70s when many Maoris left traditional rural areas and migrated in search of work to the cities but ended up in poverty because of lack of skills and poorly-paid jobs. Maori urbanization and the dual pressures of acculturation and discrimination resulted in a breakdown of the traditional Maori social structures and alienated many from their culture. Maoris who have been unable to maintain their ethnic and cultural identity through their genealogical ties and involvement in Maori culture attempt to find it elsewhere. For many of those that have lost contact with their cultural and ethnic links gangs have replaced families and community and provides individuals with a sense of belonging and safety. The aim of this article is to demonstrate the role of gangs in Maori ethnic and cultural identity development. This paper demonstrates the impact of gang environment on individual identity development and provides evidence that cultural engagement initiatives can enhance Maori identities, which in turn could increase psychological and socio-economic wellbeing.

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Zhang, Mailun, Mengting Li, and XinQi Dong. "The Association Between Discrimination and Self-Mastery in U.S. Chinese Older Adults." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 338. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.1085.

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Abstract Perceived discrimination related to one’s racial/ethnic membership has been linked to negative impact on the health and wellbeing of minority populations. While the anti-Chinese sentiment in the US dates to the 19th century, discrimination experienced by this population and its impact has been poorly understood. Self-mastery is a protective psychological resource reflecting one’s ability to cope with stressors. This study examines the interaction between discrimination and self-mastery among 3,157 US Chinese older adults. Data were obtained from the Population Study of Chinese Elderly in Chicago (PINE) collected between 2011 and 2013. Self-mastery was measured using the Pearlin Mastery Scale. Discrimination was measured using the Experiences of Discrimination instrument. Linear regression was used. Discrimination experiences were found common (21.3%) among the US Chinese older adults. Younger age, male gender, higher levels of education, higher income, being married, more children, and fewer medical comorbidities were associated with a higher sense of self-mastery. After controlling for these potential confounders, discrimination experiences appeared to be significantly associated with lower self-mastery. Specifically, people who have experienced discrimination when getting hired (Beta [B]=-4.47,Standard Error [SE]=1.04, p<0.01), in working environment (B=-1.13,SE=0.52, p<0.05), getting health care (B=-3.45,SE=0.85, p<0.01), getting services in a store or restaurant (B=-2.12,SE=0.78, p<0.01), getting credit, bank loans, or a mortgage (B=-6.86,SE=2.83, p<0.05) and interacting with police or in the courts (B=-4.15,SE=1.48, p<0.01) were associated with lower levels of self-mastery. The findings suggested that discrimination experiences might be harmful by diminishing one’s protective coping mechanism, which warrants longitudinal studies among minority aging populations to clarify.

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Ngwainmbi, Emmanuel K. "Public Prejudicial Discourse as a Global Socio-Ethnic Phenomenon: Using Digital Media to Limit Detrimental Language Flows." Communication, Society and Media 4, no. 3 (August 29, 2021): p1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/csm.v4n3p1.

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Studies continuously seek answers to how harmful speech delivered by any group or individual to three or more people affects their wellbeing. Specifically, deliverers target specific individuals or groups with their speech often unjustifiably or incorrectly based solely on the individual’s association with a group. Various avenues have been used to disseminate prejudicial data, creating different reactions. Whether verbal antagonism—casual racial slurs or disparaging race-sensitive comments or non-verbal expressions—explicit and implicit images published to denigrate an individual or group, prejudicial narratives have massive socio-economic and cultural consequences. Nevertheless, prejudice is a negative attitude and feeling toward an individual based solely on their membership in a particular social group (Allport, 1954); it is common against an unfamiliar cultural group and behaviors associated with prejudice such as discrimination, racism, sexism, homophobia, and ageism are now rife in communities worldwide and digital media networks. This paper analyzes some behavioral theories and uses the matrix of self-awareness and its ability to unlock our understanding of communication between groups and enhance group cultures. Referencing the use of prejudicial language in America and the United Nations Human Rights Commission’s efforts to track prejudicial discourse, it suggests steps to limit anti-other behaviors.

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Warsame, Rahma M., Gladys Asiedu, Ashok Kumbamu, Sharonne Hayes, Carrie A. Thompson, Timothy J. Hobday, and Katharine Andress Rowe Price. "A novel qualitative methodology study to characterize discrimination and inclusion among hematology/oncology trainees." Journal of Clinical Oncology 37, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2019): 10530. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2019.37.15_suppl.10530.

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10530 Background: Learner wellbeing may be adversely affected by the experience of discrimination. Eliciting details from this vulnerable population about these experiences is a challenge. This study characterizes trainee experiences of discrimination and inclusion to inform graduate medical education (GME) policies and practice. Methods: Anonymous semi-structured, private phone interviews were conducted with fellows after informed consent. No identifying information was exchanged and the interviewer had no supervisory role over learners. Demographic information was obtained via anonymous online survey. Results: Of 29 fellows approached, 20 consented; 17 interviewed (10 men; median age 32 years). Racial & ethnic distribution: 6 Asian, 2 Black, 2 Multi-racial, 4 White, 3 Hispanic/Latino. All fellows reported discriminatory behavior that they either experienced or witnessed. Incidents of discriminatory behavior towards trainees were more common from patients (pts) (n = 41) than staff (n = 12). Discrimination from pts included requesting a different physician based on accent (n = 13), race (n = 11), perceived avoidance of a trainee considered “different” (n = 11), sex (n = 5), & ethnicity (n = 4). Six trainees were aware of policies against pt discrimination but only 1 trainee reported an incident. Trainees did not report because of the nature of incidents (micro aggressions that are difficult to characterize) and sense of futility of reporting. Discriminatory behavior from staff was based on perceived micro aggressions (n = 4), sex (n = 3), ethnicity (n = 3), ageism (n = 1), and sexual orientation (n = 1). Impact on trainees ranged from negative (personal anguish) to positive (motivation to improve communication). Coping mechanisms included debriefing with family/trainees and focusing on good pt experiences. Trainees felt that having diverse co-fellows, involvement on committees, and supportive program leadership promoted inclusivity. Conclusions: Our study found that discriminatory behavior towards trainees is common. Our methodology allows for honest & safe discussions. GME programs must assess their learning climate with respect to bias/inclusivity & develop appropriate processes.

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Agustiwi, Asri, Isharyanto, and Hartiwiningsih. "Local Regulation Cancellation Mechanism and its Legal Consequence based on Lex Superiori Deregot Legi Inferiori Principle in Economy." SHS Web of Conferences 54 (2018): 01005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20185401005.

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This article addressed the local regulation cancelling mechanism and its legal consequence based on lex superiori derogat legi inferiori principle. The authorization of local area has contributed positively and negatively. Per June 2016, there have been 3,143 regulations voided or revised by Government including Local Government, Interior Ministry, and Governor: 111 Interior Minister’s decrees and 1,267 Local Regulations or Local Leader Regulations at Regency/City level. This figure consisted of 1,765 Local Regulations or Local Leader Regulations at Regency/City level: 111 Interior Minister’s Regulation or Decree and 1,267 Local Regulations or Local Leader Regulations at Regency/City level. The research method is normative juridical method involving document and regulations which related with the local regulation cancellation mechanism. Those data are sharpen with normative descriptive qualitative analysis. The result of research showed that legislator and drafter could not formulate a provision of Local Regulation freely but it should consider the higher legislations such as 1945 Constitution (thereafter called UUD 1945), Law, Government Regulation, and Presidential Regulation, and Local Regulation Cancellation can be made if the regulation disrupts concord between members of community, access to public service, public orderliness and composure, and economic activity to improve the people’s wellbeing, and or results in discrimination against ethnic, religion and belief, race, inter-group, and gender.

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CELA, ERALBA, and TINEKE FOKKEMA. "Being lonely later in life: a qualitative study among Albanians and Moroccans in Italy." Ageing and Society 37, no. 6 (March 9, 2016): 1197–226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x16000209.

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ABSTRACTThis study focuses on the social wellbeing of older migrants in Italy, an important yet neglected topic in the Italian political and scholarly debate. Knowledge about the lived experience of loneliness and its perceived causes was gathered by means of 34 in-depth interviews with Albanian and Moroccan migrants aged 50 and above living in the Marche region. Our findings show that the participants are surrounded by family and are largely satisfied with the contact they have with relatives; this protects them from social isolation but not from loneliness. Although they rarely express this to their spouse and friends (men) or their children (men and women), feelings of loneliness are widely experienced among the participants. The root of their loneliness largely relates to a lack of meaningful relationships with non-related age peers – having a chat, remembering old times, socialising with others when family members are busy, talking about intimate matters they cannot or will not share with relatives – which supports the argument of loneliness scholars that different types of relationships serve different functions and fulfil different needs. Having more contact with people outside the family circle, especially with co-ethnic peers, could reduce these feelings of loneliness substantially, but factors such as discrimination and lack of Italian language proficiency, free time, financial resources and nearby contact facilities are hindrances. These factors offer clues for public loneliness interventions.

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Hui, Ada, Stefan Rennick-Egglestone, Donna Franklin, Rianna Walcott, Joy Llewellyn-Beardsley, Fiona Ng, James Roe, et al. "Institutional injustice: Implications for system transformation emerging from the mental health recovery narratives of people experiencing marginalisation." PLOS ONE 16, no. 4 (April 16, 2021): e0250367. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250367.

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Background Institutional injustice refers to structures that create disparities in resources, opportunities and representation. Marginalised people experience institutional injustice, inequalities and discrimination through intersecting personal characteristics and social circumstances. This study aimed to investigate sources of institutional injustice and their effects on marginalised people with experience of mental health problems. Methods Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 77 individuals from marginalised groups with experience of mental health problems, including psychosis, Black, Asian and minority ethnic (BAME) populations, complex needs and lived experience as a work requirement. These were analysed inductively enabling sensitising concepts to emerge. Findings Three processes of institutional injustice were identified: not being believed because of social status and personal backgrounds; not being heard where narratives did not align with dominant discourses, and not being acknowledged where aspects of identity were disregarded. Harmful outcomes included disengagement from formal institutions through fear and mistrust, tensions and reduced affiliation with informal institutions when trying to consolidate new ways of being, and damaging impacts on mental health and wellbeing through multiple oppression. Conclusions Institutional injustice perpetuates health inequalities and marginalised status. Master status, arising from dominant discourses and heuristic bias, overshadow the narratives and experiences of marginalised people. Cultural competency has the potential to improve heuristic availability through social understandings of narrative and experience, whilst coproduction and narrative development through approaches such as communities of practice might offer meaningful avenues for authentic expression.

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Assari, Shervin. "Education Attainment and Obesity：Differential Returns Based on Sexual Orientation." Behavioral Sciences 9, no. 2 (January 29, 2019): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bs9020016.

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Background: Although high educational attainment is linked to better health and lower health risk behaviors, this effect may be systemically smaller for racial and ethnic minority groups compared to Whites. However, it is still unknown whether these diminished returns also apply to marginalization based on sexual orientation. Aims: In a national sample of adults which was composed of people of color, we compared straight and homosexual people for the association between education attainment and obesity. Methods: The Social Justice Sexuality Project (SJS-2010) is a cross-sectional national survey of health and wellbeing of predominantly people of color who identify as homosexual. The current analysis included 2884 adults (age 24 or more) who were either heterosexual (n = 260) or homosexual (n = 2624). The predictor variable was education attainment, and the outcome variable was obesity status (body mass index larger than 30 kg/m2 [kilograms per meter squared]). Demographic factors (age and gender), household income, nativity (US born vs. immigrant), and health (self-rated health and current smoking) were the covariates. Sexual orientation was the moderator. Results: In the pooled sample, high education attainment was protective against obesity status. Sexual orientation interacted with education attainment on odds of obesity, which was suggestive of stronger protective effects of high education attainment against obesity for heterosexual than homosexual individuals. Conclusion: High education attainment better protects heterosexual than homosexual people against obesity, a pattern similar to what has been observed for comparison of Whites and non-Whites. Smaller protective effects of education attainment on health behaviors of marginalized people are possibly, due to prejudice and discrimination that they experience. Discrimination may minimize stigmatized individuals’ abilities to mobilize their economic and human resources and translate them to tangible outcomes. This finding extends the Minorities’ Diminished Returns theory, suggesting that it is not just race/ethnicity but possibly any marginalizing and stigmatizing social identity that results in diminished returns of socioeconomic status resources.

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Assari, Shervin, and Cleopatra Howard Caldwell. "Family Income at Birth and Risk of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder at Age 15: Racial Differences." Children 6, no. 1 (January 14, 2019): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children6010010.

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Background: Socioeconomic status (SES) resources protect children and adults against the risk of medical and psychiatric conditions. According to the Minorities’ Diminished Returns theory, however, such protective effects are systemically weaker for the members of racial and ethnic minority groups compared to Whites. Aims: Using a national data set with 15 years of follow up, we compared Black and White youth for the effects of family SES at birth on the risk of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) at age 15. Methods: The Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (FFCWS, 1998–2016) is a longitudinal prospective study of urban youth from birth to age 15. This analysis included 2006 youth who were either White (n = 360) or Black (n = 1646). The independent variable was family income, the dependent variable was ADHD at age 15. Child gender, maternal age, and family type at birth were covariates, and race was the focal moderator. We ran logistic regressions in the overall sample and specific to race. Results: In the overall sample, high family income at birth was not associated with the risk of ADHD at age 15, independent of all covariates. Despite this relationship, we found a significant interaction between race and family income at birth on subsequent risk of ADHD, indicating a stronger effect for Whites compared to Blacks. In stratified models, we found a marginally significant protective effect of family SES against the risk of ADHD for White youths. For African American youth, on the other hand, family SES was shown to have a marginally significant risk for ADHD. Conclusions: The health gain that follows family income is smaller for Black than White families, which is in line with the Minorities’ Diminished Returns. The solution to health disparities is not simply policies that aim to reduce the racial gap in SES, because various racial health disparities in the United States are not due to differential access to resources but rather the impact of these resources on health outcomes. Public policies, therefore, should go beyond equalizing access to resources and also address the structural racism and discrimination that impact Blacks’ lives. Policies should fight racism and should help Black families to overcome barriers in their lives so they can gain health from their SES and social mobility. As racism is multi-level, multi-level interventions are needed to tackle diminished returns of SES.

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Chavez, Laura J., India J. Ornelas, Courtney R. Lyles, and Emily C. Williams. "Racial/Ethnic Workplace Discrimination." American Journal of Preventive Medicine 48, no. 1 (January 2015): 42–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2014.08.013.

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Verkuyten, Maykel. "Accounting for Ethnic Discrimination." Journal of Language and Social Psychology 24, no. 1 (March 2005): 66–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0261927x04273037.

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Bellemore, Fred A. "Racial and Ethnic Employment Discrimination." Journal of Sports Economics 2, no. 4 (November 2001): 356–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/152700250100200404.

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Wu, Jawjeong. "Racial/Ethnic Discrimination and Prosecution." Criminal Justice and Behavior 43, no. 4 (February 10, 2016): 437–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854815628026.

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MAGEE, WILLIAM, ERIC FONG, and RIMA WILKES. "Neighbourhood Ethnic Concentration and Discrimination." Journal of Social Policy 37, no. 1 (December 3, 2007): 37–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279407001481.

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We investigate the association between the residential concentration of Chinese in Toronto and discrimination as experienced and perceived by Chinese immigrant residents. A unique aspect of this study is our focus on perceived employment discrimination. We find that Chinese immigrants living in neighbourhoods with a high concentration of other Chinese residents are more likely to perceive employment discrimination against Chinese people as a group, and are more likely to report exposure to ethnically motivated verbal assault, than are Chinese immigrants living elsewhere. Our results are consistent with studies of other populations. However, we argue that theory and policy related to ethnic concentration and discrimination should recognise that effects of ethnic concentration on discrimination are likely to vary with the ecological setting under investigation (for example, neighbourhoods versus larger areas), as well as by size of locale (city, region, or country), and the ethnic groups involved.

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Verkuyten, Maykel, Barbara Kinket, and Charlotte van der Wielen. "Preadolescents' Understanding of Ethnic Discrimination." Journal of Genetic Psychology 158, no. 1 (March 1997): 97–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00221329709596655.

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Mobius, Markus, Tanya Rosenblat, and Qiqi Wang. "Ethnic discrimination: Evidence from China." European Economic Review 90 (November 2016): 165–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2016.04.004.

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Kennedy, Wendy L., and Robert A. Cummins. "Ethnic Identity and Subjective Wellbeing: Connections and Possibilities." International Journal of Diversity in Organizations, Communities, and Nations: Annual Review 7, no. 1 (2007): 107–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/1447-9532/cgp/v07i01/39315.

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Nielsen, Ingrid, Russell Smyth, Qingguo Zhai, and Juyong Zhang. "Personal wellbeing among ethnic Koreans in China's Northeast." Asian Ethnicity 13, no. 1 (January 2012): 75–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14631369.2012.625702.

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Tribe, Rachel, and Pauline Lane. "Mental wellbeing: dementia care in diverse ethnic groups." Nursing and Residential Care 14, no. 1 (January 2012): 47–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/nrec.2012.14.1.47.

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Giurgescu, Carmen, Shannon N. Zenk, Christopher G. Engeland, Lindsey Garfield, and Thomas N. Templin. "Racial Discrimination and Psychological Wellbeing of Pregnant Women." MCN, The American Journal of Maternal/Child Nursing 42, no. 1 (2017): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/nmc.0000000000000297.

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Lee, Alexander. "Ethnic Diversity and Ethnic Discrimination: Explaining Local Public Goods Provision." Comparative Political Studies 51, no. 10 (November 21, 2017): 1351–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414017740604.

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Numerous studies have found that ethnic diversity is negatively associated with the provision of local public goods. However, these accounts neglect both the strong role of central institutions in the provision of many “local” public goods and the frequently positive correlation between diversity and the presence of less politically powerful ethnic groups. These factors suggest that existing diversity findings may be explained in some cases by central governments discriminating against areas inhabited by less powerful groups. This hypothesis is tested using data in village-level public goods provision in Northern India, supplemented by data on service provision in Kenyan villages and American cities. While there is evidence that the presence of socially powerful groups is positively associated with service provision, evidence for the diversity hypothesis is weak. The results suggest that failures of public services in diverse areas may reflect larger inequalities within the political system rather than local problems in cooperation.

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Mironov, Boris. "Ethnic discrimination in late imperial Russia." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History 62, no. 1 (2017): 164–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu02.2017.113.

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櫻井信栄. "Ethnic discrimination in Kim Hakyoung’s novels." Journal of Japanese Culture ll, no. 64 (February 2015): 293–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.21481/jbunka..64.201502.293.

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Friesen, Jane, Jasmina Arifovic, Stephen C. Wright, Andreas Ludwig, Lisa Giamo, and Gamze Baray. "Ethnic identity and discrimination among children." Journal of Economic Psychology 33, no. 6 (December 2012): 1156–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2012.08.003.

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Baldwin, D. C., S. R. Daugherty, and B. D. Rowley. "Racial and ethnic discrimination during residency." Academic Medicine 69, no. 10 (October 1994): S19–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001888-199410000-00029.

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Zick, Andreas, Thomas F. Pettigrew, and Ulrich Wagner. "Ethnic Prejudice and Discrimination in Europe." Journal of Social Issues 64, no. 2 (June 2008): 233–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2008.00559.x.

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Dahiya, Anisha. "Ethnic Discrimination in The Bluest Eye." SMART MOVES JOURNAL IJELLH 9, no. 3 (March 27, 2021): 199–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.24113/ijellh.v9i3.11014.

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Ethnicity is one of the most debatable topics in contemporary times. Human culture is divided along ethnic and national lines. Ethnicity and Race function as most powerful language of human difference and human community. An ethnic group that is dominant often tends to make its own culture specific traits normative in that society. The Bluest Eye is one of the landmark novels of Toni Morrison in which the markings of ethnicity play a great role. The aim of this paper is to explore the traces of ethnic discrimination of the African Americans at the hands of dominant White Americans in the novel The Bluest Eye. It illustrates how ethnic stereotypes propagated by White Americans for their selfish purposes victimised the black people at that time. Particular emphasis is given on the psychological effects of the oppressive environment on the protagonist Pecola. Morrison portrays Pecola as a marginalized and oppressed character who yearns to have blue eyes to have a respectable position in the community.

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Thurber, Katherine, Emily Colonna, Roxanne Jones, Gilbert Gee, Naomi Priest, Rubijayne Cohen, David Williams, Joanne Thandrayen, Tom Calma, and Raymond Lovett. "Prevalence of Everyday Discrimination and Relation with Wellbeing among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Adults in Australia." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 12 (June 18, 2021): 6577. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126577.

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Discrimination is a fundamental determinant of health and health inequities. However, despite the high prevalence of discrimination exposure, there is limited evidence specific to Indigenous populations on the link between discrimination and health. This study employs a validated measure to quantify experiences of everyday discrimination in a national sample of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander (Australia’s Indigenous peoples) adults surveyed from 2018 to 2020 (≥16 years, n = 8108). It quantifies Prevalence Ratios (PRs) and 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) for wellbeing outcomes by level of discrimination exposure, and tests if associations vary by attribution of discrimination to Indigeneity. Of the participants, 41.5% reported no discrimination, 47.5% low, and 11.0% moderate-high. Discrimination was more commonly reported by younger versus older participants, females versus males, and those living in remote versus urban or regional areas. Discrimination was significantly associated in a dose-response manner, with measures of social and emotional wellbeing, culture and identity, health behaviour, and health outcomes. The strength of the association varied across outcomes, from a 10–20% increased prevalence for some outcomes (e.g., disconnection from culture (PR = 1.08; 95% CI: 1.03, 1.14), and high blood pressure (1.20; 1.09, 1.32)), to a five-fold prevalence of alcohol dependence (4.96; 3.64, 6.76), for those with moderate-high versus no discrimination exposure. The association was of consistent strength and direction whether attributed to Indigeneity or not—with three exceptions. Discrimination is associated with a broad range of poor wellbeing outcomes in this large-scale, national, diverse cohort of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander adults. These findings support the vast potential to improve Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples’ wellbeing, and to reduce Indigenous-non-Indigenous inequities, by reducing exposure to discrimination.

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Gaddis, S. Michael. "Understanding the “How” and “Why” Aspects of Racial-Ethnic Discrimination: A Multimethod Approach to Audit Studies." Sociology of Race and Ethnicity 5, no. 4 (August 29, 2019): 443–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2332649219870183.

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Researchers have used audit studies to provide causal evidence of racial discrimination for nearly 60 years. Although audits are an excellent methodological tool to investigate the “what,” “where,” and “when” aspects of racial-ethnic discrimination, audits are less appropriate, by themselves, to investigate the “how” and “why” aspects of racial-ethnic discrimination. In this article, I review why audit studies are necessary to study racial-ethnic discrimination, the evidence from audit studies, and their limitations. I then argue that scholars should adopt a multimethod approach to audit studies to move from documenting the existence of racial-ethnic discrimination to examining how and why racial-ethnic discrimination occurs. Adoption of this multimethod approach will result in a deeper understanding of racial-ethnic discrimination with the potential to shape both opinions and policy surrounding discrimination.

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Halim, May Ling, Keith H. Moy, and Hirokazu Yoshikawa. "Perceived ethnic and language-based discrimination and Latina immigrant women’s health." Journal of Health Psychology 22, no. 1 (July 10, 2016): 68–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1359105315595121.

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Perceiving ethnic discrimination can have aversive consequences for health. However, little is known about whether perceiving language-based (how one speaks a second language) discrimination poses the same risks. This study examined whether perceptions of language-based and ethnic discrimination are associated with mental and physical health. Among 132 Mexican and Dominican immigrant women, perceiving ethnic and language-based discrimination each predicted psychological distress and poorer physical health. When examined together, only ethnic discrimination remained a significant predictor. These results emphasize the importance of understanding how perceived ethnic and language-based discrimination play an integral role in the health of Latina immigrant women.

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Shariff-Marco, Salma, Nancy Breen, Hope Landrine, Bryce B. Reeve, Nancy Krieger, Gilbert C. Gee, David R. Williams, et al. "MEASURING EVERYDAY RACIAL/ETHNIC DISCRIMINATION IN HEALTH SURVEYS." Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 8, no. 1 (2011): 159–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742058x11000129.

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AbstractWhile it is clear that self-reported racial/ethnic discrimination is related to illness, there are challenges in measuring self-reported discrimination or unfair treatment. In the present study, we evaluate the psychometric properties of a self-reported instrument across racial/ethnic groups in a population-based sample, and we test and interpret findings from applying two different widely-used approaches to asking about discrimination and unfair treatment. Even though we found that the subset of items we tested tap into a single underlying concept, we also found that different groups are more likely to report on different aspects of discrimination. Whether race is mentioned in the survey question affects both frequency and mean scores of reports of racial/ethnic discrimination. Our findings suggest caution to researchers when comparing studies that have used different approaches to measure racial/ethnic discrimination and allow us to suggest practical empirical guidelines for measuring and analyzing racial/ethnic discrimination. No less important, we have developed a self-reported measure of recent racial/ethnic discrimination that functions well in a range of different racial/ethnic groups and makes it possible to compare how racial/ethnic discrimination is associated with health disparities among multiple racial/ethnic groups.

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Mueller, Collin, and Heather Farmer. "RACIAL-ETHNIC DISPARITIES IN HEALTHCARE SATISFACTION." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S819. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.3021.

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Abstract This paper explores how perceptions of unfair treatment shape healthcare satisfaction across race/ethnicity. We investigate the overall impact of life course exposure to healthcare discrimination on current healthcare satisfaction across race/ethnicity among a sample of midlife and older Black, Latinx, and White Americans age 50+ in the Health and Retirement Study. We then test whether everyday healthcare discrimination mediates the impact of major medical discrimination on healthcare satisfaction, controlling for sociodemographic factors, mental and physical health characteristics, functional status, life course stress exposure, and lifetime and everyday discrimination in contexts beyond healthcare settings. Black Americans had poorer healthcare satisfaction than White Americans. Everyday discrimination in healthcare settings mediated a modest amount of the relationship between lifetime healthcare discrimination and healthcare satisfaction, and this association varied in strength across White, Black, and Latinx Americans. Results underscore the need for future work identifying and addressing mechanisms shaping healthcare satisfaction.

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Gong, Fang, Jun Xu, and David T. Takeuchi. "Racial and Ethnic Differences in Perceptions of Everyday Discrimination." Sociology of Race and Ethnicity 3, no. 4 (December 27, 2016): 506–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2332649216681587.

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This study examines differences in perceptions of discrimination across multiple racial and ethnic minority groups. We focus on structural factors such as race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status (SES) and psychosocial factors such as racial/ethnic identities as predictors of perceived everyday discrimination. Data come from the Collaborative Psychiatric Epidemiology Surveys (CPES), and analyses reveal several important patterns. First, perceived everyday discrimination is highly prevalent among racial/ethnic minorities in the United States and these perceptions largely reflect existing racial/ethnic hierarchies: African Americans and Afro-Caribbeans report the highest level of discrimination, whereas most Asian and Latino groups report less. Second, education, income, and immigration-related factors such as duration of residence and English language proficiency are positively associated with perceived discrimination. Third, the effects of racial/ethnic identity on perceived discrimination vary across ethnic groups, showing stronger associations among Afro-Caribbeans than among other racial and ethnic minorities. Findings from this study help to advance our theoretical understanding and empirical knowledge of racial/ethnic stratification and perceived discrimination in the United States.

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Urzúa, Alfonso, Alejandra Caqueo-Urízar, Diego Henríquez, Marcos Domic, Daniel Acevedo, Sebastian Ralph, Gonzalo Reyes, and Diego Tang. "Ethnic Identity as a Mediator of the Relationship between Discrimination and Psychological Well-Being in South—South Migrant Populations." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 5 (February 28, 2021): 2359. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052359.

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There is abundant evidence about the negative impact of discrimination on well-being, but less research on factors that can reduce this negative effect, mainly focused on North American samples and with incipient development on South–South migration. The objective of this research was to analyze the effect of ethnic identity on the relationship between the experience of racial and ethnic discrimination and psychological well-being in Colombian immigrants living in Chile. A total of 962 immigrants over the age of 18 from three cities in Chile participated. Of these, 50.7% were women. The average age was 35 years (SD = 10.23). Participants were evaluated using Ryff’s Psychological Well-Being Scales, Phinney’s adapted version of the Multigroup Ethnic Identity Scale, and Krieger’s Discrimination Experience Scale. After the analysis of the measurement models, a mediation model was analyzed using structural equations. The results provide evidence that ethnic and racial discrimination have negative effects on psychological well-being, with the effect of racial discrimination being greater. Likewise, ethnic identity has positive effects on psychological well-being and partially and completely mediates the effects of ethnic and racial discrimination on psychological well-being. The full effect of discrimination on psychological well-being, mediated by ethnic identity, is exercised only by racial discrimination and not by ethnic discrimination.

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Ikram, Umar Z., Marieke B. Snijder, Charles Agyemang, Aart H. Schene, Ron J. G. Peters, Karien Stronks, and Anton E. Kunst. "Perceived Ethnic Discrimination and the Metabolic Syndrome in Ethnic Minority Groups." Psychosomatic Medicine 79, no. 1 (January 2017): 101–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/psy.0000000000000350.

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Doan, Stacey N., Ana K. Marcelo, and Tuppett M. Yates. "Ethnic-racial discrimination, family ethnic socialization and Latinx children’s emotion competence." Culture and Brain 7, no. 2 (April 12, 2019): 190–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40167-019-00079-w.

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Romani, Laurence, Lotte Holck, and Annette Risberg. "Benevolent discrimination: How HR managers reproduce ethnic discrimination with diversity initiative." Academy of Management Proceedings 2018, no. 1 (August 2018): 16111. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2018.16111abstract.

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Camacho, Gabriel, Aerielle M. Allen, and Diane M. Quinn. "Neighborhood Ethnic Composition and Perceived Discrimination Among Young Adult Latina/os: The Mediating Role of Ethnic Centrality." Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences 41, no. 3 (May 29, 2019): 331–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0739986319851248.

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This study examines whether neighborhood ethnic composition (i.e., percentage of Latina/os residing in a given residential community) predicts greater perceived experiences of ethnic discrimination and whether this direct effect is mediated by ethnic centrality (i.e., perceived importance of ethnicity for one’s identity). In a cross-sectional study, 237 self-identified young adult Latina/os reported their five-digit zip codes and sociodemographic information and completed measures of ethnic centrality and perceived ethnic discrimination. A mediation analysis revealed that neighborhood ethnic composition indirectly predicted perceived ethnic discrimination through its effect on ethnic centrality even when accounting for known sociodemographic predictors of perceived discrimination, b = 0.28, SE = .18, 95% confidence interval (CI) = [0.03, 0.71]. These results provide initial evidence that where young adult Latina/os live and grow up impacts the extent to which they find their ethnicity to be an essential part of their identity and, consequently, their perceived frequency of experiencing ethnic discrimination.

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Ma, Ting-Lan, Mark Vincent B. Yu, Stephanie Soto-Lara, and Sandra D. Simpkins. "Latinx Adolescents’ Peer Ethnic Discrimination in After-School Activities and Activity Experiences." Journal of Youth Development 15, no. 6 (December 15, 2020): 195–221. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/jyd.2020.938.

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Grounded in ecological frameworks, this study examines (a) the extent to which Latinx adolescents’ perceptions of peer ethnic discrimination were associated with their participation in organized after-school activities, activity type, and ethnic composition; (b) different patterns of perceived peer ethnic discrimination; and (c) associations between discrimination patterns with key activity experiences including psychological engagement, perceived peer support, perceived leader support, and positive feelings in the activities. Using a pattern-centered approach, we applied latent profile analysis to analyze the data from 204 Latinx adolescents (53% female, M age = 12.40) in Southwest United States. Latinx adolescents who did not participate in organized after-school activities perceived higher peer ethnic discrimination than Latinx adolescents who participated. Latinx adolescents who were the numerical ethnic majority in activities reported lower discrimination than those who were the numerical minority. Among those who participated, 4 patterns of peer ethnic discrimination Latinx adolescents experienced in activities were identified. These profiles included moderate discrimination (4%), minimal discrimination (21%), no discrimination (64%), and somewhat negative beliefs (11%), which were differentially related to adolescents’ activity outcomes. Adolescents in the no discrimination group reported the most positive activity outcomes and those in the moderate discrimination group reported the most negative activity experiences. Adolescents who experienced little discrimination but felt other peers held negative beliefs about their ethnicity reported significantly lower psychological engagement and peer support than the no discrimination group. These findings highlight the importance of examining adolescents’ varying patterns of perceived ethnic discrimination in activities and provides ways that activity practitioners can optimize organized activity settings for Latinx adolescents.

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Louber, Ismael. "Racial Discrimination and TESOL." International Journal of Bias, Identity and Diversities in Education 2, no. 2 (July 2017): 29–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijbide.2017070103.

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While the field of TESOL/TEFL claims to be inclusive given that it is composed of a myriad of sociocultural backgrounds and environments, racial discrimination is a common phenomenon, especially in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Nonetheless, this issue has not been given enough attention by researchers, in that particular region at least. This article reports the findings of a small-scale qualitative study conducted in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia drawing upon the experiences of six non-Saudi male English as a Foreign Language (EFL) lecturers. Open-ended questionnaires and interviews were used to collect data to explore the relationship between teachers' construction of their ethnic and racial identities and issues of discrimination within their professional environment. The study explored the participants' construction of their ethnic and cultural identity and its possible relation to discriminatory practices in their professional environment. The research showed how certain discriminatory practices affected how the participants projected their ethnic and cultural identity in their professional context.

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Levin, Shana, Stacey Sinclair, Rosemary C. Veniegas, and Pamela L. Taylor. "Perceived Discrimination in the Context of Multiple Group Memberships." Psychological Science 13, no. 6 (November 2002): 557–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00498.

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This study examined the joint impact of gender and ethnicity on expectations of general discrimination against oneself and one's group. According to the double-jeopardy hypothesis, women of color will expect to experience more general discrimination than men of color, White women, and White men because they belong to both a low-status ethnic group and a low-status gender group. Alternatively, the ethnic-prominence hypothesis predicts that ethnic-minority women will not differ from ethnic-minority men in their expectations of general discrimination because these expectations will be influenced more by perceptions of ethnic discrimination, which they share with men of color, than by perceptions of gender discrimination. All results were consistent with the ethnic-prominence hypothesis rather than the double-jeopardy hypothesis.

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Lach, George. "Ethnic Factors in One Company." Relations industrielles 21, no. 1 (April 12, 2005): 21–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/027645ar.

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The purpose of this research project was to visualize the impact of ethnic factors within Canadian National Railways Company. Attention was particularly focused on possible discrimination. Here are presented the research results which seem to be of general interest bearing on such issues as education, language, mobility, promotion, and discrimination.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Ethnic discrimination and wellbeing'

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