Relevant bibliographies by topics / Ethnic groups and races

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Ethnic groups and races'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 28 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Ethnic groups and races"

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Santillán-Fernández, Alberto, Yolanda Salinas-Moreno, José Valdez-Lazalde, Jaime Bautista-Ortega, and Santiago Pereira-Lorenzo. "Spatial Delimitation of Genetic Diversity of Native Maize and Its Relationship with Ethnic Groups in Mexico." Agronomy 11, no. 4 (April 1, 2021): 672. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11040672.

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Mexico, as a center of origin of maize, presents a high diversity of maize races. With the objective of spatially demarcating regions with high concentration of intraspecific diversity in Mexico, as a fundamental measure for the in situ conservation of their agrobiodiversity, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) tools have been used to generate diversity and richness indexes for 64 maize races cultivated in Mexico, using indexes to demarcate relationships to environmental factors such as temperature, precipitation, and altitude; the presence of indigenous groups; and the type of maize used. These relations allowed defining seven environmental units spatially, with characteristic maize races in each of them, which constitute priority areas for in situ conservation. In addition, a close relationship was found between the diversity of maize races and of ethnic groups, from the center to the south of the country, associated with the differences in maize use in different ethnic groups. This geographical demarcation of races and uses of maize will favor food security through specific measures of in situ conservation, as well as an increase in added value of maize by-products based on specific maize races conserved by local ethnic groups.
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Marić, Ivana, Jonathan A. Mayo, Maurice L. Druzin, Ronald J. Wong, Virginia D. Winn, David K. Stevenson, and Gary M. Shaw. "Maternal Height and Risk of Preeclampsia among Race/Ethnic Groups." American Journal of Perinatology 36, no. 08 (November 5, 2018): 864–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1675205.

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Objective Shorter maternal height has been associated with preeclampsia risk in several populations. It has been less evident whether an independent contribution to the risk exists from maternal height consistently across different races/ethnicities. We investigated associations between maternal height and risk of preeclampsia for different races/ethnicities. Study Design California singleton live births from 2007 to 2011 were analyzed. Logistic regression was used to estimate adjusted odds ratios for the association between height and preeclampsia after stratification by race/ethnicity. To determine the contribution of height that is as independent of body composition as possible, we performed one analysis adjusted for body mass index (BMI) and the other for weight. Additional analyses were performed stratified by parity, and the presence of preexisting/gestational diabetes and autoimmune conditions. Results Among 2,138,012 deliveries, 3.1% preeclampsia/eclampsia cases were observed. The analysis, adjusted for prepregnancy weight, revealed an inverse relation between maternal height and risk of mild and severe preeclampsia/eclampsia. When the analysis was adjusted for BMI, an inverse relation between maternal height was observed for severe preeclampsia/eclampsia. These associations were observed for each race/ethnicity. Conclusion Using a large and diverse cohort, we demonstrated that shorter height, irrespective of prepregnancy weight or BMI, is associated with an increased risk of severe preeclampsia/eclampsia across different races/ethnicities.
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Farkas, Leslie G., Marko J. Katic, and Christopher R. Forrest. "International Anthropometric Study of Facial Morphology in Various Ethnic Groups/Races." Journal of Craniofacial Surgery 16, no. 4 (July 2005): 615–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.scs.0000171847.58031.9e.

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Dewi, Rahmi Surya. "HIDUP DI DUNIA MULTIKULTURAL POTRET SOSIAL BUDAYA KERUKUNAN ETNIS MINANG DAN TIONGHOA DI KOTA PADANG." LUGAS Jurnal Komunikasi 2, no. 1 (June 29, 2018): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.31334/jl.v2i1.120.

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The issue of indigenous and non-indigenous, minorities and the majority has become an exaggerated issue causing the sentiment and the disturbance of relations between ethnic minorities and ethnic majority. This article was intentionally written to see a portrait of harmony between ethnic Minang and Tionghoa in Padang City. Lately it is so easy to insult and degrade the religion of others. Therefore, this article aims to provide awareness to the parties who deliberately divide relations and harmony among tribes, religions, races and groups in Indonesia. One of portraits of inter-ethnic and inter-religious harmony can be seen in West Sumatra. The ability of ethnic Chinese to be ethnic Minang who use matrilineal system by emphasizing the element of motherhood makes the potential of conflict can be minimized. The harmony between the two ethnics could frequently end with inter-ethnic marriage.
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Cravens, Hamilton. "Scientific Racism in Modern America, 1870s–1990s." Prospects 21 (October 1996): 471–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0361233300006633.

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In post-Darwinian times, Americans have usually thought of the national population as divided into many distinct races and ethnic groups. The notions and definitions they have used for a race and an ethnic group have varied from one age to another. Although Americans have not needed the resources of science to believe that some races and ethnic groups are superior to others, in these times science has become a powerful symbol of cultural authority. For the racist, the assistance of science has often been useful. In this essay, it is important to distinguish between the scientific discourse on race and ethnicity whose participants do not necessarily assume that groups differ in value, and that of scientific racism, whose participants might or might not be scientists, but who have consistently assumed that science proves the existence of permanent group differences and legitimates the assertion that some groups are inherently superior to others. Here we shall discuss the latter.
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Hu, Dan-Ning, Guo-Pei Yu, Steven A. McCormick, Susan Schneider, and Paul T. Finger. "Population-Based Incidence of Uveal Melanoma in Various Races and Ethnic Groups." American Journal of Ophthalmology 140, no. 4 (October 2005): 612.e1–612.e8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2005.05.034.

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Henderson, David C. "Metabolic Differences of Antipsychotics Among the Races." CNS Spectrums 10, S2 (2005): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900026560.

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AbstractAs the United States population continues to grow and diversify, physicians must be equipped to treat patients of different races and ethnicities. Current data suggest that certain ethnic minority groups may be predisposed to a variety of clinical conditions, including obesity, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular disease. Furthermore, as physicians begin to turn more frequently to atypical antipsychotics in psychiatric illness, they face a growing concern regarding the development of metabolic side effects, especially in a US population that is gradually becoming more obese from a demographic standpoint. In addition, certain ethnic groups may be more susceptible to these metabolic effects. The metabolic side effects induced by the atypical antipsychotics vary greatly, with the newer agents generally displaying fewer and less severe side effects, indicating that the particular agent chosen is of critical importance. A risk/benefit assessment, taking into consideration any genetic predisposition, preexisting risk factors, and the side-effect profile of the specific agent, is paramount to the successful management of these patients. The ultimate goal is careful consideration of possible metabolic side effects in patients taking atypical antipsychotics, in order to avoid serious consequences.
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Habashy, Paul, Vivienne Lea, Kate Wilkinson, Bin Wang, Xiao-Juan Wu, Tara Laurine Roberts, Weng Ng, et al. "KRAS and BRAF Mutation Rates and Survival Outcomes in Colorectal Cancer in an Ethnically Diverse Patient Cohort." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 24 (December 15, 2023): 17509. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms242417509.

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KRAS and BRAF mutation rates in colorectal cancer (CRC) reported from various mono-ethnic studies vary amongst different ethnic groups. However, these differences in mutation rates may not be statistically significant or may be due to differences in environmental and/or laboratory factors across countries rather than racial genetic differences. Here, we compare the KRAS/BRAF mutation rates and survival outcomes in CRC between ethnic groups at a single institution. We also investigate the contributions of genetic, environmental, and laboratory factors to the variations in KRAS/BRAF mutation rates reported from different countries. Clinicopathological data from 453 ethnically diverse patients with CRC were retrospectively analyzed at Liverpool Hospital, NSW Australia (2014–2016). KRAS/BRAF mutations were detected using real-time PCR (Therascreen kits from Qiagen). Mismatch repair (MMR) status was determined using immunohistochemical staining. Four ethnic groups were analyzed: Caucasian, Middle Eastern, Asian, and South American. Overall survival data were available for 406 patients. There was no significant difference in KRAS mutation rates between Caucasians (41.1%), Middle Easterners (47.9%), Asians (44.8%), and South Americans (25%) (p = 0.34). BRAF mutation rates differed significantly between races (p = 0.025), with Caucasians having the highest rates (13.5%) and Middle Easterners the lowest (0%). A secondary analysis in which Caucasians were divided into three subgroups showed that ethnic grouping correlated significantly with KRAS mutation rate (p = 0.009), with central and eastern Europeans having the highest rates (58.3%). There were no significant differences in overall survival (OS) or disease-free survival (DFS) between the four races. The similarity in KRAS mutation rates across races raises the possibility that the differences in KRAS mutation rates reported from various countries may either not be statistically significant or may be due to environmental and/or laboratory factors rather than underlying racial genetic differences. In contrast, we verified that BRAF mutation rates differ significantly between races, suggesting racial genetic differences may be responsible for the discrepant BRAF mutation rates reported from different countries.
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Grigg, Kaine, and Lenore Manderson. "Developing the Australian Racism, Acceptance, and Cultural-Ethnocentrism Scale (RACES)." Educational and Developmental Psychologist 32, no. 1 (April 20, 2015): 71–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/edp.2015.7.

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Existing Australian measures of racist attitudes focus on single groups or have not been validated across the lifespan. To redress this, the present research aimed to develop and validate a measure of racial, ethnic, cultural and religious acceptance — the Australian Racism, Acceptance, and Cultural-Ethnocentrism Scale (RACES) — for use with children, adolescents and adults. Interviews and focus groups were conducted with 30 adolescents in Victoria, Australia, to develop the instrument, which was pilot tested with eight children. The novel 34-item scale consists of three subscales (Accepting Attitudes — 12 items; Racist Attitudes — 8 items; Ethnocentric Attitudes — 4 items) and a 10-item measure of social desirability. The instrument was tested with 296 Victorian school children, 182 adolescents and 120 adults from the Australian community, with data modelled and analysed utilising classical test theory and item response theory. Estimates of internal consistency reliability and factorial, construct, convergent and discriminant validity support the measure. The instrument is the first general attitudinal measure of racial, ethnic, cultural and religious acceptance to be designed and scientifically validated within the Australian context. RACES can be utilised across the lifespan to evaluate attitudes towards all racial, ethnic, cultural and religious groups. RACES has potential to be widely utilised to evaluate anti-racism and pro-diversity interventions implemented within schools and throughout the community, enabling the development of a strong evidence base for initiatives to reduce community levels of racism. However, future research is needed to confirm the psychometric properties and establish the temporal stability of the scale prior to dissemination throughout Australia.
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Suzuki, Masako, Tao Wang, Diana Garretto, Carmen R. Isasi, Wellington V. Cardoso, John M. Greally, and Loredana Quadro. "Disproportionate Vitamin A Deficiency in Women of Specific Ethnicities Linked to Differences in Allele Frequencies of Vitamin A-Related Polymorphisms." Nutrients 13, no. 6 (May 21, 2021): 1743. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13061743.

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Background: While the current national prevalence rate of vitamin A deficiency (VAD) is estimated to be less than 1%, it is suggested that it varies between different ethnic groups and races within the U.S. We assessed the prevalence of VAD in pregnant women of different ethnic groups and tested these prevalence rates for associations with the vitamin A-related single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) allele frequencies in each ethnic group. Methods: We analyzed two independent datasets of serum retinol levels with self-reported ethnicities and the differences of allele frequencies of the SNPs associated with vitamin A metabolism between groups in publicly available datasets. Results: Non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic pregnant women showed high VAD prevalence in both datasets. Interestingly, the VAD prevalence for Hispanic pregnant women significantly differed between datasets (p = 1.973 × 10−10, 95%CI 0.04–0.22). Alleles known to confer the risk of low serum retinol (rs10882272 C and rs738409 G) showed higher frequencies in the race/ethnicity groups with more VAD. Moreover, minor allele frequencies of a set of 39 previously reported SNPs associated with vitamin A metabolism were significantly different between the populations of different ancestries than those of randomly selected SNPs (p = 0.030). Conclusions: Our analysis confirmed that VAD prevalence varies between different ethnic groups/races and may be causally associated with genetic variants conferring risk for low retinol levels. Assessing genetic variant information prior to performing an effective nutrient supplementation program will help us plan more effective food-based interventions.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Ethnic groups and races"

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Bennett, Philip Christopher. "Peripheral arterial disease amongst minority ethnic groups in the United Kingdom." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2013. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/4726/.

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Peripheral arterial disease (PAD), a common manifestation of atherosclerosis, is an important healthcare problem with considerable morbidity and mortality. Intermittent claudication (IC) is the commonest symptomatic manifestation of this disease. This thesis investigates the prevalence of PAD in South Asians (people originating from India, Pakistan and Bangladesh) and Blacks (Black African, Black Caribbean) and makes ethnic comparisons of its associations with traditional cardiovascular risk factors, inflammatory and haemostatic biomarkers and markers of angiogenesis in these ethnic groups. This thesis also makes associations between common carotid intima media thickness, a marker of pre-clinical atherosclerosis, traditional cardiovascular risk factors and novel biomarkers. Furthermore this thesis validates translated versions of the Edinburgh Claudication Questionnaire into Punjabi and Urdu.
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Loera, Gonzalez Juan Jaime. "Conflicting paths to wellbeing : Raramuri and Mestizo inter-ethnic relations in northern Mexico." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2013. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/45213/.

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Indigenous people in Mexico have historically been subjected to subordinate positions in relation to dominant non-indigenous groups. Indigenous people continue to face political exclusion, social discrimination and economic disadvantages compared to the non-indigenous population. Most studies use a universalising approach to conceptualise wellbeing in order to account for these differences among groups, neglecting to consider local indigenous understandings of wellbeing, and how such understandings may be obscured by inter-ethnic power relations at the local level. This research contributes to the larger debate of how asymmetries among social groups are formed, how they are contested through the articulation of discourses, and the implications of mobilising discourses as a political tool at the local level. The dissertation focuses on the case of the Raramuri indigenous people of Northern Mexico, and uses detailed ethnographic evidence to explore how discourses of wellbeing are constructed by the Raramuri people in their daily interactions with the non-indigenous population and how power asymmetries between these groups form and persist. It does so by pursuing three main objectives. The first is to document local understandings of wellbeing which emerge for the Raramuri people in contexts of ethno-political oppression. The second is to uncover underlying power relations that hinder wellbeing and reproduce ethnically differentiated vulnerabilities. Examples of this are land conflicts and institutional arrangements behind land management schemes. The third objective is to analyse resulting mechanisms of resistance employed by the Raramuri indigenous people in order to seek control of practices and customs that promotes ethnic distinction. These three pillars provide a novel framework to explore the formation and perpetuation of asymmetrical social, economic and political relations at the local level. The study finds that the Raramuri people, like other minority groups living in the margins of nation states and global markets, are constrained to act strategically to face political, economic and social exclusion, while at the same time, taking the opportunity of this position to articulate culturally embedded discourses and mechanisms to reinforce their identity and self-definition. It is in the marginal context that the Raramuri discourse of living well develops and makes sense; fluctuating between the tension of having the right to live differently and the need to be part of the larger society. As a result, this discourse, by stressing ethnic membership and differentiation from other groups, appeals to culturally deep-seated homogenising and idealised elements of ethnicity. Consequently, Raramuri people articulate a recurrent strategy of resistance that allows them to consolidate their cultural identity and the internal cohesion of the group. However, this strategy limits political influence and their capacity to challenge the asymmetric power relations they face from dominant, non-indigenous spheres.
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Holder, Sharon M. "Health inequalities amongst older people from ethnic minority groups in Britain : 'sensitivity' of different SES measures." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2011. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/208223/.

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The United Kingdom (UK) ethnic population is ageing. However, there has been a dearth of research focussing on the ethnic diversity of the older population and the implications for health and health care needs. In fact ‘ageing’ and ‘ethnicity’ are rarely integrated within health research. According to the United Kingdom (UK) 2001 Census, there are over 4.6 million individuals belonging to minority ethnic groups, with a quarter million aged 50 years or over. The ageing of these communities over the next two decades places greater emphasis on the importance of empirical evidence on their health status and the policy implications for health and health care needs. This thesis contributes to our understanding of health, socio-economic status (SES), ethnicity and ageing. The research explores the ‘sensitivity’ of different measures and their appropriateness and validity in assessing health inequalities amongst ethnic minority groups in order to better understand health inequalities in later life. This is a critical issue with widespread policy implications. Using cross-sectional data from Health Survey for England (HSE), with a sample size of 5,086 men and women 50 years and older, different logistic regression models are run for the outcome variables general health and limiting long-standing illness in order to ascertain the ‘sensitivity’ of SES of the different measures of health amongst the different ethnic minority groups. The results suggest that older people from ethnic minority groups are more likely to report bad/very bad’ health compared with the White population. For example, amongst Black Africans the odds of reporting ‘bad/very bad’ health are 1.45 times the odds amongst Whites, amongst Pakistanis the equivalent odds are 1.69 times the odds amongst Whites, amongst Bangladeshi the odds are 2.34 times the odds of Whites, and amongst Chinese people the odds are 2.53 times the odds of Whites. There are distinct patterns in reporting ‘bad/very bad’ health and a LLSI amongst and between ethnic minority men and women aged 50 and over based on SES measures employed in the study. Additionally, behavioural risk factors, that is, smoking and alcohol consumption were significant predictors of reporting ‘bad/very bad’ health and LLSI. Health inequalities have important implications for policy, particularly for health and health care. The research findings would be useful in informing national policies (e.g. health promotion campaigns, housing, occupationally based services, culturally competent health care services) and locally based interventions (e.g. health campaigns for older men and women; health education) would be better targeted at ethnic minority groups of older men and women
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Bidmead, Pat. "Differences in presentation of white, black, Asian and oriental ethnic groups in British comic and magazine publications for children." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1998. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/4218/.

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My interest in comics began at about ten years of age. Reading difficulties and a dismissal as stupid by one of my primary school teachers left me believing that reading was beyond my capabilities. One morning when walking reluctantly to school I saw a comic lying in the gutter. Attracted by the bright colours I picked it up, I could not read the title 'Dandy' but the picture stories meant for the first time I could follow a narrative. Quickly I realised that the pictorial content gave me clues to the dialogue presented in the 'bubbles'. Reading for me was a possibility and I soon became addicted to a diet of comics. Unfortunately the racist nature of British society was reflected in those comic strips. Brought up in an environment where there were no visible black faces most of my racial education was from the society around me and the comics I read. I did not realise how deeply ingrained the racial conceptions were until I attempted to draw my own comic strip to amuse two small children for whom I had frequent care. Without thinking I automatically reproduced the same kind of stereotypes to be found in the comics I had read. Soon racial inequalities were to become a central concern in my life. I became conscious of the pervasiveness of racism in society and this consciousness increased as I embarked on a mixed race marriage generally disapproved of in the white dominated society of the early 1950s. My experience as a mother of mixed race children led me to join various anti-racist groups and thus become interested in all aspects of racial injustice. A combination of factors encouraged the undertaking of this research amongst them being, a teacher first, of young children and later of adolescents. A further influence came from the literature I read which encouraged me to write articles on the subject for such magazines as Roots and Youth in society. As a consequence of my past experiences and these articles this research project took shape and I make no apology for the fact that feelings and experiences have entered into the research process. The pre-occupying concern of this research is to investigate the degree of equality in presentations of white, black, Asian and Oriental groups in comics and magazines for children. The central aim is to locate any unjustifiable differences in the presentations. Each of the Chapters in this study attempts to deal with a specific area, related to racism and collectively they attempt to supply evidence to support an argument that presentation of black group characters is mostly concerned with negative portrayals. The opening chapter commences with a declaration of aims and objectives and proceeds with a discussion of the nature of racism followed by theoretical approaches and the general methodology available for analysing comic texts. A standard content analysis is adopted in order to extract the necessary figures involved in the distribution of imagery across the ethnic groups presented in the comic literature. Without this preliminary exercise another important objective of the study would be impossible, that is, to interpret the figures in a more refined, qualitative manner in the hope that some of the subtle details of stereotyping will emerge. Chapter Two reviews the historical development of comics and magazines and the influence of this development on racial imagery. Chapter Three concentrates on the construction of appropriate headings under which to place ethnic groups appearing in the comics in order that they might be analysed by the use of checklists which draw on the common usage of stereotypes, present established checklists, and other literature for children. Chapters Four, Five, Six and Seven focus on the analysis of a number of specific aspects commencing with areas where black Asian and Oriental characters are included and excluded. Chapter Five takes issue with the presentation of principal characters, while chapter Six investigates the reality or otherwise of a number of racial myths. Chapter Seven concerns itself with the distribution and nature of verbal and non-verbal contacts between ethnic groups and Chapter Eight consists of a number of case studies using the original visual comic material in an attempt to illustrate the nature of the racism within the comic sample. The final chapter is a review of the findings from the comics and magazines brought together and conclusions drawn from the data to see if there are a significant number of unfair differences in the presentations of white, black, Asian and Oriental groups. After a brief summary of the major findings the final chapter discusses some of the conclusions and tries to interpret these conclusions within a wide theoretical framework.
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Repasky, Gary R. "Do Organizational and Critical Incident Stress Vary Between Races in Law Enforcement?" Youngstown State University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu1464796461.

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McMillan, Kathleen Margaret. "The minority ethnic group experience in Scottish higher education." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2006. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/5893/.

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This study explores the contexts and learning experiences of a group of minority ethnic group learners as higher education students in the University of Dundee. The research serves a scoping purpose, aiming to examine the influences, values, attitudes, behaviours and policies that affect the learning experiences of these bilingual minority ethnic group students in the monocultural and monolingual Scottish educational system. An initial exploration of these factors lays the foundation for the further aim of appraising the ways in which ethnicity, cultural values and bilingualism contribute to the learning profile of such students. Quantitative data were obtained from public domain statistical records, and qualitative data from a pilot postal questionnaire, focus group meetings and single or paired interviews. Research literature underpinning and informing the study draws from various fields including anthropology, bilingual education, demography, cognitive psychology, education, language acquisition, linguistics and sociology. The voices of the students combine to provide a powerful commentary of their experiences and this gives rise to the emergence of several themes in this research. A key theme, the importance of identity, is one that is woven through this work. Changing emphases can be observed in the developing Ethnic, Academic and Global modes of Self as these mutate in response to tensions that arise for the students as they straddle the dichotomy of heritage and educational cultures. The difference that distinguishes resident bilinguals from dominant ethnic group students can be seen in their differing language profiles. Problematic aspects of learning at university can apply to all learners, but such difficulties seem to be accentuated in the case of resident bilinguals. The acquisition of academic literacies is one such problematic area and, while both resident bilingual and dominant ethnic group students can be challenged in these areas, this can be in subtly different ways.
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Platt, Lucinda. "The experience of poverty : welfare dynamics among children of different ethnic groups." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.365527.

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Bhugra, Dinesh. "Inception rates of schizophrenia in three ethnic groups in London : socio-demographic structures." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 1999. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/inception-rates-of-schizophrenia-in-three-ethnic-groups-in-london--sociodemographic-structures(addc4cda-32a8-4d96-b6a0-66462dfbfec6).html.

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Williamson, Lee Emma Palmer. "Population projections for small areas and ethnic groups : developing strategies for the estimation of demographic rates." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2007. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.673858.

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Suthammanont, Christina Marie. "A land of opportunity?: How perceptions of financial prospects affect racial and ethnic groups' political participation." Texas A&M University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/3793.

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This dissertation develops and empirically tests a theory of political participation that posits that the local economic context moderates the effects of individuals’ socioeconomic status by influencing their prospective financial outlooks. These perceptions, in turn, affect individuals’ likelihood of engaging in various political activities. I examine the theory using indicators of economic vitality and status both for the entire population and for racial and ethnic group-specific economic conditions. This two-pronged approach allows me to assess the extent to which group-specific conditions are more salient for minority group members than are more traditional contextual (full population) measures that reflect the economic status of the entire population. Thus, such questions as whether blacks’ financial outlooks are influenced more by the visibility of black-owned businesses or by the total visibility of business activity are addressed. Hypotheses are tested using the 1992 National Election Study, the 1995 Texas Minority Survey, and economic data collected from the U.S. Census Bureau, 1992 Economic Census. Results indicate that the financial perceptions of blacks and Latinos are significantly related to levels of political activity while the financial outlooks of Asians and whites are not significantly related to their political activity.
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Books on the topic "Ethnic groups and races"

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Molnar, Stephen. Human variation: Races, types, and ethnic groups. 3rd ed. Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Prentice Hall, 1992.

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Molnar, Stephen. Human variation: Races, types, and ethnic groups. 4th ed. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Prentice Hall, 1998.

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Molnar, Stephen. Human variation: Races, types, and ethnic groups. 5th ed. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Prentice Hall, 2001.

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Exama, Aroll. Jusqu'où va la différence?: La hiérarchie des races, l'erreur de Socrate. Lévis, Québec: Éditions de la Francophonie, 2005.

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Racial and ethnic groups. 6th ed. New York: HarperCollins College Publishers, 1996.

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Schaefer, Richard T. Racial and ethnic groups. 3rd ed. Glenview, Ill: Scott, Foresman, 1988.

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Schaefer, Richard T. Racial and ethnic groups. 7th ed. New York: Longman, 1998.

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Schaefer, Richard T. Racial and ethnic groups. 3rd ed. Boston: Little, Brown, 1988.

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Hoefflin, Steven M. Ethnic rhinoplasty. New York: Springer, 1998.

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Gonzales, Juan L. Racial and ethnic groups in America. 4th ed. Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt Pub. Co., 2000.

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Book chapters on the topic "Ethnic groups and races"

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Selfe, Paul. "Race Relations: Ethnic Groups in Britain." In Sociology a Level, 272–92. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-13854-8_21.

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Selfe, Paul. "Race Relations: Ethnic Groups in Britain." In Work Out Sociology, 269–88. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-13120-4_22.

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Fuguitt, Glenn V. "Comparisons Across Three Race/Ethnic Groups in Rural Retirement Counties." In Rural Aging in 21st Century America, 295–310. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5567-3_16.

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Gracia, Jorge J. E. "3. Individuation of Racial and Ethnic Groups: The Problems of Circularity and Demarcation." In Race or Ethnicity?, edited by Jorge J. E. Gracia, 78–100. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/9781501727245-006.

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Vandeyar, Saloshna, and Heidi Esakov. "Color Coded: How Well Do Students of Different Race Groups Interact in South African Schools?" In Addressing Ethnic Conflict through Peace Education, 63–75. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230603585_6.

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Ishak, Saiful Azril, Syazreen Niza Shair, Wan Nor Ayunni Wan Ahmad Shukiman, Nurazliyana Mat Radzi, and Nur Salbiah Abdul Rahman. "The Trends of Age and Gender Specific Mortality Rates by Ethnic Groups." In Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Computing, Mathematics and Statistics (iCMS2017), 475–80. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7279-7_59.

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Jeglic, Elizabeth L., Regina Miranda, and Lillian Polanco-Roman. "Positive psychology in the context of race and ethnicity." In Positive psychology in racial and ethnic groups: Theory, research, and practice., 13–33. Washington: American Psychological Association, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/14799-002.

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Li, Yaojun. "Unequal Returns: Higher Education and Access to the Salariat by Ethnic Groups in the UK." In Dismantling Race in Higher Education, 103–24. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60261-5_6.

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Křížková, Ivana, Meng Le Zhang, Dan Olner, and Gwilym Pryce. "Social Frontiers: Estimating the Spatial Boundaries Between Residential Groups and Their Impacts on Crime." In The Urban Book Series, 285–304. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74544-8_13.

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AbstractInthischapter, we highlight the importance of social frontiers—sharp spatial divisions in the residential make-up of adjacent communities—as a potentially important form of segregation. The handful of studies estimating the impacts of social frontiers have been based in the USA and the UK, both of which are free-market democracies with a long history of immigration, ethnic mix and segregation. There are currently no studies of social frontiers in former socialist countries, for example, or in countries where immigration and ethnic mix are only a recent phenomenon or non-existent. This chapter aims to address this research gap by estimating the impacts of social frontiers on crime rates in a post-socialistcountry, Czechia. We demonstrate how a Bayesianspatial conditional autoregressive estimation can be used to detect social frontiers in this setting, and we use a fixed effect quasi-Poisson model to investigate the impact on crime. Our results suggest that in new immigration destinations, social frontiers may not be associated with higher rates of crime, at least in the short run. Moreover, our use of cultural distance measures helps to promote a more nuanced approach to studying the impact of segregation and highlights the role of cultural diversity in understanding the link between immigrant segregation and crime. We reflect on how this approach could contribute to the study of segregation and inequality in the Chinese context.
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"Voting patterns by ethnic groups." In Race and Politics, 72–93. Routledge, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203707692-11.

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Conference papers on the topic "Ethnic groups and races"

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Grigg, Kaine, and Lenore Manderson. "The Racism, Acceptance, and Cultural-Ethnocentrism Scale (RACES): Measuring Racism in Australia." In International Association of Cross Cultural Psychology Congress. International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4087/vzpl9248.

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No existing scale has been designed for, and validated in, the Australian context which can objectively evaluate the levels of general racist attitudes in Australian individuals or groups. Existing Australian measures of racist attitudes focus on single groups or have not been validated across the lifespan. Without suitable instruments, racism reduction programs implemented in Australia cannot be appropriately evaluated and so cannot be judged to be making a meaningful difference to the attitudes of the participants. To address the need for a general measure of racial, ethnic, cultural, and religious acceptance, an Australian scale was developed and validated for use with children, adolescents, and adults. The Racism, Acceptance, and Cultural-Ethnocentrism Scale (RACES) is a 34-item self-report instrument measuring explicit racist attitudes, consisting of three interdependent subscales (Accepting Attitudes – 12 items; Racist Attitudes – 8 items; Ethnocentric Attitudes – 4 items) and a 10-item measure of social desirability. The current chapter summarises the mixed methods approach to the development and evaluation of the novel scale, and reports on the reliability and validity data for children, adolescents, and adults from diverse racial, ethnic, cultural, and religious backgrounds around Australia. The results of examinations of psychometric properties, including latent structure, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and predictive validity, are discussed. Utilised analytical techniques include qualitative thematic analysis of interviews and focus groups, unidimensional and multidimensional Rasch (Item Response Theory) analyses, and various Classical Test Theory analyses.
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Gagaev, Andrey, and Pavel Gagaev. "ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE IN THE SYSTEM OF JUSTICE." In Globalistics-2020: Global issues and the future of humankind. Interregional Social Organization for Assistance of Studying and Promotion the Scientific Heritage of N.D. Kondratieff / ISOASPSH of N.D. Kondratieff, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46865/978-5-901640-33-3-2020-82-88.

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Environmental justice is a part of the system of natural, ethnic, geographic-ecological, restorative and international justice and a system of solutions in the field of global issues. Environmental justice includes compatibility, hatchability and sequence, equality, freedom, truth, responsibility of all forms of life on the planet and in space in their habitats, not claiming for the habitats of other living forms. Therefore, for example, the United States are their habitat only and nowhere else in the world, like any other nation, while the exit of ethnic groups beyond their habitats means aggression and violence. The article also presents the subject of environmental justice. It is the world economic systems. Environmental justice includes also procedural principles of fairness, maintaining natural evolution and self-organization of habitats in space and time; common property of mankind; teleology of alignment and perfection of races and ethnic groups, evolutionary diversity; maintaining the natural cyclicity of life forms; a system of non-violence and solutions to global issues.
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Elmahy, Ahmed, Julie Maes, Paul Desbordes, Maarten De Vos, and Marko Topalovic. "New race neutral GLI equation impacts ethnic groups differently!" In ERS International Congress 2023 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2023.oa871.

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Reihani, Sharareh, Igor Akushevich, Joellen Schildkraut, and Dora Il'yasova. "Abstract 3732: Inflammatory breast cancer rates among different ethnic and racial groups in the United States." In Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL. American Association for Cancer Research, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2011-3732.

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Mosque, Roseane Santos, and Maria Vitória Santos Fontes. "Didactics and methodologies applied to teaching racial-ethnic relations in Brazil." In V Seven International Multidisciplinary Congress. Seven Congress, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.56238/sevenvmulti2024-129.

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Teacher training, in its scope, dispenses with methodological understanding of pedagogical practices, with regard to transversal themes such as gender, race and ethnicity, highlighting the diversity and differences present in human beings, so that the exchange of knowledge in and for beyond the school space, occurs in order to strengthen the exercise of citizenship from the perspective of an inclusive educational model. Diversity for this formation requires knowledge of the history of the composition of the Brazilian territory by African, Afro-Brazilian and indigenous peoples, respect for the culture and organization that these ethnic groups establish socially, and how they were brought together through their colonizing processes. .
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Garges, EC, GE Macalino, BK Agan, and TC Kao. "P3.68 Disparity among ethnic race groups in sexual transmitted infection for lifestyle variables of male and female active duty military personnel." In STI and HIV World Congress Abstracts, July 9–12 2017, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2017-053264.303.

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Pilkington, Andrew, and Melanie Crofts. "Liberalism and race equality in higher education: The shift from the mandatory to the persuasive." In Third International Conference on Higher Education Advances. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/head17.2017.5157.

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This paper examines a twenty year period to explore the salience of race equality in higher education in the UK. While research evidence accumulates to demonstrate that staff and students from minority ethnic groups continue to experience considerab;e disadvantage, universities throughout the period have typically remained remarkably complacent. Such complacency partly stems from the dominance in the academy of a liberal as opposed to radical pperspective on equality. Universities typically see themselves as liberal and believe existing policies ensure fairness and in the propcess ignore adverse outcomes and do not see combating racial inequalities as a prioroty. The paper distinguishes two ideal typical approaches, the 'mandatory' and the 'persuasive' to the promotion of race equality and suggests that the period has witnessed the transition along a continuum from the mandatory to the persuasive. Regardless of which approach is preferred, universities are urged to have no truck with a deficit model and to see it as their responsibility to ensure more equitable outcomes.
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Y. Babatunde, Yusuf, Durojaiy M. Olalekan, Yussuph T. Toyyibat, Unuriode O. Austine, Akinwande J. Mayowa, Yusuf K. Tobi, and Afolabi T. Osariemen. "A Comprehensive Data-Driven Analysis of Healthcare Disparities in the United States." In 13th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Soft Computing and Applications. Academy & Industry Research Collaboration Center, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/csit.2023.132202.

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Health disparities encompass a range of factors, including race, ethnicity, gender, age, disability status, and socioeconomic conditions. This project highlights disparities in healthcare access, quality of care, and health outcomes, with a particular focus on racial and ethnic disparities in health insurance coverage, prenatal care, and maternal morbidity. Gender disparities are also evident. Addressing these issues requires a multifaceted approach, including addressing social determinants of health, promoting equitable healthcare policies, and fostering cultural competence. Equitable access to healthcare services, quality care, and improved data collection are essential in eliminating disparities. Initiatives to support underserved communities, improve healthcare quality, and enhance cultural competence are recommended. Research and evidence-based approaches, along with policy reforms at various levels, such as anti-discrimination laws and increased funding for public health, are crucial. Collaboration among healthcare organizations, community groups, government agencies, and advocacy organizations is essential for effective interventions
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Falasinnu, Titilola, Jiang Li, Sukyung Chung, Latha Palaniappan, and Julia F. Simard. "BD-11 Lack of heterogeneity across race/ethnic groups in the risk of common comorbidities among patients with SLE compared to the general population in a large healthcare system in california." In LUPUS 21ST CENTURY 2018 CONFERENCE, Abstracts of the Fourth Biannual Scientific Meeting of the North and South American and Caribbean Lupus Community, Armonk, New York, USA, September 13 – 15, 2018. Lupus Foundation of America, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/lupus-2018-lsm.35.

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Abu-Freha, N., W. Alamor, O. Alamour, H. Abu Kaf, M. Aasla, B. Yousef, and J. Elkrinawi. "Colon cancer among different ethnic groups, population-based large cohort of two ethnic groups." In ESGE Days 2024. Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0044-1783607.

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Reports on the topic "Ethnic groups and races"

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Lally, Clare. Impact of COVID-19 on different ethnic minority groups. Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology, October 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.58248/rr06.

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During the first 6 months of the pandemic, people from ethnic minority groups were more likely to have COVID-19 disease and also more likely to experience severe outcomes from infection, including death. Lockdown measures have also disproportionately affected some communities more than others. What is driving this increased prevalence and death rates in ethnic minority groups? To what extent is it due to biology or pre-existing health? Or does it represent a continuation and exacerbation of social inequalities?
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Walker, Martin R. An Analysis of Discipline Rates Among Racial/Ethnic Groups in the U.S. Military. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada274555.

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Lamina, Toyin, Hamdi I. Abdi, Kathryn Behrens, Kathleen Call, Amy M. Claussen, Janette Dill, Stuart W. Grande, et al. Strategies To Address Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health and Healthcare: An Evidence Map. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), March 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepctb46.

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Background. Racial and ethnic disparities in health and healthcare continue to endure in the United States despite efforts in research, practice, and policy. Interventions targeted at patients, clinicians, and/or health systems may offer ways to address disparities and improve health outcomes in prevention/treatment of chronic conditions in adults. Purpose. This evidence map identifies existing interventions to be considered for implementation by healthcare system leaders and policymakers, and to inform researchers and funding agencies on gaps in knowledge and research needs. Methods. We searched MEDLINE, CINAHL, and Scopus from January 2017 through April 2023 for U.S.-based studies from the peer-reviewed published literature. We incorporated supplementary information from systematic reviews. We supplemented this with the gray literature, when available, from pertinent organizations, foundations, and institutes. We held discussions with Key Informants who represented stakeholders in healthcare disparities. Findings. A vast and varied literature addresses healthcare system interventions to reduce racial and ethnic health and healthcare disparities. We identified 163 unique studies from 174 reports, and 12 intervention types not mutually exclusive in their descriptions. The most studied intervention type was self-management support, followed by prevention/lifestyle support, then patient navigation, care coordination, and system level quality improvement (QI). Most of the interventions specifically targeted patient behaviors. Few studies (5) used a comparator, which made it difficult to determine whether disparities between groups were reduced or eliminated. Most of the studies (45%) included multiple race/ethnic groups (i.e., enrolled participants from more than one racially/ethnically minoritized group or enrolled racially minoritized people and non-minoritized groups). We found few studies that exclusively enrolled Asians (6%) and American Indians/Alaska Natives (1%). Cancer was the most studied chronic condition. Randomized controlled trials were common; but less rigorous study designs were often used for system level quality improvement (QI) and collaborative care model interventions. Few studies reported patient experience as primary outcomes. Studies did not report on harms or adverse events and nor did they report on factors necessary for determining applicability or sustainability of the interventions. A number of studies reported on cultural adaptation or community involvement (either partnership or collaboration). Future studies should seek to standardize the terms in which they describe interventions and aim to specifically address whether disparities between groups are reduced or eliminated. Nonetheless, this evidence map provides a resource for health systems to identify intervention approaches that have been examined elsewhere and that might be imported or adapted to new situations and environments.
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Edmiston, Kelly, and Jordan AlZuBi. Trends in telehealth and its implications for health disparities. Center for Insurance Policy and Research, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52227/25241.2022.

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The intersection of race and insurance is one of the four regulatory priorities of the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC) for 2022 and has been a key initiative of the NAIC since 2020. One workstream of the initiative is devoted to measures to advance health equity through lowering the cost of healthcare and promoting access to care and insurance coverage for historically disadvantaged and marginalized groups. A charge from the workstream to the NAIC’s Health Innovations Working Group (HIWG) is to examine the potential for telehealth to ameliorate (or exacerbate) health disparities, particularly for racial and ethnic minorities, but also the LGBT+ community and across the urban-rural continuum. This review engages with the HIWG on that directive by documenting recent developments and trends in telehealth and implications for regulators and addressing implications for disparities in health and healthcare.
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Do, Thao, and Eric Kasper. The Impact of Covid-19 Response Policies on Select Vulnerable Groups in Vietnam. Institute of Development Studies, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ids.2022.038.

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Despite the significant impact of the pandemic’s fourth wave, Vietnam’s overall strategy was seen as well planned with one of the lowest infection rates globally in 2020–2021. In June 2019, an estimated 540,000 Vietnamese migrant workers were recorded working legally in 40 countries and territories, making Vietnam a major labour exporter and one of the top ten countries to receive international remittances. Our research shows how Vietnam’s Covid-19 policy response has influenced Vietnamese migrant workers and counter-trafficking work, particularly in border areas. The research discussed four main findings. Firstly, border closures left many overseas migrant workers vulnerable and led them to rely on people smugglers. Secondly, the suspension of commercial international flights and a lack of transparency and favouritism in allocating seats on repatriation flights left many stranded. Thirdly, the national pandemic response plan suffered from limitations. Lastly, Covid-19 policies have led to new trafficking trends and challenges. Based on this evidence, the research suggests that digitalising and modernising social services could strengthen the inclusion of vulnerable groups, simplify the administrative and management process, save costs, and reduce corruption. Participation of vulnerable groups, especially ethnic minorities and overseas migrant workers, including fishers, should be ensured in national policy design and local implementation. Additionally, improving transparency and accountability of support systems could help gain citizens’ trust in the government, which would be beneficial for future crisis responses.
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Tipton, Kelley, Brian F. Leas, Emilia Flores, Christopher Jepson, Jaya Aysola, Jordana Cohen, Michael Harhay, et al. Impact of Healthcare Algorithms on Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health and Healthcare. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), December 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer268.

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Objectives. To examine the evidence on whether and how healthcare algorithms (including algorithm-informed decision tools) exacerbate, perpetuate, or reduce racial and ethnic disparities in access to healthcare, quality of care, and health outcomes, and examine strategies that mitigate racial and ethnic bias in the development and use of algorithms. Data sources. We searched published and grey literature for relevant studies published between January 2011 and February 2023. Based on expert guidance, we determined that earlier articles are unlikely to reflect current algorithms. We also hand-searched reference lists of relevant studies and reviewed suggestions from experts and stakeholders. Review methods. Searches identified 11,500 unique records. Using predefined criteria and dual review, we screened and selected studies to assess one or both Key Questions (KQs): (1) the effect of algorithms on racial and ethnic disparities in health and healthcare outcomes and (2) the effect of strategies or approaches to mitigate racial and ethnic bias in the development, validation, dissemination, and implementation of algorithms. Outcomes of interest included access to healthcare, quality of care, and health outcomes. We assessed studies’ methodologic risk of bias (ROB) using the ROBINS-I tool and piloted an appraisal supplement to assess racial and ethnic equity-related ROB. We completed a narrative synthesis and cataloged study characteristics and outcome data. We also examined four Contextual Questions (CQs) designed to explore the context and capture insights on practical aspects of potential algorithmic bias. CQ 1 examines the problem’s scope within healthcare. CQ 2 describes recently emerging standards and guidance on how racial and ethnic bias can be prevented or mitigated during algorithm development and deployment. CQ 3 explores stakeholder awareness and perspectives about the interaction of algorithms and racial and ethnic disparities in health and healthcare. We addressed these CQs through supplemental literature reviews and conversations with experts and key stakeholders. For CQ 4, we conducted an in-depth analysis of a sample of six algorithms that have not been widely evaluated before in the published literature to better understand how their design and implementation might contribute to disparities. Results. Fifty-eight studies met inclusion criteria, of which three were included for both KQs. One study was a randomized controlled trial, and all others used cohort, pre-post, or modeling approaches. The studies included numerous types of clinical assessments: need for intensive care or high-risk care management; measurement of kidney or lung function; suitability for kidney or lung transplant; risk of cardiovascular disease, stroke, lung cancer, prostate cancer, postpartum depression, or opioid misuse; and warfarin dosing. We found evidence suggesting that algorithms may: (a) reduce disparities (i.e., revised Kidney Allocation System, prostate cancer screening tools); (b) perpetuate or exacerbate disparities (e.g., estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] for kidney function measurement, cardiovascular disease risk assessments); and/or (c) have no effect on racial or ethnic disparities. Algorithms for which mitigation strategies were identified are included in KQ 2. We identified six types of strategies often used to mitigate the potential of algorithms to contribute to disparities: removing an input variable; replacing a variable; adding one or more variables; changing or diversifying the racial and ethnic composition of the patient population used to train or validate a model; creating separate algorithms or thresholds for different populations; and modifying the statistical or analytic techniques used by an algorithm. Most mitigation efforts improved proximal outcomes (e.g., algorithmic calibration) for targeted populations, but it is more challenging to infer or extrapolate effects on longer term outcomes, such as racial and ethnic disparities. The scope of racial and ethnic bias related to algorithms and their application is difficult to quantify, but it clearly extends across the spectrum of medicine. Regulatory, professional, and corporate stakeholders are undertaking numerous efforts to develop standards for algorithms, often emphasizing the need for transparency, accountability, and representativeness. Conclusions. Algorithms have been shown to potentially perpetuate, exacerbate, and sometimes reduce racial and ethnic disparities. Disparities were reduced when race and ethnicity were incorporated into an algorithm to intentionally tackle known racial and ethnic disparities in resource allocation (e.g., kidney transplant allocation) or disparities in care (e.g., prostate cancer screening that historically led to Black men receiving more low-yield biopsies). It is important to note that in such cases the rationale for using race and ethnicity was clearly delineated and did not conflate race and ethnicity with ancestry and/or genetic predisposition. However, when algorithms include race and ethnicity without clear rationale, they may perpetuate the incorrect notion that race is a biologic construct and contribute to disparities. Finally, some algorithms may reduce or perpetuate disparities without containing race and ethnicity as an input. Several modeling studies showed that applying algorithms out of context of original development (e.g., illness severity scores used for crisis standards of care) could perpetuate or exacerbate disparities. On the other hand, algorithms may also reduce disparities by standardizing care and reducing opportunities for implicit bias (e.g., Lung Allocation Score for lung transplantation). Several mitigation strategies have been shown to potentially reduce the contribution of algorithms to racial and ethnic disparities. Results of mitigation efforts are highly context specific, relating to unique combinations of algorithm, clinical condition, population, setting, and outcomes. Important future steps include increasing transparency in algorithm development and implementation, increasing diversity of research and leadership teams, engaging diverse patient and community groups in the development to implementation lifecycle, promoting stakeholder awareness (including patients) of potential algorithmic risk, and investing in further research to assess the real-world effect of algorithms on racial and ethnic disparities before widespread implementation.
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Schmidt-Sane, Megan, Tabitha Hrynick, Elizabeth Benninger, Janet McGrath, and Santiago Ripoll. The COVID-19 YPAR Project: Youth Participatory Action Research (YPAR) to Explore the Context of Ethnic Minority Youth Responses to COVID-19 Vaccines in the United States and United Kingdom. Institute of Development Studies, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ids.2022.072.

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Despite progress in COVID-19 vaccination rates overall in the US and UK, vaccine inequity persists as young people from minoritised and/or deprived communities are often less likely to be vaccinated. COVID-19 ‘vaccine hesitancy’ is not just an issue of misinformation or lack of information. ‘Vaccine hesitancy’ among young people is reflective of wider issues such as mistrust in the state or the medical establishment and negative experiences during the pandemic. This report is based on case study research conducted among young people (ages 12-18) in Cleveland, Ohio, US and the London borough of Ealing, UK. Whilst public discourse may label young people as ‘vaccine hesitant,’ we found that there were differences based on social location and place and this labelling may portray young people as ‘ignorant.’ We found the greatest vaccine hesitancy among older youth (15+ years old), particularly those from minoritised and deprived communities. Unvaccinated youth were also more likely to be from families and friend groups that were unvaccinated. While some expressed distrust of the vaccines, others reported that COVID-19 prevention was not a priority in their lives, but instead concerns over food security, livelihood, and education take precedence. Minoritised youth were more likely to report negative experiences with authorities, including teachers at their schools and police in their communities. Our findings demonstrate that COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy is embedded in a context that drives relationships of mistrust between minoritised and deprived communities and the state, with implications for COVID-19 vaccine uptake. Young people’s attitudes toward vaccines are further patterned by experiences within their community, school, family, and friend groups.
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St. John, Haley, and Juliette Scantlebury. A 10-Year Review of Opioid-Related Deaths at West Tennessee Regional Forensic Center: 2007-2017. University of Tennessee Health Science Center, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21007/com.lsp.2019.0005.

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Prescription opioid deaths have tripled since 1999, and currently opioid overdose kills 115 Americans per day on average (1). Prior to 2014, prescription opioids have been the primary driver of opioid-related mortality. In recent years, the United States has seen a steady decline in the rate of opioid prescription. At the same time, there has been a significant increase in the number of deaths attributed to non-prescription opioids such as heroin, illicitly manufactured fentanyl, and fentanyl analogues. In 2017, among 70,237 drug overdose deaths nationally, 47,600 (67.8%) involved opioids, with increases across age groups, racial/ethnic groups, and county urbanization levels in multiple states (2). The opioid epidemic is especially profound in Tennessee, which had the 3rd highest opioid prescription rate in the country in 2017 and an opioid-related death rate of 19.3 deaths per 100,000 persons, compared to the national average of 14.6 (3). This retrospective study analyzes autopsy data from West Tennessee Regional Forensic Center (WTRFC) from 2007 to 2017 to gain a better understanding of the effects of the opioid epidemic on West Tennessee and the surrounding areas. Data from opioid-related accidents and suicides were analyzed in order to identify trends in race, age, gender, location, types of opioids, and drug combinations involved in opioid-related deaths.
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Acosta-Ordoñez, Karina Dianeth, and Adolfo Meisel-Roca. Ethnic groups and anthropometric differences in Colombia. Bogotá, Colombia: Banco de la República, August 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/be.731.

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Carretta, Thomas R., and Malcolm J. Ree. Near Identity of Cognitive Structure in Sex and Ethnic Groups. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada353567.

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