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Santillán-Fernández, Alberto, Yolanda Salinas-Moreno, José Valdez-Lazalde, Jaime Bautista-Ortega, and Santiago Pereira-Lorenzo. "Spatial Delimitation of Genetic Diversity of Native Maize and Its Relationship with Ethnic Groups in Mexico." Agronomy 11, no. 4 (April 1, 2021): 672. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11040672.
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Mexico, as a center of origin of maize, presents a high diversity of maize races. With the objective of spatially demarcating regions with high concentration of intraspecific diversity in Mexico, as a fundamental measure for the in situ conservation of their agrobiodiversity, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) tools have been used to generate diversity and richness indexes for 64 maize races cultivated in Mexico, using indexes to demarcate relationships to environmental factors such as temperature, precipitation, and altitude; the presence of indigenous groups; and the type of maize used. These relations allowed defining seven environmental units spatially, with characteristic maize races in each of them, which constitute priority areas for in situ conservation. In addition, a close relationship was found between the diversity of maize races and of ethnic groups, from the center to the south of the country, associated with the differences in maize use in different ethnic groups. This geographical demarcation of races and uses of maize will favor food security through specific measures of in situ conservation, as well as an increase in added value of maize by-products based on specific maize races conserved by local ethnic groups.
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Marić, Ivana, Jonathan A. Mayo, Maurice L. Druzin, Ronald J. Wong, Virginia D. Winn, David K. Stevenson, and Gary M. Shaw. "Maternal Height and Risk of Preeclampsia among Race/Ethnic Groups." American Journal of Perinatology 36, no. 08 (November 5, 2018): 864–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1675205.
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Objective Shorter maternal height has been associated with preeclampsia risk in several populations. It has been less evident whether an independent contribution to the risk exists from maternal height consistently across different races/ethnicities. We investigated associations between maternal height and risk of preeclampsia for different races/ethnicities. Study Design California singleton live births from 2007 to 2011 were analyzed. Logistic regression was used to estimate adjusted odds ratios for the association between height and preeclampsia after stratification by race/ethnicity. To determine the contribution of height that is as independent of body composition as possible, we performed one analysis adjusted for body mass index (BMI) and the other for weight. Additional analyses were performed stratified by parity, and the presence of preexisting/gestational diabetes and autoimmune conditions. Results Among 2,138,012 deliveries, 3.1% preeclampsia/eclampsia cases were observed. The analysis, adjusted for prepregnancy weight, revealed an inverse relation between maternal height and risk of mild and severe preeclampsia/eclampsia. When the analysis was adjusted for BMI, an inverse relation between maternal height was observed for severe preeclampsia/eclampsia. These associations were observed for each race/ethnicity. Conclusion Using a large and diverse cohort, we demonstrated that shorter height, irrespective of prepregnancy weight or BMI, is associated with an increased risk of severe preeclampsia/eclampsia across different races/ethnicities.
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Farkas, Leslie G., Marko J. Katic, and Christopher R. Forrest. "International Anthropometric Study of Facial Morphology in Various Ethnic Groups/Races." Journal of Craniofacial Surgery 16, no. 4 (July 2005): 615–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.scs.0000171847.58031.9e.
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Dewi, Rahmi Surya. "HIDUP DI DUNIA MULTIKULTURAL POTRET SOSIAL BUDAYA KERUKUNAN ETNIS MINANG DAN TIONGHOA DI KOTA PADANG." LUGAS Jurnal Komunikasi 2, no. 1 (June 29, 2018): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.31334/jl.v2i1.120.
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The issue of indigenous and non-indigenous, minorities and the majority has become an exaggerated issue causing the sentiment and the disturbance of relations between ethnic minorities and ethnic majority. This article was intentionally written to see a portrait of harmony between ethnic Minang and Tionghoa in Padang City. Lately it is so easy to insult and degrade the religion of others. Therefore, this article aims to provide awareness to the parties who deliberately divide relations and harmony among tribes, religions, races and groups in Indonesia. One of portraits of inter-ethnic and inter-religious harmony can be seen in West Sumatra. The ability of ethnic Chinese to be ethnic Minang who use matrilineal system by emphasizing the element of motherhood makes the potential of conflict can be minimized. The harmony between the two ethnics could frequently end with inter-ethnic marriage.
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Cravens, Hamilton. "Scientific Racism in Modern America, 1870s–1990s." Prospects 21 (October 1996): 471–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0361233300006633.
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In post-Darwinian times, Americans have usually thought of the national population as divided into many distinct races and ethnic groups. The notions and definitions they have used for a race and an ethnic group have varied from one age to another. Although Americans have not needed the resources of science to believe that some races and ethnic groups are superior to others, in these times science has become a powerful symbol of cultural authority. For the racist, the assistance of science has often been useful. In this essay, it is important to distinguish between the scientific discourse on race and ethnicity whose participants do not necessarily assume that groups differ in value, and that of scientific racism, whose participants might or might not be scientists, but who have consistently assumed that science proves the existence of permanent group differences and legitimates the assertion that some groups are inherently superior to others. Here we shall discuss the latter.
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Hu, Dan-Ning, Guo-Pei Yu, Steven A. McCormick, Susan Schneider, and Paul T. Finger. "Population-Based Incidence of Uveal Melanoma in Various Races and Ethnic Groups." American Journal of Ophthalmology 140, no. 4 (October 2005): 612.e1–612.e8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2005.05.034.
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Henderson, David C. "Metabolic Differences of Antipsychotics Among the Races." CNS Spectrums 10, S2 (2005): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900026560.
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AbstractAs the United States population continues to grow and diversify, physicians must be equipped to treat patients of different races and ethnicities. Current data suggest that certain ethnic minority groups may be predisposed to a variety of clinical conditions, including obesity, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular disease. Furthermore, as physicians begin to turn more frequently to atypical antipsychotics in psychiatric illness, they face a growing concern regarding the development of metabolic side effects, especially in a US population that is gradually becoming more obese from a demographic standpoint. In addition, certain ethnic groups may be more susceptible to these metabolic effects. The metabolic side effects induced by the atypical antipsychotics vary greatly, with the newer agents generally displaying fewer and less severe side effects, indicating that the particular agent chosen is of critical importance. A risk/benefit assessment, taking into consideration any genetic predisposition, preexisting risk factors, and the side-effect profile of the specific agent, is paramount to the successful management of these patients. The ultimate goal is careful consideration of possible metabolic side effects in patients taking atypical antipsychotics, in order to avoid serious consequences.
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Habashy, Paul, Vivienne Lea, Kate Wilkinson, Bin Wang, Xiao-Juan Wu, Tara Laurine Roberts, Weng Ng, et al. "KRAS and BRAF Mutation Rates and Survival Outcomes in Colorectal Cancer in an Ethnically Diverse Patient Cohort." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 24 (December 15, 2023): 17509. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms242417509.
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KRAS and BRAF mutation rates in colorectal cancer (CRC) reported from various mono-ethnic studies vary amongst different ethnic groups. However, these differences in mutation rates may not be statistically significant or may be due to differences in environmental and/or laboratory factors across countries rather than racial genetic differences. Here, we compare the KRAS/BRAF mutation rates and survival outcomes in CRC between ethnic groups at a single institution. We also investigate the contributions of genetic, environmental, and laboratory factors to the variations in KRAS/BRAF mutation rates reported from different countries. Clinicopathological data from 453 ethnically diverse patients with CRC were retrospectively analyzed at Liverpool Hospital, NSW Australia (2014–2016). KRAS/BRAF mutations were detected using real-time PCR (Therascreen kits from Qiagen). Mismatch repair (MMR) status was determined using immunohistochemical staining. Four ethnic groups were analyzed: Caucasian, Middle Eastern, Asian, and South American. Overall survival data were available for 406 patients. There was no significant difference in KRAS mutation rates between Caucasians (41.1%), Middle Easterners (47.9%), Asians (44.8%), and South Americans (25%) (p = 0.34). BRAF mutation rates differed significantly between races (p = 0.025), with Caucasians having the highest rates (13.5%) and Middle Easterners the lowest (0%). A secondary analysis in which Caucasians were divided into three subgroups showed that ethnic grouping correlated significantly with KRAS mutation rate (p = 0.009), with central and eastern Europeans having the highest rates (58.3%). There were no significant differences in overall survival (OS) or disease-free survival (DFS) between the four races. The similarity in KRAS mutation rates across races raises the possibility that the differences in KRAS mutation rates reported from various countries may either not be statistically significant or may be due to environmental and/or laboratory factors rather than underlying racial genetic differences. In contrast, we verified that BRAF mutation rates differ significantly between races, suggesting racial genetic differences may be responsible for the discrepant BRAF mutation rates reported from different countries.
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Grigg, Kaine, and Lenore Manderson. "Developing the Australian Racism, Acceptance, and Cultural-Ethnocentrism Scale (RACES)." Educational and Developmental Psychologist 32, no. 1 (April 20, 2015): 71–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/edp.2015.7.
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Existing Australian measures of racist attitudes focus on single groups or have not been validated across the lifespan. To redress this, the present research aimed to develop and validate a measure of racial, ethnic, cultural and religious acceptance — the Australian Racism, Acceptance, and Cultural-Ethnocentrism Scale (RACES) — for use with children, adolescents and adults. Interviews and focus groups were conducted with 30 adolescents in Victoria, Australia, to develop the instrument, which was pilot tested with eight children. The novel 34-item scale consists of three subscales (Accepting Attitudes — 12 items; Racist Attitudes — 8 items; Ethnocentric Attitudes — 4 items) and a 10-item measure of social desirability. The instrument was tested with 296 Victorian school children, 182 adolescents and 120 adults from the Australian community, with data modelled and analysed utilising classical test theory and item response theory. Estimates of internal consistency reliability and factorial, construct, convergent and discriminant validity support the measure. The instrument is the first general attitudinal measure of racial, ethnic, cultural and religious acceptance to be designed and scientifically validated within the Australian context. RACES can be utilised across the lifespan to evaluate attitudes towards all racial, ethnic, cultural and religious groups. RACES has potential to be widely utilised to evaluate anti-racism and pro-diversity interventions implemented within schools and throughout the community, enabling the development of a strong evidence base for initiatives to reduce community levels of racism. However, future research is needed to confirm the psychometric properties and establish the temporal stability of the scale prior to dissemination throughout Australia.
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Suzuki, Masako, Tao Wang, Diana Garretto, Carmen R. Isasi, Wellington V. Cardoso, John M. Greally, and Loredana Quadro. "Disproportionate Vitamin A Deficiency in Women of Specific Ethnicities Linked to Differences in Allele Frequencies of Vitamin A-Related Polymorphisms." Nutrients 13, no. 6 (May 21, 2021): 1743. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13061743.
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Background: While the current national prevalence rate of vitamin A deficiency (VAD) is estimated to be less than 1%, it is suggested that it varies between different ethnic groups and races within the U.S. We assessed the prevalence of VAD in pregnant women of different ethnic groups and tested these prevalence rates for associations with the vitamin A-related single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) allele frequencies in each ethnic group. Methods: We analyzed two independent datasets of serum retinol levels with self-reported ethnicities and the differences of allele frequencies of the SNPs associated with vitamin A metabolism between groups in publicly available datasets. Results: Non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic pregnant women showed high VAD prevalence in both datasets. Interestingly, the VAD prevalence for Hispanic pregnant women significantly differed between datasets (p = 1.973 × 10−10, 95%CI 0.04–0.22). Alleles known to confer the risk of low serum retinol (rs10882272 C and rs738409 G) showed higher frequencies in the race/ethnicity groups with more VAD. Moreover, minor allele frequencies of a set of 39 previously reported SNPs associated with vitamin A metabolism were significantly different between the populations of different ancestries than those of randomly selected SNPs (p = 0.030). Conclusions: Our analysis confirmed that VAD prevalence varies between different ethnic groups/races and may be causally associated with genetic variants conferring risk for low retinol levels. Assessing genetic variant information prior to performing an effective nutrient supplementation program will help us plan more effective food-based interventions.
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Bhayani, Mihir K., Ellen B. Jaeger, Samer Al-Khudari, Kerstin Stenson, Nikhil Joshi, Jen Godden, Melissa Conrad Stoppler, and Michael J. Jelinek. "Association of molecular profiles of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma with heterogeneity across racial/ethnic groups in the United States." Journal of Clinical Oncology 41, no. 16_suppl (June 1, 2023): e18036-e18036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2023.41.16_suppl.e18036.
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e18036 Background: Significant disparities exist across the head and neck cancer (HNC) care continuum in presentation, treatment, and survival. Along with demographic factors such as race or ethnicity, tumor-specific molecular signatures may play a role in these differences. In the United States, the current body of literature mainly highlights molecular contrasts between Black and White patients. Here, we further investigate the molecular profiles of Black and White patients with HNC and add to the literature by comparing additional racial/ethnic groups in a large, real-world cohort. Methods: De-identified records of patients with a primary diagnosis of HNC who underwent Tempus xT testing (Tempus Labs, Chicago, IL) were selected from the Tempus Database. Those with squamous cell histology and self-reported race were selected for retrospective analysis. Briefly, Tempus xT is a targeted, tumor/normal-matched panel that detects single-nucleotide variants, insertions and/or deletions, and copy number variants in 648 genes, as well as chromosomal rearrangements in 22 genes with high sensitivity and specificity. Tumor mutational burden (TMB) was calculated by dividing the number of nonsynonymous mutations by the megabase size of the panel. Results: Among the 749 patients included, most identified as Non-Hispanic/Latino (NHL) White (n = 570), while 62 identified as NHL Black, 44 as NHL Asian/Pacific Islander (API), 21 as NHL of other races, and 52 as Hispanic/Latino of any race. Age at diagnosis differed between races ( P= 0.009). Oral cavity was the most common subsite in our cohort (N = 306, 41%). TMB also differed among races ( P= 0.018), with Black patients demonstrating the highest TMB (median = 4.6 mut/Mb [3.0-6.2]) and API the lowest (median = 2.3 mut/Mb [1.5-4.2]). Black patients had higher proportions of TP53 (76%), KMT2D (24%), and CTTN (15%) alterations (not significant across races). There were differences in the frequencies of OR4G11P (q = 0.031) and OR4F5 (q = 0.014) aberrations between races, with Black patients showing the highest frequencies (16% and 15%, respectively). The API population demonstrated higher frequencies of RASA1 (16%), MTAP (11%), CDKN2B (32%), and ERCC3 (11%) mutations (not significant across races). Additionally, there were differences in TERT mutations between races (q = 0.01), with API harboring the highest proportion of TERT co-mutations (52%). Conclusions: Overall, these results demonstrate that molecular profiles are heterogeneous across multiple racial/ethnic groups. Many of the alterations described here have been previously associated with outcomes in HNC. Accordingly, future investigations should aim to understand the effects of the activated pathways for clinical utility and investigate biomarkers to drive individualized treatment plans that result in equitable care.
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Ritchie, Kay. "Biases in face perception: Evidence from face matching tasks with own and other races, ages and species." Cognitive Psychology Bulletin 1, no. 9 (January 30, 2024): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpscog.2024.1.9.24.
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We know from the literature that we are better at remembering people from our own groups (own ethnic heritage, age, social groups etc). This article outlines three experiments looking at biases in face matching tasks – tasks which do not require memory. We tested people with faces from their own and other ethnic heritage, age, and species and did not find coherent evidence for own group biases in face matching.
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Lapidot, Lena, Michal Safran, Tzvia Bader, and Avital Gaziel. "Barriers to diversity in cancer therapy: Uncovering disparities in knowledge and interpretation of genetic testing among African Americans, and their direct implications for access to mutation-based therapies." Journal of Clinical Oncology 41, no. 16_suppl (June 1, 2023): e18587-e18587. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2023.41.16_suppl.e18587.
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e18587 Background: African American cancer patients are disproportionately impacted by limited access to health education and resources, limiting their access to advanced care and clinical trials (CTs). In line, African Americans have the highest death rate and shortest survival of any racial/ethnic group in the US for most cancers. In this study we analyzed cancer patients’ knowledge of different parameters of their disease, including biomarker/mutational status knowledge which is vital for making informed treatment decisions. Methods: Leal (formerly, Trialjectory) is an AI-based platform that matches cancer patients to CTs based on a self reported medical profile. The profile includes parameters essential for CT matching including disease status, stage, biomarker/mutational status, treatment history, comorbidities and demographics. This study included a multi-racial sample cohort of 11,302 patients with advanced cancer who completed the questionnaire between 2019-2023. We characterized the general questionnaire completion rate and further focused on whether genetic testing was performed and on biomarker knowledge across varying clinical, demographic and racial/ethnic groups. Results: The general questionnaire completion rate was not affected by age, gender, or ethnic group. Genetic testing performance was associated with cancer types for which treatment guidelines recommend testing. There was no major difference in genetic testing performance between ethnic groups (Pearson’s Χ² = 0.05), with slightly lower rates in African Americans compared to other racial groups. A notable gap was found in the interpretation and reporting of test results across all races. Race and ethnic background had a significant impact on biomarker knowledge (Pearson’s Χ² < 0.0001), with African Americans having a profoundly lower probability of knowing/reporting their mutation status compared to other races/ethnic groups. Clinical trials that require the presence of certain mutations for a match were ranked lower on the matched CT list or were not matched at all for patients who failed to report their biomarker data. Conclusions: African Americans are less likely to know or interpret/report their mutation status compared to other races or ethnic groups. This disparity was not influenced by the completion rate of the questionnaire, suggesting that ethnicity is not a hindrance to accessing technology. Our results highlight a significant gap in access to information and education particularly in regards to biomarker knowledge, which play a crucial role in obtaining the most effective treatment or accessing mutation-specific targeted therapy within or outside of a CT. Addressing these disparities is imperative to ensure that cancer patients can make informed treatment decisions.
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Polson, Edward C., and Kevin D. Dougherty. "Worshiping across the Color Line: The Influence of Congregational Composition on Whites’ Friendship Networks and Racial Attitudes." Sociology of Race and Ethnicity 5, no. 1 (March 5, 2018): 100–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2332649218757804.
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Religious participation has reinforced the color line in American society for generations. Despite rising racial and ethnic diversity across U.S. communities, most Americans continue to belong to congregations composed primarily of others from their own racial/ethnic groups. Yet recent scholarship suggests that the presence of multiple racial or ethnic groups in the same congregation is increasing. The authors examine how the racial/ethnic composition of U.S. congregations is related to white attenders’ friendship networks and comfort with other racial/ethnic groups (i.e., blacks, Hispanics, and Asians). Using national survey data, the authors find that whites in multiracial congregations report more diverse friendship networks and higher levels of comfort with nonwhites than do whites in nonmultiracial congregations. However, the influence of worshipping with another race/ethnicity seems to be most pronounced for whites in congregations with Hispanics. Moreover, neighbors and friends of other races have more impact on whites’ friendship networks and attitudes than do congregations. The authors discuss implications of these findings for understanding U.S. intergroup relations and the potential of congregations to address the color line.
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Sherpa, Dawa. "Exploring the Dimensions of Multicultural Education and its Implication in Teaching Learning." Interdisciplinary Research in Education 4, no. 1 (September 20, 2019): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ire.v4i1.25708.
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This article aims to present the concept and needs of multicultural education in Nepal. This paper is based on extensive review of literature on multicultural education in Nepal. Multicultural education provides equal educational opportunities for all races, nations and groups of different cultures. Cultural values, ethics, norms and practices are focused on multicultural education. It helps to find out the cultural knowledge and skills in the learners and communicate with other ethnic groups. Multicultural curriculum can prepare individuals and groups with diverse backgrounds to live peacefully in a society. Multicultural education promotes the strength and value of cultural diversity. Moreover, it also ensures human rights and respect to one another and the acceptance of alternative life styles of people, and the promotion of social justice.
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Zubaidi, Advan Navis. "Urgensi Literasi Media di Tengah Sinisme Antarsuku, Agama, Ras, dan Golongan." Jurnal Komunikasi Islam 1, no. 1 (October 1, 2018): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.15642/jki.2018.1.1.111-128.
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This article discusses the urgency of media literacy in addressing the framing of cynicism and conflict issues between tribes, religions, races and groups carried out by the mass media in Indonesia. Specifically, this study attempts to contribute the role of media literacy in minimizing cynicism between tribes, religions, races and groups. Through text studies, this article argues that literacy is considered as science. The more educated people, the more acquired knowledge will be. It means that when people receive more information from the mass media, they will certainly be wiser. Further, to raise public awareness, a systematic way through education, both formal and non-formal, is needed. Hence, harmonious human relations could be realized, regardless of ethnic status, race, and religious belief.
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Zubaidi, Advan Navis. "Urgensi Literasi Media di Tengah Sinisme Antarsuku, Agama, Ras, dan Golongan." Jurnal Komunikasi Islam 8, no. 1 (October 1, 2018): 111–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.15642/jki.2018.8.1.111-128.
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This article discusses the urgency of media literacy in addressing the framing of cynicism and conflict issues between tribes, religions, races and groups carried out by the mass media in Indonesia. Specifically, this study attempts to contribute the role of media literacy in minimizing cynicism between tribes, religions, races and groups. Through text studies, this article argues that literacy is considered as science. The more educated people, the more acquired knowledge will be. It means that when people receive more information from the mass media, they will certainly be wiser. Further, to raise public awareness, a systematic way through education, both formal and non-formal, is needed. Hence, harmonious human relations could be realized, regardless of ethnic status, race, and religious belief.
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Bhandari, Madhavendra. "Tear film measurements in four different ethnic groups: Malay, Chinese, Indian and Nigerian." International Eye Research 2, no. 2 (June 28, 2021): 69–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.18240/ier.2021.02.02.
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AIM: To compare the non-invasive tear film break-up time (NIBUT), tear break up time (TBUT), basal tear secretion (BTS) and blink rate in four ethnic groups: Malay, Chinese, Indian and Nigerian. METHODS: Totally 120 healthy (61 males and 59 females) subjects (without dry eye symptoms and ocular surface disorder) with the age 20 to 39 years were recruited; 30 were Malays, 30 were Chinese, 31 were Indians and 29 were Nigerians. Based on McMonnies questionnaire and clinical examination, normal subjects were selected. NIBUT, TBUT, BTS were assessed in only one eye (right) of each subject and blink rate was also assessed. RESULTS: There was significant difference in the NIBUT, TBUT, BTS and blink rate among 4 different ethnic groups (P=0.018, 0.001, 0.011, and 0.004 respectively). No statistically significant difference of NIBUT, TBUT, BTS and blink rate was found between the genders among different ethnic groups. Indian had higher median for NIBUT (10±6s), TBUT (7±5s) and BTS (20±20 mm) than other races. Chinese had lower median for NIBUT (7.5±4s) and TBUT (4±2s) while Malay had for BTS (9.5±16 mm) among the groups. There was no significant correlation of blink rate with NIBUT (r=-0.119, P=0.195), TBUT (r=-0.086, P=0.352), and BTS (r=-0.123, P=0.180) respectively. CONCLUSION: The tear-film measurement values are variability in four ethnic groups.
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Romero, Ronald Gavidia, Sussan Kokinda, Steve Chung, Enrique Tobias Pader, Roma Balbin Uy, Anusha Devarajan, Joshua Kramer, and Jennifer Gallup. "0671 Racial and Ethnic Characteristics in Adults Living with Narcolepsy." SLEEP 47, Supplement_1 (April 20, 2024): A287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsae067.0671.
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Abstract Introduction Demographics and polysomnographic characteristics (PC) stratified by race and ethnicity in narcolepsy type 1 and 2 (NC1-2) have been occasionally examined. Despite differences in definitions, most studies in NC1-2 have used race and ethnicity terms interchangeably. This study in adults living with narcolepsy (ALWNC) examined demographics and PC by race and ethnicity separately. Methods This cross-sectional study at a large academic center identified ALWNC through detailed chart review. Adults aged ≥18 years with NC1-2 diagnosis were included. We stratified participants based on self-reported race (Asian, Black, White, Others) and ethnicity (Hispanic, non-Hispanic, and Others). Descriptive statistics were obtained per racial and ethnic groups. Linear regression models adjusted for age and body mass index (BMI) at diagnosis, gender, NC1-2, and race or ethnicity (accordingly) were utilized to examine associations between race, ethnicity, and mean sleep latency (MSL) and number of sleep onset REM periods (SOREMPs). Results We identified 250 participants; 58% had NC2, 70.8 % were females, mean age and BMI at diagnosis were 29.1±12.9 years and 26.0±6.3 Kg/m2, respectively. Asian, Black, White, and Other races were 8, 28, 194, and 20 participants, respectively. Hispanic, non-Hispanic, and Other ethnicities were 14, 225, and 11 participants, respectively. Blacks had significantly shorter MSL and greater number of SOREMPs than Asians, Whites, and Other races (2.7±2.1 vs. 3.8±1.1, 4.8±2.4, 4.7±2.4 minutes, and 3.3±1.3 vs. 2.4±0.9, 2.5±1.3, 2.0±1.3 SOREMPs, respectively). Other ethnicities had shorter MSL and greater number of SOREMPs than Hispanics and non-Hispanics (3.3±2.9 vs. 4.6±2.4, 4.5±2.4 minutes, and 3.1±1.2 vs. 2.2±1.5, 2.5±1.3 SOREMPs, respectively); albeit, statistically insignificant. Adjusted analyses showed associations between Black race and MSL (β=-1.7, 95% CI [-2.9, -0.6] minutes), and between Black, Other races, and number of SOREMPs (β=0.7, 95% CI [0.1,1.3]; β=-0.9, 95% CI [-1.8, -0.1] SOREMPs, respectively). No associations were observed between ethnicity and MSL or number of SOREMPs. Conclusion This study highlighted racial differences in PC among ALWNC. Blacks had shorter MSL and greater number of SOREMPs, while Other races had lesser number of SOREMPs. In addition, this report suggested a trend toward ethnic differences in NC PC. Support (if any)
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Zheng, Ruizhi, Mian Li, Min Xu, Jieli Lu, Tiange Wang, Meng Dai, Di Zhang, et al. "Chinese Adults Are More Susceptible to Effects of Overall Obesity and Fat Distribution on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 106, no. 7 (February 11, 2021): e2775-e2788. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgab049.
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Abstract Context The body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) as diagnostic tools of obesity do not reflect the same level of fat mass and whether obesity leads to various effects on cardiometabolic risk factors among different racial/ethnic population is unknown. Objective The study aims to address the multicollinearity between BMI and WC by using the residual model approach and to assess and compare the effects of obesity metrics on cardiometabolic risk factors among different races/ethnicities. Design, setting, and participants Data from a nationally representative sample of mainland Chinese adults collected in 2010 and data from the National Health and Nutrition Evaluation Survey 2005-2016 were used. By conducting a regression analysis between WC and BMI, the variation of BMI was removed from WC measures and residual of WC was obtained. The associations between obesity metrics and cardiometabolic risk factors were compared among different races/ethnicities by sex. Results The residual WC was significantly associated with all the cardiometabolic risk factors in mainland Chinese, and most of the factors in non-Hispanic white and non-Hispanic black adults, but not in the other races/ethnicities. The standardized regression coefficients of the associations between obesity metrics and cardiometabolic factors showed that the obesity metrics had greater impact on systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and triglyceride in Chinese adults than those of other racial/ethnic groups. Conclusions Chinese adults are more susceptible to the effects of overall obesity and fat distribution on cardiometabolic risk factors than the other racial/ethnic population.
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Kim, Tae-jin, Terence Christian Oliga, and Shin-jae Park. "The British Superiority of the 18th Century British Man Towards Different Ethnic Groups Revealed in Robinson Crusoe." Convergence English Language & Literature Association 7, no. 2 (August 30, 2022): 159–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.55986/cell.2022.7.2.159.
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The primary purpose of this study is to see the white British man's ethnic superiority in the eighteenth century revealed in Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe. Through the attitude of Robinson Crusoe towards the people of color such as Xury or Friday, we can see how proud the British were of their ethnic and racial superiority. The protagonist takes it for granted to enslave the Moore and the black-skinned boy, establishing master-slave relationships. From his perspective, the British were the masters of others, a chosen people by God, and citizens with great intelligence and scientific knowledge, but other ethnic people were inferior races close to primitiveness. However, Crusoe's attitude toward the Spanish is quite different from the attitude he showed towards Xury and Friday. While he placed himself in the position of the master with Xury and Friday, he treats the white Spanish man as if he were one of his colleagues. This proves that the sense of superiority of the protagonist's 'others' is not based on the nation or the country, but on race. The protagonist, who unexpectedly settled on the uninhabited island, is depicted as a heroic figure, not only surviving all kinds of difficulties but also saving the lives of some people. He also restores the Christian faith through the time of loneliness. Nevertheless, his words and attitudes presented throughout the novel cannot overcome the distorted and wrong self-identity, in other words, 'white supremacy', or 'the British supremacy', which was prevalent in the 18th century.
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Baktir, Firyal, Dwi Prijatmoko, and Masniari Novita. "Tabel Prediksi Moyers dan Sitepu terhadap Lebar Mesiodistal Gigi Permanen Pengganti pada Etnis Arab Yaman di Surabaya." Pustaka Kesehatan 8, no. 1 (November 16, 2020): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/pk.v8i1.11699.
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There are several methods of analizing tooth size discrepancy in orthodontics include prediction methods for mixed dentition. Prediction method of Moyers and Sitepu most commonly used although both were obtained from 2 different races, Caucasian and Deutromelayu. Yemeni ethnic is one of the ethnic groups settled in Indonesia which descendants of the Caucasian race. The aim of the study was to observed the suitable prediction table for Yemeni ethnic. It was an observasional analitics study consist of 40 samples with cross sectional design. The results showed that slight difference for prediction of Moyers on the maxilla (1.02) and prediction of Sitepu on the mandibula (0.11). As conclusion, the most suitable predicition method for Yemeni ethnic is Moyers’s method for maxila and sitepu’s method for mandibula.
Key words: mesiodistal width permanen teeth, Moyers method, Sitepu method, Yemeni Etnic
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Newlin Lew, Kelley, Caroline Dorsen, Gail D. Melkus, and Monika Maclean. "Prevalence of Obesity, Prediabetes, and Diabetes in Sexual Minority Women of Diverse Races/Ethnicities: Findings From the 2014-2015 BRFSS Surveys." Diabetes Educator 44, no. 4 (May 29, 2018): 348–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0145721718776599.
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Purpose The purpose of this study is to assess the weighted prevalence and odds ratios of obesity, prediabetes, and diabetes by (1) female sexual orientation (lesbian, bisexual, and straight) with racial/ethnic (Hispanic, non-Hispanic black, and non-Hispanic white) groups combined and (2) across and within racial/ethnic groups by sexual orientation. Methods A secondary analysis of pooled 2014-2015 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data from 28 states (N = 136 878) was conducted. Rao-Scott chi-square test statistics were computed and logistic regression models were developed to assess weighted prevalence and odds ratios of obesity, prediabetes, and diabetes with adjustments for demographics (age, income, and education), depression, and health care access factors. Results With racial/ethnic groups combined, lesbian and bisexual women, relative to straight women, had a significantly increased likelihood for obesity when controlling for demographics. Bisexual women were found to have significantly reduced odds for diabetes, compared with straight women, with adjustments for demographics, depression, and health care access factors. Compared with their non-Hispanic white counterparts, Hispanic lesbian women had significantly increased odds for obesity and diabetes, while non-Hispanic black bisexual women had a significantly greater likelihood for obesity, holding demographics, depression, and health care access factors constant. Non-Hispanic white lesbian women had an increased likelihood for obesity relative to their straight, ethnic/racial counterparts. Prediabetes subsample analysis revealed the prevalence was low across all female sexual orientation groups. Conclusion Sexual minority women, particularly those of color, may be at increased risk for obesity and diabetes. Research is needed to confirm the findings.
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Schutte, Aletta E., Ruan Kruger, Lebo F. Gafane-Matemane, Yolandi Breet, Michél Strauss-Kruger, and J. Kennedy Cruickshank. "Ethnicity and Arterial Stiffness." Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 40, no. 5 (May 2020): 1044–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/atvbaha.120.313133.
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Early vascular aging reflects increased arterial stiffness of central blood vessels at young chronological ages and powerfully predicts cardiovascular events and mortality, independent of routine brachial blood pressure and other risk factors. Since ethnic disparities exist in routine blood pressure, in hypertension and cardiovascular outcomes, this review evaluates major studies comparing arterial stiffness through the life course between different ethnic groups or races (which have no biological definition)—in children, adolescents, young, and middle-aged adults and the very elderly. Most report that compared with white European-origin samples, populations of black African descent have increased central arterial stiffness throughout different life stages, as well as a more rapid increase in arterial stiffness at young ages. Exceptions may include African Caribbean origin people in Europe. Differences in vascular structure and function are clearest, where obesity, socioeconomic, and psychosocial factors are most marked. Few studies evaluate a wider spectrum of ethnic groups or factors contributing to these ethnic disparities. Genetic effects are not obvious; maternal risk and intergenerational studies are scarce. Nevertheless, across all ethnic groups, for given levels of blood pressure and age, some people have stiffer central arteries than others. These individuals are most at risk of vascular events and mortality and, therefore, may benefit from early, as yet untested, preventive action and treatment.
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Karan Bhagwan Khairnar, Dinesh Prakash Khate, and Santhosh sinde. "Study of Facial Index in both sexes of Northern Maharashtra." Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development 14, no. 3 (June 21, 2023): 118–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.37506/ijphrd.v14i3.19372.
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Background: Face is an entity that helps to distinguish one person from another. It also signifies distinction between races, ethnic groups, Sexes and even members of same family. Hence it has anthropological, anatomical and medico legal importance.Method: 60 adult males and 60 adults females aged between 18 to 35 were studied with spreading calliper, Facial Index was measured from Nasion to Gnathion, Zygion to zygionResults: The male facial Index was 90.5 (± 0.5) and female was 87.2 (± 0.3) (p<0.001) p value was highly significant. The present Facial Index was classified anthropologically under Lepto proscopic facial Index.Conclusion: Present Facial Index of Maharashtra Population is useful to anthropologist, anatomist and medico legal export to differentiate Maharashtra population from other racial or ethnic groups of India and abroad because morpho-metric values of mesodermalderivatives are un-certain
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Zaidi, Shabih H. "Anthropological study of the mastoid air cell system in Pakistani races." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 103, no. 9 (September 1989): 819–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215100110205.
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AbstractThis is an anthropological study of the development of the mastoid process in the four ethnic groups of Pakistani races: Turko-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Scytho-Dravidian, and Aryo-Dravidian.Cephalometric studies have established that the majority of Pakistanis are brachio to ultrabrachiocephalic (Cephalic Index 82–x). Radiological evaluation of normal mastoids and their planimetric measurements show that the mastoid process is smaller (Av: 10.24 sq.cm. ± 0.8) than the Caucasian Western races (Av: 12–15 sq.cm.).Neither combined approach tympanoplasty, nor mastoid obliteration technique may be required, nor technically possible in a small mastoid. Natural epithelization of a small ‘peanut size’ mastoidectomy cavity does not justify these procedures. A modified radical mastoidectomy and tympanoplasty reconstruction provides a satisfactory result in chronic discharging ears.
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Alabi, A. S., J. T. Adeleye, S. B. Kareem, F. S. Lewu, and A. O. Oyewopo. "Determination of stature from cephalic indices among Okun and Ebira ethnic groups of Kogi State in Nigeria." Anatomy Journal of Africa 8, no. 2 (September 13, 2019): 1626–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/aja.v8i2.189706.
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Cephalic index is an important feature that characterizes different races. The study aimed at comparing the cephalic indices between the two genders and to determine the stature among Okun and Ebira ethnic groups in Nigeria. The subjects were measured for cephalic length, breadth and subject height and the cephalic indices were calculated by dividing the cephalic breadth by cephalic length, and then multiply by 100. 844 subjects of Okun and Ebira origin of Kogi state were measured, 211 males and 211 females for each tribe were measured. Fischer’s formula was used to determine the sample size because the population size is > 10,000. The cephalic breadth and length was measured using a spreading caliper and the subject height was measured with a stadiometer. The data was analyzed using Pearson’s Chisquare analysis test for association, trends and distribution difference of the pattern (confidence level at 95%). The mean cephalic indices of both Okun and Ebira ethnic group were >75 and >70 which belongs to mesocephalic and doliocephalic group respectively. There were significant differences in cephalic indices between both ethnic groups (p<0.001). There was no significant difference in cephalic indices between males and females of each ethnic group. Stature was better predicted from cephalic indices for Ebira males (r= 0.386) when compared to the Ebira females (r= 0.127), Okun males (r= 0.296) and Okun females (r = 0.268). All predictions were significant except for Ebira females.Keywords: mesocephalic, doliocephalic, cephalic indices, stature, sex
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NUSKABAYEV, О. "Turkic Ethnic Formations in the Eurasian Space." Iasaýı ýnıversıtetіnіń habarshysy 122, no. 4 (December 30, 2021): 156–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.47526/2021-4/2664-0686.14.
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The article analyzes the way of life and living conditions of the ancestors who stood at the origins of the origin of the Kazakhs and other more than 200 indigenous ethnic groups of Eurasia. Based on the data of new anthropological, archaeological, ethnosociological, ethnolinguistic and DNA-genealogical studies integrated into scientific circulation, life support, management and cultural studies models formed in accordance with the natural and climatic conditions in the regions of residence of the ancestors of indigenous origin are compared and analyzed. There are enough artifacts indicating that the ancient Turkic peoples originate in Siberia. To confirm this, we can cite dozens of examples of monumental monuments, the material and spiritual world, found in Siberia, uncovered and proven by the Turkic peoples. During the study of corpses found in Altai graves, in particular, on the faces of corpses excavated in the Pazyryk culture, mixed signs of the Caucasoid and Mongoloid races were found, which are signs of a mixed life of European and Mongolian races. The shark marine culture was evaluated as a continuation of a new stage of the samples of the Pazyryk culture. In the mounds, along with human bones, many ornaments decorated with a pattern in the animal style were found. Among them, images of deer, eagles, argali, wolves and livestock are very attractively depicted. In this regard, it is determined that the population of the Gorno-Altai Territory was in a strong state structure with a strong culture, economy, and religious beliefs. The article clarifies that the Hunkurats, who settled in all regions of the Eurasian space, like others inhabited the Altai Mountains and founded cultural centers. This is evidenced by cultural monuments, sculptures, balbals, images of fine art, ornamental products, remnants of production products, funeral rites, ideological images excavated in settlements and burial grounds of these regions.
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Adepoju, Omolola E., Lyoung H. Kim, and Steven M. Starks. "Hospital Length of Stay in Patients with and without Serious and Persistent Mental Illness: Evidence of Racial and Ethnic Differences." Healthcare 10, no. 6 (June 17, 2022): 1128. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10061128.
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Background: Prior studies have documented racial and ethnic differences in mental healthcare utilization, and extensively in outpatient treatment and prescription medication usage for mental health disorders. However, limited studies have investigated racial and ethnic differences in length of inpatient stay (LOS) in patients with and without Serious and Persistent Mental Illness. Understanding racial and ethnic differences in LOS is necessary given that longer stays in hospital are associated with adverse health outcomes, which in turn contribute to health inequities. Objective: To examine racial and ethnic differences in length of stay among patients with and without serious and persistent mental illness (SPMI) and how these differences vary in two age cohorts: patients aged 18 to 64 and patients aged 65+. Methods: This study employed a retrospective cohort design to address the research objective, using the 2018 Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) National Inpatient Sample. After merging the 2018 National Inpatient Sample’s Core and Hospital files, Generalized Linear Model (GLM), adjusting for covariates, was applied to examine associations between race and ethnicity, and length of stay for patients with and without SPMI. Results: Overall, patients from racialized groups were likely to stay longer than White patients regardless of severe mental health status. Of all races and ethnicities examined, Asian patients had the most extended stays in both age cohorts: 8.69 days for patients with SPMI and 5.73 days for patients without SPMI in patients aged 18 to 64 years and 8.89 days for patients with SPMI and 6.05 days for patients without SPMI in the 65+ cohort. For individuals aged 18 to 64, differences in length of stay were significantly pronounced in Asian patients (1.6 days), Black patients (0.27 days), and Native American patients/patients from other races (0.76 days) if they had SPMI. For individuals aged 65 and older, Asian patients (1.09 days) and Native American patients/patients from other races (0.45 days) had longer inpatient stays if they had SPMI. Conclusion: Racial and ethnic differences in inpatient length of stay were most pronounced in Asian patients with and without SPMI. Further studies are needed to understand the mechanism(s) for these differences.
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Menkis, Richard. "Jewish Communal Identity at the Crossroads: Early Jewish Responses to Canadian Multiculturalism, 1963-1965." Studies in Religion/Sciences Religieuses 40, no. 3 (June 27, 2011): 283–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0008429811408215.
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This article challenges the assumption that the Canadian Jewish community embraced the discourse and potential of multiculturalism rapidly and enthusiastically. It has been proven that certain groups—most notably the Ukrainians—used the hearings of the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism, which promised to consider the ‘‘contributions of the other ethnic’’ groups, to promote the idea that Canada is multicultural. But the largest organization of Canadian Jewry—the Canadian Jewish Congress (CJC)—was very cautious in its dealings with the Commission. It only participated in the Preliminary Hearings, in order to protest the preamble’s language that referred to the ‘‘two founding races. From the records of meetings, it is evident that CJC, based in Montreal—which was the home of the largest Jewish community in Canada at the time—was worried that introducing ‘‘multiculturalism’’ would offend the French. This article also asserts that CJC was not willing to define the Jews as an ethnic group, which was the implied category for groups in the new discourse of multiculturalism. CJC thought that a self-definition of the Jews as an ethnic group would weaken the place of Jews in Canadian society, both because of how Jews defined themselves on the census of 1961 and because they believed that they had a higher profile in the division of society into Protestant—Catholic—Jew than in a society divided into ethnic groups.
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Hu, Dan-Ning, Guopei Yu, Steven A. McCormick, and Paul T. Finger. "Population-Based Incidence of Conjunctival Melanoma in Various Races and Ethnic Groups and Comparison With Other Melanomas." American Journal of Ophthalmology 145, no. 3 (March 2008): 418–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2007.10.022.
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Wang, Katherine, Zheng Zhu, and Xiang Qi. "SES DISPARITIES IN FUNCTIONAL IMPAIRMENT WITHIN OLDER ASIAN AMERICANS: COMPARISON OF FOUR RACIAL/ETHNIC GROUPS." Innovation in Aging 7, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2023): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igad104.0482.
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Abstract This study investigated to what extent socioeconomic status (SES) disparities associates with functional impairment within older Asians in comparison with other racial/ethnic groups. Data were from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011-2018 that included 3,297 White, 1,755 Black, 1,708 Hispanic, and 730 Asians aged ≥60. Physical functioning was measured by activities of daily living (ADL) or instrumental activities of daily living (IADL). Memory was determined by CERAD-WL, and language fluency was measured by Animal Fluency Tests. We conducted multivariate logistic regressions to examine the association between SES and functioning impairment within racial/ethnic groups and performed seemingly unrelated regressions to compare the regression coefficients across subgroups. For the age- and sex-adjusted prevalence of functional impairment, Asians with ≤high school education had the highest prevalence of memory impairment among all races/ethnicities, and no difference was observed for all racial/ethnic groups with >high school education. After adjustment for key covariates, Blacks and Hispanics had higher odds of ADL/IADL disabilities and cognitive impairment relative to Whites. The odds of ADL/IADL disabilities did not differ with Asians and Whites, whereas Asians were more likely to have language fluency impairment than Whites. Education disparity for ADL disability (OR, 3.42; 95% CI, 2.21-5.29) and memory impairment (OR, 16.87; 95% CI, 8.57-33.21) were largest among Asians compared to Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics. Income disparity for function impairment did not significantly differ across four racial/ethnic groups (all P > 0.05). This study indicates that Asians fare worst in the burden of functional impairment due to education disparity.
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Parker, Kiriana P., Patricia Garcia, Devan Parrott, Stephanie Crockett, Cori Conner, and Kira Thomas. "15 Examining Unmet Needs in a Brain Injury Sample, Consisting of Various Races/Ethnicities, Referred to Resource Facilitation." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 29, s1 (November 2023): 125–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617723002199.
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Objective:To investigate differences of the perceived unmet needs in a post-acute brain injury sample when referred to Resource Facilitation (RF) among various race/ethnic groups.Participants and Methods:The methodology utilizied within this study consisted of a retrospective chart review, which was sourced from a clinical database serving chronic outpatients in the Midwest region. The main outcome measure was the Service of Unmet Needs & Service Use (SUNSU). The sample consisted of N = 455 subjects, which included a small sample size of Hispanics (N=7). Therefore, African American and Hispanic groups were combined for a total minority sample (N=84). Clinical disorders included within the study was an ABI from either stroke, anoxic injury, ruptured aneurysm, or tumor resection surgery. Eligibility criteria included participants’ admission into a RF program, a vocational goal, and a diagnosis of a moderate to severe TBI or other ABI. Lastly, key sociodemographic features included age, race, ethnicity, education, and sex.Results:Significant differences were found between ethnic groups (white non-Hispanics and minority group) in terms of years of education (p=<.01). White non-Hispanics had higher education (M=13.39, SD=2.23), reported significantly more rural addresses (40.2%, p=<.01), and had private insurance coverage more frequently than the minority group (33.7%, p=<.01). The full model was statistically significant, R2=.077 = F(4,450) = 9.387, p<.0001; adjusted R2 = .069. The addition of ethnicity led to a statistically significant increase in R2 of .019, F(1,450) =9.025, p<.0005.Conclusions:Ethnicity was found to be a predictive factor for greater unmet needs even after controlling for insurance, employment status, and urbanicity. It is currently unknown RF’s success rate in providing culturally competent services to different racial/ethnic groups, which consider factors such as primary language spoken, immigration status, and additional ethnocultural factors that could deter accurate reporting of unmet needs by minoritized groups. Future studies should investigate barriers in referring and meeting eligibility for this program and analyze post-treatment data to determine if the impact of racial, geographic, and insurance disparities is mitigated with RF treatment.
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Liu, Bennett M., Kelley Paskov, Jack Kent, Maya McNealis, Soren Sutaria, Olivia Dods, Christopher Harjadi, Nate Stockham, Andrey Ostrovsky, and Dennis P. Wall. "Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Geographic Access to Autism Resources Across the US." JAMA Network Open 6, no. 1 (January 23, 2023): e2251182. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.51182.
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ImportanceWhile research has identified racial and ethnic disparities in access to autism services, the size, extent, and specific locations of these access gaps have not yet been characterized on a national scale. Mapping comprehensive national listings of autism health care services together with the prevalence of autistic children of various races and ethnicities and evaluating geographic regions defined by localized commuting patterns may help to identify areas within the US where families who belong to minoritized racial and ethnic groups have disproportionally lower access to services.ObjectiveTo evaluate differences in access to autism health care services among autistic children of various races and ethnicities within precisely defined geographic regions encompassing all serviceable areas within the US.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis population-based cross-sectional study was conducted from October 5, 2021, to June 3, 2022, and involved 530 965 autistic children in kindergarten through grade 12. Core-based statistical areas (CBSAs; defined as areas containing a city and its surrounding commuter region), the Civil Rights Data Collection (CRDC) data set, and 51 071 autism resources (collected from October 1, 2015, to December 18, 2022) geographically distributed into 912 CBSAs were combined and analyzed to understand variation in access to autism health care services among autistic children of different races and ethnicities. Six racial and ethnic categories (American Indian or Alaska Native, Asian, Black or African American, Hispanic or Latino, Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, and White) assigned by the US Department of Education were included in the analysis.Main Outcomes and MeasuresA regularized least-squares regression analysis was used to measure differences in nationwide resource allocation between racial and ethnic groups. The number of autism resources allocated per autistic child was estimated based on the child’s racial and ethnic group. To evaluate how the CBSA population size may have altered the results, the least-squares regression analysis was run on CBSAs divided into metropolitan (&gt;50 000 inhabitants) and micropolitan (10 000-50 000 inhabitants) groups. A Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the model estimated ratio of autism resources to autistic children among specific racial and ethnic groups comprising the proportions of autistic children in each CBSA.ResultsAmong 530 965 autistic children aged 5 to 18 years, 83.9% were male and 16.1% were female; 0.7% of children were American Indian or Alaska Native, 5.9% were Asian, 14.3% were Black or African American, 22.9% were Hispanic or Latino, 0.2% were Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, 51.7% were White, and 4.2% were of 2 or more races and/or ethnicities. At a national scale, American Indian or Alaska Native autistic children (β = 0; 95% CI, 0-0; P = .01) and Hispanic autistic children (β = 0.02; 95% CI, 0-0.06; P = .02) had significant disparities in access to autism resources in comparison with White autistic children. When evaluating the proportion of autistic children in each racial and ethnic group, areas in which Black autistic children (&gt;50% of the population: β = 0.05; &lt;50% of the population: β = 0.07; P = .002) or Hispanic autistic children (&gt;50% of the population: β = 0.04; &lt;50% of the population: β = 0.07; P &lt; .001) comprised greater than 50% of the total population of autistic children had significantly fewer resources than areas in which Black or Hispanic autistic children comprised less than 50% of the total population. Comparing metropolitan vs micropolitan CBSAs revealed that in micropolitan CBSAs, Black autistic children (β = 0; 95% CI, 0-0; P &lt; .001) and Hispanic autistic children (β = 0; 95% CI, 0-0.02; P &lt; .001) had the greatest disparities in access to autism resources compared with White autistic children. In metropolitan CBSAs, American Indian or Alaska Native autistic children (β = 0; 95% CI, 0-0; P = .005) and Hispanic autistic children (β = 0.01; 95% CI, 0-0.06; P = .02) had the greatest disparities compared with White autistic children.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this study, autistic children from several minoritized racial and ethnic groups, including Black and Hispanic autistic children, had access to significantly fewer autism resources than White autistic children in the US. This study pinpointed the specific geographic regions with the greatest disparities, where increases in the number and types of treatment options are warranted. These findings suggest that a prioritized response strategy to address these racial and ethnic disparities is needed.
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Amin, Md Ruhul, Dwi Susanto, and Laila Naher. "Distribution pattern of ABO and Rh blood groups and their allelic frequencies among different ethnic groups in Malaysia." Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 6, no. 4 (November 29, 2014): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v6i4.11257.
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Background: The experiment involved 4 different racial populations such as Malay (M), Chinese (C), Indian Tamil (I) and confounded population termed as Others (O) from 13 states and 1 federal territory in Malaysia.Methods: A total of 1101 students in Universiti Malaysia Kelantan were surveyed for ABO blood type and Rh factor.Results: Phenotypic frequencies were 0.24, 0.27, 0.09 and 0.40 in M; 0.26, 0.21, 0.06 and 0.38 in C; 0.27, 0.31, 0.09 and 0.33 in I and 0.11, 0.29, 0.09 and 0.51 in O for A, B, AB and O blood group, respectively. Rh+ve cases were found to be abundant and distributed as 0.92, 0.94, 0.89 and 0.79 among M, C, I and O race, respectively. Allele frequencies of IA, IB and i were estimated at 0.17, 0.20 and 0.63 in M; 0.19, 0.16 and 0.65 in C; 0.20, 0.23 and 0.57 in O, respectively. Insignificant χ2 (0.05, 2 = 5.991) interprets that ABO allele frequencies exist in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in all races. However, high magnitude of χ2 in M (5.463) signifies continued admixture in the M genetic population or the population is less stable than C and I. C and I are in more stabilized condition in this regard that might be because of closed breeding within them.Conclusion: Results of this study might be useful to blood transfusion services in Malaysia apart from human population geneticists. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v6i4.11257 Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.6(4) 2015 25-29
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Lumban Gaol, Dinata, Ichwan Azhari, and Fikarwin Zuska. "Asimilasi dalam Keluarga Perkawinan antar Etnik Perempuan Batak Toba dan Laki-laki Tionghoa di Doloksanggul Sumatera Utara." JUPIIS: JURNAL PENDIDIKAN ILMU-ILMU SOSIAL 11, no. 1 (June 18, 2019): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.24114/jupiis.v11i1.12680.
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The purposes of this study are to analyze; (1) the process of mixed marriages or assimilation between the marriages of Toba Batak women and Tionghoa Men in Doloksanggul. (2) the important factors encouraging mixed marriages between Batak Toba women and Tionghoa men in Doloksanggul, and (3) the mixed marriages harmony between Toba Batak women and Tionghoa Men in Doloksanggul. This research is qualitative method. The results of this study are; cultural assimilation: the process of adopting values, beliefs, dogmas, language ideologies and symbol systems of an ethnic group or various groups for the formation of values, beliefs, dogmas, language ideology and symbolic systems of a new ethnic groups. Structural assimilation: the process of penetrating the culture of ethnic groups into other ethnic cultures through primary groups such as family, close friends. In the marriage assimilation, or often called physical assimilation that occurs because of inter-ethnic or inter-racial marriages, produces a new ethnicities or races, which have different cultures, there is an association among individuals or groups intensively and in a relatively long time. People from different cultural backgrounds, interacting directly intensively for a long time which changed their form into elements of mixed culture. Usually, the groups involved in an assimilation process are a majority group and some minority groups that change the specific characteristics of their cultural elements and adapt them to the culture of the majority, so that gradually they lose their cultural personality and produce the majority culture. The conclusion of this field research is that; the interaction between ethnic Tionghoa and Toba Batak in Doloksanggul expressing a pattern of adaptation in an associative social process. The interaction is carried out in the form of accommodation and cooperation and acculturation. The pattern of interaction carried out by Tionghoa ethnic is as their effort to be a part of participating as Doloksanggul community members. Although the adjustment referred to is still more economic in nature, anthropologically it can be seen as a part of the social process towards social harmony and social integration.
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Kim, Kijoon, Kyungho Ha, Junichi Sakaki, Hwayoung Noh, and Ock Chun. "Flavonoid Intake Varies by Racial/Ethnic Groups Within Sociodemographic Categories." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (May 29, 2020): 1426. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa061_054.
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Abstract Objectives Diets rich in flavonoids can reduce the risk of developing chronic diseases through their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. While differences in flavonoid intake by race/ethnicity have been previously described, differences between race/ethnicity within categories sociodemographic characteristics have not been fully assessed. Therefore, the objective of this study was to estimate flavonoid intake and evaluate the disparities by race/ethnicity within categories of sociodemographic characteristics in US adults. Methods A total of 15,775 US adults aged 20 years and older in NHANES 2007–2014 were included in this cross-sectional study. Flavonoid intake was calculated by linking food consumption data from a 24-hour diet recall to a flavonoid database which has been expanded on by our research group using the USDA Databases for the Flavonoid (Release 3.3), and Isoflavone (Release 2.1) in addition to the USDA's Expanded Flavonoid Database for the Assessment of Dietary Intakes (Release 1.1). Mean (SE) flavonoid intakes by sociodemographic categories were compared with one-way ANOVA. Results Among US adults, mean (SE) total flavonoid intake was 227.6 (8.0) mg/day, and total flavonoid intake was highest in 40–59 year olds, non-Hispanic whites, those with a poverty-income ratio (PIR) ≥1.85, those with a college education or above, and those married or living with a partner. In most sociodemographic categories, Hispanics consistently had the lowest total flavonoid intakes compared to other races/ethnicities. Among Hispanic subgroups, total flavonoid intake was lowest in men, 20–39 years olds, PIR < 1.3, less than high school education, and single marital status (men only). Ethnic disparities in flavonoid intake were more pronounced between certain sociodemographic subcategories including men, 40–59 year olds, PIR < 1.3, less than high school education, and married marital status (men only). Conclusions These findings indicate that there are significant racial differences in flavonoid intake. Notably, Hispanics tended to have the lowest intake. Certain sociodemographic populations such as males, low income or low educated may be at an increased risk of flavonoid under-consumption. Funding Sources This research received no external funding.
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Cai, Rui. "Analysis on type 2 diabetes genetic polymorphism of different races/ethnicity." Theoretical and Natural Science 29, no. 1 (January 8, 2024): 141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-8818/29/20240763.
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Whether from the perspective of impact scope or patient number, type 2 diabetes is one of the most influential diseases around the world today. However, in regards to type 2 diabetess pathology, scientists still could not provide an accurate explanation. In the long period of research, our understanding of the disease has already become deep enough to realize that type 2 diabetes is closely associated with genetics. This passage is based on this point of view and aims to take a glance at the polymorphism between genetic information of different racial/ethnic groups of people. From the analysis, it could be concluded that genetic polymorphism can provide useful information for the difference of pathology of patients, which could then inspire further drug development and more proper treatment scheme decision.
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Mac, Christina, Kylem Cheung, Tala Alzoubi, Can Atacan, Hibah Sehar, Shefali Liyanage, Bara’ Abdallah AlShurman, and Zahid Ahmad Butt. "The Impact of Comorbidities among Ethnic Minorities on COVID-19 Severity and Mortality in Canada and the USA: A Scoping Review." Infectious Disease Reports 16, no. 3 (April 23, 2024): 407–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/idr16030030.
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(1) Current literature on ethnic minorities, comorbidities, and COVID-19 tends to investigate these factors separately, leaving gaps in our understanding about their interactions. Our review seeks to identify a relationship between ethnicity, comorbidities, and severe COVID-19 outcomes (ICU admission and mortality). We hope to enhance our understanding of the various factors that exacerbate COVID-19 severity and mortality in ethnic minorities in Canada and the USA. (2) All articles were received from PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, and Ovid EMBASE from November 2020 to June 2022. Included articles contain information regarding comorbidities among ethnic minorities in relation to COVID-19 severity and mortality. (3) A total of 59 articles were included that examined various ethnic groups, including Black/African American, Asian, Hispanic, White/Caucasian, and Indigenous people. We found that the most examined comorbidities were diabetes, hypertension, obesity, and chronic kidney disease. A total of 76.9% of the articles (40 out of 52) found a significant association between different races and COVID-19 mortality, whereas 21.2% of the articles (11 out of 52) did not. (4) COVID-19 ICU admissions and mortality affect various ethnic groups differently, with Black patients generally having the most adverse outcomes. These outcomes may also interact with sex and age, though more research is needed assessing these variables together with ethnicity.
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Victoria, Ong Argo, and Fadly Ameer. "SYSTEMS AND POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT IN MALAYSIA." International Journal of Law Reconstruction 2, no. 2 (September 9, 2018): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.26532/ijlr.v2i2.3306.
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Malaysia is a country in Southeast Asia with an area of 329 758 km2 and a population in 2007 amounted to 27.17 million. Of the total population in 2007, 60% are ethnic Malay “Bumiputera”, 26% ethnic Chinese, 8% Indians, 5% other ethnic Bumiputera, and 1% other ethnic groups such as Arabic, Sinhalese, Eurasian and Europe.[1] Under the constitution, Malays are Malaysian citizens who practice a traditional Malay, Melayu Language, and Muslim. Approximately 25% of the Malaysian population is Chinese, and 7% is made up of India. Almost 85% of the races Indians in Malaysia are Tamil community. More than half the population of Sarawak and Sabah 66% of the population consists of non-Malay indigenous people. The entry of another race to some extent reduce the percentage of indigenous population in the two states. In addition, Malaysia also has a population that comes out of Europe and the Middle East. Malaysia's population density is not distributed evenly, with 17 million of the 25 million people living in Peninsula Malaysia.
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Leib, Sophie I., Emma C. Faith, Samuel R. Vincent, and Steven A. Miller. "Police Interactions, Perceived Respect, and Longitudinal Changes in Depression in African Americans." Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 40, no. 1 (February 2021): 27–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2021.40.1.27.
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Introduction: We examined police exchanges' and feelings of discrimination's impact on changes in adolescent depression symptoms. Relative to other races, police speak more disrespectfully to African Americans and often exert unnecessary force. We investigated the impact of these exchanges on depression. Methods: Adolescent Health Study data were analyzed. Latent growth curve modeling with mediation illustrated relationships between police exchanges, perceived discrimination, and depression changes. Results: African American adolescents had significantly higher levels of initial depression than other racial/ethnic identity groups. For African Americans, police exchanges predicted depression changes. Perceived respect predicted levels and changes of depression for both groups, but mediated the relationship between police exchanges and depression changes only in the “other” racial/ethnic identity group. Discussion: Police stoppings impacted depression changes for African Americans independent of perceived respect. Findings highlight a potentially unique relationship between depression and police exchanges among African Americans. Future studies may investigate roles of individual differences.
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Han, Deng, Zhi-Yu Zhang, Jin-Yan Deng, and Hong-Bo Du. "Survival disparities among racial groups with hepatic malignant tumors." World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology 16, no. 7 (July 15, 2024): 2999–3010. http://dx.doi.org/10.4251/wjgo.v16.i7.2999.
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BACKGROUND Investigating the impact of race on the clinicopathologic characteristics and prognosis of hepatic malignant tumors represents a complex and significant area of research. Notably, distinct differences exist among various racial groups in terms of the clinical manifestations, pathologic features, and prognosis of hepatic malignant tumors. AIM To explore the effect of race on clinicopathologic features and prognosis of hepatic malignancies. METHODS Data from patients with hepatic malignancies diagnosed between 2000 and 2019 were collected from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database and statistically analyzed. RESULTS This study included 123558 patients with hepatic malignant tumors, among whom 21078 (17.06%) were Asian, 14810 (11.99%) were Black, and 87670 (70.95%) were white. The median survival times for patients with hepatic malignant tumors of different races were 12.56, 7.70, and 9.35 months for Asian patients, Black patients, and white patients, respectively. The 3-year survival rates for Asian, Black, and white patients were 29%, 19%, and 21%, respectively, and the 5-year survival rates were 22%, 13%, and 15%, respectively. The Kruskal-Wallis test indicated a significant difference in the survival time of patients with hepatic malignant tumors between different races (P < 0.001). Univariate analysis revealed gender disparities in the prognosis among different ethnic groups (Asian: P > 0.05; Black: P < 0.001; White: P < 0.05). Among Black patients, the prognosis was less affected by the degree of hepatic fibrosis than among Asian patients and white patients (Black patients: P < 0.05; Asian patients: P < 0.001; White patients: P < 0.001). Significant differences were observed in the median survival time among patients with hepatic neuroendocrine tumors and hepatoblastomas during pathologic staging between races. Tumor number was inversely related to the prognosis. Cox regression analyses revealed that T stage, M stage, surgery, chemotherapy, alpha-fetoprotein, and tumor size independently influenced prognosis. Age was a specific independent prognostic factor for white patients. Among the tumor stages, N stage is a self-reliant prognostic element specific to white patients. Conversely, radiotherapy and liver fibrosis were not self-reliant prognostic factors for Black patients. Income alone did not independently influence the prognosis of Asian patients. CONCLUSION The prognosis of hepatic malignant tumors is better among Asian patients than among Black patients. The prognosis of hepatic malignant tumors among white patients is affected by multiple factors, including age and N stage.
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Thomas, Kenneth R., and Stephen G. Weinrach. "Multiculturalism in counselling and applied psychology: a critical perspective." Educational and Child Psychology 16, no. 4 (1999): 70–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpsecp.1999.16.4.70.
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This article addresses several limitations of multiculturalism as an emerging force in the fields of counselling and applied psychology. Many of these limitations are based on the philosophical, political, and theoretical inclinations of the authors and their experiences with the multicultural movement in the United States. The primary premise of this article is that unless counsellors and psychologists with clinical and research interests in multicultural counselling and applied psychology keep in perspective their commitment to individuals of all races and ethnic groups, they may actually sabotage the very agenda they purport to advocate.
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R, Manimegalai. "Ethnogroups Notes in the Books of V. Iraiyanbu." International Research Journal of Tamil 4, SPL 1 (February 10, 2022): 83–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt22s113.
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In his books, V. Iraiyanbu narrates the history of people from different countries. Through these histories, we can learn about different ethnic groups. He highlights the history of the subjugation of the Manchurians and Mongols in china's past, the bravery of King Dudmos of Egypt, the attempt by Confucius to bury his mother at the place where his father was buried in the Chinese system, and the bravery of the Goths. He gives ethnographic information in ideas that suggest that different races are their methods of warfare. In many of his books, we can see some of the messages that man can understand by highlighting the social position of the past in historical stories. This article deals with the records of ethnic communities from two of his books, The Vaiya Leadership and the War Professional.
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Su, Lin Lin, Thamarai Chelvi SK, Su Lin Lim, Yuming Chen, Elizabeth A. T. Tan, Namratha Narayan Pai, Yin Han Gong, Janie Foo, Mary Rauff, and Yap Seng Chong. "The Influence of Maternal Ethnic Group and Diet on Breast Milk Fatty Acid Composition." Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore 39, no. 9 (September 15, 2010): 675–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.v39n9p675.
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Introduction: Breast milk fatty acids play a major role in infant development. However, no data have compared the breast milk composition of different ethnic groups living in the same environment. We aimed to (i) investigate breast milk fatty acid composition of three ethnic groups in Singapore and (ii) determine dietary fatty acid patterns in these groups and any association with breast milk fatty acid composition. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective study conducted at a tertiary hospital in Singapore. Healthy pregnant women with the intention to breastfeed were recruited. Diet profile was studied using a standard validated 3-day food diary. Breast milk was collected from mothers at 1 to 2 weeks and 6 to 8 weeks postnatally. Agilent gas chromatograph (6870N) equipped with a mass spectrometer (5975) and an automatic liquid sampler (ALS) system with a split mode was used for analysis. Results: Seventy-two breast milk samples were obtained from 52 subjects. Analysis showed that breast milk ETA (Eicosatetraenoic acid) and ETA:EA (Eicosatrienoic acid) ratio were significantly different among the races (P = 0.031 and P = 0.020), with ETA being the highest among Indians and the lowest among Malays. Docosahexaenoic acid was significantly higher among Chinese compared to Indians and Malays. No difference was demonstrated in n3 and n6 levels in the food diet analysis among the 3 ethnic groups. Conclusions: Differences exist in breast milk fatty acid composition in different ethnic groups in the same region, although no difference was demonstrated in the diet analysis. Factors other than maternal diet may play a role in breast milk fatty acid composition. Keywords: Breastfeeding, Docosahexaenoic acid, Ethnicity
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Vincent, Kenny, and Yosi Kristian. "Universal Face Recognition Using Multiple Deep Learning Agent and Lazy Learning Algorithm." CommIT (Communication and Information Technology) Journal 15, no. 2 (August 31, 2021): 65–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/commit.v15i2.6688.
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Mainstream face recognition systems have a problem regarding the disparity of recognizing faces from different races and ethnic backgrounds. This problem is caused by the imbalances in the proportion of racial representations found in mainstream datasets. Hence, the research proposes using a multi-agent system to overcome this problem. The system employs several face recognition agents according to the number of races that are necessary to make data encodings for the classification process. The first step in implementing this system is to develop a race classifier. The number of races is arbitrary or determined differently in a caseby-case scenario. The race classifier determines which face recognition agent will try to recognize the face in the query. Each face recognition agent is trained using a different dataset according to their assigned race, so they have different parts in the system. The research utilizes lazy learning algorithms as the final classifier to accommodate a system with the constant data flow of the database. The experiment divides the data into three racial groups, which are black, Asian, and white. The experiment concludes that dividing face recognition tasks based on racial groups into several face recognition models has better performance than a single model with the same dataset with the same imbalances in racial representation. The multiple agent system achieves 85% on the Face Recognition Rate (FRR), while the single pipeline model achieves only 80.83% using the same dataset.
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Yap, Margaret, Wendy Cukier, Mark Robert Holmes, and Charity-Ann Hannan. "Career Satisfaction: A Look behind the Races." Articles 65, no. 4 (February 9, 2011): 584–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/045587ar.
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Previous studies have largely focused on the career success of white employees (Heslin, 2005). Using recent survey data, this paper examines the career satisfaction levels of white/Caucasian and visible minority managerial, professional and executive employees in the information and communications technology [ICT] and financial services sectors in corporate Canada. Given that the demographic makeup of organizations in Canada is drastically changing with the aging population and the increasing participation of visible minorities in the labour force, it is crucial for managers and organizations to understand their employees’ level of career satisfaction. Studies have found that employees who are more satisfied with their careers are more engaged and thus are more likely to actively contribute to the organization’s success (Peluchette, 1993; Harter, Schmidt and Hayes, 2002). Findings from this paper showed that the average career satisfaction scores were lower for visible minority employees than for white/Caucasian employees. In addition, variations were found between white/Caucasian employees and Chinese, South Asian and Black visible minority employees. While Black employees were 13.0% less satisfied than white/Caucasian employees, Chinese employees were only 8.3% less satisfied than their white/Caucasian counterparts, and the difference between South Asian and white/Caucasian employees was found to be insignificant. Decomposition analyses show that over 58% to 82% of the difference in career of satisfaction scores, depending on the ethnic group, can be accounted for by factors included in this paper. Of the unexplained portion, most of the differences in career satisfaction between white/Caucasian and minority groups are attributable to higher returns to white/Caucasian employees’ human capital and demographic characteristics.
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Victoria, O. Argo, and Fadly Ameer. "Systems and Political Development in Malaysia." Jurnal Akta 5, no. 3 (September 15, 2018): 661. http://dx.doi.org/10.30659/akta.v5i3.3271.
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Malaysia is a country in Southeast Asia with an area of 329 758 km2 and a population in 2007 amounted to 27.17 million. Of the total population in 2007, 60% are ethnic Malay “Bumiputera”, 26% ethnic Chinese, 8% Indians, 5% other ethnic Bumiputera, and 1% other ethnic groups such as Arabic, Sinhalese, Eurasian and Europe.[1] Under the constitution, Malays are Malaysian citizens who practice a traditional Malay, Melayu Language, and Muslim. Approximately 25% of the Malaysian population is Chinese, and 7% is made up of India. Almost 85% of the races Indians in Malaysia are Tamil community. More than half the population of Sarawak and Sabah 66% of the population consists of non-Malay indigenous people. The entry of another race to some extent reduce the percentage of indigenous population in the two states. In addition, Malaysia also has a population that comes out of Europe and the Middle East. Malaysia's population density is not distributed evenly, with 17 million of the 25 million people living in Peninsula Malaysia.Keywords: Malaysia; Politic; Constitutional.[1] Barbara Watson Andaya and Leonard Andaya, 1983, History of Malaysia, Petaling Jaya: Macmillan Publishers, p. 6-7
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Slotkowski, Rebecca, Ann Anderson Berry, Corrine Hanson, Kaeli Samson, and Dejun Su. "Racial Disparities in Caesarean Delivery Among Nulliparous Women That Delivered at Term: Cross-Sectional Decomposition Analysis of Nebraska Birth Records From 2005–2014." Current Developments in Nutrition 6, Supplement_1 (June 2022): 716. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzac061.100.
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Abstract Objectives Previous studies suggest higher rates of caesarean section among women who identify as racial/ethnic minorities. The objective of this study was to understand factors contributing to differences in caesarean rates across racial and ethnic groups. Methods Data was collected from 2005–2014 Nebraska birth records on nulliparous, singleton births occurring on or after 37 weeks gestation (n = 87,908). Risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for caesarean were calculated for different racial and ethnic categories, adjusting for maternal age, marital status, county of residence, education, insurance status, pre-pregnancy BMI, and smoking status. Fairlie decomposition technique was utilized to quantify the contribution of individual variables to the observed differences in caesarean. Results In the adjusted analysis, relative to non-Hispanic (NH) White race, both Asian-NH (RR 1.21, 95% CI 1.14, 1.28) and Black-NH races (RR 1.13, 95% CI 1.08, 1.19) were associated with a significantly higher risk for caesarean. The decomposition analysis showed that among the variables assessed, maternal age, education, and pre-pregnancy BMI contributed the most to the observed differences in caesarean rates across racial/ethnic groups. Conclusions This analysis quantified the effect of social and demographic factors on racial differences in caesarean delivery, which may guide public health interventions aimed towards reducing racial disparities in caesarean rates. Interventions targeted towards modifying maternal characteristics, such as reducing pre-pregnancy BMI or increasing maternal education, may narrow the gap in caesarean rates across racial and ethnic groups. Future studies should determine the contribution of physician characteristics, hospital characteristics, and structural determinants of health towards racial disparities in caesarean rates. Funding Sources N/A.
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Zhou, Keyan. "Ethnic and Individual Variations in Long COVID-19 Symptoms." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 74 (December 29, 2023): 480–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/68yr6d17.
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Many countries, regions and ethnic groups have found that some people continue to have symptoms months or even years after being infected with the coronavirus, so researchers have studied the differences between different ethnic groups in order to better provide medical services. Therefore, on the basis of these studies, this paper summarizes some of these differences, hoping to be helpful in the future treatment, in the face of different races and their own conditions, to make the best treatment plan. All of the pertinent information for this review was retrieved from Pubmed using the search term "long COVID," which also included case-control studies, observational studies, cross-sectional studies, and retrospective studies from Chinese and English sources. According to the title and the content of the abstract, 10 articles were selected according to certain criteria. Standardized data extraction table was used to extract research features. In this review, we found that the main symptoms of COVID are similar, but there are subtle differences between different ethnic groups, as well as differences in individual factors. Various studies have shown that sequelae vary by race, with differences in nerve damage and lung damage. In addition, the age, obesity degree and gender of individuals within the same ethnic group can also have differences in the symptoms of long COVID. This review provides a new way to explore the differences in COVID-19 symptoms, search for racial and individual differences, provide new ideas for follow-up health policies, and draw people's attention to better protect their health.